The Quantization

of the (Ugaritic) Alphabet

Joannes Richter

Vowels Consonants Extension

vowel pitch guttural contrast labial zeuṣ palatal lingual/ additional letters
dental
medium A1 soft / weak B2 G3/Ch4 D5
L,M,N,R,S,Θ,
high E6/H9 / Y11 medium F/V/W7 Z8 K12 Θ10
(T),Gh,Z,Ẓ
low O20 / U7 hard / sharp P/Φ21 Ṣ22 Q23 [T27]
Table 1 The basic alphabetical core and the extensions in the Periodic Table for the Ugaritic
alphabet in the "Northern Semitic order"

Abstract
The Ugaritic trading station at the crossroads for the east/west- and north/south-routes has been an
inspiring laboratory for linguistic experiments. The traders needed a “universal” writing system to
document their contracts.
The system should be designed to serve a bundle of languages and dialects.
The writing system had to be based on a simple, universal concept in which the symbols could be
arranged according to their phonetic characters: medium/high and low vowels, respectively
soft/medium and hard consonants.
This structured concept started as a ternary system with 15 symbols, sorted in 4 or 5 phonetic
categories (guttural, labial, palatal, lingual/dental). Additional refinement (L,M,N,R,S,Θ,
[T],Gh,Z,Ẓ) may have extended the basic concept to a larger alphabet.
The quantization of the alphabets is based with regard to the five positions of the vocal organs in
producing the sounds, and with regard to sonant intensity, which is quantized at values of
approximately 3 letters / category.
The core sections of the Ugaritic, Greek, Old Persian and Latin alphabets with 17, 14, 15
respectively 13 letters must be considered as optimally coded communication systems.
Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book”
Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book1” may be considered as the first suggested 4-column concept of an
alphabet, which later had been extended by a few symbols such as ζ,, ρ, ς and λ, μ, ν, ξ. These 7
extra symbols may have been added for various reasons.
It had long ago been noticed by Lepsius, Donaldson, and Taylor that, embedded in the
Phoenician, Greek, and Italian alphabets there is a repeated sequence of letters,—vowel,
labial, guttural, and dental. What has however been ignored is that this system is
extended a whole series further in the Greek than in the Phoenician alphabet, forming a
fifth row and the beginning of a sixth. The liquids and sibilants were added later and
form no part of such a scheme.

It will be shown how we may develop further the old view that the order is (1) a series
of vowel-labial-guttural-and-dental, a b c d, e f g θ, i k, o p q t, with (2) some losses in
the third row, (3) some additions of liquids2, and (4) addition of sibilants irregularly.

vowel labial guttural dental

A B C D
E F G Θ
I K
O P Q T
Table 2 The repeated sequence of letters (vowel, labial, guttural, and dental) in Flinders Petrie's
“Horn-Book” (without the extended letters Ζ, Ρ, Σ, Λ, Μ, Ν, Ξ)

Obviously the original concept fitted in a 4 column-structure, which is identified in Flinders Petrie's
periodic table for the Greek alphabet (1912):

1: Flinders Petrie's periodic table for

the Greek alphabet (1912)

The first concept of the alphabet ranges from A...T and has been extended in later stages.
Unfortunately Flinders Petrie's study (1912) could not include the Ugaritic alphabet, which had
been published before the discovery of the Ugaritic cuneiform tables.

1 The formation of the alphabet (Petrie, W. M. Flinders) (1912): It had long ago been noticed by Lepsius, Donaldson,
and Taylor that, embedded in the Phoenician, Greek, and Italian alphabets there is a repeated sequence of letters,—
vowel, labial, guttural, and dental
2 Liquids are L, M, N ( Λ, Μ, Ν).
The role of the vowels in Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book”
In Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book3” the vowels are listed in the first column, which may indicate the
priority and symbolic importance of the vowel category.
The addition of vowels may have been a revolutionary step to indicate the vowels for non-Semitic
traders and their documentation.
Vowels are not listed in Semitic scripture. Therefore the Semitic alphabet contains only contains
phonemes which are generated by one of the phonetic categories (guttural, labial, palatal,
lingual/dental). Flinders Petrie's sketch of the “Horn-Books” are based on the vowels, which are
produced by an open vocal tract.
Samples of German do not follow Flinders Petrie's sketch with vowels in the first column:

Fig. 2 A mould for German leaden hornbooks with an impression (G erman Hornbook
(Public Domain) uploaded by Phrood from Tuer’s History of the Horn-Book, 1896. (Source: Buchstabentafel)

The symbolism of the vowels

In the alphabetic systems the vowel strings symbolized the eternity in the personal pronoun “I”, in
the vowel core “ieu” for the name of the “sky god”, and in the words “æ“ and “aei” for tradition,
matrimony and the law.
Vowel strings may often be identified in the personal pronouns for the first person (“I”) and the sky-
god's name “Dyaus”, which in Indo-European languages often may be enclosed in a leading
consonant “D” and the trailing sibilant “S”.
Vowel strings are spelled as individual long vowels, which in Provencal (in contrast to the French
“DIEU”) is in scripture is correctly defined as IÉU and DIÉU.
The “D***S”-structure may be interpreted as a cartouche, in which the consonants “D“ en “S” may
represent the consonants' categories.

3 The formation of the alphabet (Petrie, W. M. Flinders) (1912): It had long ago been noticed by Lepsius, Donaldson,
and Taylor that, embedded in the Phoenician, Greek, and Italian alphabets there is a repeated sequence of letters,—
vowel, labial, guttural, and dental
Ugarit's history
From c. 1500 BCE until its destruction in c. 1200 BCE Ugarit was an ancient port city in northern
Syria, in the outskirts of modern Latakia, discovered by accident in 1928 together with the Ugaritic
texts.

Trading connections
Ugarit had close connections to the Hittite Empire, Egypt and Cyprus, documented in the archives
recovered from the site. The polity was at its height from c. 1450 BCE until its destruction in c.
1200 BCE. Neolithic Ugarit was important enough to be fortified with a wall early on, perhaps by
6000 BCE, though the site is thought to have been inhabited earlier.
Ugarit was important perhaps because it was both a port and an entrance to the trade
route to the Euphrates and Tigris lands. The city reached its heyday between 1800 and
1200 BCE, when it ruled a trade-based coastal kingdom, trading with Egypt, Cyprus,
the Aegean, Syria, the Hittites, and much of the eastern Mediterranean.[2] 4

The Ugaritic alphabet

The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform script used beginning in the 15th century BC. Like most
Semitic scripts, it is an abjad, where each symbol stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to
supply the appropriate vowel.
Although it appears similar to Mesopotamian cuneiform (whose writing techniques it borrowed), its
symbols and symbol meanings are unrelated. It is the oldest example of the family of West Semitic
scripts such as the Phoenician, Paleo-Hebrew, and Aramaic alphabets (including the Hebrew
alphabet).
The so-called "long alphabet" has 30 letters while the "short alphabet 5" has 22. Other languages
(particularly Hurrian) were occasionally written in it in the Ugarit area, although not elsewhere.
Clay tablets written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the Levantine
ordering of the alphabet, which gave rise to the alphabetic order of the Hebrew, Greek,
and Latin alphabets; and the South Semitic order, which gave rise to the order of the
Ge'ez script. The script was written from left to right.6

Lists of Ugaritic letters (abecedaria, singular abecedarium) have been found in two
alphabetic orders: the "Northern Semitic order" more similar to the one found in Arabic
(earlier order), Hebrew and Phoenician, and more distantly, the Greek and Latin
alphabets; and the "Southern Semitic order" more similar to the one found in the South
Arabian, and the Ge'ez alphabets. 7

Ugaritic was an augmented abjad. In most syllables only consonants were written, including the /w/
and /j/ of diphthongs. However, Ugaritic was unusual among early abjads in also writing vowels
after the glottal stop. It is thought that the letter for the syllable /ʔa/ originally represented the
consonant /ʔ/, as aleph does in other Semitic abjads, and that it was later restricted to /ʔa/ with the
addition, at the end of the alphabet, of /ʔi/ and /ʔu/.[4][5] 8

4 (from Wikipedia's Ugarit)

5 Talk:Ugaritic alphabet - Wikipedia
6 Writing system (in Wikipedia's Ugaritic language )
7 Abecedaries (in Wikipedia's Ugaritic alphabet)
8 Function (in Wikipedia's Ugaritic alphabet)
The Architecture of the Ugaritic Alphabet
Ugarit belongs to the first locations where the population introduced an alphabetic cuneiform,
which contained 30 symbols – 27 consonants and a few vowel characters for a i and maybe o,
which is a revolutionary feature for a Semitic system.
The structure of this alphabet corresponds to a great number of later alphabets, including the
Hebrew, Greek and Latin alphabets.
The archaeologists discovered long and short alphabets.
The so-called "long alphabet" has 30 letters while the "short alphabet 9" has 22. Other
languages (particularly Hurrian) were occasionally written in it in the Ugarit area, although
not elsewhere.
The so-called "long” version of the alphabet has 27 or 30 letters, which may be sorted in the
following “standard” sequence A1, B2, G3, Kh4, D5, E6, W7, Z8, H9, Θ10, Y11, K12, Ś13, L14, M15, Z16,
N17, Ẓ18, S19, O20, P,Φ21, Ṣ22, Q23, R24, Θ 25, Gh26, T27, (Ƕ28 (I)), (Ω29 (U)), (S30).
The basic alphabetical core of the long Ugaritic alphabet contains 17 letters in 4 rows: (1) A1, B2,
G3, Kh4, D5, (2) E6, W7, Z8, H9, Θ10, (3) Y11, K12, Ś13, (4) O20, P,Φ21, Ṣ22, Q23.
The extensions with mixed categorization contains 13 letters L14, M15, Z16, N17, Ẓ18, S19, R24, Θ 25,
Gh26, T27, (Ƕ28 (I)), (Ω29 (U)), (S30).
There is some confusion in categorizing the lingual/dental groups and the correct title for the
categories of the gutturals and palatals. Flinders Petrie defines the letters C, G, K, Q as gutturals,
and the symbols D, Th and T as dentals.

The basic alphabetical core extensions with mixed categorization

vowels labial zeuṣ palatal guttural lingual/ lingual/ nasal (m15 and n17) sibilant
dental dental
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 ʾa → b→ g→ ḫ→ d→
A1 B2 G3 (Kh4) D5

2 h(e) → w→ z→ ḥ→ ṭ→
E6 W7 Z8 H9 Θ10
(Θ,Þ)

3 y→ k→ š→ l→ m→ ḏ→ n→ ẓ→ s→
Y11 K12 (Ś13) L14 M15 (Z16) N17 (Ẓ18) S19
4 ʿ→ p→ ṣ→ q→ r→ ṯ→ ġ→ t→
O20 P,Φ21 Ṣ22 Q23 R24 Θ 25 (Gh26) T27
5 ʾi → ʾu → s2 →
(Ƕ28 (I)) (Ω29 (U)) (S30)
Table 3 Periodic Table for the Ugaritic alphabet in the "Northern Semitic order"
(Categorized according to the Hebrew standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments)

9 Talk:Ugaritic alphabet - Wikipedia

The third column (labeled “Zeuṣ“)
The third column (“zeuṣ“) also contains a couple of lingual/dental symbols Z8 and Ṣ22, which do
not fit into the standard scheme.
These letters may have been added to the basic core for the divine name “Zeuṣ” for the Greek
mythology:
vowel labial zeuṣ guttural dental
A B C D
E F Z G Θ
I K
O P S Q T
Table 4 The repeated sequence of letters (vowel, labial, guttural, and dental) with an extra entry
for the letters Zeus in the core of the Ugaritic Alphabet.
These letters Z8 and Ṣ22 may have been removed at a later stage. In Latin the Z was reinstalled at
the end of the alphabet.
The basic alphabetical core of the Ugaritic Alphabet
The basic alphabetical core of the Ugaritic Alphabet is reduced to the following table, which
includes only a minimal amount of liquids and sibilants. Especially the required consonants for
“Zeuṣ” are included.

Vowels Consonants Extension

vowel pitch guttural contrast labial zeuṣ palatal lingual/ additional letters
dental
medium A1 soft / weak B2 G3/Ch4 D5
L,M,N,R,S,Θ,
high E6/H9 / Y11 medium F/V/W7 Z8 K12 Θ10
(T),Gh,Z,Ẓ
low O20 / U7 hard / sharp P/Φ21 Ṣ22 Q23 [T27]
Table 5 The basic alphabetical core and the extensions in the Periodic Table for the Ugaritic alphabet
in the "Northern Semitic order"
Other relevant divine names may have been available as “Deuṣ” (including D5 and Ṣ22) or “Θeuš”
(including Θ10 and Ś13). The letter Ś13 may have been categorized as lingual.
For Semitic languages the category “vowels” may have been interpreted as consonants of the type
“gutturals”. The letter H9 may also be interpreted as a palatal. The symbol Y11 may have been
categorized as a palatal.
The alphabetical core of the Ugaritic Alphabet seems to have been designed with 5 categories
(guttural, labial, palatal, lingual/dental).

Vowels labial zeuṣ palatal guttural lingual/

(guttural) dental
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 ʾa → b→ g→ ḫ→ d→
A1 B2 G3 (Kh4) D5

2 h(e) → w→ z→ ḥ→ ṭ→
E6 W7 Z8 H9 Θ10 (Θ,Þ)
3 y→ k→ š→
Y11 K12 (Ś13)
4 ʿ→ p→ ṣ→ q→ ??
O20 P,Φ21 Ṣ22 Q23 (T27)
Table 6 Basic alphabetical core of the Ugaritic Alphabet in the "Northern Semitic order"
(Categorized according to the Hebrew standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments)
The category “linguals”
According to the Hebrew book “Sefer Yetzirah” the tongue is involved in all linguistic categories.
Therefore each category includes a “lingual” contribution, which may interfere with other
categories. The phonetic categorization “genuine lingual“ may be is described as follows:
The twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet are classified both with reference to the
position of the vocal organs in producing the sounds, and with regard to sonant
intensity. In contrast to the Jewish grammarians, who assumed a special mode of
articulation for each of the five groups of sounds, the Sefer Yetzirah says that no sound
can be produced without the tongue, to which the other organs of speech merely lend
assistance. Hence the formation of the letters is described as follows:

• With the tip of the tongue and the throat (→ guttural)

• Between the lips and the tip of the tongue (→ labial)
• In the middle of the tongue (→ palatal)
• By the tip of the tongue (→ genuine lingual)
• By the tongue, which lies flat and stretched, and by the teeth (ii. 3) (→ dental) [8]10
These rules for the formation of the letters may be restricted to the Hebrew language.

The category “vowels” as genuine gutturals

In the “Sefer Yetzirah” the Jewish grammarians may have excluded the vowels, which are not listed
in the Hebrew alphabet. Therefore some of the vowels may be generated without the tongue by pure
phonetics which are formed inside the wind pipe.
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.
[1]

In this case the vowels may be defined as genuine gutturals.

In the phonetic definition, a vowel is a sound, such as the English "ah" /ɑː/ or "oh" /oʊ/,
produced with an open vocal tract; it is median (the air escapes along the middle of the
tongue), oral (at least some of the airflow must escape through the mouth), frictionless
and continuant.[4] There is no significant build-up of air pressure at any point above the
glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as the English "sh" [ʃ], which have a
constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract.

The phonetic definition of "vowel" (i.e. a sound produced with no constriction in the
vocal tract) does not always match the phonological definition (i.e. a sound that forms
the peak of a syllable).[6] The approximants [j] and [w] illustrate this: both are without
much of a constriction in the vocal tract (so phonetically they seem to be vowel-like),
but they occur at the onset of syllables (e.g. in "yet" and "wet") which suggests that
phonologically they are consonants.

10 Quoted in The phonetic system ( Sefer Yetzirah )

The categorization in the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet
The categorization in the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet follows the same 5 categories Gutturals,
Palatals, Dentals, Labials which also are found in the “Sefer Yetzirah” and in the Sanskrit alphabet.
In this alphabet a triad for the linguals is missing:

Triad 1 Triad 2 Triad 3 Triad 4 Triad 5 Triad 6 Triad 7

Velar Dentals Semi-
Palatals Labials Nasals Sibilants
Vowels Gutturals Alveolar vocals L
C, Ç, J P, F, B N&M S, Z, Ś Glottal
K, X, G T, Θ, D Y, V, R
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
k- x- g- c- ç- j- t- θ- d- p- f- b- n- m- y- v- r- l- s- z- š- h-
K X G C Ç J T Θ D P F B N M Y V R L S Z Š H
X C Ç Θ P F B Y L S Z Š H
K- G- J- T- D- N- M- V- R-
-(A) K G J T D N M V R
-Ī — — Ji Ti Di Ni Mi Vi Ri
-Ū Ku Gu — Tu Du Nu Mu — Ru
Table 7 The categorization in the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet
In the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet the letters may be sorted as a periodic table:
Triad 1 Triad 2 Triad 3 Triad 4 Triad 5 Triad 6 Triad 7
Vowels Velar Palatals Dentals Labials Nasal Semi- L Sibilants Glottal
Gutturals C, Ç, J Alveolar P, F, B M&N vocals S, Z, Ś H
K, X, G T, Θ, D Y, V, R

A G C D B
Ī K Ç Θ F M N Y V R L S Z Š H
Ū X J T P
Table 8 Periodic table for the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet
This may be resorted to the alphabetical order as follows:

The basic alphabetical core extensions with mixed categorization

Triad 1 Triad 2 Triad 3 Triad 4 Triad 5 Triad 6 Triad 7

Vowels Labial Palatal Guttural Dental Nasal Semivocals L Sibilants Glottal
P, F, B C, Ç, J K, X, G T, Θ, D M&N Y, V, R S, Z, Ś H

A B C G D
Ī F Ç K Θ M N Y V R L S Z Š H
Ū P J X T
Table 9 Restructured Periodic table for the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet
In analogy to the extended letters L14, M15, Z16, N17, Ẓ18, S19, R24, Θ 25, Gh26, T27 in the Ugaritic
alphabet the Old Persian letters M, N, Y, V, R, L, S, Z, Š, H belong to the extended region.
Comparing the Periodic tables for Old Persian and the Ugaritic alphabet
The basic core ( A, B, C, G, D, Ī, F, Ç, K, Θ, Ū, P, J, X, T ) for the Restructured Periodic table for
the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet is more or less equivalent to Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book”:

Triad 1 Triad 2 Triad 3 Triad 4 Triad 5

Vowels Labial Palatal Guttural Dental
P, F, B C, Ç, J K, X, G T, Θ, D
1 A B C G D
2 Ī F Ç K Θ
3 Ū P J X T
Table 10 The core section of the restructured Periodic table for the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet

Except for the Zeuṣ-section the core section of the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet correlates with
the core section of Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book” and the Ugaritic alphabet.

The labial vowel U may have been derived from the digamma F. This extension requires an extra
fifth line in the alphabet:

Vowels Consonants Extension

vowel pitch guttural contrast labial zeuṣ palatal lingual/ additional letters
dental
medium A1 soft / weak B2 G3/Ch4 D5 L,
M,N,
high E6/H9 / Y11 medium F/V/W7 Z8 K12 Θ10
R,S,Θ, (T),
low O20 / U7 hard / sharp P/Φ21 Ṣ22 Q23 [T27] Gh,Z,Ẓ
Table 11 The basic alphabetical core and the extensions in the Periodic Table for the Ugaritic
alphabet in the "Northern Semitic order"

Vowels Consonants Extension

letter labial zeuṣ guttural dental
1 A B C D M, N,
2 E F Z G Θ Y, V, R,
3 I K L, H
4 O P S Q T S, Z, Š,
5 U
6 ...
Table 12 The repeated sequence of letters (the vowels A, E, I, O, U , and consonants labial, guttural,
and dental) with an extra entry for the letters Zeus in Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book”.
The categorization of the Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet has been categorized by L.S. Wakankar and published in Ganesha Vidya (1968):

Fig. 3 Roman Script in Periodic Classification

Source: GaneshaVidya (1968) by L.S. Wakankar (Scribd)

The 7 letters in the range linguals (R, Z, except D), dentals (L, S, T) and nasals (M, N) may belong
to the extended section. Also the J, V, W, X, Y, Z do not belong to the core selection.
This 26-letter Latin alphabet is characterized with:
• a 13-letter section of extended letters: L, M, N, R, S, T, Z and J, U, V, W, X, Y.
• a core section of 13 letters (including 4 vowels A, E, I, O) in 4 rows: (1) A, B, C, D, (2) E,
F, G, H, (3) I, K, (4) O, P, Q.

Vowels Consonants Extension

vowel letter contrast labial guttural palatal lingual dental additional letters
pitch
medium A soft / weak B C D
E F G, H
L, M, N, R, S, T, Z
high I, (J) medium K (L) U, V, W, X, Y, Z
O hard / sharp P Q (R) (S, T)
low U ? V/W X Y (Z)

Table 13 The basic alphabetical core and the extensions in the Periodic Table for the Ugaritic
alphabet in the "Northern Semitic order"
The ternary character for the basic alphabetical core
In the basic alphabetical cores of the Old Persian and Ugaritic alphabets the number of entries
largely match the optimal ternary limit of the three elements for each category:
In Information theory11 the ternary numeral system is superior to the binary – system
and is considered as the most efficient coding system. The ternary numeral system is a
base-3 counting system. The binary number system is a representation of numbers using
only two digits (0 and 1). Although the ternary numeral system is superior engineers
prefers the binary number system for the designs in computer and communication
technology.

The problem of optimal coding of numbers has been examined by many scholars (e.g.
[112][213]) and it is known that ternary coding is more efficient than binary coding [3 14].
In technology binary coding is preferred for its simplicity. Ternary coding remains
relevant in algorithms that use decision trees15.

Theoretically this condition (three elements for each category) limits the number of letters in the
basic alphabetical cores to 5 x 3 = 15 symbols. The core sections of the Ugaritic, Greek, Old Persian
and Latin alphabets with 17, 14, 15 respectively 13 letters must be considered as optimally coded
communication systems:
• The basic alphabetical core of the long Ugaritic cuneiform alphabet contains 17 letters in 4
rows:
(1) A1, B2, G3, Kh4, D5, (2) E6, W7, Z8, H9, Θ10, (3) Y11, K12, Ś13, (4) O20, P,Φ21, Ṣ22, Q23.
• The core section of Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book” for the Greek alphabet is limited to 14
characters in 4 rows:
(1) A B C D, (2) E F G Θ, (3) I K, (4) O P Q T.
• The basic core for the Restructured Periodic table for the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet
contains 15 letters in 3 rows:
(1) A, B, C, G, D, (2) Ī, F, Ç, K, Θ, (3) Ū, P, J, X, T.
• a core section of the Latin alphabet contains 13 letters (including 4 vowels A, E, I, O) in 4
rows: (1) A, B, C, D, (2) E, F, G, H, (3) I, K, (4) O, P, Q.

The first column seems to start each line with a vowel or equivalent consonant character. Each of
these alphabets is equipped with at least 4 categories.

11 Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information. It was originally proposed
by Claude Shannon in 1948 to find fundamental limits on signal processing and communication operations such as
data compression, in a landmark paper titled "A Mathematical Theory of Communication".
12 Frieder, G., Fong, A. and Chow, C.Y. (1973). A balanced ternary computer. Conference Record of the 1973
International Symposium on Multiple-valued Logic, pp. 68–88.
13 Hurst, S.L. (1984). Multiple-valued logic - Its status and its future. IEEE Trans. Computers, C-33, 1160–1179.
14 Hayes, B. (2001). Third base. American Scientist 89: 490-494
15 A Ternary Encoding to Optimize Communications and Cooperation
Traces of words in the periodic tables of the alphabets

ἀεί: “always”, “eternity”

In analogy to the words “Wit”, “Tiw”, “Thor” and “Rod” inside the Futhorc alphabets I also
discovered similar words inside the periodic tables of the alphabets16.
A most impressive word is the root “ἈΕΊ” (in Greek ἀεί: “always”, “eternity”) in the first vertical
column of Flinders Petrie's Horn-Book:

Fig. 4 The Greek word AEI in the first column of Flinders

Petrie's periodic table for the Greek alphabet (1912)

αἰών: “vital force, life, long life, eternity”

The same root may be identified in the initial AIÜ-column for the Old-Persian alphabet, which
matches the Greek word αἰών (“vital force, life, long life, eternity”)17:
From earlier αἰϝών (aiwṓn), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“vital force, life, long life,
eternity”), whence also ἀεί (aeí, “always”). Cognate with Latin aevum, English aye. 18

Fig. 5 The first column (2vowels” in the periodic table for

the Old-Persian alphabet

A similar word is identified in the “AE”of “ἈΕΊ” (always), which usually is written as a “æ” and is
interpreted as “forever”, “eternity, law, marriage”.
• In Old English : From Proto-Germanic *aiwō, *aiwaz (“law”), from Proto-Indo-European
*h₂oywos (“eternity, law”). Cognate with Old Saxon êo, Old Frisian ewa, êwe, ê, â, Old
High German êwa, êha, êa, ê (German Ehe).
• In Old Norse : From Proto-Germanic *aiwi (“forever”). Cognate with Old English ā, āwa,
ǣ, Old Saxon eo, io, ia, Old High German eo, io.
Obviously the chain of vowels is interpreted for eternity and any other word for eternal duration
such as marriage, law, tradition and other wishful expectations.

16 The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages

17 'Eternity' Revisited: A Study of the Greek Word αἰών ...
18 αἰών – Wiktionary
AEIOU as the symbolic device of Frederick III (1415–1493)

Fig. 6 The first column (the vowels A, E, I, O, U) in the periodic table of

the Latin alphabet.

The word "A.E.I.O.U." (sometimes A.E.I.O.V.) was a symbolic device coined by Frederick III
(1415–1493) and historically used as a motto by the Habsburgs.
The cryptic formula AEIOU is an enigma that has occupied generations of historians.
Unfortunately, its creator, Emperor Frederick III, never revealed exactly what he meant by it19.
One note in his notebook (discovered in 1666), though not in the same hand, explains it in German
and Latin as "All the world is subject to Austria" (Alles Erdreich ist Österreich untertan or Austriae
est imperare orbi universo).[1]
Frederick habitually signed buildings such as Burg Wiener Neustadt or Graz Cathedral
as well as his tableware and other objects with the vowel graphemes.[2] As of 2017,
A.E.I.O.U. is the motto of the Theresian Military Academy, established in 1751. It can
also be found on the wall of the Chancellor's office in the Federal Chancellery. 20

Obviously Frederick never explained his AEIOU-device, which he may have discovered as a young
man while he visited the Near East in a crusade.
Frederick's first use of the five-letter monogram was in 1437, when he was Duke of
Styria.

Since Frederick wrote this acronym when he was not yet the ruler of the Archduchy of
Austria and, at that time, Styria was entirely separated from Austria and was not
considered to be its part until the next century, the term "Austria" in this context would
not mean Austria as a territory or a nation, but rather the "House of Austria", that is, the
Habsburg dynasty.

More than 300 Latin and German interpretations have been attempted over the
centuries; most of these versions refer to a motto of present-day Austria or the extensive
Habsburg Monarchy. 21

19 "AEIOU"
20 A.E.I.O.U.
21 Interpretation A.E.I.O.U.
 22
A-E-H-I-O-U-Ω in Egyptian Religion (350 BCE)
The Greeks may have extended their alphabet to 7 vowels, although Flinders Petrie does not include
the letter H in the vowels.

Fig. 7 The Greek word AEIOΥΩ in the first column of Flinders Petrie's
periodic table for the Greek alphabet (1912) – The letter H is missing.

A remarkable historical remark to divine names in Egyptian religion may be found in the work De
Elocutione of Demetrius23 and this seems to refer to the archaic vowels, which may have been
uttered in their succession A-E-H-I-O-U-Ω24:
“71. In Egypt the priests, when singing hymns in praise of the gods, employ the seven
vowels, which they utter in due succession ; and the sound of these letters is so euphonious
that men listen to it in preference to flute and lyre. To do away with this concurrence,
therefore, is simply to do away entirely with the music and harmony of speech.—But perhaps
this is not the right time to enlarge on these matters.25”
The principal application of vowels is to produce sounds with an open vowel tract. The role of the
consonants is to define the exact timing for the opening and closing phases in controlling the vowel
tract26.
Of course the Periodic Table of the Greek alphabet (24 letters) may be adapted to 7 vowels:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Vowels Labials Gutturals Lingual palatals Dentals Nasals
1 α1 β2 γ3 δ4
2 ε5 [/f/] ζ6
3 η7 θ8
4 ι9 κ10 λ11 μ12 ν13 ξ14
5 ο15 π16 [/q/] ρ17 σ/ς18 τ19
6 υ20 φ21 χ22 ψ23 Ψ23, ζ24
7 ω24
Table 14: Periodic Table of the Greek alphabet (24 letters)

22 The Vowels' Symbolism in Archaic Hymns - Notes to the vowels in De Elocutione of Demetrius
23 Demetrius, of Phaleron, b. 350 B.C. Spurious and doubtful works
24 The Mystery of the Seven Vowels
25 Demetrius On style, the Greek text of Demetrius De elocutione
26 The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism (Scribd)
Another viewpoint to read the alphabet
For a horizontal reading of the rows of vowels we may suggest to compose another alphabetical
table by sorting the vowels in a row. The following table suggests how the Egyptian priests may
have been able to read the seven vowels, which they utter in due succession.

The Greek words ἈΕΊ: “always”, “eternity”), Italian ΙΟ (“I”), Romansh ΙΟU (“I”) may be identified
in the first line AEHIOUΩ.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Vowels Α1 Ε 5 Η7 Ι 9 Ο15 Υ20 Ω24
2 Labials Β2 [/F/] Π16 Φ21
3 Gutturals Γ3 Κ10 [/Q/] Χ22
4 Linguals Ρ17
5 Palatals Σ18 Ψ23
6 Dentals Δ4 Ζ6 Θ8 Λ11 Τ19 Ψ23, Ζ24
7 Nasals Μ12
Ν13
8 Ξ14
Table 15 Periodic Table of the Greek alphabet (24 letters)

This viewpoint also allows to sort the alphabet in a different pattern, which is equivalent in the
Sanskrit alphabet:
Α1,Ε5,Η7, Ι9, Ο15,Υ20,Ω24, Β2,/F/,Π16,Φ21, Γ3,,Κ10,/Q/,Χ22,, Ρ17,,, Σ18,Ψ23, Δ4,Ζ6,Θ8,Λ11,Τ19, Ψ23, Ζ24,, Μ12,,,, Ν13,,,, Ξ14

Now the list is sorted as follows: Vowels (Gutturals, Palatals, Labials), followed by consonants:
Labials, Gutturals, Linguals, Palatals, Dentals. The grouping of the vowels and consonants may be
comparable to the structure of the Sanskrit's order:

Fig. 8 Sanskrit alphabet : Vowels and consonants, Semi-vowels and Sibilants

(sorted according to Gutturals, Palatales, Cerebrals, Dentals, and Labials)
(Source: Page 13 at A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language (1864): Sir Monier Monier-Williams)
Traces of personal pronouns (IOU) of the first person singular
Most Latin-based personal pronouns of the first person singular (IAU, IEU, IOU, etc.) are genuine
vowel words. Although most of these words are derived from the corresponding name of the PIE-
sky-god (“Dyaus”) some of these words (such as Romansh IOU and Italian IO) may be found in the
periodic table of the Latin alphabet:

Fig. 9The first column (the vowels A, E, I, O, U) in the periodic table of the Latin alphabet.

Traces of the divine name Dyaus in the core-section of the alphabet

If the sky-god's name Dyauṣ or Zeuṣ is to be composed from representative letters from each of the
5 categories we should check if the 5 required symbols may be found in the basic alphabetical core.
The basic alphabetical core in the Periodic Table for the Ugaritic alphabet in the "Northern Semitic
order" lists the following letters from this core-section:
• There is no suitable category S for: Θ10, E6 , O20, S
• We may find: D5, Y11, E6, U7, Ṣ22 for: Dyauṣ
• We may find: Z8, E6, U7, Ṣ22 for: Zeuṣ

Vowels (core-section) Consonants of the core section Extension

vowel pitch guttural contrast labial zeuṣ palatal lingual/ additional letters
dental
medium A1 soft / weak B2 G3/Ch4 D5
L,M,N,R,S,Θ,
high E6/H9 / Y11 medium F/V/W7 Z8 K12 Θ10
(T),Gh,Z,Ẓ
low O20 / U7 hard / sharp P/Φ21 Ṣ22 Q23 [T27]
Table 16 The basic alphabetical core and the extensions in the Periodic Table for the Ugaritic
alphabet in the "Northern Semitic order"
Conclusions
The Ugaritic trading station at the crossroads for the east/west- and north/south-routes has been an
inspiring laboratory for linguistic experiments. The traders needed a “universal” writing system to
document their contracts.
The system should be designed to serve a bundle of languages and dialects.
The writing system had to be based on a simple, universal concept in which the symbols could be
arranged according to their phonetic characters: medium/high and low vowels, respectively
soft/medium and hard consonants.
This structured concept started as a ternary system with 15 symbols, sorted in 4 or 5 phonetic
categories (guttural, labial, palatal, lingual/dental). Additional refinement (L,M,N,R,S,Θ,
[T],Gh,Z,Ẓ) may have extended the basic concept to a larger alphabet.
The quantization of the alphabets is based with regard to the five positions of the vocal organs in
producing the sounds, and with regard to sonant intensity, which is quantized at values of
approximately 3 letters / category.
The core sections of the Ugaritic, Greek, Old Persian and Latin alphabets with 17, 14, 15
respectively 13 letters must be considered as optimally coded communication systems.
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book”..............................................................................................................2
The role of the vowels in Flinders Petrie's “Horn-Book”................................................................3
The symbolism of the vowels.....................................................................................................3
Ugarit's history......................................................................................................................................4
Trading connections.........................................................................................................................4
The Ugaritic alphabet ......................................................................................................................4
The Architecture of the Ugaritic Alphabet...........................................................................................5
The third column (labeled “Zeuṣ“) .................................................................................................6
The basic alphabetical core of the Ugaritic Alphabet......................................................................7
The category “linguals”...............................................................................................................8
The category “vowels” as genuine gutturals...............................................................................8
The categorization in the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet ..................................................................9
Comparing the Periodic tables for Old Persian and the Ugaritic alphabet....................................10
The categorization of the Latin alphabet ...........................................................................................11
The ternary character for the basic alphabetical core.........................................................................12
Traces of words in the periodic tables of the alphabets......................................................................13
ἀεί: “always”, “eternity”................................................................................................................13
αἰών: “vital force, life, long life, eternity”.....................................................................................13
AEIOU as the symbolic device of Frederick III (1415–1493)......................................................14
A-E-H-I-O-U-Ω in Egyptian Religion (350 BCE) .......................................................................15
Another viewpoint to read the alphabet....................................................................................16
Traces of personal pronouns (IOU) of the first person singular....................................................16
Traces of the divine name Dyaus in the core-section of the alphabet............................................17
Conclusions........................................................................................................................................18
Appendix – Papers of J. Richter at Academia.edu and Scribd...........................................................20
Appendix – Papers of J. Richter at Academia.edu and Scribd
Periodic Tables are documented in:
1. Notes on the Common Architecture of European Alphabets (Ugaritic, Old Persian signary,
the Greek alphabet, Sanskrit)
2. A Periodic Table for PIE-Alphabets (languages: Ugaritic, Latin, Elder and Younger Futhark,
Gothic, etc.)
3. A Periodic Table for the Cyrillic Alphabet (Glagolitic, early Cyrillic and Russian alphabets)
4. A Periodic Table for the Coptic Alphabet
5. A Periodic Table for the Old-English Alphabet including “The insertion of Chilperic's letters
in the Old English alphabet”.
6. A Periodic Table for the Icelandic Alphabet (Scribd)
7. A Periodic Table for the Phoenician and Hebrew Alpabet (Scribd)
8. De hiërarchische structuur van het Hebreeuwse alfabet (Scribd)
9. The Hierarchical Structure of the Hebrew Alphabet (Scribd)
10. Periodic Tables for the Dalecarlian Runes and the Elfdalian Alphabet (Scribd)
11. A Periodic Table for the Dutch Language
12. Periodic Tables for the Sami Alphabets
13. Het hart van de Nederlandse taal
14. Eight Periodic Tables for the Sámi Languages
15. Overview of the Periodic Tables of the Sami Languages
16. Periodic Tables for the Upper and Lower Sorbian Alphabets
17. A Periodic Table for the Greek Alphabet
18. Periodic Tables for the Euboean and Etruscan Alphabets (Scribd)
19. Did the Word „Deus“ Exist in the Archaic Alphabets (Scribd)
20. Periodic Tables for the Gaelic (Irish and Scottish alphabets (Scribd)
21. A Periodic Table for Ugaritic Signaries as a Root for the Sky-god Dyaus and the Personal
Pronouns for the 1st Person Singular and Dual Form
22. De architectuur van het Oegaritische alfabet
23. The Quantization of the (Ugaritic) Alphabet

The (approximately) 150 following papers are sorted according to the initial upload date27 :
• The Quantization of the (Ugaritic) Alphabet
• De architectuur van het Oegaritische alfabet
• A Periodic Table for Ugaritic Signaries as a Root for the Sky-god Dyaus and the Personal
Pronouns for the 1st Person Singular and Dual Form
• Periodic Tables for the Gaelic (Irish and Scottish alphabets (Scribd)
• Did the Word „Deus“ Exist in the Archaic Alphabets (Scribd)
• Periodic Tables for the Euboean and Etruscan Alphabets (Scribd)
• A Periodic Table for the Greek Alphabet
• Periodic Tables for the Upper and Lower Sorbian Alphabets
• Overview of the Periodic Tables of the Sami Languages
• Eight Periodic Tables for the Sámi Languages
• Het hart van de Nederlandse taal
• Periodic Tables for the Sami Alphabets
• A Periodic Table for the Dutch Language
• Periodic Tables for the Dalecarlian Runes and the Elfdalian Alphabet (Scribd)
• The Hierarchical Structure of the Hebrew Alphabet (Scribd)

27 https://independent.academia.edu/JoannesRichter, respectively https://independent.academia.edu/richterJoannes

• De hiërarchische structuur van het Hebreeuwse alfabet (Scribd)
• A Periodic Table for the Phoenician and Hebrew Alpabet (Scribd)
• A Periodic Table for the Icelandic Alphabet (Scribd)
• A Periodic Table for the Coptic Alphabet (Scribd)
• A Periodic Table for the Cyrillic Alphabet (Scribd)
• The Impact of Ternary Coding Systems (Scribd)
• A Pedigree for Alphabets (Scribd)
• The Composition of the European Alphabets (Scribd)
• The Letter Repositioning in the Greek and Latin Alphabets
• Unstably Classified Letters in Alphabets (Scribd)
• Notes on the Common Architecture of Alphabetical Structures (Academia.edu)
• A Periodic Table for PIE-Alphabets
• A Periodic Classification for the Gothic Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
• A Periodic Classification for the Futhark-Alphabets (obsolete, Scribd)
• A Periodic Classification for the Latin Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
• The Model of a Language as a Communication Link (Scribd)
• The Roots of the Indo-European Alphabets (12.5.2020)
• Samenvatting van "The Alphabet as an Elementary Document"
• The Alphabet as an Elementary Document
• The Origin of the Name Dyaus
• De oorsprong van de naam Diaus
• The History of Designing an Alphabet (Scribd)
• Een architectuur voor de PIE-talen (Scribd)
• An Architecture for the PIE-Languages
• A Suggested Restoration of the 'Futhark'-Sequence (Scribd)
• The Composition of the Sky- God's Name in PIE-Languages
• The Ternary Codes in Language and Creation (Scribd)
• The Role of Saussure's Letter "E"
• The Optimal Number of Vowels in Languages (Scribd)
• A Ternary Encoding to Optimize Communications and Cooperation
◦ A Golden Box to Control the Lightnings
◦ The Ancient Lightning Rods around the Mediterranean Sea
◦ Die ältesten Blitz(ab)leiter am Mittelmeer (Scribd)
◦ Pyramids in the Role as Power Plants
◦ Piramides als energiecentrales (Scribd)
◦ The Role of the Pyramids in Melting Glass and Meta... (Scribd)
◦ The Egyptian Drilling Technology (Scribd)
• The Architecture of the Younger Futhark Alphabet
• The Sources for the IΩ- Pronouns
• Notes to Herodotus' Histories of IΩ, Europa and Medea
◦ The Role of Irrigation and Drainage in a Successful Civilisation
◦ De rol van de irrigatie en drainage in een succesv... (Scribd)
◦ Notes to Frazer's "Pausanias's Description of Greece"
◦ The Initials of European Philosophy
◦ Atlantis vormde 3400 jaar geleden een Helleens Delta-project
◦ The War against Atlantis
• The "Ego"-Root inside the Name "Thebes"
• The Role of the AEtts in the Futharc Alpabet
• The Reconstruction of a European Philosophy
• Traces of an old religion (The Root "Wit" in Wittekind)
• Woden (Wuþ) as the Designer and Author of the Futhark Alphabet
• Is the Core "Wut" in "Wutach" symbolizing "Wutan" ("Woden")
• The Bipolar Core of Germanic Languages
• Simon Stevin's Redefinition of Scientific Arts
• Simon Stevin's definitie van wetenschappelijk onderz
• De etymologie van de woorden met Wit-, Wita en Witan-kernen
• The "Vit"-Roots in the Anglo-Saxon Pedigree
• The Traces of "Wit" in Saxony
• King Chilperic I's letters (ΔΘZΨ) may be found at the beginning ("Futha") of the runic
alphabet and at the end (WIJZAE) of the Danish alphabet
• Aan het slot (WIJZAE) van het Deense alfabet en aan het begin ("Futha") van het
runenalfabet bevinden zich de letters (ΔΘZΨ) van koning Chilperik I
• The Role of the Ligature AE in the European Creation Legend
• A Concept for a Runic Dictionary
• Concentrating the Runes in the Runic Alphabets
• Traces of Vit, Rod and Chrodo
• De sleutelwoorden van het Futhark alfabet
• The Keywords of the Futhark Alphabet
• Het runenboek met het unieke woord Tiw
• A short Essay about the Evolution of European Personal Pronouns
• The Evolution of the European Personal Pronouns
• De miraculeuze transformatie van de Europese samenleving
• The Miraculous Transformation of European Civilization
• The Duality in Greek and Germanic Philosophy
• Bericht van de altaarschellist over de Lof der Zotheid
• De bronnen van Brabant (de Helleputten aan de Brabantse breuklijnen)
• De fundamenten van de samenleving
• De rol van de waterbronnen bij de kerstening van Nederland
• De etymologie van "wijst" en "wijstgrond"
• The Antipodes Mith and With
• The Role of the Dual Form in the Evolution of European Languages
• De rol van de dualis in de ontwikkeling der Europese talen
• The Search for Traces of a Dual Form in Quebec French
• Synthese van de Germanistische & Griekse mythologie en etymologie
• De restanten van de dualis in het Nederlands, Engels en Duits
• Notes to the Corner Wedge in the Ugaritic Alphabet
• The Origin of the long IJ-symbol in the Dutch alphabet
• Over de oorsprong van de „lange IJ“ in het Nederlandse alfabet
• The Backbones of the Alphabets
• The Alphabet and and the Symbolic Structure of Europe
• The Unseen Words in the Runic Alphabet
• De ongelezen woorden in het runenalfabet
• The Role of the Vowels in Personal Pronouns of the 1st Person Singular
• Over de volgorde van de klinkers in woorden en in godennamen
• The Creation Legends of Hesiod and Ovid
• De taal van Adam en Eva (published: ca. 2.2.2019)
• King Chilperic's 4 Letters and the Alphabet's Adaptation
• De 4 letters van koning Chilperik I en de aanpassing van het Frankenalfabet
• The Symbolism of Hair Braids and Bonnets in Magical Powers
• The Antipodes in PIE-Languages
• In het Nederlands, Duits en Engels is de dualis nog lang niet uitgestorven
• In English, Dutch and German the dual form is still alive
• The Descendants of the Dual Form " Wit "
• A Structured Etymology for Germanic, Slavic and Romance Languages
• The “Rod”-Core in Slavic Etymology (published: ca. 27.11.2018)
• Encoding and decoding the runic alphabet
• Über die Evolution der Sprachen
• Over het ontwerpen van talen
• The Art of Designing Languages
• Notes to the usage of the Spanish words Nos and Vos, Nosotros and Vosotros
• Notes to the Dual Form and the Nous-Concept in the Inari Sami language
• Over het filosofische Nous-concept
• Notes to the Philosophical Nous-Concept
• The Common Root for European Religions (published: ca. 27.10.2018)
• A Scenario for the Medieval Christianization of a Pagan Culture
• Een scenario voor de middeleeuwse kerstening van een heidens volk
• The Role of the Slavic gods Rod and Vid in the Futhorc-alphabet
• The Unification of Medieval Europe
• The Divergence of Germanic Religions
• De correlatie tussen de dualis, Vut, Svantevit en de Sint-Vituskerken
• The Correlation between Dual Forms, Vut, Svantevit and the Saint Vitus Churches
• Die Rekonstruktion der Lage des Drususkanals (published: ca. 27.9.2018)
• Die Entzifferung der Symbolik einer Runenreihe
• Deciphering the Symbolism in Runic Alphabets
• The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns
• Notities rond het boek Tiw (Published ca. 6.2.2018)
• Notes to the book TIW
• Von den Völkern, die nach dem Futhark benannt worden sind
• Designing an Alphabet for the Runes
• Die Wörter innerhalb der „Futhark“-Reihe
• The hidden Symbolism of European Alphabets
• Etymology, Religions and Myths
• The Symbolism of the Yampoos and Wampoos in Poe's “Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym
from Nantucket”
• Notizen zu " Über den Dualis " und " Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften "
• Ϝut - Het Nederlandse sleutelwoord
• Concepts for the Dual Forms
• The etymology of the Greek dual form νώ (νῶϊ)
• Proceedings in the Ego-pronouns' Etymology
• Notities bij „De godsdiensten der volken“
• The Role of *Teiwaz and *Dyeus in Filosofy
• A Linguistic Control of Egotism
• The Design of the Futhark Alphabet
• An Architecture for the Runic Alphabets
• The Celtic Hair Bonnets (Published Jun 24, 2018)
• Die keltische Haarhauben
• De sculpturen van de Walterich-kapel te Murrhardt
• The rediscovery of a lost symbolism
• Het herontdekken van een vergeten symbolisme
• De god met de twee gezichten
• The 3-faced sculpture at Michael's Church in Forchtenberg
• Over de woorden en namen, die eeuwenlang bewaard gebleven zijn
• De zeven Planeten in zeven Brabantse plaatsnamen
• Analysis of the Futhorc-Header
• The Gods in the Days of the Week and inside the Futhor-alphabet
• Een reconstructie van de Nederlandse scheppingslegende
• The Symbolism in Roman Numerals
• The Keywords in the Alphabets Notes to the Futharc's Symbolism
• The Mechanisms for Depositing Loess in the Netherlands
• Over het ontstaan van de Halserug, de Heelwegen en Heilwegen in de windschaduw van de
Veluwe
• Investigations of the Rue d'Enfer-Markers in France
• Die Entwicklung des französischen Hellwegs ( " Rue d'Enfer "
• De oorsprong van de Heelwegen op de Halserug, bij Dinxperlo en Beltrum
• The Reconstruction of the Gothic Alphabet's Design
• Von der Entstehungsphase eines Hellwegs in Dinxperlo-Bocholt
• Over de etymologie van de Hel-namen (Heelweg, Hellweg, Helle..) in Nederland
• Recapitulatie van de projecten Ego-Pronomina, Futhark en Hellweg
• Over het ontstaan en de ondergang van het Futhark-alfabet
• Die Etymologie der Wörter Hellweg, Heelweg, Rue d'Enfer, Rue de l'Enfer und Santerre
• The Etymology of the Words Hellweg, Rue d'Enfer and Santerre
• The Decoding of the Kylver Stone' Runes
• The Digamma-Joker of the Futhark
• The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages
• De kern van de Futhark-talen
• Der Kern der Futhark-Sprachen
• De symboolkern IE van het Nederlands
• Notes to Guy Deutscher's "Through the Language Glass"
• Another Sight on the Unfolding of Language (Published 1 maart, 2018)
• Notes to the Finnish linguistic symbolism of the sky-god's name and the days of the week
• A modified Swadesh List (Published 12 / 17 / 2017)
• A Paradise Made of Words
• The Sky-God Names and the Correlating Personal Pronouns
• The Nuclear Pillars of Symbolism (Published 10 / 28 / 2017)
• The Role of the Dual Form in Symbolism and Linguistics (Oct 17, 2017)
• The Correlation between the Central European Loess Belt, the Hellweg-Markers and the
Main Isoglosses
• The Central Symbolic Core of Provencal Language (Oct 7, 2017)
• The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism (Scribd)