Licenta Rares Corect

Technical University “Gheroghe Asachi” Iași
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services
DIPLOMA PROJECT
Design of a reinforced concrete structure B+GF+Tower
ANTĂLUȚ RAREȘ-VICTOR
IULIE 2013
Technical University “Gheroghe Asachi” Iasi
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services
Reinforced Concrete Structure, Chapel in the Town of Butea, Iași
Advisor: Student:
Prof.Dr.Ing.Fideliu Pauleț-Crăiniceanu Antăluț Rareș-Victor
2012-2013
Technical Report
1. TECHNICAL REPORT
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1.1 General aspects
The construction with the destination of a Chapel is a reinforced concrete structure being situated in
the town of Butea, in Iasi County on a surface of 67 m 2. The shape of the building is rectangular
having a Bell tower and an open court in the back side of the building, the clock tower has 3.0x3.30 m,
the main part of the chapel has also a rectangular shape having the dimensions 6.3x11.35m. The open
court is linking the basement level with the ground floor by a stairwell.
As height regime, building is structured as B+GF+Tower with a maximum height of 20.61 m . The
structural system is made by reinforced concrete girders, columns and slabs; it has 1 spans of 6.30 m 2
small spans of 3.0m, and 2.50m 4 bays: 3x3.3 m and 1x1.45 m at the end bay which leads to the back.
The basement has a 3.0m height, the ground floor has a usable height in accordance with the shape
form 4.2 to 6 m the bell tower has a height of 16 to 20.61m.
The semi-basement contains 6 storage spaces with access from the bell tower stairwell and from the
court yard, the court yard access is made via 2 sets of stairs with 16 steps 30x16.5 cm
The Ground floor contains spaces for candles sales/deposit and spaces for the ceremonies and altar.
The main access in the chapel is done using a set of monumental stairs starting from -0.45, also has
alongside the main entrance a handicapped ramp. The Ground floor has 3 exits.
The ground floor spaces are as follows:
-candle shop Al =5.31 m2 Au =7.35 m2
2
-bell tower Al = 6.93 m Au = 9.9 m2
2
-main hall Al = 62.37 m Au = 66.2 m2
2
-altar Al = 9.6 m Au = 9.6 m2
1.1.1 Building location
The building is situated in The Town of Butea of the 208J Road, belonging to the county of Iasi.
The moderate continental climate of the zone, according to ST AS 6054/77, impose the placement of
the foundation under the frozen depth, for this location Df =0.90÷1.10 m
Climatic loads
The climate of Iasi is influenced by the eastern part of Europe with warmed summers and winters
generally with blizzards. The normal intensity of snow is designed according CR 1-1-3-2005.
S0 , k= 2.5 kN/m2 -the characteristic value of snow load on the ground
1.1.2 Site organization
The site organization for the execution of the works will be done at the beginning because of the
continuous need of construction supply and roads access. The site planning does not require any
demolitions, network deflections or other similar works. The position of the building is an advantage,
being placed near the electric and water supply networks and does not require any additional
operations for connecting.
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1.1.3 Durability requirements
In order to achieve the required service life of the structure, adequate measures shall be taken to
protect each structural element against the relevant environmental actions. The requirement for
durability shall be included when considering the following:
 Structural conception
 Material selection
 Construction details
 Execution
 Quality control
 Inspection

 Verifications
Building is considered as being in the II-nd class by the durability criteria having the lifespan between
50 and 100 years.
1.1.4 Building characteristics
According to PI00-1-2006 „Seismic design code - Ist part - Design precaution for buildings", the
location of the building have the corner period Tc= 0.7 sec, the peak ground acceleration a g=0.20 g,
γ i= 1.2 with earthquakes having the frequency of 100 years.
In terms of importance class, the building is situated in IIrd class according to PI00-2006.
1.1.5 Verifications according to law 10/1995
In agreement with provisions of the law 10/1995 due to quality in constructions, the verification of the
project is made at the essential requirement stages Al - Mechanical strength and stability for civil
constructions, industrial and agricultural buildings.
1.1.6 Geometrical characteristics of the building
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The area of the slab situated on the soil: A gf =57.5 m2

The envelope area: Aa =455.6 m2
The useful area: Au 1 st floor=125.18 m2 Au basement =57.50 m2
H l 1=4 m ( P )
The level height:
H l 2=3.90 m ( Debasement )
H Tower=13.10m
The maximum height: H max =17.10 m
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1.1.7 Functional description

1.1.7.1 Debasement
Table 1.1.7.1
No. Crt Name of room No. Useful area Total useful area
1 Underground deposit 1 40.54 40.54
2 Deposit 1 4.83 4.83
3 Lobby 1 12.13 12.13
Total (m2) 57.5
1.1.7.2 Ground floor
Table 1.1.7.2
No. Crt Name of room No. Useful area Total useful area
1 Chapel 1 67.78 67.78
Total (m2) 67.78
TOTAL useful area ( Au ¿ 123.7
1.2 Site Conditions

Geotechnical survey was realized by studying the geotechnical property of the soil by performing a
number of boreholes. Further, the samples are analyzed in special laboratories. Using the filed data
and elaborating the final conclusions.
The foundation soil have a moderate geotechnical risk, being classified in class I, the following
foundation system should be taken into account: Direct foundation system
The boreholes related the following soil stratification:
 Vegetal brown soil between 0.00 ÷ 1.00 m

 Silty Clay with low plasticity 1.00 ÷ 6.00 m
 Silty Sand 6.00 ÷ 10.00 m
1.3 The structure
 Infrastructure
On the construction's perimeter the foundation will be a continuous girder foundation in 2 steps with
the 1st step having the height h=0.8m and the second step Ht=0.4m with a total height of 1.2m.the total
length being 11.5 on Axis E, having extensions on the ends lco=0.75m.
Under the foundation, after executing the digging process, a layer of 5 cm of simple concrete will be
poured having C4/5 class. The continuous girder foundation is formed to size by the use of reusable
concrete forms. This type of foundation is realized from reinforced concrete C 25/30 class, with PC 52
and OB 37 reinforcement. The reinforced concrete slab over the basement has 20 cm thickness with
concrete of C 25/30 class and welded mesh reinforcement.
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 Superstructure
The structure is a single storied building with reinforced girders and columns of C 25/30 class. On the
longitudinal direction the building is structured in 3 bays with the size of 3.30m and on transversal
direction 5 unequal spans, 2 with 3 m size, 2 of 1.35m and one of 3.6 m.
The beams have the cross section 40x30cm, reinforced in the supports with 3 bars 16mm PC 52 and in
field with 3 bars 16mm PC 52; the stirrups have the diameter of 8 mm arranged at the distance of 10
cm at the ends of the beam and at 15 cm in the rest of the element.
The slabs, the ramps and the landings of stairs have the thickness of 12 cm, reinforced with
independent bars 6φ8/m PC 52 on both directions at the superior and inferior part. The steps will be
performed of simple concrete.
The girders, the slabs and the columns work together to create a fully restrained structure without
plastic hinges.
1.4 Essential fireproofing requirements

1.1.8 Fire security for the neighborhood areas
The building is situated at a distance of minimum 15 m off all the neighborhoods an all directions, the
safety space being respected according to table 2.2.2 from PI 18-1999. The building is considered a
single compartment of fire.
1.1.9 Class of building fire resistance
The execution project respects the norms of "Normativ de siguranță la foc a construcțiilor
-P.118/1999(ed.III) si reglementările tehnice de specialitate referitoare la prevenirea si stingerea
incendiilor". The ensemble has the class II at fire resistance, the resistance structure is composed of
reinforced concrete elements which can be subjected to fire up to 3 hours.
1.1.10 The aces way, evacuation and intervention
The access of intervention's truck can be made from the 3 sides of the building, the norms of art. 7.9.2
din P118-1999 being completed: the roads having ensured the gauge h = 4.35 m.
The evacuation ways are those from the staircase or the terrace. For the people from the ground floor,
the evacuation will be realized using all exits, one being the main entrance the other one being the
secondary exit.
1.1.11 Technical equipment of preventing and extinguishing fires
The spaces are equipped with smoke detectors. Ways and installation for extinguishing the
fire:
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 The building present portable fire extinguishers P6 (minimum 1 piece/250 mp)

 The building will be equipped with internal hydrants providing a flow of 2,5 l/s on 10
minutes.
 Outside intervention will be done using external hydrants and intervention's trucks.
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1.1.12 List of equipment with portable fire extinguishers

 Heating system room - 2 chemical foam extinguishers SM9
 Technical room - 2 chemical foam extinguishers SM9
 On each level - 3 chemical foam extinguishers SM9
 Switchboards - 2 extinguishers G5 with C02
1.1.13 Hygiene, health and environment

Building materials and finishes will be used with physic-chemical properties so that not to affect the
human health. At the execution of construction works all measures for the protection of the
environment will be taken into account: maintenance of equipment, storage of building materials in
special places which will not allow fuel, and spreading of residues at random. Noise from machines
will be in normal limits provided by law, dust and accidental pollution will not significantly affect the
construction area from the point of view of the environment.
1.1.14 Safety regarding internal circulation
 The surface of walls do not present prominent edges, braveries;

 The traffic flow to be free, clear and convenient;
 The traffic flows on types and destinations to not intersect;
 The doors on the evacuation way to be opened on the evacuation sense;
 The evacuation's way to be visible marked;
1.1.15 Protection against the noise
Building is provided with carpentry equipment and other materials which give a good sound isolation.
1.1.16 Energy saving and thermal insulation
In order to have a low energy consumption, the project have been provided with closings elements
with a high degree of resistance to heat transmission. Ensure a natural lighting.
1.1.17 Hydro insulation
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 The protection of the foundations with bituminous cardboard;

 The protection of the roof;
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1.1.18 Labor protection rules
When executing the construction process the rules must be respected according to the
following norms and standards:
 Regulament privind protecția si igiena muncii in constructii-ed. 1993 (aprobat cu ord. Nr.
9/N/1993 de MLAPT);
 Norme generale de protecție a muncii - ed. 1996;
 Norme specifice de protecție a muncii pentru diferite categorii de lucrări (rețele de apa,
canalizări, instalații electrice, etc.);
 Legea protecție muncii - nr. 90/1996;
 Normativ pentru legarea la pământ a utilajelor electrice in construcții;
 Normativ pentru proiectarea si executarea rețelelor de cabluri electrice - PE -107/78;
The following safety rules must be respected:

 Before entering the construction site the personal is compelled to wear helmet, special boots
for preventing the nail entrance;
 Depending on workers classification, they will have to wear safety equipment for the specific
activities;
 Before starting the works instructing is necessary to be done. And after starting the
 works at each month safety instructions will be provided to the people;
 Dangerous spaces will be signalized using attention panel which will describe the exact type
of
 danger;
 Hollow places will be signaled with protection fences and attention panels for showing the
eventual accidents;
 When working at heights, the proper measures should be respected: the metallic scaffold must
have a protection fence to prevent failing, and each worker must have a harness tied up to a
fix point which can support the weight of one person.(according to NSSM lucrul la
inaltime/1995);
 The building constructor must assure that the safety rules are respected and also he must
instruct the workers. He must provide safety equipment and special aliments for workers who
execute dangerous activities (e.g. milk for welders). Also the constructor must provide a plan
for safety norms, a plan which is included in the cost analysis.
 Each worker should not execute works outside his work area.
 The site will be supplied with respect to the technological restrictions, providing different
access ways for workers and personal.
 Only tools with perfect functioning condition will be provided to the workers;
 The technological sheet will be respected;
 If night shift are required, they will be properly illuminated;
 The electric devices must have ground fixing points;
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Technical Report
 Spaces for smoking, rest areas and lockers, dining places and washing places will be
provided to workers;
 When working on rough conditions, hot weather, the drinkable water should be permanently
provided to the construction site;
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Computation of The Thermal Insulation Capacity of The Building
2 COMPUTATION OF THE THERMAL INSULATION CAPACITY OF THE

BUILDING
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2.1 Computation of the global thermal insulation coefficient

Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (the transfer of thermal energy between objects of
differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radioactive influence. Thermal
insulation can be achieved with specially engineered methods or processes, as well as with suitable
object shapes and materials.
Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of differing temperature. Thermal
insulation provides a region of insulation in which thermal conduction is reduced or thermal
radiation is reflected rather than absorbed by the lower-temperature body.
The insulating capability of a material is measured with thermal conductivity (k). Low thermal
conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability (R-value). In thermal engineering, other
important properties of insulating materials are product density (ρ) and specific heat capacity (c).
One of the most important challenges of the 21st century is achieving efficient thermal design of
buildings. It is well known that an important amount of the CO2 emissions comes from building
heating devices. In order to reduce as much as possible the consumption of energy, an effective
thermal design should be considered.
The Romanian norm that governs the thermal design is C107-2005. The building is located in
Iasi, city placed in the III rd climatic zone, according to C107/3-2005, Te = -18℃ . The interior design
temperature is Ti = 18℃ .
The climatic region III corresponds to the building's location: Iasi (climatic zoning map for winter
period of the Romanian Code C 107/3-appendix-D).
 Building range: debasement + ground floor + tower;
 Structure : 1) Reinforced concrete structure
2) Reinforced concrete beams, columns and slabs
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The terms and measure units used are presented in table no. 1:
Table2.1.1
SYMBOL TERM UNIT
P Exterior building perimeter m
A Thermal transfer area. Outer cover area m2
AC Built area m2
V Interior heated volume of the building m3
Tu Temperature for the unheated spaces ℃
Te Exterior temperature ℃
Ti Interior temperature ℃
ΔT Temperature drop K
ca Air heat capacity at constant pressure J/(kgK)
ρa Apparent air density kg/m 3
R’m Corrected average heat resistance of an element m2K/W
U’m Corrected average heat transfer coefficient of an element W/(m 2K)
L Thermal bound coefficient W/K
Φ Thermal flow W
n Ventilation speed h−1
G The global factor of thermal insulation of the building W/(m 3K)
GN The standard value for the global factor of thermal insulation W/(m 3K)
Romania`s Climatic Zones
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The global coefficient of the thermal isolation is a thermo-energetic parameter of the envelope of a
building and it has a meaning of a sun of thermal fluxes of a building dissipated through the surface of
the envelope for a difference of temperature of 1° reported to the volume of the building plus a
coefficient afferent to the interior air refreshing.
1 Aτ
G= +∑ +0.34 η
V R
In this relation we have changes per hour:

 V - the interior hearted volume of the building;
 η - air ventilation speed of the building, computed in number of air
 ;
 A - area of the perimeters of the envelope;
T i−T u
 τ - a factor of correction of the exterior temperatures; τ=
T i −T e
 R - the corrected thermal resistance.
Building category 2; type of building: Chapel adjacent to the church; climatic zone: III.
2
 For floor : R ' min =45(m K /W )
Checking up: G<GN, where:
 G - computed global thermal insulation coefficient [W/m2K];

 GN -design global thermal insulation coefficient [W/m2K];
2.1.1 Determination of the geometrical characteristics of the building

 Area of the slab situated over the ground: A= 57.5 m 2
 Building perimeter: P = 46.29 m 2
 Exterior carpentry area: A = 84.4 m 2
 Envelope area: A = 455.6 m 2
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2.1.2 Computation of the main thermal resistances of the building elements

2.1.2.1 Computation of the thermal resistance for the debasement floor
Table 2.1.2.1.1
Nr crt Layer type Thickness(m 2) λi d i/ λ i
1 Sandstone 0.02 0 0
2 Leveling concrete 0.03 0.93 0.032
3 Reinforced concrete slab 0.1 1.74 0.057
4 Extruded polystyrene 0.1 0.044 2.272
Total 2.361
Ref =1.65 m2K/W

1
Ri= =0.1667 m2K/W
6
1
Re = =0.042 m2K/W
24
di
Ref < Ri + ∑ +¿ Re ¿
λi
R = 0.166+2.361+0.042 = 2.569
Ref < R (1.65 < 2.569) m2K/W the requirement is satisfied.
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2.1.2.2 Computation of the thermal resistance for roof
Table 2.1.2.2.1
Nr crt Layer type Thickness(m 2) λi d i/ λ i
1 Gypsum board 0.01 0.87 0.011
2 Vapor barrier
3 Diffusion layer
4 Polystyrene 0.15 0.04 3.75
5 Wooden Planks 0.05 0.64 0.0721
6 Waterproof layer
7 Lindab 0.05 0.58 0.0862
Total 3.8792
2.1.2.3 Computation of the specific thermal bridges lengths
1 2
R’= m K/W
U'
U’ =
1
+
∑ ψxl (m2K/W)
R ' A terrace
m2 K
 R’ – corrected specific thermal resistance ( )
W
W
 U’ – corrected thermal transfer coefficient ( )
m2 K
 R - thermal resistance in the current zone (matt walls, slabs)
W
 Ψ – linear transfer coefficient ( )
m2 K
 l – length of the thermal bridge
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Vertical joint – debasement floor
Ψ 1=0.16
l = 37.79 m
Horizontal joint – debasement floor
Ψ 1=0.20
l = 37.79 m
Carpentry
Ψ 1=0.20
l = 218.13 m
Table 2.1.2.3.1
Element No Thermal bridges ψ l ψxl
Floor over the soil 1 V.J. debasement floor 0.16 37.79 6.0464
2 H.J. inf slab over the basement 0.2 37.79 7.558
Roof 3 Roof joint 0.18 37.79 6.8022
Carpentry 4 Perimeter of the carpentry 0.2 218.13 43.626
Total 64.0306
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For the slab over the soil:

R = 2.569 m 2K/W
1 ψxl 1 13.6044
U’ = + = + =0.690 (m2K/W)
R ' A 2.259 55
1 1
R’= = =1.45 m2K/W
U ' 0.690
For the carpentry:

R = 0.55 m 2K/W
For the roof:

R = 4.406 m 2K/W
1 ψxl 1 6.8022
U’ = + = + =0.379 (m2K/W)
R ' A 4.406 45
1 1
R’= = =2.65(m2K/W)
U ' 0.379
R’=2.65 > R ’ min=1.8 (m2K/W)
2.1.3 The computation of the global thermal coefficient

G 1 <G 1 ref
1 A ∙τ
G 1= ∑ R' +0.34 n(W /m 3 K)
V m
A
G 1 ref =
V
Where:
 V – interior heated volume
 A – Area of the exterior cover of the element
 τ – The correction factor (τ=1)
 R ' m – Thermal resistance
 n = 0.5 (table 1 from appendix 1, C107/2005)
455.6
G 1 ref = =0.653 W/m3K
695.3
V ¿ 695.3 m 3
1 55 45 218.13
G 1= ∙ [
695.3 1.45
∙1+
2.65
∙ 1+
0.55 ]
∙1 ∙ 0.34 ∙ 0.5=0.1104 W/m3K
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G 1=0.111 (W/m3K)¿ G 1 ref =0.653 (W/m3K)
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2.1.4 Checking up the risk of condensation for the roof

In order to avoid condense to appear and in order to satisfy all the required criteria for the interior
comfort of the building, we have to check the behavior of the structural element.
T si ≥ τ r
τ r – dew temperature
This temperature is determined according to exterior temperature Ti and the relative humidity of the
external air (%):
Ti° 12°C 14°C 16°C 18°C 20°C 22°C
ρi (%) 4.5°C 6.4°C 8.2°C 10.1°C 12.0°C 13.9°C
Internal parameters
T i °=+ 20° C SR1907/2-1997
ρi=50 % Table VI – C107/6-2002
α i=8 ¿ ¿K)
Ri=0.125¿ ¿ K/W )
Externals parameters
Iasi is situated in climatic zone III; according to the map C 1 - anex C:
T e °=−18 ° C Table 2, chapter 5.2 T e °−¿ external temperature
T em °=4.5 ° C Table 2, chapter 5.2 T em °−¿medium external temperature
α e =24 ¿ ¿K)
Re =0.042 ¿ ¿K/W )
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Materials properties of the roof
Layer 1- gypsum board
d=0.010 m;
ρ =1700 kg/m3 - normativ CI07/3
λ=0.87 W/m∙K - normativ C107/3
μ D=8.5 C107/6, tab. Al, annex A;
 Layer 2 - vapor barrier

d=0.004 m;
ρ =1200 kg/m3
λ=0.17 W/m∙K
μ D=1500
 Layer 3 - Diffusion layer

d=0.001 m;
ρ =1200 kg/m3
λ=0.17 W/m∙K
μ D=1300
 Layer 4 - Extruded polystyrene

d=0.30 m;
ρ =35 kg/m3
λ=0.04 W/m∙K
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μ D=60
 Layer 5 – Wooden planks

d=0.05 m;
ρ =1600 kg/m3
λ=0.58 W/m∙K
μ D=3.9
 Layer 6 - Water membrane

d=0.005 m;
ρ =1200 kg/m3
λ=0.17 W/m∙K
μ D=1600
 Layer 7 - Lindab
d=0.05 m; λ=0.58 W/m∙K
ρ =1600 kg/m3; μ D=3.9
Thermal resistance for the layers of the sloped roof

1 1
R si= = =0.125 ¿ ¿K/W )
αi 8
Unidirectional thermal resistance

1 1 d
R si= = =0.125 ¿ ¿K/W ) R si= i Table 2.1.4.1
αi 8 λi
Layer no. di λi R si
Layer 1 0.015 0.87 0.0172
Layer 2 0.004 0.17 0.0235
Layer 3 0.001 0.17 0.0059
Layer 4 0.3 0.044 6.8182
Layer 5 0.05 0.58 0.062
Layer 5 0.005 0.17 0.0294
Layer 6 0.05 0.58 0.062
6.9804
1 1
R se= = =0.042¿ ¿K/W )
α i 24
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The temperature at the face of the layer

T i−T e
T k =T i+ × ∑ Rsj (°C)
R
T i= 20°C ¿>¿ psi =2340 Pa
T i−T e 20+18
T k =T i+ × Rsi =20+ ×0.125=20.68 ° C ¿>¿ ps =2236 Pa
R 6.9804 si
Because T si =18.8 ° C > τ r=9.3 ° C

T i−T e
T s 1=T i+ ×( R ¿ ¿ si+ Rs 1 )¿
R
T i−T e
T s 2=T i+ ×(R ¿ ¿ si+ Rs 1 + R s2 ) ¿
R
T i−T e
T s 3=T i+ ×(R ¿ ¿ si+ Rs 1 + R s 2+ R s 3)¿
R
………………………………………………..
T i−T e
T s 11=T i + ×( R ¿ ¿ si+ R s 1+ … …+ Rs 11 )¿
R
Table 2.1.4.2
Ts 1-11 Psi (Pa)
Tk 19.36267 2236
T s1 18.55097 2133
T s2 17.46956 1996
T s3 -17.2938 133
T s4 -17.6084 129
T s5 -17.7843 127
Te -18 125
For T em=7.5 ° C ⇒ peme =1038 Pa
Dew temperature
R vj=d j (μd) j ∙ M (m/s)
 d j – layer thickness
 μ – material permeability
 M – water vapor diffusion coefficient
 Rυ – vapour permeability resistance of the specific element
Table2.1.4.3
No. di μ M R vi(108)
1 0.005 7.1 54 1.917
2 0.1 1.1 54 5.94
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3 0.13 21.3 54 149.526
4 0.05 15 54 40.5
5 0.05 17 54 45.9
φi ∙ psi 50∙ 2340

T i= 20°C ¿>¿ psi =2340 Pa pvi = = =1170 Pa
100 100
φe ∙ psi 85∙ 125

T e= -18°C ¿>¿ psi =125 Pa pvi = = =106.25 Pa
100 100
Dew Temperature Chart

25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
Ts 1-11 Psi (Pa)
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Loads Evaluation
3 LOADS EVALUATION
Loads Evaluation
Loads classification according to EC1:
Permanent loads:
 Self-weight of the construction elements: columns, girders, slabs, roofing elements and
interior and exterior walls;
 Earth pressure;
Temporary loads:
 Quasi permanent loads: partitions system;

 Variable loads: snow, live loads, wind loads;
Exceptional loads:
 Earthquake;
3.1.1 Permanent and quasi permanent loads

Self-weight of all structural elements and nonstructural elements of the building can be considered as
permanent loads and is computed in daN. In order to determine the loads value, each element's layer is
multiplied with its unit weight of the materials that was made. Permanent loads act like uniformly
distributed loads on the length of the element (according SR-EN-1991-1-1-1-2004 NA 2006 they are
denoted with qk)
3.1.2 Current slab load evaluation
Taking into account the 2 types of flooring systems that may be utilized:
 Warm flooring using parquet as finishing layer
 Cold flooring using sandstone as finishing layer
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Loads Evaluation
3.1.2.1 Warm floor
Table 3.1.2.1.1
Nr Layer type Thickness(m) Specific weight ϒ (daN/m 3) Load (daN/m 2)
crt
1 Parquet 0.012 800 9.6
2 Parquet support OSB 0.018 900 16.2
3 Leveling concrete 0.03 1800 54
4 Reinforced concrete slab 0.15 2500 375
5 Gypsum board 0.01 1100 11
Total 465.8
3.1.2.2 Cold floor
Table 3.1.2.2.1
crt
1 Ceramic floor 0.02 2200 44
Total 502
3.1.2.3 Quasi permanent loads – internal walls
Table 3.1.2.3.1
crt
2 Mineral wool 0.08 100 8
29 | P a g e
Loads Evaluation
Total 30
3.1.3 Roof loads evaluation
Table 3.1.3.1
crt
2 Vapor barrier 0.004 1200 4.8
3 Diffusion layer 0.001 1200 1.2
4 Polystyrene 0.15 35 5.25
5 Waterproof layer 0.005 1200 6
6 Wooden planks 0.05 650 32.5
7 Lindab 0.05 1600 80
Total 140.75
3.1.4 Stairs load evaluation

crt
1 Lime cement mortar 0.01 1800 18
2 Reinforced concrete 0.15 2500 375
3 Concrete 0.085 2400 204
4 Sandstone 0.02 2200 44
Total 641
Table3.1.4.1
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Loads Evaluation
3.1.5 Basement floor evaluation

3.1.5.1 Cold floor
Table 3.1.5.1.1
crt
1 Ceramic floor 0.02 2200 44
4 Extruded polystyrene 0.1 35 3.5
Total 351.5
3.2 Live loads

At the superior slab is considered
q k =75 daN /m2
q dk = n× qk where n-safety factor n=1.5
q dk = 1.5 × 75 = 112.5 daN /m2

At the ground floor and I-IX floors
daN daN
Church area q k =200
d
 2 => q k = 300
m m2
daN daN
Corridors area q k =350
d
 2 => q k = 525
m m2
daN daN
Stairs q k =400
d
 2 => q k = 600
m m2
3.3 Temporary loads

3.3.1 Snow load (according to CR-1-1-1-2005)
The snow loads on the roof is done taking into account the snow deposits depending on roof type
system that was chosen and the wind action which causes the redistribution of the snow.
Also, the snow melting is taken into account.

Sk =μ i ∙ C e ∙C t ∙ S 0 ,k
Where:
 Sk - Characteristic value of the snow load;
31 | P a g e
Loads Evaluation
 μi - Shape coefficient;
 S0 , k - Characteristic value of the snow load on the soil;
 C e - Exposure coefficient due to site of the construction; (C e =1¿
 C t - Thermal coefficient. (C t=1)
For Iasi S =2.50

0, k kN /m2
Sk =μ i ∙ C e ∙C t ∙ S 0 ,k = 0.8 ∙ 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 2.50 = 2 kN /m2
3.3.2 Wind load computation according to SR EN 1991-1-4-2006

The wind action on the structure is computed on structural elements, internal and external pressures
having an important role. Wind pressure on surfaces:
W e = q p ( z e )∙ C pe
Where:
 q p - the dynamic top pressure
 z e - is the reference height
 C pe - pressure coefficient for external pressures
q p ( z) = C e ∙ q b
1
qb = ∙ ρ∙ υ 2b – the pressure of reference speed
d
q= 1.25 – recommended value of air density
υ b=¿ 35 m/s
1
qb = ∙1.25 ∙ 352=765.625
2
q p ( z) = 2.7 ∙ 765.625=2067.187
32 | P a g e
Loads Evaluation
W e = 2067.187 ∙ 0.5=10.336 kN /m
Given the fact that it is not a high rise building and made of concrete, wind loads will be ignored.
33 | P a g e
Loads Evaluation
3.4 Exceptional lods

Projecting of the resistance structures at the earthquakes action has the objective of offering a seismic
response which includes characteristic degradation and the specific calculus will be done in the post-
elastic domain of deformation. Anti-seismic design has the following purposes:
3.4.1 General positive adaptation of the building which includes:
Choosing of the proper shapes on the horizontal and vertical directions for the building and for its
strength structures.
The correct disposal of the structural elements in the building ensemble as well as of the installation
system and equipment.
Securing the unfavorable interactions between structural elements, between construction parts,
structural and non structural elements.
3.4.2 Obtaining a proper structural mechanism of energy dissipation under the action of
seismic forces. This objective implies the following:
Organizing the eventual weak zones so that they won't be actioned in the post elastic domain (with
potential plastic hinges), with a higher priority to the elements which have a high post elastic potential
and which will not affect the strength structure of the - building, the eventual damages being repaired
without great technical efforts.
Plastic hinges will be distributed in such manner so that the post elastic deformation capacity will be
as high as possible, and the ductility requirements as low as possible.
Preventing the premature ruptures with brittle character by setting up the dimensioning modulus
The weak zones to be designed in such a manner so that they will have the best stability behavior.
3.4.3 Disposal of certain devices and equipment with the role of dissipating the seismic
energy:
The design method considers the dynamic and nonlinear behavior of the structure without
underlining the plasticization mechanism of the structure. The method has the following steps:
 Establishing the value of the seismic forces.
 Structural computation in linear domain at the seismic action in special case of loading cases.
 Correcting of the bending moments at the extremities of the structural elements in order to
obtain a favorable mechanism of energy dissipation.
 Dimensioning of the significant sections and reinforcement disposal and computation.
 Checking up of the lateral displacements conditions.
34 | P a g e
Loads Evaluation
3.4.4 General rules of design of the structure

The arrangement of the structural elements will assure the direct transmittance of the gravitational
loads to the ground.
Space interaction between elements of the vertical elements will be assured by imposing some
bracings.
3.4.5 Seismic action evaluation

The seismic action is evaluated using the spectra corresponding to horizontal unidirectional ground
movement, described by accelerograms. The seismic action is designed using two horizontal
components evaluated starting from the same design response spectrum.
In the case of spatial mode, the seismic action is considered on all horizontal directions and on the
main principal directions. For the buildings with structural elements designed on two normal
directions, these directions are considered relevant.
In the computation, only the vibrations modes with significant contribution to the total seismic
response will be considered. This condition is respected if:
• The sum of effective modal masses of the considered modes of vibration is at least 90% from the
total mass of structure.
• All modes of vibration with an effective modal mass greater than 5% of the total mass have been
considered.
According to P100-2006 Design Code, the shear force applied at the base of the structure on —e
direction of the seismic action is:
F b=ϒ i + Sd (T )∙ m ∙ λ
Where:
 ϒ i=1 the building importance class.
 Sd (T ) the ordinate of the design response spectrum corresponding to fundamental period T.
 T the fundamental period of vibration in the plane of the horizontal direction
considered.
 m the lamped mass of the structure.
 λ = 0,85 the correction factor which takes into account the contribution of the fundamental
rode of vibration trough the effective modal mass associated.
β (T )
Sd ( T )=a g ∙
q
 a g= 0.2 g - the peak ground acceleration.
 β (T )=f (0.7) - elastic normalized response spectrum
 T c =0.7 s - The corner period.
αu
 q=5∙ – structure`s behavior factor
α1
35 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
36 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
The structural analysis of the building was performed using AxisVM11 Academic Version. The
program is used for modeling, analyzing and designing different types of structures, having the main
characteristics:
 Defining the structural elements using a graphic editing of the model in any view including
the perspective view.
 Allows you to display one or more parts, called active parts, at the same time. In addition, if
the Parts check box is enabled the commands will only affect or refer to the entities of the
active parts.
 Linear, nonlinear, buckling, vibration, seismic and dynamic analysis
 Possibility to define materials, their properties and their composition
Due designing the structure, the following steps were followed:
4.1 Materials used

The materials used for the structure were selected from the Eurocode: C25/30 – the concrete class
4.2 Loads
No. Case Type of load
1 Self-Weight Self-Weight
2 Masonry walls
Uniform along contour elements
3 Partition walls Uniform on surface
4 Floors Uniform on surface
5 Live load Uniform on surface
6 Snow Uniform on the roof beams
7 Seismic On each level as auto-generated load using AXIS 11
4.3 Combinations Formulas

ULS (a,b) max ∑ γ G , j Gk , j +γ P P+γ Q ,1 Ψ 0,1 Q k ,1 + ∑ γ Q , i Ψ 0 ,i Q k ,i
j≥1 i≠1
∑ ξ j γ G , j Gk , j +γ P P+γ Q ,1 Qk ,1 + ∑ γ Q ,i Ψ 0 ,i Qk ,i
j≥ 1 i≠ 1
ULS(Seismic) ∑ G k , j + Pk + A Ed + ∑ Ψ 2 ,i Q k ,i
j≥ 1 i ≥1
SLS ∑ G k , j + Pk +Q k ,1+ ∑ Ψ 0 ,i Qk ,i
j≥ 1 i ≠1
4.3.1 Materials and their properties

Name Type Ex Ey Poisson’s ΔT γ P1 P2
[N/mm2] [N/mm2] ratio [1/°C] [kg/m3] [N/mm2]
1 C25/30 Concrete 30500 30500 0.20 1E-5 2500 fck= 25 γc= 1.500
37 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
4.3.2 Shapes
Nam h b Ax Ix Iy I1 I2 iy iz yG zG
e [mm [mm [mm2] [mm4] [mm4] [mm [mm4] [mm] [mm [mm] [mm
] ] 4] ] ]
1 30x4 300. 450. 135000. 2.4E+0 1E+09 2.3E+09 1E+09 86.6 129. 225. 150.
5 0 0 00 9 9 0 0
2 30x3 300. 300. 90000.0 1.1E+0 6.8E+0 6.8E+08 6.8E+0 86.6 86.6 150. 150.
0 0 0 1 9 8 8 0 0
3 30x6 300. 650. 195000. 4.2E+0 1.5E+0 6.9E+09 1.5E+0 86.6 187. 325. 150.
5 0 0 00 9 9 9 6 0 0
4 40x3 400. 300. 120000. 1.9E+0 1.6E+0 1.6E+09 9E+08 115. 86.6 150. 200.
0 0 0 00 9 9 5 0 0
4.4 Masses, per Total, cross section, type
4.4.1 Total mass of the Structure
Material Name γ[kg/m3] V [m3] G [kg]
1 C25/30 2500 90.225 225561.593
Total 90.225 225561.593
4.4.2 Mass Per Cross-Section
Cross-Section Material Name L [m] V [m3] M [kg/m] G [kg] Ao [m2]
1 30x45 C25/30 8.360 1.129 337.500 2821.500 12.540
2 30x30 C25/30 128.826 11.594 225.000 28985.885 154.591
3 30x65 C25/30 31.640 6.170 487.500 15424.500 60.116
4 40x30 C25/30 338.937 40.672 300.000 101681.207 474.512
Total 59.565 148913.092 701.760
4.4.3 Mass Per Surface Type
Element Type Material Name γ[kg/m3] A [m2] V [m3] G [kg]
1 Shell C25/30 2500 153.297 30.659 76648.501
Total 153.297 30.659 76648.501
38 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
4.4.4 Seismic parameters

Parameters
Spectrum (horizontal)
Parametric shape
Importance factor: γI = 1
Ground type: Tc = 0.7
Design ground acceleration: ag = 1.962 m/s2
Behavior factor: q = 2
Beginning of the constant section of the spectrum: TB = 0.070 s
End of the constant section of the spectrum: TC = 0.700 s
Beginning of the constant displacement section of the spectrum: TD = 3.000 s
Spectral value of the horizontal ground acceleration factor: β0 = 2.75
Combination methods
Combination of modal responses: Auto
Viscous damping: ξ ’ = 0.05
Combination of the components of seismic action: SRSS
Torsional effect
Accidental eccentricity coefficient = 0.05
Stories Z[m]
Story 2 8.780
Story 1 4.180
Ground floor 0
4.4.5
39 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
4.5 Load combinations

Type ELEM CARAMI SNO UTIL S S S S S S S S
ENTE ZI W A 1+ 1- 2+ 2- 3+ 3- 4+ 4-
1 ULS (a, b) 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 ULS (a, b) 1.00 1.00 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 ULS (a, b) 1.00 1.00 0 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 ULS (a, b) 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 ULS (a, b) 1.35 1.35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 ULS (a, b) 1.35 1.35 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 ULS (a, b) 1.35 1.35 0 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 ULS (a, b) 1.35 1.35 1.05 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 ULS (a, b) 1.00 1.00 1.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 ULS (a, b) 1.00 1.00 0 1.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 ULS (a, b) 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 ULS (a, b) 1.35 1.35 1.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 ULS (a, b) 1.35 1.35 0 1.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 ULS (a, b) 1.35 1.35 1.50 1.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 ULS (Seismic) 1.00 1.00 0.40 0.40 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
16 ULS (Seismic) 1.00 1.00 0.40 0.40 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
17 ULS (Seismic) 1.00 1.00 0.40 0.40 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0
0
18 ULS (Seismic) 1.00 1.00 0.40 0.40 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0
0
19 ULS (Seismic) 1.00 1.00 0.40 0.40 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0
0
20 ULS (Seismic) 1.00 1.00 0.40 0.40 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0
0
21 ULS (Seismic) 1.00 1.00 0.40 0.40 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0
0
22 ULS (Seismic) 1.00 1.00 0.40 0.40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0
0
26 SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Characteristic
40 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Bending Moment My ZoX
Bending Moment My ZoY
41 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Bending Moment Mz
Shear Force Vz
42 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Axial Force Nx
Slab Mx
43 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Slab My
Displacement SLS ZoX
44 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Displacement ZoY
1st Mode of Vibration
45 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
2nd Mode of Vibration
3rd Mode of Vibration
46 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
5 REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB DESIGN
47 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
The plate is divided into several parts depending on their supporting systems. The choice of the
floor is made based on criteria of maximum efficiency of the overall structure, satisfying the
technical conditions and functionality.
5.1 Preliminary design
The design of the slab is made taking into account the characteristic sections and where are
they situated: in the span and in the support area. The slab is made from the following
constructions materials:
The concrete used in construction is C25/30 with the following property:

f ck 25 N
f cd =α cc =1∙ =16.667
γc 1.5 mm2
 fcd Design value of the compression strength of the concrete
 fck Characteristic value of the compression strength of the concrete, measured on cylinder at
28 days
 γ c Partial coefficient for concrete
 α cc = 1
Tensioned strength of the concrete:

f ctk 0.05 N
f ctd=α cc =1.2
γc mm2
Reinforcements are made from OB 37 and PC 52 having the following design yielding limit
of the reinforcements:
N
f yd =¿250 (OB 37)
mm2
N
f yd =¿300 (PC 52)
mm2
Determining the thickness of the plate:

 Minimum allowable thickness of the plate is 60 mm
 Circulated slab, minimum thickness of the plate is 100 mm
hp= ( 351 ÷ 451 ) L=¿ h =( 0.1714 ÷ 0.1333 ) =15 cm→ 15 cmwill be imposed
p
For concrete slabs reinforced in 2 directions, the reinforcement ratio is between 0.4 and 0.5 percent.
For one way reinforced concrete slabs, the optimum reinforcement percent is 0.8.The imposed
minimum cover is 10 mm.
The minimum reinforcement diameter for PC 52 is ϕ 6 for bottom bars, top bars and distribution bars.
And for OB 37 the minimum diameter for bottom bars and distribution bars for top bars is ϕ 6, for top
bars is ϕ 8. Because h p <30 cm, the minimum numbers of bars on meter is 5, and the maximum
number is 12 (also on field and support).
For slab reinforced on one direction, the constructive reinforcement is put perpendicular to the
resistance reinforcement. In the field and bearing area the constructive bars must be 4 ϕ 6 bars/m.
48 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
5.2 Loads
At the slab design, the following types of loads are considered:
Dead loads:
daN daN
 gk =502 2
⇒ g dk =1.35∙ 502=677.7 2
m m
 The Dead Load will be imposed from the Program
Live loads:
d
 Church area pk = 200 daN/ m 2 => pk = 1.5 • 200 = 300 daN/ m 2
d
 Corridor area pk = 350 daN/ m 2=> pk = 1.5 • 350 = 525 daN/ m2
d
 Storing spaces pk = 350 daN/ m 2 => pk = 1.5 • 200 = 525 daN/ m 2
In the computation, the least favorable case will be used.

5.3 Slab layout
l1
<2 →concrete slab reinforced on two directions
l2
The plates are chosen separately in order to obtain the distribution of the loads depending on the type
of contour supports.
From the annex VIII from SR EN 1991-1, the following types of slabs can be found in the
administrative facility - plates reinforced on two directions:
 Plates fixed on two edges and simply supported on the other two;
 Plates fixed on three edges and simply supported on one edge;
 Plates fixed on all edges;
The slab have uniformly distributed loads on the support, representing the building contour, they act as
simple supports, on the intermediate supports they behave as fully restrained ones. For the loads
alternative distributed, the continuity effect is manifested by rotation of the support sections, so that
every intermediate span can be considered as independent, simply supported.
49 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
The static computation is made in the elastic range using tables made for different types of support
conditions. The maximum bending moments are required for computation and at least favorable case
is taken into account (chess distribution for the determination of the maximum bending moments in
the field and distribution along the whole surface for computing the maximum moments on the
supports).
q = p + g = 300+677.7=977.7 daN/m 2
p
q’ = g + =677.7+150=827.77 daN/m 2
2
p
q” = =150 daN/m 2
2
50 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
5.4 Computation of the moments in field and supports of the panels
Distribution of the panels
5 pannels
51 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
52 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Fasii de armare
53 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Type 10 : Panel 1 = Panel 5
l 1=3.3 m
l 2=2.5 m
0.3 0.3
l 01=l 1−b g=3.3− − =3 m
2 2
0.3 0.3
l 02=l 2−b g=2.5− − =2.2 m
2 2
l 02 2.2
λ= = =0.73<2 ⇒concrete slab reinforced on 2 directions
l 01 3
By linear interpolation ⇒α 41=¿0.0102, α 42=¿0.0466, α 11=¿ 0.0466, α 12=¿0.0777
β 41=¿
0.8163, β 42=¿0.05637
M max ' 2
1 =α 41 ∙ q ∙ l 01 + α 11 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {01}} ^ {2} =0. 0102 ∙827.77∙ {3} ^ {2} +0.0466∙150∙ {3} ^ {2} =
M min ' 2
1 =α 41 ∙ q ∙l 01 −α 11 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {01}} ^ {2} =0.0102∙827.77∙ {3} ^ {2} -0.009845∙150∙ {3} ^ {2}
M max ' 2
2 =α 42 ∙ q ∙ l 02 + α 12 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {02}} ^ {2} = 0.0466 ∙827.77∙ {2.2} ^ {2} +0.100344∙150∙ {2.2} ^ {2
M min ' 2
2 =α 42 ∙ q ∙l 02 −α 12 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {02}} ^ {2} = 0.0466 ∙827.77∙ {2.2} ^ {2} -0.100344∙150∙ {2.2} ^ {2}
q 1=β 41 ∙ q=0.8163 ∙827.77=798.0965 daN /m 2

q 2=β 42 ∙ q=0.05637 ∙ 827.77=55.11295 daN /m2
−q1 ∙l 201 −798.0965∙ 32

M ' 1= = =−897.859 daN ∙ m
8 8
−q 2 ∙ l202 −798.0965∙ 2.22
M ' 2= = =−33.343 daN ∙ m
8 8
54 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Type 5 : Panel 2
l 1=6.3 m
l 2=3.3 m
0.3 0.3
l 01=l 1−b g=6.3− − =6 m
2 2
0.3 0.3
l 02=l 2−b g=3.3− − =3 m
2 2
l 02 6
λ= = =0.5<2 ⇒ concrete slabreinforced on 2 directions
l 01 3
By linear interpolation ⇒α 41 =¿0.0.0026, α 42 =¿0.0408, α 11=¿ 0.0143, α 12 =¿0.0833
β 41=¿0.8163, β 42=¿0.00623
M max ' 2
1 =α 41 ∙ q ∙ l 01 + α 11 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {01}} ^ {2
¿ 0.0026 ∙ 827.77 ∙6 2+ 0.0143∙ 150 ∙6 2=154.699 daN ∙ m

M min ' 2
1 ¿ α 41 ∙ q ∙l 01 −α 11 ∙q ∙ {{l} rsub {01}} ^ {2} = 0.0026 ∙827.77∙ {6} ^ {2} -0.0143∙150∙ {6} ^ {2} =0
M max ' 2
2 =α 42 ∙ q ∙ l 02 + α 12 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {02}} ^ {2
¿ 0.0408 ∙ 827.77∙ 32 +0.0833 ∙ 150∙ 32=416.412 daN ∙ m

M min ' 2
2 =α 42 ∙ q ∙l 02 −α 12 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {02}} ^ {2
¿ 0.0408 ∙ 827.77∙ 32 +0.0833 ∙ 150∙ 32=119.502 daN ∙ m

q 1=β 41 ∙ q=0.8163 ∙827.77=798.0965 daN /m2
q 2=β 42 ∙ q=0.00623 ∙827.77=60.911 daN /m2
−q1 ∙l 201 −798.0965∙ 62

M ' 1= = =−3591.43 daN ∙ m
8 8
−q 2 ∙ l202 −60.911 ∙3 2
M ' 2= = =−68.5245 daN ∙ m
8 8
55 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
56 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Type 6 : Panel 3 = Panel 4
l 1=6.3 m
l 2=3.3 m
0.3 0.3
l 01=l 1−b g=6.3− − =6 m
2 2
0.3 0.3
l 02=l 2−b g=3.3− − =3 m
2 2
l 02 3
λ= = =0.5<2 ⇒ concrete slabreinforced on 2 directions
l 01 6
By linear interpolation ⇒α 41 =¿0.0059, α 42 =¿0.08, α 11=¿ 0.08, α 12 =¿0.0298
β 41=¿0.233, β 42=¿0.442
M max ' 2
1 =α 41 ∙ q ∙ l 01 + α 11 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {01}} ^ {2
¿ 0.0059 ∙ 827.77∙ 62 +0.08 ∙ 150∙ 6 2=607.818 daN ∙m

M min ' 2
1 ¿ α 41 ∙ q ∙l 01 −α 11 ∙q ∙ {{l} rsub {01}} ^ {2
¿ 0.0059 ∙ 827.77∙ 62 −0.08 ∙150 ∙ 62=−256.182 daN ∙ m

M max ' 2
2 =α 42 ∙ q ∙ l 02 + α 12 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {02}} ^ {2
¿ 0.08 ∙ 827.77∙ 32 +0.0298 ∙ 150∙ 32=636.244 daN ∙m
M min ' 2
2 =α 42 ∙ q ∙l 02 −α 12 ∙ q ∙ {{l} rsub {02}} ^ {2
¿ 0.08 ∙ 827.77∙ 32−0.06373∙ 150 ∙3 2=636.224 daN ∙ m

q 1=β 41 ∙ q=0.8163 ∙827.77=798.0965 daN /m2
q 2=β 42 ∙ q=0.00623 ∙827.77=60.911 daN /m2
−q1 ∙l 201 −227.65∙ 62

M ' 1= = =−3591.43 daN ∙ m
8 8
57 | P a g e
58 | P a g e
-33.3433 -68.5245 -68.5245 -68.5245 -9.11086
-897.859 -3591.43 -3591.43 -3591.43 -1086.41
55.112949 60.91071 60.91071 60.91071 55.112949
798.09651 798.09651 798.09651 798.09651 798.09651
130.2884 191.5021 555.7644 555.7644 40.13727
243.1088 416.4121 636.2244 636.2244 87.94565
13.07929 0.259272 -256.182 -256.182 -57.6992
The calculus is done for 1 m slice on each direction: on x and on y

138.8993 154.6993 607.8183 607.8183 133.4203
=−68.5245 daN ∙ m
150 150 150 150 150
5.4.2 Computation of the necessary reinforcement area

827.77 827.77 827.77 827.77 827.77
5.4.1 Centralizing table for the previous computation
0.05637 0.0623 0.0623 0.0623 0.05637

0.8163 0.8163 0.8163 0.8163 0.8163
h p −height of the slab
c−concrete covering
0.0777 0.0833 0.0298 0.0298 0.1205
−q 2 ∙ l202 −432.554 ∙ 32
0.0466 0.0143 0.08 0.08 0.0585

0.0466 0.0408 0.08 0.08 0.0585
8
0.0102 0.0026 0.0059 0.0059 0.0042

0.7333 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
=
C nom =max 15−5=10 mm

2.2 3 3 3 1.15
ϕ=20 mm
8
10 mm
3 6 6 6 3.3
M ' 2=
Structural Analysis
2.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 1.45

3.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 3.6
b=1000 mm ;
h p =150 mm ;
{
a=c + ϕ ;
c=20mm ;
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
d=h p−a
1
2
10 5 6 6 10
Structural Analysis
M rd
μ=
b ∙ d 2 ∙ f cd
ω=1− √ 1−2 μ
f cd
A s=μbd ; f yd =300 N / mm
f yd
59 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
For panel 1 type 10

In field:
M rd 243.11
μ= 2
= =0.009
b ∙ d ∙ f cd 1000 ∙1252 ∙16.667
ω=1− √ 1−2 μ = 0.01
f cd 16.667
A s=μbd =0.009 ∙ 1000∙ 125 ∙ =64.829 mm2
f yd 300
In support:
M rd 33.3433
μ= 2
= =0.00128
b ∙ d ∙ f cd 1000 ∙1252 ∙16.667
ω=1− √ 1−2 μ = 0.0013
f cd 16.667
A s=μbd =0.00128 ∙ 1000∙ 125 ∙ =8.89999 mm2
f yd 300
Mrd In In
In field In support support field supp
b d f cd
Mrd
μ ω Asy field μ ω Asy
10 12 16. 0.00933 0.0093 64.82 243.10 0.001 0.001 8.891 33.343
00 5 67 519 792 9 88 28 281 556 334 6φ8 6φ8
10 12 16. 0.01598 0.0161 111.0 416.41 0.002 0.002 18.27 68.524
00 5 67 991 198 43 21 631 635 321 549 6φ8 6φ8
10 12 16. 0.02443 0.0247 169.6 636.22 0.002 0.002 18.27 68.524
00 5 67 053 365 6 44 631 635 321 549 6φ8 6φ8
10 12 16. 0.02443 0.0247 169.6 636.22 0.002 0.002 18.27 68.524
00 5 67 053 365 6 44 631 635 321 549 6φ8 6φ8
10 12 16. 0.00337 0.0033 23.45 87.945 0.000 0.000 2.429 9.1108
00 5 67 705 828 22 65 35 35 563 594 6φ8 6φ8
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Structural Analysis
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Structural Analysis
7 REINFORCED CONCRETE GIRDER DESIGN
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Structural Analysis

Linear members have the span very big compared with the other two dimensions of the cross section.
From loading point of view, linear members are loaded in bending. Girders (named also main beams)
are straight linear members which carry loads from slabs and/or secondary beam and transfer them to
vertical members (columns).
Because slab, beams and girders are poured together, the entire monolith floor works like one piece. In
this case, the cross-section of the girder is a T one.
Designing the girder must follow the steps:

l 600
h field
g = = =50÷ 60 cm ⇒h field
g =60 cm
10 ÷ 12 10 ÷ 12
l – Span of the girder
The width of the cross section b w is calculated with the relation:

hg 60
b w= = =20 ÷ 30 cm⇒ bw =30 cm
2÷ 3 2÷ 3
7.2 Shear force and bending moments
The shear force and bending moments are computed in the elastic range and the design efforts on the
girder are extracted from the results obtained from the Finite Element Analysis in Axis program.
These efforts are taken into account for both fundamental and special loads grouping and those from
the fundamental grouping are higher than the case from special loads grouping.
Beam E1⇒E4
M1 11.97 V1 d 19.176
Beam 1-2 M 1-2 6.81
M2 35.64 V2 s 18.166
M2 35.64 V2 d 49.1
Beam 2-3 M 2-3 13.13
M3 23.11 V3 s 35.26
M3 23.11 V3 d 31.2
Beam 3-4 M 3-4 12.4
M4 31.97 V4 s 47
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Structural Analysis
7.3 Cross-section checking
Based on the previous efforts it is necessary to compare the dimensions used for preliminary design
with the ones obtained from the relationship involving the maximum bending moments and shear
force.
It is imposed to choose a reinforcing percentage:
f yd 1.2 300
ω= p ∙ = ∙ =0.216
f cd 100 16.667
1 1
r=
√ ω (1−0.5 ω)
=
√
0.216(1−0.5∙ 0.216)
=2.278
M 35.8
hreq =r ∙
ϕ 2
√ b ∙ f cd √
=2.278 ∙
0.3 ∙ 16.667∙ 103
=0.1927
a=c + =20+ =3 cm
2 2
h eff =h req +a=0.223⇒ from architectural conditions h eff =0.4 m
40
b= =14 ÷ 30 cm→ bg=0.30 m
2÷ 3
7.4 Mechanical characteristics of materials
The concrete used on construction is C25/30 with the property:

f ck 25 N
f cd =α cc =1∙ =16.667
γc 1.5 mm2
 fck Characteristic value of the compression strength of the concrete, measured on cylinder
at 28 days
 α cc = 1
f ctk 0.05 N
Tensioned strength of the concrete: f ctd=α cc =1.2
γc mm2
 Reinforcements are made from OB 37 and PC 52 having the following design yielding limit of
the reinforcements:
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Structural Analysis
N
f yd =¿210 (OB 37)
mm2
N
f yd =¿300 (PC 52)
mm2
7.5 Longitudinal reinforcement computation
 In field
The capable moment of the slab:

d = h-a
Where:
a = 30 mm ⇒ d = 370 mm
M slab slab
Rd =beff ∙ h p ∙ f cd ∙ ( d −0.5 ∙h p ) if M Rd > M Ed ; x< h p (Neutral axis cut the slab)
if M slab
Rd < M Ed ; x> h p (T cross section)
Establishing the effective width b eff of the slab
∑ leffi +b=leff 1 +leff 2 +b

b eff =min
{∑ bi +b=b1 +b 2+ b
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Structural Analysis
l effi=0.2∙ bi+0.1∙ l 0 ≤ 0.2∙ l 0
l eff 1=0.2∙ b1+0.1∙ l 01
l 01=L−b=330−30=3 m
Where
{ L b 330 30
b1 = − =
2 2 2
− =1.5 m
2
l eff 1=0.2∙ 1.5+0.1∙ 3=0.6 ≤1.14
l eff 1 +b=0.6+ 0.3=0.9 m
b eff =min
{ b1 +b 2+b=1.5+0.3=1.8 m
M slab 3
Rd =beff ∙ h p ∙ f cd ∙ ( d −0.5 ∙h p )=0.9 ∙ 0.15∙ 16.67 ∙ 10 ∙ ( 0.37−0.5 ∙0.15 )=663.88 kN ∙ m
M slab max
Rd > M Ed (663.88>214.4)
0.26 ∙ f ctm 0.26 ∙ 2.6 2

A S min = ∙ b ∙d = ∙ 300 ∙370=250.12 mm
f yk 300
A S min >0.0013 ∙ b ∙ d=144.3 mm2
6.5.1 Longitudinal reinforcement design in 1-2 bay
M rd 6.81∙ 106
μ= = =0.0033
b ∙ d 2 ∙ f cd 300 ∙370 2 ∙ 16.667
ω=1− √ 1−2 μ = 0.0033
f cd 16.667
A s=μ beff d =0.0033 ∙ 900∙ 370 ∙ =108 mm2⇒ A s eff =462mm 2⇒3ϕ14
f yd 300
pmin =0.385 %
From minimum reinforcement conditions it is imposed 3 bars d=14mm Aseff=462 mm2
66 | P a g e
67 | P a g e
Bars 3φ14 3φ14 3φ14 3φ14 3φ14 3φ14 3φ14 3φ14 3φ14
p min 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385 0.385
Aseff [mm2] 462 462 462 462 462 462 462 462 462
Asreq 108 62 322 322 119 209 209 112 289
[mm2]
ω 0.005845 0.003321 0.017505 0.017505 0.006413 0.011316 0.011316 0.006056 0.015688
Table6.5.1.1
μ 0.005828 0.003316 0.017352 0.017352 0.006393 0.011252 0.011252 0.006037 0.015565
fcd 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67
370 370 370 370 370 370 370 370 370
d
beff 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
b
400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

h
19.176 18.166 49.1 35.26 31.2 47

Structural Analysis
V1 d
V2 d
V3 d
V2 s
V3 s
V4 s
11.97 6.81 35.64 35.64 13.13 23.11 23.11 12.4 31.97
M 1-
M 2-
M 3-
M1
M2
M2
M3
M3
M4
2
4

Structural Analysis
8 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN DESIGN
68 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Columns are structural elements which carry the loads from girders and distribute them to the
foundations. They are designed using the bending moments on both directions and the axial forces.
8.1 Internal forces

Being a main structural element the computation is done in the elastic range and the internal forces for
both fundamental and special loading cases are chosen from the program AxisVM11.
The design internal efforts resulted from the program are the following:
8.2 Checking the maximum displacement of section
Checking the maximum displacements for the seismic action is made for both ULS and SLS.
 For the SLS the checking is done using the following relation:
d SLS SLS
r =ν ∙ q ∙ d ℜ <d r , a
Where:
 d SLS
r −¿ relative displacement under a specific level corresponding to the serviceability limit
state
 ν−¿reduction factor wich takes into account the period of appearance of an earthquake
having the value 0.4
 q−¿behaviour coefficient
 d ℜ−¿ relative displacement of a level (d ℜ=0.5 cm−¿the maximum deflection)
 d SLS
r ,a −¿ maximum value for relative displacement of a level asocoated with the serviceability
limit state
0.55
c=3−2.5 ∙ =1.03< 2
0.7
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Structural Analysis
d ULS
r , a =0.025 ∙ H level =0.025 ∙ 420=10.5 cm
ULS
d r =c ∙ q ∙ d ℜ=1.03 ∙ 4 ∙ 0.5=2.06 cm }
⇒ d ULS ULS
r < dr, a
8.3 Materials properties
The concrete used in construction is C25/30 with the following property:

f ck 25 N
f cd =α cc =1∙ =16.667
γc 1.5 mm2
 fck Characteristic value of the compression strength of the concrete, measured on cylinder
at 28 days
 α cc = 1
Tensioned strength of the concrete:

f ctk 0.05 N
f ctd=α cc =1.2
γc mm2
Reinforcements are made from OB 37 and PC 52 having the following design yielding limit
of the reinforcements:
N
f yd =¿210 (OB 37)
mm2
N
f yd =¿300 (PC 52)
mm2

Considering that the columns have a rectangular cross section shape, the calculus will be made on 2
directions x and y.
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Structural Analysis
Column Cross-Section C4
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Structural Analysis
On x direction:
N cELD N ELD
Abs , x =b c ∙ hc ⇒ h2c ≥
ν ∙ f cd
⇒ h c=
√ c
ν ∙ f cd
Where:
ν=0.4 (Normalized axial force)
f cd =16.67 N /mm2
N cELD=387.4 ∙103 N
387.4 ∙ 103
hc , x =
√ 0.4 ∙ 16.67
⇒ hc =241.05 mm ;
bc =300 mm
⇒
}
hc 65
= =2.167<2.5
bc 30
From architectural reasons h c, x =65 cm
On y direction:
N cELD N ELD
Abs , y =b c ∙ hc ⇒ h2c ≥
ν ∙ f cd
⇒ h c=
√ c
ν ∙ f cd
Where:
ν=0.4 (Normalized axial force)
2
f cd =16.67 N /mm
N cELD=387.4 ∙103 N
387.4 ∙ 103
hc , x =
√
0.4 ∙ 16.67
⇒ hc =241.05 mm
b c =650 mm
hc 30
⇒ = =0.46<2.5
bc 65 }
From architectural reasons h c, y =30 cm
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Structural Analysis
Final dimensions
h c =650 mm
b c =300 mm
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Structural Analysis
8.5 Establishing the compressed zone height
N 387 ∙ 103
ζ x= = ⇒ ζ x =0.119
b ∙ h0 ∙ f cd 300 ∙650 ∙ 16.67
h0 =hc −a=65−2.5=62.5 cm
ϕ 20
a=c + =20+
2 2
ζ x =0.119 <0.4 ⇒ the concrete section is adequate
8.6 External bending moment’s computation
Depending on the direction the establishment of external bending moments is done:
For the marginal column E4:
j−k j−k M i−
Rb
j
M Ed ,i =M max ,i ∙ ϒ Rd ∙ i− j
M Eb
Where:
 i−¿ the specific direction
j−k
 M Ed ,i −¿ design moment on the specific direction
j−k
 M max , i−¿maximum bending moment on the colum on “i” direction from structural analysis
program
 ϒ Rd−¿over strength factor is considered to be 1.3 for the base snd ultimate level and 1.2 for
the rest
M i− j
 Rb −¿actual resisting moments on girders disposed on I direction who intersect the node
M i− j
 Eb −¿bending moments on girders who intersect the node resulted from structural analysis
74 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
8.7 Longitudinal reinforcement
The minimum diameter for the longitudinal bars is: {ϕϕ 1612forfor OB
PC 52
37
The maximum diameter for the longitudinal bars is: ϕ 28
minimum 25 mm
Distance between bars: {maximum 50 mm
8.7.1 Ground floor column
M i− j
j−k j−k Rb 103.9
M Ed ,i =M max ,i ∙ ϒ Rd ∙ i− j = 18.4 ∙ 1.3∙ =138.84 kN ∙ m
M Eb 17.9
ϕ 20
a=c + =5+ =15 mm
2 2
d=650−30=620 mm
20
ec=
M Ed
N Ed
+e a=
77.55∙ 103
387
+ 22=222.17 mm Where e a=max h c
{ 30
=22
hc 650
e= + e c= +222.17−15=532.17 mm
2 2
hc
If e c ≤ the concrete doesn’t crack and the column will be reinforced from minimum
2.5
condition.
0.1 ∙ N max 0.1∙ 387 ∙ 103

A s ,min =max
{
f yd
Ed
=
300
=129 mm2
0.002 ∙ 400 ∙ 400=320 mm2
N Ed ∙ e−hc ∙ x ∙ f cd ∙ ( d−0.5 ∙ x )
A s=
f yd ∙ ( d−a )
387∙ 103 ∙532.17−650 ∙35.75 ∙ 16.67 ∙ ( 620−0.5 ∙35.75 )

¿ =149.31 mm2
300 ∙(620−150)
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Structural Analysis
76 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Where:
N Ed 387 ∙103
x= = =35.75 mm
hc ∙ f cd 650 ∙ 16.67
As 149.31
d L=
√ √
π
=
π
=6.89 mm
From minimum conditions of reinforcement
d L=18
A sr =π ∙ d L2=1017.8 mm2
d−x 620−35.75
M Rd =N Ed ∙ + A sr ∙ f yd ∙ ( d−a )=387 ∙ 103 ∙ +1017.8 ∙300 ∙ ( 620−15 ) =140.27 kN ∙ m
2 2
8.7.2 Verification at skew eccentric compression

M Ed , x a 2∙ 17.83 1
( M Rd , x ) ≤ 1⇒ (
140.27 )
=0.254 ≤ 1
N Rd =b c ∙ hc ∙ f cd =300 ∙650 ∙ 16.67=3250.650 kN

N Ed 387
= =0.119 ⇒ a=1
N Rd 3250.650
8.7.3 Shear force
M i−k k−i
max Rd + M Rd
V Ed =ϒ Rd ∙
H −hw
Where H = 1.85 m, 1.85 m, 4.2 m, 2.8 m
M i−k k−i
max Rd + M Rd
 E4 column Basement:V Ed =1.3 ∙
H−h w
M i−k k−i
max Rd + M Rd
 E4 column Ground floor:V Ed =1.3 ∙
H−h w
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Structural Analysis
8.8 Trasversal reinforcement design
Basement column
f cd
V Rd ,max =α cw ∙b c ∙ z ∙ υ1 ∙
ctg θ+tg θ
Where
ctg θ=2.5
z=0.9 ∙ d=0.9 ∙ 255=229.5
υ 1=0.6
A sw V Rd , s
V Rd ,s = ∙ z ∙ f ywd ∙ ctg θ ⇒ A sw= ∙s ⇒ A sw=88.382mm 2
s z ∙ f ywd ∙ctg θ
π ∙ d 2bw A sw 88.382
A sw=nr ∙
4
d bw , eff =10 mm
θ ⇒ d bw =
π √ √
=
π
=5.3 mm
nr =4
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dbw eff 10 10 10 dbw eff 10 10 10
dbw 5.304056 4.776812 1.90906 dbw 9.85423 8.010131 3.684797
Asw 88.3824 71.68459 11.44956 Asw 305.0668 201.5713 42.65566
VRd max [kN] 578.00 578.00 578.00 VRd max [kN] 266.00 266.00 266.00
Ved max [kN] 251.52 204.00 32.58 Ved max [kN] 399.07 263.69 55.80
MEd/MRd 0.12 0.09 0.03 NEd/NRd 0.119176 0.091089 0.031843
Reinforcement will be adopted according to the 4 axis direction,

NRd [kN] 3250.65 3250.65 3250.65 NRd [kN] 3250.65 3250.65 3250.65
MRd [kNm] 140.27 123.25 51.59 MRd [kNm] 222.56 159.31 88.35
dL eff [mm] 18.00 18.00 18.00 dL eff [mm] 20 20 20
dL [mm] 6.89 7.89 5.92 dL [mm] 15.95 11.91 13.06
As [mm2] 149.31 195.57 110.16 As [mm2] 798.8335 445.51751 535.51877
Reinforcement on E axis
Reinforcement on 3 axis
e [mm] 532.17 486.46 808.39 e [mm] 424.8695 386.4399 676.0036
ec [mm] 222.17 176.46 498.39 ec [mm] 129.8695 91.43989 381.0036
ea [mm] 22.00 22.00 22.00 ea [mm] 25 25 25
NEd [kN] 387.40 296.10 103.51 NEd [kN] 387.40 296.10 103.51
MEd i-k [kNm] 77.55 45.74 49.31 MEd i-k 40.62644 19.67285 36.84993
Med i-j [kNm] 17.83 18.99 23.11 Med i-j 78.72 55.104 48.25
γRd 1.30 1.20 1.20 γRd 1.3 1.2 1.2
MULS j-k 10.80 9.51 34.86 MULS j-k 24.99 11.87 54.39
MRb i-j [kNm] 98.44 76.11 27.24 MRb i-j [kNm] 98.44285 76.10592 27.24167
h0 [mm] 385.00 385.00 385.00 h0 [mm] 385.00 385.00 385.00
x [mm] 35.75 27.33 9.55 x [mm] 35.75285 27.32684 9.552859
As,gr 462.00 462.00 462.00 As,gr 462 462 462
Structural Analysis
a [mm] 15.00 15.00 15.00 a [mm] 15 15 15

d [mm] 620.00 620.00 620.00 d [mm] 285.00 285.00 285.00
H [mm] 1850.00 1850.00 4200.00 H [mm] 1850.00 1850.00 4200.00
hc [mm] 650.00 650.00 650.00 hc [mm] 300.00 300.00 300.00
bc [mm] 300.00 300.00 300.00 bc [mm] 650.00 650.00 650.00
Floor Demisol Demisol P Floor Demisol Demisol P
Structural Analysis
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Structural Analysis
10 FOUNDATION DESIGN
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Structural Analysis
10.1 Geotechnical report
The following data must be included in the geotechnical report:

 Distribution of the geotechnical layers
 Establishing the frost depth and the seismic parameters
 Geotechnical category of work establishment
 Foundation soil characteristics
The geotechnical survey was realized by studying the geotechnical property of the soil by performing
a number of 6 boreholes. Further, the samples are analyzed in special laboratories using the field data
and elaborating the final conclusions.
Soil texture has the following characteristics:
Vegetal soil
1. Depth of the layer -1.0m
2. Layer thickness 1.0m
Silty Clay with low plasticity, and high consistency, moist

3. Depth of the sample -4.0m
- Clay 49%

4. Granulometric composition - Silt 50.5%
- Sand 0.5%
5. Humidity W=1.78%
6. Liquid limit WL=42.5%
7. Plastic limit Wp=32.3%
8. Plasticity Index Ip=10.2%
9. Consistency IC=2.42 - hard
10. Unit weight g=21.3 kN/m3
11. Dry unit weight gd=21.3 kN/m3

12. Porosity n=32.5%
13. Porosity index e=0.48
14. Degree of humidity Sr=0.99
15. Endometric deformity modulus M2-3=76.92x102kN/m2
16. Specific displacement 4.62 cm/m
F=22
17. Shear parameters
C=12 kPa
82 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
Silty sand in compact form with high degree of compatibility, moist
3. Depth of the sample -9.0m
- Clay 10%
4. Granulometric composition - Silt 15%
- Sand 75%
5. Humidity W=15.8%
6. Liquid limit WL=
7. Plastic limit W p=
8. Plasticity Index Ip=10.2%
9. Degree and/or compaction capacity ID/Ci=1.02/2.098
10. Unit weight g=20.1 kN/m3
11. Dry unit weight gd=17.33 kN/m3

12. Porosity n=36.8%
13. Porosity index e=0.582
14. Degree of humidity Sr=0.745
15. Endometric deformity modulus M2-3=76.92x102kN/m2
16. Specific displacement 4.62 cm/m
F=35
17. Shear parameters
C=0 kPa
Design of the foundation on AXIS E, columns E1, E2, E3, E4;
Beam Foundation on all Axis.
Cross sectional dimension of the Beam Foundation for Axis E

10.2 Generalities
This geotechnical documentation is prepared at the request of the beneficiary and analyses the
geotechnical conditions for setting the foundation for the site that he requests to make an investment.
10.2.1 The aim of study
 Determining the type, status and physical and mechanical properties of layers of foundation
activity across the area for the site located address;
 Determining the possible effects in time, of the groundwater on the foundation soil; report of
special conditions of the site
 Specify the parameters of seismicity and frost depth of the area
 Recommendations on the design, construction and operation of construction, conditioned by
characteristics of foundation soil;
 Natural land classification of classes provided by the norms for works of excavation and
embankment;
 Report of special conditions of the site and foundation soil, which may influence the
performance and behavior of the normal time of construction such as : (presence of difficult
83 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
land foundation, slopes, sliding or likely potential instability by degradation, erosion or
collapse, unfavorable oriented bedding, any temporary or irreversible changes expected in the
regime of groundwater chemistry);
According to P100/2006 the construction site is situated in a zone having the peak ground acceleration
ag=0.2 m/s2 and a corner period of Tc=0.7 s.
10.2.2 Hydro-geological
In terms of hydrological, groundwater can be divided into two main categories:

 captive stratification;
 phreatic stratification
Hydrostatic depth level is about -10 m in the south-east and at -20 m in the north-eastern terraces. In
some areas of the upper terrace, the water is completely missing because of the base clay topography,
making the water flow in terms of on groundwater, showing springs on the slopes. Their flow is
characteristic to steppe climate.
Physical and mechanical tests show the presence in ground water a quantity of free carbon dioxide,
which prints aggressive carbonic water to certain types of concrete and reinforced concrete.
Groundwater has a pronounced acid character, because of the presence of carbonic, humic and
sulphate acids, resulting from hydrogen sulphide present in peat deposits. In these conditions,
groundwater presents an acidic overall aggressive place to a range of types of concrete and reinforced
concrete.
The effective pressures beneath the foundation must respect the relation:
Peff , max <1.4 ∙ P pl
10.2.3 The minimum foundation depth
Df ,min = Df , 1=h f +10 ÷20 cm ⇒ Df ,1=0.8+ 10÷ 20 cm=110 cm

{ Df ,2 >htop soil
10.3 Foundation calculation
10.3.1 Establishing the plan dimensions
H= ( 13 ÷ 61 ) ⋅ L =0.55 ÷ 1.2m
0
l c =( 0.2 ÷ 0.25 ) ⋅l 01=( 0.2÷ 0.25 ) ⋅3=0.66 ÷ 0.75 m⇒ l c =0.75 m
l 01=3 m
l 02=3 m
l 03=3 m
Ht H ≥l H =0.4
tg β ≥ 1⇒
l {
≥1⇒ t ⇒ t
l ≤ 0.4 l=0.3 {
84 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
P pl =m 1 ⋅( γ 1 ⋅ B ⋅ N 1 +q ⋅ N 2 +c ⋅ N 3)
 m1−¿ adimensional coefficient for work conditions

 γ 1−¿ natural weightof the soil layer beneath the foundation
 B−¿ foundation width
 c−¿design value for the cohesion of the foundation soil
 N 1 , N 2 , N 3−¿ adimensional coefficients wich takes into account the internm friction angle
The foundation width is considered to be 0

P pl =m 1 ⋅ ( q ⋅ N 2 +c ⋅N 3 )=1.3 ∙ ( 25.56∙ 3.44+12 ⋅ 6.04 )=208 kPa
Where
q=Df ∙ ϒ nat =1.3 ⋅21.3=25.56 kN /m
N ⋅1.2 1991 ⋅ 1.2
B= = =1.1⇒ B=1.1m
L ⋅ P pl 11.7 ⋅208
b=B−2 ⋅ l=1.1−2⋅ 0.3 ⇒b=0.5 m
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10.3.2 Internal forces computation
Table 8.3.2.1
M P
kN ⋅m kN
1 3.5 724
2 4.6 674
3 10.8 388
4 11.2 205
M l12=M 1−P1 ⋅ L2 + R12 ⋅ Lr 12

M r12=M l12
M l2=M 1−P1 ⋅ L2+ R2 ⋅ Lr 2
M r2=M 1+ M 2−P1 ⋅ L2 + R2 ⋅ Lr 2
M l23=M 1+ M 2 −P 1 ⋅ L23−P2 ⋅( L23−L2 )+ R 23 ⋅ Lr 23
M r23=M l23
M l3=M 1 + M 2−P1 ⋅ L3−P 2 ⋅( L3 −L2)+ R3 ⋅ Lr 3
M r3=M l3 + M 3
M l34=M 1 + M 2+ M 3−P 1 ⋅ L34−P2 ⋅( L34−L2 )−P3 ⋅(L34−L3 )+ R34 ⋅ Lr 34
M r34=M l34
M l4 =M 1 + M 2 + M 3−P1 ⋅ L 4−P2 ⋅(L4 −L2)−P 3 ⋅( L4−L3 )+ R4 ⋅ Lr 4
M r4 =M l4 + M 4
Table 8.3.2.2
Gf [kN] 179.71
Pmax 53.58
Pmin 293.52
Ppl 208.00
P1 38.20
P2 302.14
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Table 8.3.2.3
Column\DIM h [cm] b [cm]
S1 30 30
S2 30 30
S3 30 65
S4 30 65
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∆M i 0 0 2.181667 4.363333 6.545 8.726667 10.90833 13.09 14.28
M(x)R 124.3834 588.4767 11.38147 -273.513 -74.4851 -166.82 12.9938 1.19
M(x)L 120.8834 588.4767 6.781467 -273.513 -85.2851 -166.82 1.7938 1.19
M(x)R 0 124.3834 590.6584 15.7448 -266.968 -65.7584 -155.911 26.0838 15.47
M(x)L 0 120.8834 590.6584 11.1448 -266.968 -76.5584 -155.9112 14.8838 15.47
Table 8.3.2.4 Winkler method Computations
Mi [kNm] 3.5 4.6 10.8 11.2 -3010.85

Pi N [kN] 724 674 388 205 1991
Lr [m] 0 0.46 1.32 2.24 3.2 4.24 5.37 6.62 7.37
Rx [kN] 0 262.79 697.12 1070.02 1381.51 1631.59 1820.24 1947.49 1991
Px [kN] 302.1389 281.8362 244.6144 207.3927 170.1709 132.9492 95.72745 58.50571 38.20294
h [m] 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
b [m] 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Ht [m] 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
B [m] 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Structural Analysis
X [m] 0 0.9 2.55 4.2 5.85 7.5 9.15 10.8 11.7

L [m] 0 0 1.65 3.3 4.95 6.6 8.25 9.9 10.8
Section A 1 12 2 23 3 34 4 B
Structural Analysis
Table 8.3.2.5 Longitudinal Reinforcement

Reinforcement
d b m ω Aai Aami Aa S
SECTIO n adopted No. Diamete
N Bars r (cm)
95 50 0.00000 0.00000
6 2
SpanA-1 8 0 0 0 0.000000 1280 1280 18.2
95 50 0.01626 0.01639
6 2
Support1 8 0 0 5 436.365464 1280 1280 18.2
95 50 0.07692 0.08014 2133.06030 17.9
6 2.2
Span1-2 8 0 9 1 0 1280 2133 6
95 50 0.00148 0.00148
6 2
Support2 8 0 8 9 39.630989 1280 1280 18.2
95 50 0.03575 0.03641
6 2
Span2-3 8 0 5 9 969.331397 1280 1280 18.2
95 50 0.00973 0.00978
6 2
Support3 8 0 7 5 260.442860 1280 1280 18.2
95 50 0.02180 0.02205
6 2
Span3-4 8 0 8 1 586.914730 1280 1280 18.2
95 50 0.00169 0.00170
6 2
Support4 8 0 9 0 45.250016 1280 1280 18.2
95 50 0.00015 0.00015
6 2
Span4-B 8 0 6 6 4.140893 1280 1280 18.2
Table 8.3.2.6 Transversal reinforcement

Sectio Reinforcement S
n Rx Pi V(x)L V(x)R Type S modulated
A 0.00 0 0.00 Constructive R 300 300
72 - 181.033 181.033
1
503.08 4 503.08 220.92 Structural R 2 2 200
1273.9
a
2 0 549.92 Structural R 300 300
1848.7 67 1124.7 80.9742 202.059 20
2
3 4 3 450.73 Structural R 7 3 0 200
2227.5
b
2 0 829.52 Structural R 300 300
2410.3 38 1012.3 89.9675 145.882 20
3
0 8 0 624.30 Structural R 8 1 0 200
2397.0
c
5 0 611.05 Structural R 300 300
2187.7 20 226.682 262.845 30
4
7 5 401.77 196.77 Structural R 4 9 0 300
1991.0
B
0 0 0.00 Constructive R 300 300
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11
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12 TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN
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12.1 Technological design

All construction processes will be identified and technological details about every item will be related.
12.2 General conditions for construction execution:
The works are executed taking into account medium work conditions, considering that the materials
are provided at the construction site, in the range of the mechanized equipment from the location.
With new construction materials which have the optimum mechanical and physical property with
respect to the actual standards.
Tie building phases must take place at day light or using artificial light. The temperature must be
higher than +5°C, in order to provide optimum work condition and an open construction front.
12.3 Materials
The material names are those used in the actual standards. The measurement units for materials and
for other works are according to the international system for units (I.S).
They must be tested either visually or using other methods (Laboratory) in order to provide the
required strength, stiffness and property.
They must be kept in safe conditions before using them in order to avoid their deterioration or other
unfortunate factor which may affect their structural integrity.
All materials must be included in the specific consumption norms.
12.4 Technological stages
Choosing of the building location

Through building location it must be understood the place on which the future construction will be
placed. Building location must respect the technical-economic, the exploitation, the transport, the
hygiene and the functional aspects.
Choosing the construction site must respect a series of factors as: surface and shape of the terrain,
connections with the communication networks, the status of the terrain, relief and subsoil, natural
clime. The social-cultural buildings must not be placed in the industrial area. Links with the existent
networks have an important role in order to provide the building an easy access. The water and
electricity must be permanently available on the field and on the need of a neighborhood network is
utterly necessary. The opinion of creating an internal water installation is taken into account.
12.5 Setting of the axes and establishing the 0 cote.
In order to draw the axes of the building the following pieces are required:
• General situation plan;
• Drawing of the main axis of the construction plan;
• Foundation plan
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The main axis situated on the field is the base of the wall execution. The exterior perimeter is
delimited; afterwards the foundation axis will be established and the columns contour will be drawn.
After finishing the upward works, a set of auxiliary axis are drawn in order to provide a support for the
future works.
Drawing of the elements on the vertical axis will be realized by setting up the beginning of the works
some initial exterior landmarks (a minimum number of 3 such landmarks is needed) from which the
future distances will be measured.
12.6 Mechanical excavation
General principles that must be respected when executing the excavation works:
• The natural equilibrium of the terrain surrounding the foundation hole must not be affected;
• The natural mechanical characteristics of the soil near foundation are maintained or
improved;
• The work security must be assured;
The mechanical excavation offers a faster and more accurate work. The devices used for these kind of
works are excavators with hydraulic commands. The back acting excavators will be used for these
kind of works (excavator cu cupa intoarsa) because it is used for gravel filled with clay soils.
V=952 m3
Where V is the volume of earth needed to be excavated V=952 tons of earth needed to be transported
12.6.1 Transport for the excavation works
The transport of the soil which had been excavated is an important part of the technological process
which influences in a decisive manner the productivity of these works. The soil resulted from the
excavation is transported using trucks. A flux of trucks must be assured in order not to cause the
stopping of the excavators. The standard dump truck is a full truck chassis with the dump body
mounted onto the frame. The dump body is raised by a hydraulic ram lift that is mounted forward of
the front bulkhead, normally between the truck cab and the dump body. The standard dump truck also
has one front axle, and one or more rear axles which normally have dual wheels on each side.
V=952 tons of earth needed to be transported
The dump truck capacity is 5.5 tons.
The distance of transport is 8 km at a specific location where it will be deposited. It will be considered
that each truck will make 2 transports: one loaded one empty.
A number of 10 trucks will be established to do the required operation-» 10 trucks will carry
simultaneously 55 tons. The average speed is 30 km/h, the type of road being categorized as good
(asphalted road).
12.6.2 Drawing of the pad and column axis
Depending on the drawing of the axis with respect to the project and determining the 0 cote, the next
step is to draw the foundation beam. The excavation works for foundation take place.
12.6.3 The execution of the foundation works for spread and continuous foundation
After digging the trench, the next step is to set up the wood formwork for the beam and to prepare the
reinforcements for the works. The formwork will be realized of pine wood using kneels and steel wire
for joints. The reinforcements must be put into place respecting the imposed distances from the
project. In this stage the reinforcement for the column must be also positioned in the foundation pad,
leaving only a distance of 80 cm of reinforcement over the ground (whiskers). A layer of minimum 10
cm is poured beneath the foundation beam. After that the concrete is poured into the foundation. The
pouring operations will be realized using concrete pumps and transit mixers. When pouring the
foundation block, a continuous flux must be achieved in order not to stop the complex process of
concrete pouring.
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Structural Analysis
Pouring the concrete for the foundation and removing the formworks will be the last step for these
processes. The work point must be equipped with vibrators.
The filling soil is set up in order to achieve the required height where the 0 cote was established. A
layer of gravel having 5 cm is used in order to break the capillarity. A layer of Kraft paper is set up
over the foundation in order to avoid the water infiltrations.
The pouring of the leveling concrete at the pads and mounting of the reinforcement for all foundations
and columns take place. The pouring operations will not take place until the state inspection,
projection and the owner will be there and verify. A verbal process is done which confers the quality
of the works. Depending on the concrete class, concrete is required from the supply deposits.
Pouring the 5 cm layer of leveling concrete:

V=58.55 ∙ 0.1 = 5.6 m3 ≅ 5.9 m3 of leveling concrete;
Formwork setting up for the foundation beam:

F Pad
(C5,D5,
Long Beam (B,E) Medium Beam(1,2) Short Beam(3,4,F) A1,A2)

FORMWORK AREA
22,56 30.8 23.48 3.8
Total per Type 45,12 61.6 46.96 15.2
Total 168,88 m2
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Foundation beams, and pad
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Pouring the concrete for the foundation blocks:

1 beam/ 1 linear meter = 1.1∙ 0.4 ∙1+ 0.8∙ 0.5 ∙1=0.84 m 3
Lbeam , B , E=11.7∗2+ 5.1+1.1∗2=28.5 m
l beam=11.2∗2+8.3∗2+1.1∗2=41.2 m
V foundation= ( 0.84 ∙28.5 )+ ( 0.84 ∙ 41.2 )=58.548 m 3
Reinforcing mounting, manufacturing and positioning:

• For PC 52 having diameters of ϕ20, ϕ25, ϕ28 it can be determined:
R=V foundation∗80 kg /m3=58.548∗80=4683.84 kg
Reinforcement transport
Truck is needed with the capacity of 5.5 tons⇒ 1 transports will be realized.
Transport of the concrete for foundation

58.548+5.9=64.45 m3
If 1 truck = 6 m 3⇒ 11.6 ≅ 12 transports
Transport of the filling up soil:

Crushed Rocks 0.3 m
Compacted Ballast 1.5 m
V1=41.2*28.5¿ 0.3=352.26 m3 ⇒ G1= 352.26∙ 1.6=564.8 t
V2=41.2¿ 28.5∗¿1.5=1761.3 m 3⇒ G2= 1761.3 ∙ 1.6=2818.08 t
Gtot =3382.88 t
No of transports (with 10 trucks)
N = 3383: 5.5 = 616 transports (with 1 truck)
N T =616 :10=62transports
• Soils spreading
• Soil compacting with a Caterpillar compaction cylinder
• Setting of the ballast layer for breaking the capillarity
• Transport of ballast at 10 Km distance
• Compacting the ballast layer using the vibration board
12.6.4 Elevation execution
After pouring the concrete from the foundation pads and leaving outside the proper whiskers for
joining the reinforcements between the columns from the ground floor with the ones from the
foundation, it is proceeding to the mounting of the formwork. At the execution of the formwork for the
building elevations, between the columns of the ground floor with a pre check by the state inspection
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Structural Analysis
it is preceding to the concrete pouring. After concrete hardening 28 days) the formwork removal is
done for the elevations and the execution of the filling: operations between the empty spaces which
will be properly compacted with vibrators.
12.7 Design of the composition of concrete for the structure and infrastructure
12.7.1 Establishment of the concrete composition
Done in accordance with the Norm NE 012/99

 Design sheet regarding the composition of reinforced concrete for the super-structure
( Frames and slabs)
 Technological sketch
The process will be done using two variations:

 Normal composition, without additives
 Composition with additives which delay the hardening time
Normal composition of the reinforced concrete:

Composition parameters:
Exposure class of the building is 2A – Moderately humid/Damp environment (building exposed to
frost).
According to table 5.4 from the Norm, the parameters for the minimum concrete class is 16/20 with a
degree of permeability P10, and a A/C ratio <0.45, and cement according to annex 1/2/1
From quality reasons for the concrete and assurance of the minimum mechanical resistance for the
structural computation the minimum class selected will be C25/30
Workability of the concrete is T3 with a displacement of the cone ranging between 70 + 20 mm (annex
1.4 table 1.4.3).
No Element Type Consistency class Displacement [mm]
crt.
1. Foundation made of simple or weak reinforced T2 or T3 30+ 10
concrete, massive elements 70+ 20
2. Foundations made of reinforced concrete, T3 or T4/T5 70+ 10
columns and beams, structural walls. 100+ 20
3. Same, done with pumped concrete, containers, T4/T5 120+ 20
monoliths
4. Elements or monoliths with high reinforcing T4/T5 150+ 30
or difficult compaction conditions, elements
with reduced C-S
5. Elements for which the technology imposes a T5 180+ 30
high degree of fluidity
*It is mandatory the use of fluidity additives

The type of cement, according to table 1.2.1 is I32.5 or II/A-S 32.5/42.5, chosen form the service and
exposure, execution and technological conditions, and the class of the concrete.
II/A-S 32.5R cement type is chosen with the maximum aggregate size in accordance with 3.7 from 1.4
Annex:
1 1 1
∅ max ≤
4 ( )
D for slabs , ∅ max= ×150=50 mm , hp=150mm
3 3
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∅ max ≤ d+5 mm=25+5 mm=30 mm
∅ max ≤1.3 c =1.3∗25=32.5 mm
 D – Smallest dimension of the structural element
 d – Distance between the reinforcing bars
 c – Concrete cover layer
∅ max=32mm
12.7.1.1Preliminary composition for a m3 of concrete:

C 25 /30−T 4−II / A−S 32.5 R−32
Evaluation of the water quantity specific to the concrete class and its workability. (Annex 1.4
tab 1.4.4)
A= 185 l/mc for ∅ max=32mm ,river rocks
Evaluation of the A/C ratio upon consideration of the concrete class and the workability
degree.
A/C=0.45 for II/A-S 32.5 and C25/30
Evaluation of the cement quantities

Cmin=290 kg /m3
A 1.85 kg
C= = =410 >Cmin=290 kg/m3
A /C 0.45 m3
Evaluation of the aggregate quantity:

C
Aag=ρag(1000− − A−10 ε )
ρc
kg
ρag=2.7
dm 3
ρc=3. 0 kg /dm 3
20 dm 3
ε =2 %( )
m3
410
(
Aag=2.7 1000−
3 )
−185−20 =1814 kg/m3
Evaluation of the weight of the aggregates

Grain graph is established so that it fits (in accordance to the cement dosage and consistency) the
recommended zone according to table 1.4.5
RECCOMENDED GRAIN SIZE ZONES

TABLE 1.4.5
Displacement Class Cement Dosage (kg/m3)
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Structural Analysis
<200 200-300 300-400 >400
T2 I I(II)* II(III)* III
OBS.: The values indicated in the brackets will be adopted if the preliminary samples demonstrate a tendency to
segregate.
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LIMITS OF THE GRAIN SIZE ZONES FOR AGGREGATE 0…32mm
TABLE 1.4.8
Zone Limit % times through the mesh, sieve
0.2 1 3 7 16 32
II max 7 30 40 60 80 100
min 2 21 31 51 71 95
average 4.5 25.5 35.5 55.5 75.5 97.5
rounded 4 25 35 55 75 100
P3−0 35−0
N 0−3= ∗A ag= ∗1814=635 kg /m3
100 100
P7−P3 55−35
N 3−7= ∗A ag= ∗1814=363 kg /m3
100 100
P16−P7 75−55
P7−16= ∗A ag= ∗1814=363 kg /m3
100 100
P31−P16 100−75
P16−31= ∗A ag= ∗1814=453 kg/m3
100 100
Total Gag= 1814 kg/m3
Fine grain: N 0−0.2 +C ≤ 500 kg /m3, according to T 1.4.12, annex 1.4

4 73 kg
N 0−0.2 = ∗1814=
100 m3
PF=73+370=443 kg /m 3<500 kg /m3
12.7.1.2Base composition for a cubic meter of concrete
In the preparation of the mixture 185 l/m3 of water were used to obtain the T4 workability. The results
for the control tests revealed ρbef=ρb calculate
The preliminary composition remains the reference composition.

 A=185 l/m3; A/C=0.45; C=410 kg/m3; Gag=1814 kg/m3; N0-3=635kg/m3;N3-
7=363kg/m3; P7-16=363kg; P16-32=453kg/m3; ρb=2409kg/m3
Working Batch for a cubic meter of concrete

It is taken into consideration the aggregate humidity, which are heavier than dry ones thanks to the
water contained around them. The aggregate quantity is corrected according to its natural dampness.
2% for sand, 1% for gravel.
un 0−3 2
N 0−3= ∗N 0−3 = ∗635=13 l/m3
100 100
un 3−7 2
N 3−7= ∗N 3−7 = ∗363=7 l/m3
100 100
un 7−16 1
P7−16= ∗N 7−16= ∗363=4 l/m3
100 100
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Structural Analysis
u n 16−32 1
P16−32= ∗N 16−32= ∗453=5l /m 3
100 100
ΣΔAg= 13+7+4+5=29 l/m3
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Structural Analysis
N '0−3=G ag0−3 + ∆ A 0−3=635+13=648 kg /m3
N '3−7=G ag3−7 + ∆ A 3−7=363+7=370 kg /m3
P'7−16=G ag 7−16 +∆ A7 −16 =363+4=367 kg /m3
P'16−32=Gag 16−32 +∆ A 16−32=453+5=458 kg /m3
ΣG’ag= 648+370+367+458=1843 kg/m3
The water quantity delivered into 1 cubic meter of concrete is A’= A-ΔA=185-29=156 l/m3
ρb=A’+C++G’ag= 156+370+1843=2369 kg/m3
12.7.1.3Working MIX:
Concrete mixer capacity is 500dmc. q = 500dmc, r=0.7

q 156∗500
a= A r= ∗0.7=54.6 l
1000 1000
The Cement quantity is:

q 370∗500
c=C r= ∗0.7=130 kg
1000 1000
The Aggregate quantity is:

' G '∗q '
G b= ∗r
1000
N 0 −3∗q 648∗500
n0 −3 = ∗r= ∗0.7=227 kg
1000 1000
N 3−7∗q 370∗500
n3−7 = ∗r= ∗0.7=130 kg
1000 1000
P7−16∗q 367∗500
p7−16= ∗r= ∗0.7=129 kg
1000 1000
P16−32∗q 458∗500
p16−32= ∗r = ∗0.7=160 kg
1000 1000
ΣG ag=227+130+129+160=646 kg /mix
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Structural Analysis
Component Concrete mix C25/30 T4- IIS-S 32.5-32

Reference Working mix
1 m3 500 dm3
Water 185 156 54.6
A/C 0.45 0.45 0.45
Cement 410 410 410
Aggregate N0-3 635 648 227
N3-7 363 370 130
N7-16 363 367 129
N16-32 453 458 160
Gag 1814 1843 646
ρb 2409 2409 -
FT1. Technological Sheet for the concrete composition
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12.7.1.4Establishment of the concrete additives
Tensoactive additives generally have these roles:

 Reduction of the water quantity in the mix
 Increase of workability of the concrete
 Increase of the hardening time
 Increase of the compressive strength
 Increase of the durability of the concrete
Evaluation of the water quantity:

Reduction of the water quantity is done by 10 %
A’=185-18=167 l/m3
Evaluation of the Water/Cement ratio.

A
=0.45
C
Evaluation of the Cement quantity
A 167 kg
C= = =372 > Cmin =290 kg /m3
A /C 0.45 m3
Evaluation of the aggregate quantity:

C
Aag =ρag∗(1000− −A−10 ε)
ρc
372
(
Aag =2.7∗ 1000−
3 )
−167−20 =1861 kg/m 3
Evaluation of the aggregate quantity/sort:

The recommended grain size graph zone taking into consideration the workability and cement dosage
(300-400 kg/m3) in accordance to annex 1.4, T 1.4.5 Zone II, with the limit 0-32 mm.
LIMITS OF THE GRAIN SIZE ZONES FOR AGGREGATE 0…32mm

TABLE 1.4.8
Zone Limit % times through the mesh, sieve
0.2 1 3 7 16 32
II max 7 30 40 60 80 100
min 2 21 31 51 71 95
average 4.5 25.5 35.5 55.5 75.5 97.5
rounded 4 25 35 55 75 100
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P3−0 35−0
N 0−3= ∗A ag= ∗1861=652 kg /m3
100 100
P7−P3 55−35
N 3−7= ∗A ag= ∗1861=373 kg/m 3
100 100
P16−P7 75−55
P7−16= ∗A ag= ∗1861=373 kg / m3
100 100
P31−P16 100−75
P16−31= ∗A ag= ∗1861=466 kg /m3
100 100
Total Gag= 1861 kg/m3
Fine grain N 0−0.2 +C ≤ 450 kg/m3 according to T 1.4.12, annex 1.4

4 75 kg
N 0−0.2 = ∗1861=
100 m3
PF=75+372=447 kg /m 3<450 kg /m3
12.7.2 Main Mix for a cubic meter of concrete

In the preparation of the mixture 167 l/m3 of water were used to obtain the T4 workability. The results
for the control tests revealed ρbef=ρb calculate
The preliminary composition remains the reference composition.

A=167 l/m3; A/C=0.45; C=372 kg/m3; Gag=1861 kg/m3; N0-3=652kg/m3; N3-7=373kg/m3; P7-
16=373kg; P16-32=466kg/m3; ρb=2400kg/m3
12.7.3 Working Batch for a cubic meter of concrete
It is taken into consideration the aggregate humidity, which are heavier than dry ones thanks to the
water contained around them. The aggregate quantity is corrected according to its natural dampness.
2% for sand, 1% for gravel.
un 0−3 2
N 0−3= ∗N 0−3 = ∗652=13 l/m3
100 100
un 3−7 2
N 3−7= ∗N 3−7 = ∗373=8 l/m3
100 100
un 7−16 1
P7−16= ∗N 7−16= ∗373=4 l/m3
100 100
u n 16−32 1
P16−32= ∗N 16−32= ∗466=5 l/m3
100 100
ΣΔAg= 13+8+4+5=30 l/m3

N '0−3=G ag0−3 + ∆ A 0−3=652+13=665 kg/m 3
N '3−7=G ag3−7 + ∆ A 3−7=373+8=381 kg/m 3
P'7−16=G ag 7−16 +∆ A7 −16 =373+4=377 kg /m3
P'16−32=Gag 16−32 +∆ A 16−32=466+5=471 kg /m3
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ΣG’ag= 665+381+377+471=1894 kg/m3

The water quantity delivered into 1 cubic meter of concrete is A’’’= A’’-ΔA=167-30=137
l/m3
12.7.4 Determination of additive quantity
They are delivered with a concentration p=30%

s∗C 2∗372
S= = =7.5 l/m3 ~ 8l/m3
100 100
Water quantity modifies: A’’’=A’’-S=137-8=129 l/m3
Fresh Concrete Density:

ρb =A ' ' ' +C+G ag+G s=129+372+1894+ 8=2403 kg /m3
12.7.5 Working MIX:
Concrete mixer capacity is 500dmc. q = 500dmc, r=0.7
The water quantity is

q 129∗500
a= A r= ∗0.7=45.15 l
1000 1000
The Cement quantity is:

q 372∗500
c=C r= ∗0.7=130 kg
1000 1000
The additive quantity is:

q 8∗500
s=S r= ∗0.7=2.8 l
1000 1000
The Aggregate quantity is:

' G '∗q '
G b= ∗r
1000
N 0 −3∗q 665∗500
n0 −3 = ∗r= ∗0.7=233 kg
1000 1000
N 3−7∗q 381∗500
n3−7 = ∗r= ∗0.7=134 kg
1000 1000
P7−16∗q 377∗500
p7−16= ∗r= ∗0.7=132 kg
1000 1000
P16−32∗q 466∗500
p16−32= ∗r = ∗0.7=163 kg
1000 1000
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ΣG ag=233+134+132+163=662 kg/mix
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Component Concrete mix C25/30 T4- IIS-S 32.5-32

Reference Working mix
1 m3 500 dm3
Water 167 129 46
A/C 0.45 0.45 0.45
Cement 372 372 130
Aggregate N0-3 635 665 233
N3-7 363 381 134
N7-16 363 377 132
N16-32 453 466 163
Gag 1861 1894 662
ρb 2409 2403 -
Additive S 8 8
FT2. Technological Sheet for the concrete composition
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12.7.6 Organizing the complex process of prepping, transporting and pouring concrete into
the formwork of the structural elements (foundations, frames, slabs)
4.
1. Prepping Transportin
and 2. Waiting 5. Lifting
3. Waiting g to the
unloading time in the and
in the site and
for bunker and unloding in
concrete
Mixer:
unloading
Bunker:
skips
Skips:
Vb'=0.8m3,
unloading
Autoagitat
or:
formworks
MT100:
6. Pouring
into
formworks
t1 ef
q=500dm3, Vb, r'=0.7, Vb, Qef=5tf, Qc Manually:
r=0.7,
ρb=2400
ρb'=2100
kg/m3
Vb,nb=4
gb=350 kg
VT'=3.2m3,
VT, D=2km, eff,
Pex=7m3/h,
Vb, N, NT, δ5 Cb
kg/m3 na, δ4 δ3'', vm=15
na, δ2 km/h δ5, Cb
na, δ1, np
np, δ3, Dt
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12.8 Tower crane MT100

Qef=5tf
Rmin=10m, Rmax=20m
Hmin=26.5m, Hmax=38,0m
Qmin=5,0tf, Qmax=5,0tf, Qc ef=5,0tf
Qc nec=vb’* ρb+g=0.8*2100+300=1.98tf
Correlating the capacity of the tools used in the complex process

na∗q ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
∗r ∗ρ b=V b∗ρ b ¿ V t∗ρ b=nb∗υ b∗ρ b=nb∗¿
1000
Where:
 na – the number of batches in the mixer
 q – the mixer capacity in dm3 or liters
 r’ = 0.8 – coefficient which takes into account the decrease in volume of the mixing of dry
components with water
 ρb’ – unit weight of uncompact concrete (2100 daN/m3)
 Vb’ – the bunker volume expressed in uncompact concrete units
 Vt’ – the auto agitator volume expressed in uncompact concrete units
 nb – the number of skips in which concrete is poured
 υb’ – Skip capacity (m3)
 Qm – the crane lifting capacity (tf)
 gb – skip self-weight(tf)
 Vb – the volume of the concrete poured from one skip (m3)
 ρb - apparent density of fresh compact concrete (2400 daN/m3)
na∗q ' ' ' ' 1000∗V ' t 1000∗3.2
∗r ∗ρ b=V b∗ρ b =¿ na = = =8 batches
1000 q∗r ' 500∗0.8
V ' b∗ρ'b ¿ V ' t∗ρ'b =¿ V ' b ¿ V ' b=3. 2 m 3
' ' 'V ' t 3.2

'
V t∗ρ b=n b∗υ b∗ρ b=¿ n b= = =4 skips
υ b ' 0.8
n b∗υ ' b∗ρ' b=nb∗¿
ρ' b=2100 daN /m3
' ' ν 'b∗ρ' b 0.8∗2.2 3

n b∗ν b∗ρ b=n b∗ν b∗ρb =¿ ν b = = =0.73m
ρb 2.4
ρb =2400 daN /m3
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12.9 Evaluation of the duration of the specific stages of the complex process
Time needed for the preparation of one batch in the mixer

N TU∗q
δ 1= ∗r
1000
N TU =0.051 h/m3 Of poured concrete – time table of the concrete mixer from the semi-auto station
0.051∗500 h
δ 1= ∗0.7=0.018 =1.07 min
1000 mix
Time spent waiting in the bunker including unloading in the truck

δ 2=( n a−1 )∗δ 1 =( 8−1 )∗0.018=0.125 h=7.5 min
Time needed to transport and unload at the site

δ 2=( n a−1 )∗δ 1 =( 8−1 )∗0.018=0.125 h=7.5 min
Time needed to transport and unload at the site

d
δ 3= +δ } rsub {3} = {2} over {15} +0.034=0.167 h =10.04 mi ¿
νm
Minimum waiting time for the last skip of concrete

δ 4 =( nb −1 )∗δ 5
Minimum Cycle duration of the tower crane to pour the concrete contained in a skip
νb
δ 5=
Cb
Pex 7 m3 ν b 0.7
Pouring for foundation:C b f = = =6.36 → δ 5 f = = =0.11 h=6.6 min
1.1 1.1 h C b 6.36
Pex 7 m3 ν 0.7
Pouring for frames: C b c = = =5 → δ 5 c = b = =0.14 h=8.4 min
1.4 1.4 h Cb 5
Pex 7 m3 ν b 0.7
Pouring for slabs: C b s= = =7 → δ 5 f = = =0.10 h=6.0 min
1.0 1.0 h Cb 7
δ 4 f =( n b−1 )∗δ 5 f =( 4−1 )∗0.11=0.33 h=19.8 min
δ 4 c =( nb−1 )∗δ 5 c =( 4−1 )∗0.14=0.42 h=25.2 min
δ 4 s =( nb −1 )∗δ 5 s =( 4−1 )∗0.10=0.30 h=18.0 min
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Time spent pouring the concrete from one skip

ν b∗N
δ 6= T
Nm
0.7∗1.55
Pouring for foundation: δ 6 f = =0.362h=21.7 min
3
0.7∗2.1
Pouring for frames: δ 6 c = =0.490 h=29.4 min
3
0.7∗1.4
Pouring for slabs: δ 6 s= =0.327 h=19.6 min
3
12.10 Checking if the technological condition for concreting is met:
6
t 1 ef =∑ δ i ≤ t i
i
In order for the working process to not become overcrowded for the workers the condition for
the necessary number of workers must be full filled:δ 5 i=δ 6 i → N m ef (no. of necessary
workers)
0.7∗1.55
Concreting for the foundation: δ 5 f =δ 6 f → N m ef = =9 workers
0.11
0.7∗2.1
Concreting for the frames: δ 5 c =δ 6 c → N m ef = =9 workers
0.14
0.7∗1.4
Concreting for the slabs: δ 5 s=δ 6 s → N m ef = =9 workers
0.10
In the end the minimum durations for the main phases of the erection process are:
 δ 1=0.018 h
 δ 2=0.125 h
 δ 3=0.167 h
 δ 4 f =0.330 h , δ 4 c =0.420 h , δ 4 s =0.300 h
 δ 5 f =0.110 h , δ 5 c =0.140 h , δ 5 s =0.100 h
 δ 6 f =0.362 h , δ 6 c =0.490 h , δ 6 s=0.270 h
The age of the concrete after the curing is done:

Concreting of the foundation:t 1 ef f =∑ δ i=0.018+ 0.125+ 0.167+0.33+ 0.11+0.36=1.11 h
Concreting of the frame:t 1 ef c =∑ δ i=0.018+ 0.125+0.167+0.42+ 0.14+0.49=1.36 h
Concreting of the slab:t 1 ef s =∑ δ i=0.018+0.125+ 0.167+0.30+0.10+ 0.27=0.98 h

6
It is noticed that: t 1 ef =∑ ∑ δ i ≤ t i=1.5 h
i
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The condition for the avoidance of overcrowding the transport process it is full filled by
satisfying the necessary number of transport trucks:
C b∗ρb 2D
nt ≥ ∗δ́ 3 , Where: δ´3=δ ' 3 + + δ } rsub {3 ¿
'
V T ∗ρ b νm
δ ' 3 – The duration of the loading of the concrete: δ ' 3=1 min=0.017 h
δ } rsub {3 ¿ – The duration of the unloading of the concrete: δ } rsub {3} =2min=0.034 ¿
2∗2.0
δ´3=0.017+ + 0.034=0.318 h=19 min
15
C b∗ρb 6.36∗2.4
Concreting for the foundation: nt ≥ '
∗δ́ 3 = ∗0.318=0.720→ 1 autoagitator
V T ∗ρ b 3.2∗2.1
C b∗ρb 5∗2.4
Concreting for the frames: nt ≥ '
∗δ́3 = ∗0.318=0.568→ 1 autoagitator
V T ∗ρ b 3.2∗2.1
C b∗ρb 7∗2.4
Concreting for the slabs: nt ≥ '
∗δ́ 3 = ∗0.318=0.795→ 1 autoagitator
V T ∗ρ b 3.2∗2.1
The condition for the preparation process, to avoid becoming overcrowded the number of
preparation units must be computed:
n p =Cbi ∗N TU
Concreting for the foundation: n p =Cbi ∗N TU =6.36∗0.051=0.324 →1 mixer
Concreting for the frames: n p =C bi ∗N TU =5∗0.051=0.255→ 1 mixer
Concreting for the slabs: n p =Cbi ∗N TU =7∗0.051=0.350 →1 mixer
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13 ECONOMY
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13.1 Bill Of Quantities

A bill of quantities (BOQ) is a document used in tendering in the construction industry in which
materials, parts, and labor (and their costs) are itemized. It also (ideally) details the terms and
conditions of the construction or repair contract and itemizes all works to enable a contractor to price
the work for which he or she is bidding..
When doing this he needs the following:

 drawings
 specifications
 collections of construction items of work
In the process of preparing the Bill of Quantities the person who makes the bill should insert every
work that will contribute to the completion of the construction facility described by the drawings and
specifications, in a standard manner.
Therefore, the complete description of any item of work in a Bill of Quantities should
comprise:
 Code;
 Description of the work;
 Unit of measure;
 Quantity (with detailed calculation).
Beside the code, description and unit of measure, each item in a Collection of Construction Works has
attached three more indications, namely the usage rates of resources for the item (for materials, labor
and equipment).
A resource (usage) rate is the quantity of resource consumed to construct a unit of measure of the
specified item of work.
13.2 Infrastructure
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Structural Analysis
1. Mechanized digging process with excavators – TSG03F1

Lbeam , B , E=11.7∗2+ 5.1+1.1∗2=28.5 m
l beam=11.2∗2+8.3∗2+1.1∗2=41.2 m
V foundation= ( 0.84 ∙28.5 )+ ( 0.84 ∙ 41.2 )=58.548 m 3 ≅ 59 m 3
2. Road transport of the soil with tipping trucks at 1 km distance – TRA01A01P

V¿ 1714 t
3. Sustaining elements - TSF01B1

S=5 m 2
4. Fillings with crushed boulders and gravel - CG32C1

V=28.5 ∙ 41.2∙ 0.3=352.26 m3
5. Fillings with sand and gravel for clay soils - CG32B1

Q = 24 m 3
6. Simple concrete pouring - CA01D1

V=4.38m 3
7. Concrete with cement class C10/8 – 2100896

V=4.38 m 3
8. Formwork manufacturing- foundation blocks - CB04A1

Q = 547 m 2
9. Concrete pouring in foundation blocks - CA02C 1

V=28.5∗2+15.8=61 m 3
10. Fresh concrete from the station with additives – 8000811

V=61.17 m 3
11. Shaping the reinforcement - CZ0301L1

Q = 4916 kg
12. Reinforcement PC 52 – 2000690

Q= 4168+246+503 = 4887 kg
13. Transport of the concrete with tuck capacity of 5.5 m3 TRB01C19
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Q=164
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14 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
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14.1 Time parameter analysis by CPM

Any action, activity, process, running on a time and leading to a greater or less amount of resources
cannot be chaotic place without some order, organization, and orientation. Even more so construction
activity, which requires certain features, taking place in different forms, necessary to secure the
premises previously established objectives.
The construction product activity except for the provision of construction services, has a fix character,
imposing that for its execution to move in space horizontally, vertically, within the same building;
characteristic elements of simple or complex process:
The main task of the organization is to determine the actions needed for the project and correlations of
these actions such that people and equipment, to intervene at the right time to execute a particular
action. Essentially this is to establish commencement and completion of actions, resulting in what we
call term program.
In the most general, critical path method is defined as a set of processes for planning and directing
execution of complex projects based on graph theory. In this process the only parameter that is
programmed is time. The result is a set schedule start and end dates of all activities linked to a
construction program called deadlines. The basic process of CPM is time analysis. Developing such a
program involves the following steps:
 Analysis of the project and establishing the list of activities;
 Development of network graph;
 Establishing the duration of activities;
 Calculation of the graph network elements;
 Analysis of employment in time restrictions;
 Translating the calendar network graph;
With the list of work activities are listed at the beginning and end defined by nodes aiming at:
 If there are activities that make the other activities and which are those;
 What activities can be started if x work ends;
 What are the activities to be completed so z work can begin;
This continues until the network diagram is obtained as a flowchart, orderly and systematic. The final
version of the graph is obtained by analyzing several variants so as accurately and clearly convey the
technological structure of the building. Identification of nodes and drawing shall conform to the rules
for drawing network graphs.
Any activity, process, action is done in a time interval and using a either high or small amount of
resources can't be realized in chaotic manner, without a proper organization and orientation. Obtaining
a construction product involves a high/small number of simple or complex processes with technical,
organizational, administrative or technologic character.
Each of the above are characterized by:

 Specific technologies;
 Specific working manner;
 Specific time and space required
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The element of all simple or complex processes are characterized by:

 Work labor;
 Working objects;
 Work methods;
The site organization of a construction involves:

 Establishment of the activity, team size and execution rate and the activity;
 List of activities;
 Table of activities sequences and subsequences
Qi ∙ N Ti
The computation is realized using the following formula: t i=
ds ∙ M ∙ I
Where:
 ti- duration of the activity;
 Qi- quantity of work;
 ds- shift time;
 M - number of workers M= g ∙ mi
 I - productivity factor
Q i ∙ N Tui
 NTC labor productivity rate for mechanical processes: t i=
d s ∙U I ∙ k Fu
 NTui- plant performance rate;
 Uc number of devices;
 kFu- plant usage coefficient;
The following requirements need to be fulfilled:

 The network diagram;
 The resources distribution diagram;
 The activities calendar;
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14.2 Technological steps for infrastructure:

Acti Name of activity Precedent Q Nt d U Wor T Tj Ti T R
vity activity s i kers i max min ij z
1 Building location and setting the - 1 1 8 - 1 1. 1 0 1 0
00
axes
2 Vegetal layer removal A1 246 1.3 8 1 1 0. 2 1 1 0
.4 40
3 Mechanized excavation A2 390 1.3 8 1 1 6. 8 2 6 0
0.1 34
4 Manual digging process A3 9.5 2.1 8 - 17 0. 11 8 3 0
2 5 15
5 Soil transportation A4 171 0.0 8 3 3 1. 15 11 4 0
4 58 37
6 Filling soil A4 184 0.3 8 - 8 0. 13 11 1 1
.8 06 88
7 Ballast filling A6 924 0.3 8 - 15 2. 16 12 3 1
06 36
8 Leveling the foundation pit with A7 616 0.1 8 3 3 1. 17 15 1 1
25 07
caterpillar bulldozers
9 Setting the axes-foundations A8 1 1 8 1 2 1. 18 16 1 1
00
10 Supplying with reinforcement A5 1 - 8 1 1 1. 16 15 1 0
00
11 Reinforcement manufacturing A10 491 0.0 8 - 5 3. 20 16 4 0
6 25 07
foundation (PC 52)
12 Reinforcement manufacturing A11 191 0.0 8 - 6 1. 22 20 2 0
1.5 33 31
foundation (OB 37)
13 Pouring of the concrete leveling A9 4.3 1.8 8 - 12 0. 19 17 1 1
8 47
layer under foundations
14 Concrete leveling layer A13 - 8 - 1 3. 22 18 3 1
00
hardening-foundations
15 Reinforcement mounting A11, A12, - - 8 - 5 1. 23 22 1 0
00
foundation A14
16 Formwork-foundations A15 223 1.2 8 - 15 2. 29 23 6 0
23
17 Road transport of the concrete for A16 177 0.1 8 2 3 0. 30 29 1 0
6 59
foundations
18 Concrete pouring-foundations A17 61. 0.1 8 1 5 0. 31 30 1 0
17 7 26
19 Concrete hardening-foundations A18 - - 8 - 1 5. 36 31 5 0
00
20 Formwork removal-foundation A19 - - 8 - 15 1. 37 36 1 0
00
21 Waterproof membrane A20 643 0.5 8 - 13 3. 40 37 3 0
09
22 Protection of waterproof A21 - - 9 - 4 1. 41 40 1 0
00
membrane
23 Reception of infrastructure A22 - - 8 - 2 1. 42 41 1 0
00
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In the case of structure the following technological steps will be executed:

 Setting the axes of columns
 Reinforcement manufacturing-columns ~ mounting the reinforcement-columns
 Mounting the formwork-columns
 Concrete pouring-columns
 Concrete hardening
 Formwork removal
 Reinforcement manufacturing-girders and slab
 Mounting the formwork-girders and slab
 Mounting the reinforcement
 Concrete pouring
 Concrete hardening
 Formwork removal
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15 QUALITY IN CONSTRUCTION
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15.1 Generalities
This chapter contains the main conditions of quality that must be accomplished by the construction
works and the verifications effectuated to check if these conditions are fulfilled.
Compliance of the technical quality conditions must be supervised, first of all, by the leaders of the
formation work and by the technical staff.
Apart of these, some verification are effected:

 During execution, for all categories of works that make investment objects before they become
hidden by covering with (or embedded in) other categories of works or construction elements.
 All the technical quality conditions contained in this paper are drawn from technical
prescriptions for the design, execution and reception, at the elaboration date, complete
presentation of these prescriptions being included in the indicators and standards, published
annually in lists of the actual technical regulations (published annually). The main technical
prescriptions applicable to verifications of this work are mentioned in each chapter.
 Certification of quality work is done in order to confirm their correspondence with the project
in the limits of quality indicators and admissible deviations related in this.
 Frequency checks are mentioned in technical prescriptions. In special cases the designer may
increase these frequencies.
 In all cases where any result from a test or verification related to strength, stability or
functionality of the work, in a deplorable way, exceeds the permissible deviations from the
project or technical prescriptions, the decision of the continuation of works can be made only
by the beneficiary in written agreement with the approval of the designer.
Checking procedures - depending on the time of verification, these refer to:

 The determination through measurements of the correspondence of the checked elements with
the project norms from point of view of the position, dimensions and way of reinforcing.
 The existence of documents attesting the quality of materials.
 Effectuation of tests, technical prescriptions and elaboration of documentation with their
results.
 The examination of the existence and content of documentation- mentioned above and their
summaries and conclusions.
The main quality conditions and performed checks are captured on the categories of works contained
in, "Normativul pentru verificarea calitatii lucrarilor de constructii si instalatii aferente, indicativ C 56-
85".
Main conditions of quality and checks which must be effectuated on categories of works at
frame structures:
 Cap. I Embankments (terasamente)
 Cap. II Foundation
 Cap. III Monolith reinforced concrete
 Cap. IV Reinforcement
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15.2 Embankments
The embankments will be executed respecting "Executarea lucrarilor de terasamente, pentru

realizarea fundatiilor constructiilor civile si industriale" - indicativ C 169-88 which consists
in:
 Preparatory works- removal of vegetal layer;
 Drawing on the ground (trasare);
 Execution of the excavations and supports;
 Execution of the fillings and compactions;
 If the execution of excavation, embankments are made in cold weather, "Normativul pentru
realizarea pe timp friguros a lucrarilor de constructii si instalatii" - indicativ C 16-1984 will
be respected;
 The reception of embankments works, according to: Instructiuni pentru verificarea calitatii si
receptia lucrarilor ascunse la constructii si instalatii aferente" and Normativ C 56-1985;
 Measures according to: Normelor republicane de protectia muncii", aprobate de Ministerul
Muncii nr. 34/1975 si 60/1975 si a normelor de protectie a muncii in activitatea de constructii
montaj aprobate de M.C. Ind. cu Ordinul nr. 1233/F- 1980, reactualizate prin Legea 90/1996
si normele specifice de protectia muncii, editia 1995;
 Fire protection measures.
15.3 Foundations
These will be executed according to "Normativ pentru proiectarea structurilor de fundare

directa" which consist in:
 Type of foundation- according to technical-economical analyse and type of structure.
 Conditions for the choice of foundation resulting from geotechnical and hydrological study
done on site.
 The execution and the reception of foundation works according to C 169-1988.
Before starting the execution of foundation works, preparatory work must be completed:
 Drawing of foundation axes and execution of excavations
 The assurance of the necessary surfaces for the placement and functionality of the plant,
deposits of the materials and auxiliary installations needed for the execution of the
foundation;
 Verification of foundation axes;
 Checking the situation found on the site and comparing it to that present in the project in
terms of land quality, size, positions in limits of prescribed tolerances;
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If the soil characteristics don't correspond with those considered in the project, the measurements that
should be taken are established with the designer and are transmitted through the disposal site.
 Drawing of foundations is part of the works detail, namely:
Fixing the axes of the concrete foundations, allowable deviation is 10 mm;

 When executing these foundations should be considered:
Materials used must match with the project instructions and prescriptions, manufacturing standards
and actual rules;
15.4 Monolith reinforced concrete

These will be executed according to "Codului de practica pentru executarea lucrarilor de beton si
beton armat" - indicativ NE 012 - 2010.
Taking into account the importance class of the construction, there are imposed excellences regarding
to quality of the materials from the concrete composition, resulted concrete quality and how it is
poured.
Authorized preparing concrete stations will be utilized.
STANDARDE
STAS 709-84 pentru betoane si mortare;
STAS 388-80 lianti hidraulici, ciment Portland
STAS 1667-76 agregate natural grele, pentru betoane cu lianti minerali;
STAS 10107/0-90 calculul si alcatuirea elementelor din beton, beton armat si beton precomprimat;
STAS 8600-79 constructii civile, industriale Sl agricole, tolerante Sl ansambluri III constructii, sistem
de tolerante;
STAS 10265/1-84 tolerante in constructii, tolerantele la suprafetele de beton armat;
STAS 12400/1-85 constructii civile si industriale, performante in constructii, notiuni si principii
generale.
NORMATIVE
NE 012 - 2010- Cod de practica pentru executarea lucrarilor de beton si beton armat.
For each type of concrete a testing program will be taken into account and consider the
following:
 Ensure workability requirements and establish the necessary amount of mixing water;
 Adoption of optimal dosage of cement
 Monitoring the evolution of resistance in the first 7 days of hardening;
 Obtaining an average strength of 28 days age in exceed the mark with 10-15%;
For all marks of concrete, depending on the characteristics of the deposit aggregates, laboratory
personnel, a recipe of concrete will be adopted.
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15.4.1 Preparation of concrete

The preparing concrete station must be certified according to norms, the contractor is obliged to take
measures to achieve the necessary conditions for this goal. The dose of component materials of
concrete will be gravity (gravimetric), admitting the following exceptions:
 Concrete ± 1 %
 Aggregate ± 2 %
 Water ±1%
 Adjuvant (aditiv) ±O% VI
15.4.2 Control quality of the concrete
 Pouring of concrete will be made up to maximum 1.5 hours after mixing cement with water;
 Height of free fall of concrete to be no longer than 1.5 m; the concrete must be uniformly
spread;
 Pouring of a new layer will be made continually up to technological joint;
 The maximum duration of interruption of concreting for which it is not necessary to take
special measures to resume casting, do not to exceed the start time of the concrete hardening;
 When the air temperature is less than or equal to 5 0 C, or the possibility that within 24 hours
to fall below mentioned, it is recommended that fresh concrete temperature to be
 15÷ 〖20〗^o C;
 When pouring concrete in cold weather than the concrete surface will be cleaned by snow and
ice;
 It is forbidden to use calcium chloride as melting agent;
 If the surface temperature that must be covered with concrete is less than +5^o C concreting
will not start.
15.4.3 Pouring the concrete at higher temperatures
When pouring the concrete during summer some steps, to protect the concrete against the
corresponding effect of water evaporation, will be taken. Concreting at night is recommended if daily
temperatures are higher than 〖25〗o C.
15.4.4 Concrete treatments after pouring
Normal conditions of temperature:

 Concrete will be kept constantly wet for at least 7 days;
 This will be done by spraying continuously or by covering with tarpaulins (prelate), mats
(rogojini) or canvas bag (panza de sac) kept permanently wet;
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Structural Analysis
15.4.5 Conditions at lower temperatures
Protective measures will be taken in cold weather when the ambient temperature (measured at
8 am) is less than 5 oC
 Normal conditions will be ensured for hardening of the concrete;
 A sufficient strength to prevent damage by frost action and thaw will be ensured;
 The cracks caused by contraction by a sudden cooling of the surface layer of concrete should
be avoided;
 Protection will be achieved by covering mattresses made of mats between 2 sheets of
polyethylene;
 Protection will be maintained for a period of at least 7 days after pouring concrete;
 For elements with thick more than 1.0 m the protection removal is allowed if the temperature
between the concrete surface and the environment is less than 〖12〗o C;
15.4.6 Joints (rosturi de turnare)

Joints of the concreting will be in positions set by the designer, they will be vertical. Joints will be
made using expanded table. The concreting will be taken again at the interval provided in project and
after removing the grout and the eventual loose concrete.
15.4.7 Formwork removal
Operations of Formwork removal in terms of days and temperature
formwork +5…9 oC +10…15 oC +15 oC
removal
For removal of Slabs, beams, 4 3 2
lateral parts Lmax=6m
For removal of Beams L>6m 10 8 6
internal faces
with maintain
the safety posts
Removing of the Slabs, beams, 14 12 8
safety posts Lmax=6m 24 18 12
Beams L>6m 32 24 16
15.4.8 Quality control of reinforced concrete works
Execution phases of concrete works are in in most cases hidden works, so that their quality control
check must be recorded in, “Registrul de procese verbale si lucrari ascunse". These will be closed
between the representatives of the beneficiary and contractor and will be made available to the
designer.
Will contain:
 The element or the work subjected to verification;
 Effectuated verifications;
 Resulted ascertainments;
The agreement for the next phase;

If during execution are established deviations from project specifications or actual technical
regulations, the representative of beneficiary will dispose the stopping of the execution work. In such
137 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
operating conditions representative will advised to the designer who will determine and record what
measures require to be taken in continuation of the execution works.
For the main execution phases of the beneficiary's representative will check:
 Quality of formwork;
 Quality of mounting the reinforcement;
Before starting the concreting some checks are made: if the concrete surfaces previously cast
are properly prepared which are coming in a new concrete contact:
 The grout layer have been removed;
 Surfaces present roughness in order ensure a good connection between old and new concrete;
Concrete quality for each element from the structure is estimated taking into account:
 Visual examination;
 Tests result on samples made on site;
Concrete quality is consider to be corresponding if:

 There are no voids, segregations, discontinuities in the concrete structure;
 The results of tests performed on sample cubes satisfy the requirements from NE 012-2010;
15.5 Reinforcement
15.5.1 Manufacturing and mounting of the reinforcements
The manufacture will be in strict accordance with the project. Cut and shaped bars are stored in
packages labeled so as to avoid confusion and ensure they keep their shape and clean until installation.
Stirrups will be made with spouts (ciocuri) at 45 0 C (135 0), their length on right portion being at
least 10 cm or 100 crn.
 Mounting of reinforcement begins after qualitative receiving of the formwork;
 The reinforcements will be installed in specified position from the project and details of
reinforcement;
 Keeping the position of these during concrete pouring;
 To provide concrete covering will be used spacers made of plastic or mortar prisms set with a
wire, it is not recommended the use steel coupons.
In case of foundation joints will be ensured an increase of longitudinal reinforcement so that the
percentage of reinforcement in cross section where is made the interruption, to be about 0.5%;
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Structural Analysis
16
139 | P a g e
Structural Analysis
17 REFERENCES
1) P100-112006 - "Cod de proiectare seismica - Prevederi de proiectare pentru cladiri";
2) HGR76611997 - .Privind aprobarea unor regulamente privind calitatea in constructii"
3) CR 1-1-4 - "Actiunea vantului asupra constructiilor";
4) CR 1-1-3/2005 - "Evaluarea actiunii zapezii asupra constructiilor";
5) STAS 6054177 - "Adancimi maxime de inghet";
6) 91N11993 - "Regulament privind protectia si igiena muncii in constructii";
7) C169-88 - "Normativ privind executarea lucrarilor de terasamente pentru realizarea fundatiilor constructiilor civile
si industriale";
8) NP 112-04 - "Normativ privind proiectarea si executarea lucrarilor de fundatii directe la constructii" ;
9) NE 012-2010 - "Normativ pentru producerea si executarea lucrarilor din beton, beton armat si beton
precomprimat";
10) C56-85 - "Normativ pentru verificarea calitatii si receptia lucrarilor de constructii si instalatii aferente";
11) C107/2005 - "Normativ privind calculul termotehnic al elementelor de constructie ale cladirilor" ;
12) SR EN 1992-1 - "Proiectarea structurilor din beton";
13) NP 074/2007 - "Normativ privind documentatiile geotehnice pentru constructii";
14) STAS 3300/85 - "Teren de fundare - principii generale de calcul";
15) STAS 9867/86 - "Panouri de cofraj de lemn cu fete din placaj";
16) Law 10/95, updated on 12/0512007 - "Privind calitatea in constructii
17) Labor safety norms, presented on chapter XI;
18) Fideliu Paulct-Crainiceanu-t'Earthquake engineering" Ed Cermi 1999.
19) Ciomei AI. - "Cum concepem constructiile civile" - Editura Junimea, Iasi, 2000.
20) Petru Mihai - "Proiectarea constructiilor din beton armat ", Editura Societatii Academice¬"Matei Teiu-Botez ".
21) Raileanu P. - "Geotehnica si fundatii - indrumar de proiectare ".
22) Zoltan Kiss, Traian Onet- "Proiectarea sructurilor din beton dupa SR-EN-1992-1" Editura Abel, ClujNapoca 2008;
23) Irina Lungu, Anghel Stanciu-"Fundatii" Ed Tehnica, Bucuresti, 2006;
24) Raileanu P., Musat V., Botu- "Fundatii" vol I-II, lasi, 1992;
25) Serbanoiu I. - "Organizare si management in constructii pentru C.C.I.A ".
26) Lupastenu.R. "Construction Management" Ed Gama lasi 1997.
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Structural Analysis
Contents
1. Technical report 1
1.1 General aspects.............................................................................................................................2
1.1.1 Building location............................................................................................................2
1.1.2 Site organization.............................................................................................................2
1.1.3 Durability requirements..................................................................................................3
1.1.4 Building characteristics...................................................................................................3
1.1.5 Verifications according to law 10/1995..........................................................................3
1.1.6 Geometrical characteristics of the building.....................................................................3
1.1.7 Functional description.....................................................................................................4
1.2 Site Conditions.............................................................................................................................4
1.3 The structure...........................................................................................................................4
1.4 Essential fireproofing requirements........................................................................................5
1.4.1 Fire security for the neighborhood areas.........................................................................5
1.4.2 Class of building fire resistance......................................................................................5
1.4.3 The aces way, evacuation and intervention.....................................................................5
1.4.4 Technical equipment of preventing and extinguishing fires............................................5
1.4.5 List of equipment with portable fire extinguishers..........................................................6
1.4.6 Hygiene, health and environment...................................................................................6
1.4.7 Safety regarding internal circulation...............................................................................6
1.4.8 Protection against the noise.............................................................................................6
1.4.9 Energy saving and thermal insulation.............................................................................6
1.4.10 Hydro insulation.............................................................................................................6
1.4.11 Labor protection rules.....................................................................................................7
2 Computation of the thermal insulation capacity of the building.....................................................9
2.1 Computation of the global thermal insulation coefficient.....................................................10
2.1.1 Determination of the geometrical characteristics of the building..................................12
2.1.2 Computation of the main thermal resistances of the building elements........................13
2.1.3 The computation of the global thermal coefficient........................................................16
2.1.4 Checking up the risk of condensation for the roof........................................................17
3 Loads evaluation...........................................................................................................................22
3.1 Loads classification according to EC1:................................................................................23
3.1.1 Permanent and quasi permanent loads..........................................................................23
3.1.2 Current slab load evaluation.........................................................................................23
3.1.3 Roof loads evaluation...................................................................................................25
3.1.4 Stairs load evaluation....................................................................................................25
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Structural Analysis
3.1.5 Basement floor evaluation............................................................................................26
3.2 Live loads.............................................................................................................................26
3.3 Temporary loads...................................................................................................................26
3.3.1 Snow load (according to CR-1-1-1-2005).....................................................................26
3.3.2 Wind load computation according to SR EN 1991-1-4-2006........................................27
3.4 Exceptional lods...................................................................................................................28
3.4.1 General positive adaptation of the building which includes:.........................................28
3.4.2 Obtaining a proper structural mechanism of energy dissipation under the action of
seismic forces. This objective implies the following:...................................................................28
3.4.3 Disposal of certain devices and equipment with the role of dissipating the seismic
energy: 28
3.4.4 General rules of design of the structure.........................................................................29
3.4.5 Seismic action evaluation.............................................................................................29
4 Structural analysis........................................................................................................................30
4.1 Materials used.......................................................................................................................31
4.2 Loads....................................................................................................................................31
4.3 Combinations Formulas........................................................................................................31
4.3.1 Materials and their properties.......................................................................................31
4.3.2 Shapes...........................................................................................................................32
4.4 Masses, per Total, cross section, type...................................................................................32
4.4.1 Total mass of the Structure...........................................................................................32
4.4.2 Mass Per Cross-Section................................................................................................32
4.4.3 Mass Per Surface Type.................................................................................................32
4.4.4 Seismic parameters.......................................................................................................33
4.5 Load combinations...............................................................................................................34
5 Reinforced concrete slab design...................................................................................................41
5.1 Preliminary design................................................................................................................42
5.2 Loads....................................................................................................................................43
5.3 Slab layout............................................................................................................................43
5.4 Computation of the moments in field and supports of the panels..........................................45
5.4.1 Centralizing table for the previous computation...........................................................50
5.4.2 Computation of the necessary reinforcement area.........................................................50
6 Reinforced concrete girder design................................................................................................52
6.1 Preliminary design................................................................................................................53
6.2 Shear force and bending moments........................................................................................53
6.3 Cross-section checking.........................................................................................................54
6.4 Mechanical characteristics of materials................................................................................54
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Structural Analysis
6.5 Longitudinal reinforcement computation..............................................................................55
6.5.1 Longitudinal reinforcement design in 1-2 bay..............................................................56
Table6.5.1.1..................................................................................................................................57
7 Reinforced concrete column design..............................................................................................58
7.1 Internal forces...........................................................................................................................59
7.2 Checking the maximum displacement of section......................................................................59
7.3 Materials properties..................................................................................................................60
7.4 Preliminary design....................................................................................................................60
7.5 Establishing the compressed zone height..............................................................................62
7.6 External bending moment’s computation.............................................................................62
7.7 Longitudinal reinforcement..................................................................................................63
7.7.1 Ground floor column....................................................................................................63
7.7.2 Verification at skew eccentric compression..................................................................64
7.8 Trasversal reinforcement design...........................................................................................65
Reinforcement on E axis...............................................................................................................66
Reinforcement on 3 axis...............................................................................................................66
8 Foundation design........................................................................................................................67
8.1 Geotechnical report...............................................................................................................68
8.2 Generalities...........................................................................................................................69
8.2.1 The aim of study...........................................................................................................69
8.2.2 Hydro-geological..........................................................................................................70
8.2.3 The minimum foundation depth....................................................................................70
8.3 Foundation calculation..........................................................................................................70
8.3.1 Establishing the plan dimensions..................................................................................70
8.3.2 Internal forces computation..........................................................................................72
Table 8.3.2.4 Winkler method Computations...............................................................................73
Table 8.3.2.5 Longitudinal Reinforcement...................................................................................74
Table 8.3.2.6 Transversal reinforcement.......................................................................................74
9 Technological design....................................................................................................................75
9.1 Technological design............................................................................................................76
9.2 General conditions for construction execution:.....................................................................76
9.3 Materials...............................................................................................................................76
9.4 Technological stages.............................................................................................................76
9.5 Setting of the axes and establishing the 0 cote......................................................................76
9.6 Mechanical excavation.........................................................................................................77
9.6.1 Transport for the excavation works...............................................................................77
9.6.2 Drawing of the pad and column axis.............................................................................77
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Structural Analysis
9.6.3 The execution of the foundation works for spread and continuous foundation.............77
Foundation beams, and pad..........................................................................................................79
9.7 Design of the composition of concrete for the structure and infrastructure...........................81
9.7.1 Establishment of the concrete composition...................................................................81
FT1. Technological Sheet for the concrete composition...................................................................85
FT2. Technological Sheet for the concrete composition...................................................................89
9.7.6 Organizing the complex process of prepping, transporting and pouring concrete into the
formwork of the structural elements (foundations, frames, slabs)................................................90
9.8 Tower crane MT100.............................................................................................................91
9.9 Evaluation of the duration of the specific stages of the complex process.............................92
9.10 Checking if the technological condition for concreting is met:.............................................93
10 Economy...................................................................................................................................95
10.1 Bill Of Quantities..................................................................................................................96
10.2 Infrastructure........................................................................................................................96
11 Organization and Management...............................................................................................106
11.1 Time parameter analysis by CPM.......................................................................................107
11.2 Technological steps for infrastructure:................................................................................109
12 Quality in Construction...........................................................................................................112
12.1 Generalities.........................................................................................................................113
12.2 Embankments.....................................................................................................................114
12.3 Foundations........................................................................................................................114
12.4 Monolith reinforced concrete..............................................................................................115
12.4.1 Preparation of concrete...............................................................................................116
12.4.2 Control quality of the concrete....................................................................................116
12.4.3 Pouring the concrete at higher temperatures...............................................................116
12.4.4 Concrete treatments after pouring...............................................................................116
12.4.5 Conditions at lower temperatures................................................................................117
12.4.6 Joints (rosturi de turnare)............................................................................................117
12.4.7 Formwork removal.....................................................................................................117
12.4.8 Quality control of reinforced concrete works..............................................................117
12.5 Reinforcement....................................................................................................................118
12.5.1 Manufacturing and mounting of the reinforcements...................................................118
13 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................119
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Technical University “Gheroghe Asachi” Iași

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services

Reinforced Concrete Structure, Chapel in the Town of Butea, Iași

Prof.Dr.Ing.Fideliu Pauleț-Crăiniceanu Antăluț Rareș-Victor

1.1 General aspects

S0 , k= 2.5 kN/m2 -the characteristic value of snow load on the ground

1.1.2 Site organization

1.1.3 Durability requirements

1.1.4 Building characteristics

The area of the slab situated on the soil: A gf =57.5 m2

1.1.7 Functional description

1.1.7.2 Ground floor

1.2 Site Conditions

 Vegetal brown soil between 0.00 ÷ 1.00 m

1.3 The structure

1.4 Essential fireproofing requirements

1.1.9 Class of building fire resistance

1.1.10 The aces way, evacuation and intervention

1.1.11 Technical equipment of preventing and extinguishing fires

 The building present portable fire extinguishers P6 (minimum 1 piece/250 mp)

1.1.12 List of equipment with portable fire extinguishers

1.1.13 Hygiene, health and environment

1.1.14 Safety regarding internal circulation

 The surface of walls do not present prominent edges, braveries;

1.1.15 Protection against the noise

1.1.16 Energy saving and thermal insulation

1.1.17 Hydro insulation

 The protection of the foundations with bituminous cardboard;

1.1.18 Labor protection rules

The following safety rules must be respected:

2 COMPUTATION OF THE THERMAL INSULATION CAPACITY OF THE

2.1 Computation of the global thermal insulation coefficient

In this relation we have changes per hour:

Checking up: G<GN, where:

 G - computed global thermal insulation coefficient [W/m2K];

2.1.1 Determination of the geometrical characteristics of the building

2.1.2 Computation of the main thermal resistances of the building elements

Ref =1.65 m2K/W

2.1.2.2 Computation of the thermal resistance for roof

2.1.2.3 Computation of the specific thermal bridges lengths

Vertical joint – debasement floor

Horizontal joint – debasement floor

For the slab over the soil:

For the carpentry:

For the roof:

2.1.3 The computation of the global thermal coefficient

2.1.4 Checking up the risk of condensation for the roof

Materials properties of the roof

Layer 1- gypsum board

 Layer 2 - vapor barrier

 Layer 3 - Diffusion layer

 Layer 4 - Extruded polystyrene

 Layer 5 – Wooden planks

 Layer 6 - Water membrane

ρ =1600 kg/m3; μ D=3.9

Thermal resistance for the layers of the sloped roof

Unidirectional thermal resistance

Layer 2 0.004 0.17 0.0235

Layer 3 0.001 0.17 0.0059

Layer 4 0.3 0.044 6.8182

Layer 5 0.05 0.58 0.062

Layer 5 0.005 0.17 0.0294