Clinic for Children and Adolescent, Faculty of Medicine SMU, Bratislava

State exam questions:

Neonatology

Respiratory distress syndrome (early and late), pneumopathies in newborns

Infection of the fetus and newborn
Newborns with low birth weight
Hemolytic and haemorrhagic disease of newborns
Screening in paediatrics
Birth trauma and its consequences
Pediatric and neurologic examinationof the newborn

Cardiology

Congenital heart diseases with right-to-left shunt

Congenital heart defects with left-to-right shunt
Congenital heart defects without shorting
Cardiomyopathies
Heart rhythm disturbances
Cardiac insufficiency, heart failure
Inflammatory heart disease
Hypertension in children
Rheumatic fever and acquired heart defects
Investigation methods in pediatric cardiology
Cardiac murmurs (functional and organic)

Nephrology

Acute kidney damage

Chronic kidney disease
Urinary tract infections
Dif. dg. hematuria
Dif. dg. proteinuria
Nephrotic syndrome
Acute and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
Inborn kidney defects, vesicoureteral reflux
Enuresis and micturition disorders in children
Hemolytic - uremic syndrome
Tubulopathies
Hereditary glomerulopathies
Hereditary disorders of nephron development (polycystic kidney disease, Fanconi
nephronophthisis)
Obesity-related nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy
Assessment of kidney function
Urolithiasis
Dif. dg. edemas
Investigation methods in pediatric nephrology

Intensive Care Medicine

Shock (classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy)

Differential diagnosis of disturbances of consciousness, Glasgow coma scale
Intoxication, general management and most common poisoning in children
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Sepsis in children
Disorders of the internal environment
ALTE and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Vascular access in childhood
Foreign body airway obstruction in children
Oxygen therapy - indications, principles, complications
Infusion therapy in childhood

Endocrinology

Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
Hypoglycemia in Children
Parathyroid disease
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex
Diabetes insipidus
Thyroid disease
Disorders of the gonads, the testes dystopia, amenorrhea
Growth disorders
Puberty
Investigation methods in pediatric endocrinology

Gastrointestinal tract and nutrition

Inflammatory bowel disease in children (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)

Dyspepsia in infants
Abdominal pains
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, differential diagnosis of vomiting
Acute malnutrition in infants
Malabsorption syndrome (etiopathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment)
Sudden abdominal events in children
Liver failure
Hepatitis
Hereditary liver diseases
Peptic ulcer disease in children
Intestinal parasites in children
Inborn defects of GIT
Vitamins in children, deficiency symptoms, rickets
Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge eating disorder)
Constipation encopresis
Disorders of the biliary tract and pancreas
Investigation methods in pediatric gastroenterology
Diets in internal diseases in older children
Differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly
Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding, melena and hematemesis
Breastfeeding and its importance, comparison of human and cow's milk
Artificial milk formulas and special nutrition
Principles of parenteral nutrition in children
Infant and older children nutrition

Hematology

Coagulopathies
Anemia (classification, diagnosis and treatment)
Thrombocytopathies, thrombocytopenias
Normal values and the dynamics of the changes of haemoglobin and blood elements
according to the age
Transfusion therapy in pediatrics (indications, contraindications, types of preparations,
administration principles and possible complications)

Oncology

CNS tumors
Leukaemia in childhood
Solid tumors in children (excluding CNS)
Malignant lymphoma (M. Hodgkin)
Dif. dg. of lymphadenopathies

Nervous system

Cerebral palsy, ADHD in children

Dif. dg. of headache
Congenital malformations of the CNS, hydrocephalus
Intracranial hypertension syndrome
Convulsions in children
Meningitis and encephalitis in children

Respiratory system

Acute and chronic respiratory insufficiency

Bronchopneumonia and atypical pneumonia
Croup, acute epiglottitis
Cystic fibrosis
Acute bronchiolitis
Differential diagnosis of dyspnoea
Cough and its treatment
Pulmonary function tests
Investigation methods in pediatric pneumology
ENT infections
Disorders of the immune system

AIDS
Allergic diseases in children (diagnosis and treatment)
Immune disorders in children (immunodeficiencies, autoimmunity)
Juvenile chronic arthritis
Bronchial asthma
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Vasculitis
Investigation methods in pediatric immunology and allergology
Investigation methods in pediatric rheumatology
Vaccinations and special features of the child's immune response
Corticosteroid therapy and its complications

Musculoskeletal system

Muscle diseases
Diseases of bones and joints
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
Examination of the musculoskeletal system in children

Genetics

Structural and numerical autosomal abnormalities

Structural and numerical gonosomal abnormalities
Sex-linked Diseases
Indications and principles of genetic testing, prenatal diagnostic testing 

Metabolic diseases

Inborn errors of metabolism of amino acids (hyperphenylalaninemia, hyperhomocysteinemia,

urea cycle disorders)
(Hyperphenylalaninemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, urea cycle defects)
Inborn errors of metabolism of sugars and fats (galactosemia, glycogen storage diseases,
lipidosis)

Infections in Children

Tuberculosis
Herpesvirus infections
Sexually transmitted diseases
Differential diagnosis of exanthems
Fever (causes, examination procedures, and feverish child care)
Infectious mononucleosis, Lyme borreliosis

Various

General principles of drug therapy in childhood, adverse drug reactions

Antibiotic therapy in pediatrics (drugs, spectrum of action, indications, contraindications, side
effects)
Child abuse and neglect (CAN)
Laboratory tests in childhood (haematological, biochemical, serological, immunological,
microbiological, sampling and examination of biological material, basic reference values)
Ultrasound examination in pediatrics (indications, contraindications, patient preparation,
realization, complications)
X-ray examination in pediatrics (indications, contraindications, patient preparation,
realization, complications)
Endoscopic examination in pediatrics (indications, contraindications, patient preparation,
realization, complications)
Radioisotope tests in pediatrics (indications, contraindications, patient preparation,
implementation, complications)
CT and NMR examination in pediatrics (indications, contraindications, patient preparation,
realization, complications)
Child psychomotor development