CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel crushed rock, or other aggregates.
The aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and water.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
As with most rocklike mass, concrete has very high compressive strength but have a
very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can be made to carry tensile
stresses (as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to
provide the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is called
reinforced concrete.

AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse
aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that passes
through a No. 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.
The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 5.3.3 of
NSCP. These are follows: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1/3 the
depth of slabs, or 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts. These limitations may not be
applied if, in the judgment the Engineer, workability and methods of consolidation are
such that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.

WATER
According to Section 5.3.4, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from
injurious of oils, acids, alkalis, salts organic materials or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for prestressed concrete or for
concrete that will contain aluminum embedment’s, including that portion of mixing water
contributed in the form of free moisture on aggregates, shall not be used in concrete
unless the following are satisfied: (a) Selection of concrete proportions shall be based
on concrete mixes using water from the same source and (b) mortar test cubes made
with non-portable mixing water shall have 7-days and 28 day strengths equal to at least
90

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has no definite modulus of elasticity. Its value is
dependent on the characteristics of cement and aggregates used, age of concrete and
strengths.
According to NSCP (Section 5.8.5), modulus of elasticity E c for concrete for values of wc,
between 1500 and 2500 kg/ m3 may be taken as.

Eq. 1-1 EC =W c 1.50 0.043 √ f ' c (¿ MPa)

Where f ' cis the day 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa W c is the unit weight
on concrete in kg /m3. For normal weight concrete, E c=4700 √ f ' c . Modulus of elasticity Es
for nonprestressed reinforced may be taken as 200,000 MPa.

DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT

STANDARD HOOKS

Standard hooks refer to one of the following:

1. 180-degree bend plus 4 d b extension but not less than 60 mm at free end of bar.
2. 90-degree bed plus 12 d bextension at free end of bar.
3. For stirrups and tie hooks:
a) 61 mm diameter bar and smaller, 90-degree bend plus 6 d b extension at
free end bar, or
b) 20 and 25 mm diameter bar, 90-degree bend, plus 12 d bextension at free
end of bar, or
c) 25mm diameter bar and smaller, 135-degree bend d plus 6 d b extension at
free end of bar.

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS (SECTION 407.3)

Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar, other than for stirrups and ties in
sizes 10mm through 15 mm, shall not be less than the values in Table 1.1.

Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than 4 d b16 mm bar and
smaller. For bars larger than 16 mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with
Table 1.1
Inside diameter of bend in welded wire fabric /9plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties
shall not be less than 4 d bfor deformed wire larger than D56 and 2 d bfor all other wires.
Bends with inside diameter of less than 8db shall not be less than 4 d bfrom nearest
welded intersection.

Table 1.1- Minimum Diameters of Bend

Bar Size Minimum Diameter

10 mm to25 mm 6 db
28 mm, 32 mm, and 36 mm 8 db

PLAIN REINFORCEMENT (407.6)

Reinforcement, prestressing tendons, and ducts shall not be accurately placed and
adequately before concrete is placed, and shall be secured against displacement within
tolerance permitted.

Unless otherwise specified by the Engineer, reinforcement prestressing tendons, and

prestressing ducts shall be placed within the following tolerances:

Tolerance for depth d, and minimum concrete over a flexural members walls and
compression members shall be as follows:

Effective depth, d Tolerance on d Tolerance on minimum

concrete cover
d≤ 200 mm ± 10 mm -10 mm

d¿ 200 mm ± 12mm -12 mm

Except that tolerance for the clear distance to formed soffits shall be minus 6 mm and
tolerance for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover required in
the design drawings or specifications.

Tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement shall be ± 50 mm

except at discontinuous ends of members where tolerance shall be ± 12mm.
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
According for Section 5.7.6 of NSCP, the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars
in a layer should be db but not less than 25 mm. Where parallel reinforcement is placed
in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers should be placed directly above bars in
the bottom layer with clear distance between layers not less than 25mm. In spirally
reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal
bars shall be not less than 1.5 db nor 40mm.

In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforced
shall be spaced not for farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor 450
mm.

BUNDLED BARS
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as unit shall be limited to
four in any one bundle. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties and bars
larger than 32 mm shall not be bundle in beams. The individual bars within the span of
flexural members should terminate at different points with at least 40 d b stagger. Since
spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover of most members are based on a
single diameter db, bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived
from the equivalent total area.

Figure 1.1 Bundled-bar arrangement

Diameter of single bar equivalent to bundled bars according to NSCP to be used for
spacing limitation and concrete cover.

3-25mm Equivalent diameter, D

π π
4
(25)2 x 3 4 D2

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1)

Cast-in –place Concrete (nonprestressed). The following minimum concrete cover

shall be provided for reinforcement:
Minimum
cover, mm
(a) Concrete cast against permanently exposed to earth 75

(b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather: 50

20 mm through 36 mm bars 40
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller
(C Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with
) ground: 20
slabs, walls, joists:
32 mm bar and smaller 40
Beams, columns
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 20
Shells, folded place members:
20 mm bar and larger 15
 16 mm, Wr1 or D31 wire, and smaller

Precast concrete (Manufactured Under Plant Conditions).The Following minimum

concrete shall be provided for reinforcement

Minimum
cover, mm

(a) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

Wall panels: 20
32 mm bar and smaller
Other members: 40
20 mm through 32 mm bars 30
16 mm bar, W31 wire, and smaller
(b) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with
ground: 15
slabs, walls, joists: db but not less 15, &
32 mm bar and smaller need not exceed 40
Beams, columns 10

Primary reinforcement
15
Ties, stirrups, spirals 10
Shells, folded plate members:
20 mm bar and larger
16 mm, Wr1 or D31 wire, and smaller

Prestressed Concrete
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for prestressed and
nonprestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings.
 Minimum
cover, mm

(a) Concrete cast against permanently exposed to earth 75

(b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

Wall panels, slabs joists 25
other members 40

(C) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with

ground: 20
slabs, walls, joists:
Beams, columns: 40
Primary reinforcement,
25
Ties, stirrups, spirals
Shells, folded plate members: 10
16 mm, Wr1 or D31 wire, and smaller
db but not less than
Other Reinforcement 20

Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent
diameter of the bundle, but need to be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast
against and permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75 mm.

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT (2010 NSCP)

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is required at right angles to the principles

reinforcement to minimize cracking and to tie the structure together to ensure its acting
as assumed in the design. The provisions of this section are intended for structural
slabs only; they are not intended for soil-supported slabs on grade.
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses normal to flexural reinforcement
shall be provided in structural slabs where the flexural reinforcement extends in one
direction only.

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with either of

the following:

a) Where shrinkage and temperature movements are significantly restrained,

the requirements of 408.3.4 and 408.3.3 shall be considered.
b) Deformed reinforcement conforming to 43.6.3 used for shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with the
following:

Areas of shrinkage and temperature reinforced shall be provided at least the following
rations of reinforcement area to gross concrete area, but no less than 0.014:
a) Slabs where Grade 280 or 350 deformed bars are used…….0.0020
b) Slabs where Grade 420 deformed bars or welded wire reinforcement are
used………………………………………………………………...0.0018
c) Slabs where reinforcement with stress exceeding 420 MPa measured at a
yield strain of 0.35 percent is
used…………………………………………………….....…..0.0018x415/ f y

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than five
times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 450 mm.

LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the
loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible
combination of these loads that might occur simultaneously. Loads on structure may be
classified as dead loads or live loads.

DEAD LOAD
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists
mainly of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame .
 LIVE LOAD
Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move
under their own power called moving loads. Other Live loads are those caused by wind,
rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperature changes. Wind and earthquake loads are
called lateral loads.

ARRENGMENTS OF LIVE LOAD

Live loads may be applied only to the floor or roof under consideration, and the far ends
of columns built integrally with the structure may be considered fixed. It is permitted by
the code to assume the following arrangement of live loads:
(a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two adjacent
spans, and
(b) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on alternative
spans.

REQUIRED STRENGHT (FACTIRED LOAD), U

Required strength U to resist dead load (D) and live load (L) shall be at least equal to:
Eq. 1-2 U=1.4D + 1.7L

If resistances to structural effects of a specified wind load W are included in design, the
following combination of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest
required strength U:

Eq. 1-3 U=0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)

Where load combinations shall be include both full value and zero value of L to
determine the more severe condition, and

Eq. 1-4 U=0.9D + 1.3W

But for any combination of D, L, and W, required strength U shall not be less than Eq.1-
2

If resistance to specified earthquake loads of forces E is included in design, the

following combinations of D, L and E shall be investigated to determine the greatest
required strength U:

Eq. 1-5 U=1.1D + 1.3L + 1.1E

Where load combinations shall included both full value and zero value of L to determine
the more severe condition, and

Eq. 1-6 U=0.9D + 1.1E

But for any combination of D, L, and E, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. 1-
2

If resistance to earth pressure H is included in design, required strength U shall be at

least equal to:

Eq. 1-7 U=1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 H

Except where D or L reduces the effect of H, 0.9D shall be substituted for 1.4D and
zero value of L shall be used to determine the greatest required strength U. For any
combination of D, L and H, required strength U shall not be less than.

If resistance to loadings due to weight and pressure of fluids with well defined densities
and controllable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall have a
factor of 1.4 and to be added to all loading combinations that include live load.

If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be
included with live load L.

Where structural effects T of differential settlement, creep, and shrinkage expansion of

shrinkage-compensating concrete or temperature change may be significant in design,
required strength U shall be equal to

Eq. 1-8 U=1.75(1.4D +1.4T + 1.7L)

But required strength U shall not be less than

Eq. 1-9 U=1.4(D + T)

Estimations of differential settlement, creep, and shrinkage expansion of shrinkage
compensating concrete or temperature change shall be based on a realistic
assessment of such effects occurring in service.

STRENGTH REDUCTIONS FACTORS, φ (PHI)

The design strength provided by a concrete member, its connections to other members,
and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken
as the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor φ having following
values.

(a) Flexure without axial load………………………………… 0.90

(b) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure…………… 0.90
(c)Axial tension and axial tension with flexure:
1. Spiral reinforcement…………………………………….. 0.75
2. The reinforcement & other reinforced members……... 0.75

(d) Shear and torsion…………………………………………….. 0.85

(e) Bearing on concrete………………………………………….. 0.70
(f) Post-tensioned anchorage zones…………………………… 0.85

ACI-318-05 (NSCP C101-10-210)

Notations
A g=¿ gross of concrete sections, mm2. For a hollow section, A g is the area of the
concrete only and does not include the area of the void(s)

A v =¿ area of shear reinforcement spacing,mm2

b w =¿ web width, or diameter of circular section, mm

D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces

d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension

reinforcement, mm

E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces

f yt =¿ specified yield strength f y of transverse reinforcement, MPa

F = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and
controllable maximum heights, or related internal moments and forces.

h = overall thickness or height of member, mm

H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil water in soil, or other materials, or related
internal moments and forces.

L = live loads or related internal moments and forces.

Lr =¿ roof live loads or related internal moments and forces.

M u=¿ factored moment at section, N-mm

N u=¿factored axial force normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with V u or T u;

to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N

R = rain load, or related internal moments and forces.

T = cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage , differential settlement, and

shrinkage-compensating concrete.

U = required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces,

V c = nominal shear strength provided by concrete, N

Vn = nominal shear strength.

Vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement N

Vu = factored shear force at section, N

W = wind load, related internal moments and forces

ε t = net tensile strain in extreme layer of longitudinal tension steel at nominal strength,
excluding strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage, and temperature

φ = strength reduction factor

ρw = ratio of A s to b w d

CHAPTER 9 – STRENGTH AND SERVVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS

9.1- GENERAL
9.1.1 Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design
strengths at all sections at least equal to the required strengths calculated for the
factored loads and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in this code.

9.1.2 Members also shall meet all other requirements of this code to ensure
adequate performance at service load levels.

9.1.3 Design of structures and structural members using the load factor
combinations and strength reduction factors of Appendix C shall be permitted.
Use of load factor combinations from this chapter in conjunction with strength
reduction factors of appendix C shall be permitted.

9.2 Required strength

9.2.1 Required strength U shall be at least to the effects of factored loads in Eq.
(9-1) through (9-7). The effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously
shall be investigated.
 U = 1.4 (D+F) (9-1)
U = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(l R or R) (9-2)
U = 1.2D + 1.6( Lr or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) (9-3)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5( Lr or R) (9-4)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E+ 1.0L (9-5)
U = 0.9D + 1.6W+ 1.6H (9-6)
U = 0.9D + 1.0E+ 1.6H (9-8)

Except as follows:

a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be
reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly,
and all where L is greater than 4.8N/m 2.
b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be
permitted to use 1.3 W in Eq. (9-4) and (9-6).
c) Where E, the load effects of earthquake, is based on service-level seismic
forces, 1.4E shall be used in place of 1.0E Eq. (9-5) and (9-7).
d) The load factor on H, loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil or
other materials, shall be set equal to zero in Eq. (9-6) and (9-7) if the structural
action due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure
provides resistance to structural actions from other forces, it shall be not be
included in H but shall be included in the design resistance.

9.2.2 If resistance to impact effects is taken into account id design, such effects
shall be included with L.

9.2.3 Estimations of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion of

shrinkage-compensating concrete. or temperature change shall be based on a
realistic assessment of such effects occurring in service.

9.2.4 If structure is in a flood zone, or is subjected to forces from atmospheric ice

loads, the flood or ice loads and the appropriate load combinations of
SEI/ASCE7 shall be used.

9.2.5 For post-tensioned anchorage zone design, a load factor of 1.2 shall be
applied to the maximum prestressing steel jacking force.
9.3 Design strength
9.3.1 Design strength provided by a member, its connections to other members,
and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear and torsion, shall be
taken as the nominal strength calculated in accordance with requirements and
assumptions of this code, multiplied by the strength reduction factors φin
9.3.2,9.3.4, and 9.3.5.

9.3.2 Strength reduction factor φ shall be as given in 9.3.2.1 through 9.3.2.7:

9.3.2.1 Tension-controlled sections as defined in 10.3.4………….0.90
(See also 9.3.2.7)

9.3.2.2 Compression-controlled sections, as defined 10.3.3:

a) Members with spiral reinforcement conforming to 10.9.3…..0.70
b) Other reinforced members……………………………………..0.65

For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal
strength ε tis between the limits for compression-controlled and tension-controlled
sections, φshall be permitted to be linearly increase from that for compression-limit to
0.005.

( )
( )
0.90
Spiral
( )
0.70 ( )
0.65 when Appendix B is used, for members in which f y does not exceed 415
Alternatively,Other
MPa, with symmetric reinforcement, and with (d-d’)/h not less than 0.70,φshall be
permitted to be increased
Compression as φ Pndecreases from 0.10 f ' c A gto zero. For
linearly to 0.90Tension
Transition
other reinforced
controlledmembers, φshall be permitted to be increased from 0.10 f ' c A gor φ Pb ,
controlled
whichever is smaller, to zero.
Figure 1.2 Strength reduction factor (E=200, 000
MPa) 9.3.2.3 –Shear and torsion…………………………………………0.75
9.3.2.4 – Bearing on concrete (except for post-tensioned and anchorage
zones and struct-and-tie models)…………………….……………0.65
CHAPTER 1

Analysis and Design of Beam

NOTAIONS AND SYMBOLS USED
∂ = depth of equivalent stress block, mm
A s= area of tension reinforcement, mm2
A sk = area of skin reinforcement per unit height in one side face, mm 2/ m
b = width of compression face of member, mm
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement,
mm
d' =distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression
reinforcement, mm
dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of
bar or wire, mm
Ec =modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel 200,000 MPa
f ' c =specified compressive stress of concrete, MPa
fs =calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, MPa
fy =specified yield strength of steel, MPa
h  =overall thickness of member, mm
Ig =moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement
I se =moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member cross-
section
Mn =nominal moment, N-mm
Mu =factored moment at section, N-mm
β1 =factor defined in Section 410.4 in Page 16
εc =strain in concrete (maximum = 0.003)
εs =strain in steel below yield point = f y / Es
εy =strain in steel at yield point
ρ =ration of tension reinforcement A s /bd
ρb =balance steel ratio
Ø =strength reduction factor
ASSUMPTION IN STRENGTH DESIGN IN FLEXURE
(CODE SECTION 5.10.2)
1. Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be based assumed directly proportional to
the distance from the neutral axis. Expect for deep flexural members with overall depth
to clear span to ratio, h/L> 2/5 for continuous spans and h/L >4/5 for simple spans, a
nonlinear distribution of strain shall be considered (See Sec. 5.10.7).

2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber, Ec shall be assumed

equal to 0.003

3. For f s below shall f y , f s be taken as ε s x ε s for ε s > ε s, f s = f y .

4. Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations.

5. Relationships between compressive stress distribution and concrete strain may be

assumed rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other from that result in prediction
of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests.

6. For rectangular distribution of stress:

a) Concrete stress of 0.85 f ' c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an

equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the maximum compressive strain.
b) Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis hall is measured in
the direction perpendicular to N.A.
c) Factor β 1shall be taken as 0.85 for f ' c≤ 30 MPa and β 1shall be reduced
continuously at rate of 0.008 for each 1 MPa of strength in excess of 30 MPa, but
β 1shall not be taken less than 0.65. i.e

i. For f ' c ≤ 30 MPa, β 1= 0.85

ii. For f ' c> 30 MPa,
β 1=0.85-0.008( f ' c -30) but not shall be less than 0.65

RECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCED FOR TENSION ONLY

(SINGLY REINFORCED)
 b 0.85 f ' c 0.003

c a c

d d-a/2
NA Mn

As T= A s f y f y/ ¿ E ¿
s

Stress Diagram Strain Diagram

Figure 2.1: Stress and strain diagram for singly reinforced and rectangular beam

Eq. 2-1 a=β 1 c

For f ' c ≤ 30 MPa , β 1=0.85

0.05
For f ' c ≤ 30 MPa , β 1=0.85− ( f ' c −30 ¿but shall not be less than 0.65
7

[ ∑ F h=0 ] C=T
0.85 f ' c ab= A s f y

As f y
Eq. 2-2 a=
0.85 f ' c b

Multiplying Eq. 2-2 by d/d:

As f y d
a= x
0.85 f ' c b d
As f y d
a=
bd 0.85 f ' c
 As
The term is called the ratio of steel reinforcement and is denoted asρ.
bd

As
Eq. 2-3 ρ=
bd

and

pfyd
Eq. 2-4 a=
0.85 f ' c

ρf y
Let ω=
f 'c

ωd
Eq. 2-5 a=
0.85

Nominal Moment Capacity:

From the stress diagram in Figure 2.1:

M n=Cx (d−a/2)
M n=0.85 f ' c ab(d−a/2)
ωd 1 ωd
M n=0.85 f ' c b(d− )
0.85 2 0.85

Eq.2-6 M n=f ' c ωb d 2(1−0.59 ω)

Ultimate Moment Capacity (Design Strength):

M u=φ M u ( where φ=0.90 for flexure)
 Eq.2-7 M u=φ f ' c ωb d 2( 1−0.59 ω)

Coefficient of Resistance
Eq.2-8 Rn =f ' c ω(1−0.59 ω)
Eq.2-9 M u=φ R n b d 2

ρf y
Solving for an ω in Eq. 2-8 and replacing it with, , yields the following formula the
f 'c
steel ratio ρ:
0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
Eq.2-10 ρ=
fy [ √1− 1−
0.85 f ' c ]
BALANCE DESIGN
Balance design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete
fy
(with strain of 0.003) and steel and (with strain of ) are reached simultaneously once he
Es
ultimate load is reached, causing them to fail simultaneously.

UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
Underreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforced is lesser than what is
required
for balance condition . If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield although
the compression concrete is still understressed. If the load is further increased, the steel will
continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible crack in the tensile
concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the
structure to decrease the load.

OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is
required for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not before failure.
As the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is
highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
Overreinforced as well as balanced design should be avoided in concrete because of its
brittle property, that is why the Code limits the tensile steel percentage (P max=0.75pb) to ensure
underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before occurs.

BALANCED STEEL RATIO ρb:

In balanced condition, the concrete and steel yield simultaneously, In this condition, the strain
fy
in concrete reached is maximum usable value of and the strain in steel is where E s
Es
=200,000 MPa.

b 0.00
3
c = c
d d
NA 0.00
3

Strain Diagram
By ratio and proportion in the triangle shown in Figure2.2:
Figure 2.2-Balanced condition
c 0.003
=
d f y Note: E s=200,00
0.003+
Es
0.003
c= d
fy
0.003+
200,00

600 d
Eq.2-11 c b=
600+ f y
But a = β 1 c

ρf y d
a
c= 0.85 f ' c
β1 c=
β1
p f yd
c=
0.85 f ' c β 1

p f yd 600
c=c = d
0.85 f ' c β1 600+ f y
0.85 f ' c β 1 600
Eq. 2-12 ρb=
f y (600+f y )

Note: Eq. 2-12 is for singly reinforced rectangular sections only. Eq. 2-11 is applicable
to nay shape.

MAXIMUM STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Section 410.4.3: For flexural and for subject to combined flexure and compressive axial
load when the design axial load strength φ Pnis less than the smaller of 0.10 f ' c A g or φ Pn
, the ratio of reinforcement ρb that would produce balance strain condition for the
section under flexure without axial; load. For members with compression reinforcement,
the portion of ρb equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by
the0.75 factor.
Eq. 2-13 ρmax =0.75 ρb

and

Eq. 2-14 A smax=0.75 ρb

This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement will yield first to ensure ductile
failure.

MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

410.61 At very section of flexural members where tensile reinforcement is required by
analysis, the area A s provided shall not be less than that given by:

Eq. 2-15 A smin=

√ f 'c b d
w
4fy

1.4 bw d
Eq.2-16 and not less than
fy

410.62 For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the area A sminshall be
equal to or greater than the smaller value given either by:

Eq. 2-17 A smin=

√f 'c b d
w
2f y

or Eq. 2-15 with b wset equal to the width of the flange.

410.6.3 The requirements of Sections 410.6.1 and 410.6.2 need to be applied if at

every section the area of the tensile reinforcement is at least one-third greater than that
required by analysis.

410.6.4 For structural slabs and footings of uniform thickness, the minimum area of
tensile reinforcement in the direction of span shall be the same as that required by
Section 407.13 (Shrinking and Temperature Reinforcement). Maximum spacing of
this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the thickness and 450 mm.

The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to beams, which for
architectural and other reasons are much larger in cross-section than required by
strength consideration. With a very small amount of tensile reinforcement, the
computed moment strength as a reinforced concrete section computed from its
modulus of rapture. Failure in such a case can be quite sudden.

STEPS IN DESIGNING A SINGLY REINFORCED

RECTANGULAR BEAM FOR FLEXURE:
Note: The assumptions made in steps II, V,and VIII are the author’s recommendation
based on his experience.

I. Identify the values of the dead load and live load to be carried by the
beam. (DL & LL)
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) between 20% to 25% of
(DL+LL).This weight is added to the de load.
III. Compute the factored load and factored moment:
Ex: factored Load =1.4 DL+1.7L
IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam, M n
V. Try a value of steel ratio ρfrom 0.5 ρb but must not be less than ρmin . This
value ρ will provided enough alloance in the actual value of ρdue to
rounding-off of the number of bars to be used, for it not to exceed the
maximum ρof 0.05ρb.
0.85 f ' c β 1 600
ρb=
f y (600+f y )
β 1=0.85 for f ' c ≤30 MPa
β 1=0.85−00−.008 ( f ' c −30 ) for f ' c >30 MPa
0.4
ρmin =
fy
ρf y
VI. Compute the value of ω , ω=
f 'c
2
VII. Solve for bd :
M u=φ f ' c bd 2 (1−0.59 ω )
bd 2 =¿ ¿
❑
VIII. Try ratio b /d ( from d=15b to d=2b), and solve for d, (round-off this value
to reasonable dimension). Check also the minimum thickness of beam
required by the Code a given in Table 2.1 in page 36.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made
in Step II.

IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.
A s= pbd
Number of bars(diameter = D)
π 2
D x number of bars = A s
4
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA A SOF A BEM
WITH KNOWN MOMENT NT M U AND OTHER PROPERTIES:

I. Solve for Pmax ∧M u max

Pmax =0.75 pb
0.85 f ' c β 1 (600)
Pmax =0.75
f y (600+f y )
ρf
ω= y =¿ ¿
fc
M u max =φ f c ω b d 2(1-0.59ω ¿
if M u=M u maxdesign as singly reinforced (Step II)
if M u=M u max design as doubly reinforced (Step III)

II. Solve for ρ:

M u=φ Ru bd 2
Ru =¿ ¿
0.85 f ' c
ρ= ¿
fy
A s=ρbd=¿ ¿
III. Compression reinforcement is necessary. (See Chapter 3)

STEPS IN COPUTING M U OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA A S

AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:

As
I. Solve for ρ: ρ=
bd
II. Check if steel yields by computing ρb
0.85 f ' c β 1(600)
ρb=
f y (600+ f y )

III. `ρ ≤ ρb
ω=ρ f y /f c
φM u=φ f ' c ωb d 2 (1−0.59 ω)

if ρ ≤ ρb,steel yields, proceed to III

if ρ ≤ ρb,steel does not yield, proceed to step IV.
Note: if ρ ≤ ρmin,the given A sis not adequate for the beam dimension.

IV. ρ> ρb

b 0.85 0.003
ab
c=0.85
a c

d-a/2
d-c

T= =200,000

Solve for f sfrom the strain diagram: [Note: E s=200,000MPa]

 fs
Es 0.003
=
d−c c

d−c
Eq. 2-18 f s=600
c

[ Σ F H =0 ¿ T=C
A s f s=0.85 f c ab but a= β 1 c
d−c
A s 600 =0.85 f ' c (β 1 c) b
c
600 As ( d−c )=0.85 β 1 f c b c
2

Solve c by quadratic formula and solve for f s and a:

d−c
f s=600 ; a=β 1 c
c
a a
( )
M u=Φ T d − =Φ A s f s d−
2 ( ) 2
or
a a
( )
M u=Φ C d − =Φ 0.85 f ' c ab d−
2 ( )
2

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

According to Section 5.9.5 of NACP, minimum thickness stipulated in Table 2.1 shall
apply for one-way construction not supporting are attached to portions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, unless computation of deflection
indicates a lesser thickness can be used without adverse effects.

Table 2.1 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY

SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED *

Minimum thickness, h
 Simply One end Both ends Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction
Member likely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one-way L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slabs
Beams or L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
ribbed one-way
slabs

Span length L is in millimeters

Values given shall be used directly for members with normal density concrete (
ω=2300 kg /m3 ) and grade 415 reinforcement. For other conditions, the values shall be
modified as follows:

(a) For structural lightweight concrete having weights in the range 1500-2000 kg /m3
values shall be multiplied by (1.65-0.005 ω c) but not less than 1.09, whereω c is
the unit mass in kg /m3.
(b) For f y other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + f y /700¿ .

BEAM DEFLECTION (SECTION 5.9.5

Sect. 5.9.5.2.2 Where deflections are to be computed, deflections that occur

immediately on application of load shall be computed by usual methods or formulas for
elastic deflections, considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on member
stiffness.

Sect. 5.9.5.2.3 Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,
immediate deflection shall be computed with the modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete
and with the effective moment of inertia as follows, but not greater than I g.

M cr
Eq.2-19 I c=
[ ]Ma g
I + ¿3] I cr
Where
f r Ig
M cr =
Yt
F r= modulus of rapture of concrete, MPa, for normal weight
Concretef r=0.7 √ f ' c
M a= maximum moment in member at stage deflections is computed.
I g= moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement.
I cr= moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete
Y 1= distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to extreme
fiber in tension.

When Lightweight aggregate is used, one of the following modifications shall apply:

(a) When f ct is specified and concrete is proportioned in accordance with Sec. 5.5.2,
f rshall be modified by substituting 1.8 f ct for √ f ' cbut the value of 1.8 f ct shall not exceed
√ f ' c.
(b) When f ct is not specified, f rshall not be multiplied by 0.75 for “all lightweight”
concrete, and 0.85 for “ sand-lightweight” concrete. Linear interpolation is permitted if
partial sand replacement is used.

Sect. 5.9.5.2.4: For continuous members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the average of values obtained from Eq. 2-19 for the critical positive and negative
moment sections. For prismatic members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the value obtained from Eq. 2-19 at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at
the support cantilevers.

Sect.5.9.5.2.5: Unless values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,

additional long-term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members
(normal weight or lightweight concrete) shall be determined by multiplying the
immediate caused by the sustained load considered, by the factor.

ε
Eq. 2-10 λ=
1+50 ρ '

Where ρ ' shall be taken the value of reinforcement ratio for non-prestressed
compression reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans,a nd at support
for cantilevers. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent factor ε for sustained loads
to be equal to:
5 years or more……………………2.0
12 months…………………………...1.4
6 months……………………………..1.2
3 months………………………………1.0

Deflection computed in accordance with Sec. 5.9.5.2.2 through Sec.5.9.5.2.5 shall not
exceed limits stipulated in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Maximum Permissible Computed Deflections

Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection limitation

Flat roofs not supporting or Immediate deflection due to L/180*

attached to nonstructural live load LL
elements likely to be damage by
large deflections
Floors not supporting or Immediate deflection due to L/360*
attached to nonstructural live load LL
elements likely to be damaged
by large deflections
Roof or floor construction That part of the total L/480**
supporting, or attached to deflection occurring after
nonstructural elements not likely attachment of non structural
to be damaged by large elements (sum of the long-
deflections time deflection due to all
Roof or floor construction sustained loads and the L/20****
supporting, or attached to immediate deflection due to
nonstructural elements not likely any additional live load)****
to be damaged by large
deflections
 Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding should be cheated by
suitable calculations of deflections, including added deflections due to ponded
 water and considering long-term effects of all sustained loads, camber,
construction tolerances, and reliability of provisions for damage.
 Limit may be exceeded if adequate measures are taken to prevent damage to
supported or attached elements.
 Long=time deflections shall be determined in accordance with Sec.5.9.5.2.5 or
Sec. Attachment of nonstructural elements. This amount shall be determined on
basis of accepted engineering, data relating to time-deflection characteristics of
members similar to those being considered.
 But not greater than tolerance provided for nonstructural elements. Limit may be
exceeded if camber is provided so that deflection minus camber does not
exceeded limit.

NSCP COEFFICICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLASBS

Section 5.8.3.3 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate
moment and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs
(slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction), provided:

a) There are two or more spans,

b) Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans not greater
than uniformly than the shorter by more than 20 percent,
c) Loads are uniformly distributed,
d) Unit live does not exceeded three times unit dead load, and
e) Members are prismatic.

Positive moment
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained……………………ω u Ln /11 2

Discontinuous end integral with support…………..ω u Ln /142

Interior spans…………………………………ω u Ln /16 2

Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support

Two spans ………………………………………………………….....ω u Ln / 9 2

More than two spans……………………………………………….....ω u Ln /10 2

Negative moment at other faces of interior supports………….…… ω u Ln /11 2

Negative moment at face of all supports for:

Slabs with spans not exceeding 3 m; and beams
Where ratio of sum of column stiffness to beams
Stiffness exceeds eight at each end of the span……………………ω u Ln /12 2

Negative moment at interior face of exterior

Support members built integrally with
Where support is a spandrel beam……………………………ω u Ln /24 2

When support is a column…………………………….……..….ω u Ln /16 2

Shear in end members at face of

First interior support……………………………..................................... 1.5 ωu Ln /2 2

Shear at face of all other supports………………………………………..ω u Ln /2 2

When Ln=clear span positive moment or shear and average of adjacent clear spans for
negative moment.

Column Column Column

1.15
w w
1.15w Shear
w w

Moment

-w -w -w
 Figure 2.3: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with spans and
discontinuous end integral with support

Column Column Column

Spandrel
w w Beam
1.15w 1.1
w w 5w w Shear

Moment
- -
-w
-w -w -w w w

mn Column Column

w w
1.15w 1.1
w 5w w Shear
w

Moment

-w
-w -w -w
Figure 2.5 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two spans
and discontinuous end unrestrained

ACI-318-05 (NSCP C101-10-2010)

10.2 Design assumptions (410.3)

10.2.1 Strength design of members for flexure and axial loads shall be based on
assumptions given in 10.2.2 through 10.2.7, and on satisfaction of applicable conditions
of equilibrium and compatibility of strains.

10.2.2 Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly

proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, except that, for deep beams as
defined in 10.7.1, an analysis that considers a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be
used alternatively, it shall be permitted to use a struct-and tie model. See 10.7,118, and
Appendix A.

10.2.3 Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be

assumed equal to 0.003.

10.2.4 Stress in reinforcement below f y shall be taken as E stimes steel strain.

For strains greater than that corresponding to f y , stress in reinforcement shall be
considered independent of strain and equal to f y .

10.2.5 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural

calculations of reinforced concrete, except when meeting requirements of 18.4.

10.2.6 The relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and

concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other
shape that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of
comprehensive tests.

10.2.7 Requirements of 10.2.6 are satisfied by an equivalent rectangular

concrete stress distribution defined by the following:
 10.2.7.1 Concrete stress of 0.85 f ' c shall be assumed uniformly distributed
over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at distance a= β 1 c form the fiber of
maximum compressive strain.

10.2.7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c ,
shall be measured in direction perpendicular to the neutral axis.

10.2.7.3 For f ' c between 17 and 18 MPa, β 1 shall be taken as 0.85. For f ' c
above 28 MPa, β 1 shall not be taken less than 0.65

10.3 General principles and requirements (410.4)

10.3.1 Design of cross sections subject to flexure or axial loads, or to combined

flexure and axial loads, shall be based on stress and strain compatibility using
assumptions in10.2.

10.3.2 Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension

reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to f y just as concrete in compression
reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.

10.3.3 Sections are compression-controlled if the next tensile strain in the

extreme tension steel, εt , is equal to or less than the compression-controlled strain limit
when the concrete in reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. The compression-
controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced strain
conditions. For Grade 415 reinforcement, and for all prestressed reinforcement, it shall
be permitted to set the compression-controlled strain limit equal to 0.002.

10.3.4 Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme
tension steel εt is equal to greater than 0.005 when the concrete in compression
reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. Sections with εt between the compression-
controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region between compression-
controlled and tension-controlled sections.

Derivation: for E = 200 GPa

The beam is tension-controlled
 0.003 0.008
When ε = 0.005 (or f s=1000MPa)

= d

0.005
c d
=
0.003 0.008
3
Eq. 2-21 c= d
8

3
a=β 1 c= β1 d
8

For rectangular beam:

a
( )
φ M tn=φCc d− where φ=0.90
2
a
φ M tn =0.90 x 0.85 f ' c ab (d− )
2
3
β1 d
8
φ M tn =0.90 x 0.85 f ' c x β 1 3 /8 dxb( d− )
2

459 3
Eq. 2-22 φ M tn = β f ' b d 2 (1− β 1 )
1600 1 c 16

10.3.5 For nonprestressed flexural members and nonprestressed members with

factored axial compressive load less than 0.10 f c A gsteel strain εt at nominal strength
shall not be less than 0.004.
10.3.5.1 Use of compression reinforcement shall be permitted in conjunction with
additional tension reinforcement to increase the strength of flexural members.

Derivation: for E =200 GPa

Maximum steel area and M n maxwhen beam is singly reinforced:

εt =0.004∨f s=εtx E=800 MPa

0.003 0.007

= d

0.004

Strain diagram for minimum steel strain

c d 3
= ; c= d
0.003 0.007 7

3
Eq. 2-23 C max= d
7

For rectangular section:

T=C c A s max f y =0.85 f ' c ab where a=β1 c

ρmax bd f y =0.85 f c ¿) b
 3 0.85 f ' c β 1
Eq. 2-14 ρmax
7 fy

M n max =c c ( −a2 )
−a
M n max =0.85 f ' c ab( )
2
β 3
d

3 1
M n max =0.85 f c x β 1 dxb(d − 7 )
7 2

51
Eq. 2-25 M n max =¿ β f ' b d 2 ¿)
140 c c

800−f y
Eq. 2-26 φ=0.65+0.25
1000−f y

10.3.6 Design axial strength φ Pnof compression members shall not be taken greater
than φ Pn max computed by Eq. (10-1) or (10-2).

10.3.6.1 For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to

7.10.4 or composite members conforming to 10.16:

φ Pn max =0.85 φ [0.85 f ' c ( A g− A st )+ f y A st ] (10-1)

10.3.6.2 For non nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming
to 7.10.5:
φ Pn max =0.85 φ [0.85 f ' c ( A g− A st )+ f y A st ] (10-2)

10.3.6.3 For prestressed members, design axial φ Pnshall not be taken greater
than 0.85 (for members with spiral reinforcement) or 0.80 (for members with tie
reinforcement) of the design axial strength at zero capacity φ P0.
10.3.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall be designed for the maximum
moment that can accompany the axial load. The factored axial force Puat given
eccentricity shall not exceed that given in 10.3.6. The maximum factored moment M u
shall be magnified for slenderness effects in accordance with 10.10

10.4 Distance between lateral supports of flexural members

10.4.1 Spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times b, the
least width of compression flange or face.

10.4.2 Effects of lateral eccentricity of load shall be taken into account in

determining spacing of lateral supports.

10.5.1 Minimum reinforcement of flexural members

10.5.1 At every section of flexural members where tensile reinforcement is
required by analysis, except as provided in 10.5.2, 10.5.3, and 10.5.4, as provided shall
not be less than that given by

√ f 'c b d ∨ρmin =
√ f 'c b d (10-3)
w w
4fy 4fy

and not less than

1.4 1.4
A smin= bw d∨ρmin (10-3)
fy fy

10.5.2 –For statically determinate members with a flange in tension, A smin shall not be
less than the value given by eq. (10-3), except that b w is replaced by either 2 bw or the
width of the flange, whichever is smaller.

STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED

RECTANGULAR BEAM FOR FLEXURE
Note: The assumption made in steps II, V, and VIII are the authors recommendation
based on his experience.
I. Determine the values of loads, Dl, LL and other loads
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) as follows:
Small beams: 2kN/m
Medium-sized beams: 3.5kN/m
Large-sixed beams: 7kN/m
or Weight of beam in kN/m=24kN/m 2x beam area in m 2
III. Compute the factored load on different load combinations
Example: Factored Load =1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam, M u
V. Try a value of steel ratio ρfrom 0.7 ρmax to 0.8 ρmax but must not be less than
ρmin . This value of ρ will provided enough allowance in the actual value of ρ
due to rounding-off the numbers bars to be used so that it will not exceed
the maximum ρ.

0.85 f ' c β 1 600

ρb =
f y ( 600+ f y )
β 1=0.85 for f ' c ≤ 28 MPa
0.05 '
β 1=0.85−
7
( f c −28 ) for f ' c >28 MPa
3 0.85 f ' c
ρmax =
7 fy

ρmax =
√ f 'c if f ' >31.36 MPa , othewise ρ = 1.4
c min
4fy fy
ρfy
VI. Compute the value of ω , ω=
f 'c
VII. Solve for the reduction factor φ :
Solve for c:
 Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam, ρ is directly
proportional to c:

3
c=(assumed factor) x C max where Cmax = d
7

The assumed factor may range from 0.7 to 0.8 as suggested in

step V.

d−c
f s=600
c
f
if s ≥1000 MPa , tension−controlled , φ=0.90
f s−f y
if f s <1000 MPa ,transition , φ=0.65+0.25
1000−f y
VIII. Solve for bd 2:
M u=φ f ' c ω b d 2 ( 1−0.59 ω )
b d 2 =¿ ¿
IX. Try a ratio d/b (from d= 1.5b to d=2b), and solve for d. (round-off this
value to reasonable dimension)

Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the code as given
in Table 2.1 in Page 26.

After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.

Compute the weight of the beam and it to the assumption made in Step II.

X. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.

A s= pbd
Number of bars (diameter=D)
π 2
D x number of bars = A s
4
STEPS IN FINDING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA A SOF A BEAM WITH
KNOW REQUIRE MOMENT M U AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES

Given b, d, f ' c f y and M u:

I. Solve for ρmax and φ M n max .
3 0.85 f ' c β 1
ρmax =
7 fy
51 3
M n max =
140 ( )
β1 f ' c b d 2 1− β1
14
800−f y
φ=φ=0.65+0.25
1000−f y
φ M n max =¿ ¿
if M u ≤ φ M n maxdesign as Singly Reinforced (Step II)
if M u >φ M n max design as Doubly Reinforced (Step V)

II. Determine if the section in tension-controlled or transition

459 3
From Eq. 2-11: φ M tn = β 1 f ' c bd 2 (1− β 1)
1600 16
f
if s <φ M n ,tension−controlled , φ=0.90 ,proceed to step III
f
if s >φ M n ,transition region, proceed to step IV

III. M u=φ R n b d 2
Rn =¿ ¿
0.85 f ' c
ρ= ¿
fy

ρmin =
√ f 'c if φ f ' >31.36 MPa , otherwise ρ = 1.4
c min
4fy fy
A s= pbd=¿ ¿
 IV.
ρmin =
√ f 'c if φ f ' >31.36 MPa , otherwise ρmin =
1.4
c
4fy fy
A s= pbd=¿ ¿

Solve for c and A s :

M u=φC c (d−a/2)

f s−f y d−c
φ=0.65+0.25 where f s=600
1000−f y c
a=β 1 c
C c =0.85 f ' c ab=0.85 β 1 c b
M u=¿
c ¿ a=β 1 c =¿ ¿
A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b
A s=¿ ¿

√ f 'c 1.4
ρmin = if f ' c > 31.36 MPa , otherwise ρmin =
4fy fy

V. Compression reinforcement is necessary.(See chapter 2)

STEPS IN FINDING φ M nOF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA A SAND
OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:

Given: b, d, A s, f ' c, f y :
As
I. Solve for ρ=
bd
II. Check if steel yields by computing ρb
0.85 f ' c β 1 (600)
ρb =
f y ( 600+f y )
if ρ ≤ ρb ,steel yields, proceed to step III
if ρ> ρ b , steel dos not yield, proceed to step IV.
Note: if ρ ≤ ρmin ,the given A sis not adequate for the beam dimension.
ρmin =
√ f 'c if f ' >31.36 MPa , otherwise ρ = 1.4
c min
4fy fy
III. ρ ≤ ρb
Solve for φ:
A s f y =0.85 f ' c ab
a=¿ ¿ ;c=a /β 1=_________
d−c
f s=600
c
if f s ≥1000 MPa , tension−controlled , φ=0.90
f s−f y
if f s <1000 MPa ,transition , φ=0.65+0.25
1000−f y
a
φ M n=φ 0.85 f ' c a b(d − )
2
IV. ρ> ρ b
Compression-controlled
φ=0.65 b 0.85 f ' c

d−c
f s=600 a c=0.85 f ' c ab
c

. d
d-a/2

T=C As
A s f s=0.85 f ' c ab
 but a= β 1 c T= A s f s
d−c
A s 600 =0.85 f ' c ( β 1 c ) b
c
d−c
c=__________ ; f s=600 =__________
c
a= β 1 c=¿ ¿
φ=0.65

φ M n=φT d−( a2 )=φ A f (d− a2 )

s s

or
φ M n=φC d−( a2 )=φ f ' ab( d− a2 )
c

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 2.1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 460
mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming f ' c =21 MPa and f y =345 MPa,
determine the balance steel area in sq.mm.

SOLUTION

0.85 f ' c β 1 600

ρb = β 1=0.85 since f ' c <30 MPa
f y (600+ f y )
0.85 ( 21 ) ( 0.85 ) (600)
ρb =
345(600+345)
ρb =0.02792
A sb =ρb bd
PROBLEM 2.2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
f ' c =27.6 MPa and steel yield strength f y =276 MPa. Calculate the required tension steel
area if the factored moment M uis (a) 20 kN-m,(b)140 kN-m,(c) 485 kN-m, and (d)620
kN-m.

SOLUTION
Solve for ρmax ∧M u max :
0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 27.6 ) 0.85( 600)
ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 276(600+276)
ρb =0.0495
ρmax =0.75 ρb ρmax =0.75( 0.0495)
ρmax =0.0371
ρmax f y 0.03711 ( 276 )
ω max= ω max=
f 'c 27.6
ω max=0.371

Rn max =f ' c ω(1−0.59 ω) Rn max =27.6 ( 0.371 ) [1−0.59 ( 0.37 ) ]

Rn max =8.001 MPa

M n max =R n max b d 2 M n max =8.001 ( 300 ) ¿

M n max =576.279 x 106 N −mm
M n max =576.279 kN−mm
M u max =φ M n max M u max =0.90 x 576.279
M u max =518.65 kN−m

a) M u=20 kN −m< M u max=(singly reinforced )

Mu=φ Rn bd 2 20 x 106 =0.90 R n ( 300 ) ¿
Rn =0.309 MPa
 0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
ρ=
fy [ √
1− 1−
0.085 f ' c ]
0.85 (27.6)
ρ= ¿
276
ρ=0.00113< ρ min

ρmin =
√ f 'c if f ' >31.36 MPa , otherwise ρmin =
1.4
c
4fy fy
1.4
ρmin = =0.005072
fy

A s=ρbd A s=0.00572 ( 300 ) (490)

2
A s=746 m m
b) M u=140 kN −m< M u max (singly reinforced)
M u=φ R n bd 2 140 x 106 =0.90 Rn ( 300 ) ¿
Rn =2.16 MPa

0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
ρ=
fy [ √1− 1−
0.85 f ' c ]
ρ=
276 [ √
0.85 (27.6)
1− 1−
2 ( 2.16 )
0.85 ( 27.6 ) ]
A s=ρbd ρ=0.00822> ρmin
A s=0.00822 ( 300 ) (490)
A s=1,209 mm2
 c) M u=485 kN−m< M umax (singly reinforced)
M u=φ R n b d 2 485 x 102=0.90 R n ( 300 ) ¿
Rn =7.48 MPa

0.85 f ' c
ρ= ¿
fy
0.85 (27.6) 2 ( 7.48 )
ρ=
276
[1− 1−
ρ=0.03384> ρ min
√
0.85 ( 27.6 )
]

A s=ρ b d A s=0.03384 ( 300 ) (490)

A s=4,975 m m 2

d) M u=600 kN −m> M umax

The beam will be doubly reinforced. See Chapter 3.

PROBLEM 2.3 (CE MAY 2012)

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 480 mm.
The beam is simply supported over span of 5 m. Steel strength f y =415 MPa and
concrete f ' c =28 MPa. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the steel area. Unit
weight concrete is 23.5kN/m3.Other than the weight of the beam , the beam carries a
superimposed dead of 18 kN/m and a live load of 14 kN/m. Use the strength design
method.
a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.
b) If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280 kN-m,
determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kN at midsoan, determine the
required number of 20 mm tension bars.

SOLUTION
Given: b=300m f ' c =300 MPa
β
d=480-70=410 mm 1=0.85
 1.4
f y =415 MPa ρmin = =0.00337
fy

Bar diameter , d b =20 m

kN
Weight of beam, w b=γ c A b=23.5 ( 0.3 x 0.48 )=3.384
m

a) Maximum factored moment on the beam.

Factored load, W u =1.4 ( 3.384+18 ) +.7 (14)
Factored load, W u =53.738 kN /m

Maximum factored moment:

W u L2
M u= M u=53.738 ¿ ¿
8
M u=167.93 kN −m

b) M u=280 kN −m
Solve for M umax to determine whether compression steel is needed

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 28 )( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 415(600+ 415)
ρb =0.02881
ρmax =0.75 ρb ρmax =0.021261

ρmax f y
ω max= ω max=0.03203
f 'c

Rn max =f ' c ω max ( 1−0.59 ω max )=7.274

M u max =φ Rnmax b d 2=330.14 kN−m
 Required M u=280 kN −m < M u max (singly reinforced)
M u=φ R n b d 2 280 x 1 06=.90 Rn (300)¿
Rn =6.169 MPa

0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
ρ=
fy [
1−
0.85 f ' c ]
ρ=
0.85 (28)
415
1− 1− [ √
2(6.619)
0.85(28) ]
=0.01755> ρmin

A s=ρ b d A s=0.01755 ( 300 ) ( 410)

A s=2159 mm 2
π π
A s= d b 2159= ¿
2
4 4
N=6.9 say 7 bars

3. Pu=240 kN at midspan
W d =3.384 kN /m (weight of beam)

Pu L (1.4 W d )L2
M u= + =314.805 kN−m< M u max (singly )
4 8

Mu 314.805 x 1 06
Rn = Rn =
φb d 2 0.90 ( 300 ) ¿ ¿
Rn =6.936 MPa

0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
ρ=
fy [ √
1− 1−
0.85 f ' c ]
2 Rn
ρ=
0.85 (28)
415 [ √
1− 1−
0.85 f ' c
= 002031> ρmin]
A s=ρ b d A s=0.02031 ( 300 ) (410)
A s=2498 mm2
 π π
A s= d b N 2498 = ¿N
2
4 4
N=7.95 say 8 bars

PROBLEM 2.4 (CE MAY 1993)

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth to
tension bars of 600 mm. compression reinforcement if needed will be placed at a
depth of 60 mm below the top. If f ' c =30 MPa and f y =414 MPa, determine the
tension steel area if the beam is to resist an ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.

SOLUTION
Solve for ρmax and M umax:

0.85 f ' c β 1 600

ρb = β =0.85 since f 'c <10 MPa
f y (600+ f y ) 1

0.85 ( 30 ) ( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb =
414 (600+ 414)
ρb =0.031
ρmax =0.15 ρb ρmax =0.75 ( 0.031 )
ρmax =0.02323

ρf y 0.02323 ( 414 )
ω= '
ω=
f c
30
ω=0.3209

M u max =φ f ' c ω b d 2 (1−0.59 ω)

M u max =0.90 ( 30 )( 0.3209 )( 300 ) ¿[1-0.59(0.309)
M u max =758.1kN −m> M u
Since M u < M u max, the beam may be designed as singly reinforced.

Rn =6.687 MPa 650 x 106 =0.90 Rn ( 300 ) ¿

Rn =6.687 MPa
Solve for ρ:

0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
ρ=
fy ( √
1− 1−
0.85 f ' c )
ρ=
0.85 (30)
414 [ √
1− 1−
2(6.687)
0.85(30) ]
=0.0191> ρ min

1.4
ρmin = =0.00338
fy

A s=ρbd A s=0.0191 ( 300 ) (600)

A s=3442 mm 2

PROBLEM 2.5 (CE November 2000)

A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 550 mm.
The beam is simply supported over a span 6 m and is used to carry a uniform dead
load of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of 40 kN/m. Assume f ' c =21 MPa and
f y =312 MPa. Compression reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80 mm
from the outermost compression concrete.
a) Determine 80 mm from the outermost compression concrete.
b) Determine the required tension steel area.
c) Determine the required number of 25-mm tension bars.

SOLUTION
a) Maximum steel area:

0.85 f ' c β 1 600

ρb = β =0.85 since f c is less than 30 MPa
f y (600+ f y ) 1

0.85 ( 21 ) ( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb =
312(312+600)
ρb =0.03199
 ρmax =0.75 ρb ρmax =0.75( 0.03199)
ρmax =0.02399

A s max= ρmax bd A s max=0.02399 ( 300 ) (550)

A s max=3,959 mm 2

b) Required tension steel area:

Factored load:
W u =1.4 D+1.7 L W u =1.4 ( 25 ) +1.7 ( 40 )
W u =103 kN /m

Required strength:

W u L2
M u= M u =103 ¿ ¿
8
M u=463.5kN-m

Solve for M u max

ρ max f y 0.0299(312)
ω= ω=
f 'c 21
ω=0.356

M u max =φ f ' c ωb d 2 (1−0.59ω)

M u max =0.90(30)(0.356)(300)¿
M u max =536.5 kN−m> M u singly reinforced

M u=φ R n b d 2 M u=0.39 Rn ( 300 ) ¿

463.5 x 106=0.9 Rn (300)¿
Rn =5.67 MPa

0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
ρ=
fy ( √1− 1−
0.85 f ,c )
 ρ=
0.85 (21)
312 [ √
1− 1−
2(5.67)
0.85(21) ]
ρ=0.02269

A s=ρbd A s=0.002269 ( 300 ) (550 )

A s=3743 mm2

c) Number of 25 mm bars:

As
Number of 25-mm bars=
A s 25

3.743
Number of 25-mm bars= π
¿¿
4

PROBLEM 2.6 (CE MAY 2009)

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and total depth of 600 mm.
The beam will be design to carry a factored moment of 540kN-m. Concrete
strength f ' c =28 MPa and steel yield strength f y =248 MPa. Solve using the
strength design method.
a) Determine the balanced steel ratio in percent.
b) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using a steel ratio ρ
equal to 0.5 of balanced steel ratio.
c) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using the maximum
allowable steel ratio.

SOLUTION
Given:
b=300 mm f ' c =28 MPa
h=600 mm f y =248 MPa
M u=540 kN −m

β 1=0.85
 a) Balanced steel ratio:

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 28 ) ( 0.85 ) 600

ρb = ρ b=
f y ( 600+ f y ) 248 ( 600+248 )

ρb =0.0577=5.77 %
b) Effective depth using ρ=0.5 ρb
ρ=0.5 ( 0.0577 )=0.0289
ρf y 0.0289(248)
ω= ω= =0.2556
f 'c 28

Rn =f ' c ω(1−0.59 ω) Rn =28 ( 0.2556 ) [1−0.59 ( 0.2556 ) ]

Rn =6.0776 MPa

M u=φ M n=φ R n b d 2 540 x 106 =0.90 ( 8.307 ) ( 300 ) d 2

d=491 mm

PROBLEM 2.7
A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will be reinforced
with 12-mm-diameter bars with f y =275 MPa.Concrete strength f ' c =21 MPa. Determine
the required spacing 12 mm main bar if the total factored moment acting on 1-m width
of slab is 23 kN-m width of slab is 23 kN-m. Clear concrete cover is 20 mm.

SOLUTION
 Note: Slabs are practically singly reinforced because of its small depths.

. 12mm bars d h=120

. mm

s s cover=20 mm

b = 1000 mm

Effective depth, d= 120 -20-1/2(12)=94 mm

Width, b = 1000 mm
M u=φ R n b d 2 23 x 106 =0.90 R n (1000)¿
Rn =2.892

0.85 f ' c 2 Rn 0.85(21) 2(2.982)

ρ=
fy ( √
1− 1−
0.85 f ' c )
ρ=
275
1− 1− ( √
0.85(21) )
0.75 x 0.85 f ' c β 1 600
ρmax = =0.0284
f y (600+ f y )

1.4
ρmin = =0.00509
fy

A s=ρbd A s=0.1154 ( 1000 ) (94)

A s=1085 mm2

Spacing of bars (for walls and slabs using unit width):

 1000
b s=
s= As
N
Ab

1000 A b
s= Eq. 2-17
As

1000 A b π
s= s=1000 x ¿ ¿
As 4

s=100mm

PROBLEM 2.8
A 2.8 m square column fooring has a total thickness of 47 mm. The factored moment at
critical section for moment is 640 kN-m. Assume f ' c =21 MPa and f y =275 MPa. Clear
concrete cover is 75 mm. Determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.

SOLUTION
Effective depth, d=470-75-1/2(20)=385 mm
Width, b =2800 mm
Design strength, M u=640 kN −m

Maximum and minimum requirements:

0.85 f ' c β 1 600

ρmax =0.75 x =0.0284
f y (600+ f y )

M u max =2528 kN−m (Procedure is not shown anymore see Problem 2.2)

1.4 b w d
A s min= =5488 mm 2
fy
 Singly reinforced:
M u=φ R n b d 2 640 x 106 =0.90 Rn (2800)¿
Rn =1.713 MPa

0.85 f ' c 2 Rn 0.85(21)

ρ=
fy ( √1− 1− )
0.85 f ' c
ρ=
275
¿

ρ=0.00656

A s=ρ b d A s=0.00656 ( 2800 ) (385)

A s=7074 mm2 > A s min

Number of 20 mm bars:

As 7074
N= N=
Ab π
¿¿
4

N=22.5 say 23 bars

PROBLEM 2.9
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead load moment of
60 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load moment of 48 kN- m. Use
f ' c =20.7 MPa and f y =276 MPa .

SOLUTION
 Required strength:

M u=1.4 M b +1.7 M L M u =1.4 ( 60 ) +1.7(48)

M u=165.6 kN −m

(Note: this already includes the weight of beam)

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 20.7 )( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 276(600+276)

ρb =0.0371

1.4
ρmin = =0.00507
fy

Try ρ=60 % ρb Note: this is the author’s suggestion

ρ=0.6 ( 0.0371 )=0.02226

ρf y 0.02226(276)
ω= ω=
f 'c 20.7

ω=0.2968

Rn =f ' c ω ( 1−0.59 ω ) Rn =20.7 ( 0.2968 ) [ 1−0.59 ( 0.2968 ) ]

Rn =5.068

M u=φ R n bd 2 165.6 x 106 =0.90 (5.068 ) bd 2

bd 2=36.296 x 10 6 mm 3

Try d = 1.75 b b=228 mm say 230 mm

d=399 say 30 mm

A s=ρbd A s=0.02226 ( 230 ) 2(400)

 A s=2.049 mm2

Summary: b = 230 mm
d = 400 mm
A s=2,049 mm2

PROBLEM 2.10
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to support a
superimposed dead load of 29 kN/m and a live load of 44 kN/m. Assume normal weigth
24 kN
oncrete with γ = . Use ρmax , f ' c =34 MPa ,∧f y =345 MPa .
m3

SOLUTION
Weight of beam: (this is the author’s assumption)
Assuming a 300 mm x 600 mm,W b =24 x (0.3 0.6)=4.32 kN /m

W b =1.4 W L +1.7 W L W u =1.4 ( 29+4.32 ) +1.7(44)

W u =121.448 kN /m
W u L2
. M u= M u=121.448 ¿ ¿
8

M u=546.516 kN −m

0.05
β 1=0.85− =0.821
7 ( 34−30 )

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 34 )( 0.821 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 345(600+345)

ρb =0.04369

ρ=ρmax =0.75 ( 0.04369 ) ρ=0.03277> ρmin

ρmin =
√ f 'c =0.00423 since f ' >31.36 MPa
c
4fy
 ρf y 0.03277(345)
ω= ω=
f 'c 34

ω=0.332

Rn =f ' c ω(1−0.56 ω) Rn =34 ( 0.332 ) [1−0.59 ( 0.332 ) ]

Rn =9.087 MPa

Assume d = 1.75 b (this is the author’s assumption)

M u=φ R n b d 2 546.516 x 106 =0.90 ( 9.087 ) ( b ) ¿

b=279.4 mm∧d=489 mm

Use b = 280 mm, d = 490 mm

Minimum beam the thickness (Section 409.6.2.1)

L f 6000 345
h min=
16( 700 )
0.4 + y h min =
16 (0.4 +
700 )
h min=335 mm OK

A s=ρ b d A s=0.03277 ( 280 ) (490)

A s=4496 mm2

Using 32 mm bars (#100):

As 4496
N= N=
Ab π
¿¿
4

N=5.6 say 6 bars

280 mm

6 - #10
 .
. h

≥¿

h=490+ ( 25 )+ 32+ 20

h=554.5 mm>hmin

Beam weight = 24 (0.28)(0.5545)

Beam weight = 3.73 kN/m < 4.32(OK)

PROBLEM 2.11
A propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 2.6 is made of reinforced concrete having a
width of 290 mm overall depth of 490 mm. The beam is loaded with uniform dead load
of 35 kN/m (including its own weight), and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given
f ' c =24 MPa , f y =415 MPa .Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars.
Determine the required tension steel area for maximum positive moment. Assume
EI=constant.

290mm

490 mm

A 6m B 2m C
 Figure 2.6

SOLUTION
Given:
f ' c =24 MPa
f y =415 MPa
f yh=275 MPa
b=290 mm
H=490 mm D
'
d =60 mm O Lo A L1=6 m B 2m C
W D =35 kN /m x
W L =55 kN /m MD R

d=490−60=430 mm
W u =1.4 W D +1.7 W L

W u =1.4 ( 35 ) +1.7(55)
W u =142.5 kN /m

MA Moment Diagram
M8

Solve for moment reactions using the three-moment equation:

M B =−142.5 ( 2 )( 1 )=−285 kN−m

6 A 0 á0 6 A 1 b´0
Mo Lo + 2 M A ( Lo+ L1) + M B L1 + + =0
L0 L1

0+2 M A ( 0+6 )+ (−285 )( 6 ) +0+142.5 ¿ ¿

M A =−498.75 kN −m

M A =M A ¿ ¿ -489.75 = R(6)- 142.5(8)(4)

 R=676.875 kN

R A =W u L−R R A =142.5 ( 8 )−676.875

R A =463.125 kN

Maximum positive moment:

V D=0 W u ( 2+ x )−R=0
142.5(2 + x) - 676.875 = 0
x = 2.75 m

M D =R X −W u ¿ ¿ M D =676.875 ( 2.75 )−142.5 ¿ ¿

M D =253.828 kN −m

Solve for φ M n max:

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 24 )( 0.85 ) 600

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 415( 600+415)

ρb =0.0247

ρmax =0.75 ρb ρmax =0.75( 0.0247)

ρmax =0.01852

ρmax f y 0.01852(415)
ω max= ω max =
f 'c 24

ω max=0.3203

Rn max =f ' c ω ( 1−0.59ω ) Rn max =415 ( 0.3203 ) [ 1−0.59 ( 0.3203 ) ]

M n max =R n b d 2 M n max =6.235 (290 ) ¿
M n max =334.316 kN−m
φ M n max =0.90(334.316)
φM n max =300.884 kN −m

At a point of maximum positive moment:

M u=253.828 kN −m<φ M n max (Singly reinforced)

M u=φ R n b d 2 253.828 x 106 =.90 R n (290)¿

Rn =5.26 MPa

0.85 f ' c Rn
ρ=
fy [ √1− 1−
0.85 f ' c ]
ρ=
0.85 (24)
415 [ √
1− 1−
2(5.26)
0.85 (24) ]
ρ=0.01495

A s=ρ b d A s=0.01495 ( 290 ) (430)

A s=1,864 mm2
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE
STEEL YIELDS ( f =f ¿ S Y

PROBLEM 2.12(CE MAY 1999)

A reinforced concrete rectangular beam with b = 400 mm and d= 720 mm is reinforced
for tension only with 6-25 mm diameter bars. If f ' c =21 MPa and
f y =400 MPa , determine the following :
a) The coefficient of resistance Rn of the beam.
b) The ultimate moment capacity of the beam.

SOLUTION

0.85 f ' c β1 0.85 ( 21 ) ( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb = ρ b=
f y (600+ f y ) 400( 600+400)

ρb =0.02276

π
A s=6 x ¿
4

As 2945
ρ= ρ= =0.01023< ρ b (steel yields)
bd 400(720)

ρf y 0.01023(400)
ω= ω= =0.195
f 'c 21

Rn =f ' c ω(1−0.56 ω) Rn =21 ( 0.195 ) [1−0.59 ( 0.195 ) ]

Rn =3.62 MPa Answer

M u=φ R n b d 2 M u=0.90 ( 3.62 ) ( 400 ) ¿

M u=675.67 kN −m Answer
PROBLEM 2.13

A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b= 300 m, d = 490 mm. The tension
steel area provided is 4,500 sq. mm. Determine the ultimate moment capcity of the
beam in kN-m. Assume f ' c =27 MPa, f y =275 MPa .

SOLUTION

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 27 )( 0.85 ) ( 600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 275(600+275)

ρb =0.02276

As 4,500
ρ= ρ=
bd 300( 490)

ρf y 0.0361( 275)
ω= ω=
f 'c 27

ω=0.3118

Rn =f ' c ω(1−0.59 ω) Rn =27 ( 0.3118 ) [1−0.59 ( 0.3118 ) ]

Rn =6.87 MPa

M u=φ R n bd 2 M u=0.90 ( 6.87 )( 300 ) ¿

M u=445.3 kN−m

PROBLEM 2.14

A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, A s=3−25 mm , f ' c =34.2 MPa , grade
60 reinforcement ( f y =414 MPa ¿. Calculate the design moment M u .
SOLUTION

0.05
β 1=0.85− ( 34.2−30 ) =0.82
7

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 34.2 ) ( 0.82 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 414 (600+414 )

ρb =0.03407

π
A s= ¿
4

As 1473
ρ= ρ=
bd 300(500)
ρ=0.00982< ρb Steel yields

Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:

ρmin =
√ f 'c =0.00353 OK
4fy

ρf y 0.00982(414)
ω= ω=
f 'c 34.2

Rn =f ' c ω ( 1−0.59 ω ) Rn=34.2 ( 0.1188 ) [ 1−0.59 ( 0.1188 ) ]

Rn =3.779 MPa

M u=φ R n bd 2 M u =0.90 ( 3.779 )( 300 ) ¿

M u=255.11 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.15
A 130-mm-thick-one-way slab is reinforced with 12-mm-diameter tension bars spaced
at 110 on centers. Concrete cover is 20 mm, concrete strength f ' c =21 MPa and steel
yield strength f y =275 MPa. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3.
 a) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the slab?
b) If the slab is simply supported over a span of 4 m, what safe uniform live
load pressure can the slab carry?

SOLUTION
a) Consider 1 m width of slab, b = 1000 mm
Effective depth: d = h – cover- 1/2 d b
d = 130-20-1/2(12)=104 mm

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 21 ) ( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 275 (600+275)

ρb =0.0378

b
A s= Ab x N A s= Ab x
s

π
A s= ¿
4
A s=1028 mm2

As 1028
ρ= ρ=
bd 1000(104)

ρ=0.00989

Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexures:

1.4
ρmin = =0.00509 OK
fy

ρf y 0.00989(275)
ω= ω=
f 'c 21
ω=0.129

Rn =f ' c ω ( 1−0.59 ω ) R n=21 ( 0.129 ) ( 1−0.59 ( 0.129 ) ]

 Rn =2.511 MPa

M u=φ R n bd 2 M u=0.90 ( 2.511 )( 1000 ) ¿

M u=24.443 kN −m

W u L2
b) M u= 24.443=W u ¿ ¿
8
W u =12.222kN /m

Dead load pressure, ρ D=γ c x thickness of concrete.

Dead load pressure, ρ D=23.5 x 0.13=3.055 kPa

W u =1.4 W L +1.7 W L W u=1.4 ( ρ D b ) +1.7 ( ρ L b )

12.222=1.4 ( 3.055 x 1 ) +1.7 ( ρ L x 1)
ρ L=4.673 kPa

PROBLEM 2.16

A rectangular beam with b = 250 mm and d = 460 m is reinforced for tension only with
3-25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m and carries a uniform
dead load of 680 N/m including its own weight. Calculate the uniform live load that the
beam can carry. Assume f y =276.5 MPa and f ' c =20.7 MPa.

SOLUTION
π
A s=3 x ¿
4

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 20.7 )( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 276.5(600+276.5)

ρb =0.03703
 As 1.473
ρ= ρ=
bd 250(460)
ρ=0.01281< ρb ¿)

Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexure:

1.4
ρmin = =0.00506 OK
fy

ρf y 0.01281( 276.5)
ω= ω=
f 'c 20.7

ω=0.171

Rn =f ' c ω ( 1−0.59 ω ) R n=27 ( 0.171 ) [1−0.59 ( 0.171 ) ]

Rn =3.183 MPa

M u=φ R n bd 2 M u =0.90 ( 3.183 )( 250 ) ¿

M u=151.56 kN −m

W u L2
M umax= 151.56=W u ¿ ¿
8

W u =33.68 kN /m

W u =1.4 W DL +1.7 W ¿ 33.68=1.4 ( 0.68 ) +1.7 W ¿

W ¿ =19.25 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.17 (CE JANUARY 2008)

A reinforced concrete rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth
of 55 mm. The beam is reinforced with six 25-mm-diameter tension bars. Steel yield f y
is 415 MPa and concrete strength f ' c is 28 MPa.
a) What is the balanced steel ratio?
b) What is the maximum steel area for singly reinforced?
 c) What is the nominal moment capacity of the beam?

SOLUTION
a) Balanced steel ratio:

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 28 ) ( 0.85 ) 600

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 415(600+ 415)

β 1=0.85 ρb =0.028816

ρb =2.88 %
b) Maximum steel area

A s max= ρmax bd A s max =( 0.75 ρb ) bd

A s max=( 0.75 x 0.028816 ) (300 ) (5)
A s max=3,242 mm2

c) Nominal moment capacity

Using 6-25 mm bars:
π
A s= ¿
4

As 2,945
ρ= ρ=
bd 300(500)
ρ=0.01963< ρb (tensio steel yields )

ρf y 0.01963(415)
ω= ω= =0.291
f 'c 28
Rn =f ' c ω ( 1+ 0.59 ω ) R n=28 ( 0.291 ) (1−0.59 x 0.291)
Rn =6.7494 MPa

M n=R n bd 2 M n =6.7494 ( 300 ) ¿

 M n=506.2 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.18
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular is reinforced for tension only with 5-28 mm
bars. The beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam carries a uniform
dead load of 4.5 kN/m (including its own weight), a uniform live load of 3 kN/m,
and concentrated dead load of P and 2P as shown in Figure 2.7. Assume
f y =414 MPa , f ' c =34.5 MPa. Calculate the following:
a) The ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN-m, and
b) The maximum value of P in kN.

2P P

2m 2m 2m
Figure 2.7

SOLUTION

0.05
β 1=0.85− ( 34.5−30 )=0.818
7

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 34.5 ) ( 0.818 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 414 (600+ 414)

ρb =0.03428

π
A s= ¿
4

As 3079
ρ= ρ=
bd 300(446)
ρ=0.01972< ρb Steel yields

Check if the beam satisfies the minimum requirement:

ρ √ f 'c =0.00355¿
m ∈¿=
4f y

ρf y 0.01972(414)
ω= ω=
f 'c 34.5

ω=0.2367

Rn =f ' c ω ( 1−0.59 ω ) R n=34.5 ( 0.2367 ) [1−0.59 ( 0.2367 ) ]

Rn =7.025 MPa

M u=φ R n bd 2 M u=0.90 ( 7.025 ) ( 300 ) ¿

M u=440.18 kN−m
 1.4(2P) 1.4P

A
W u =1.4 ( 4.5 ) +1.7 ( 3 )=11.4 kN /m

Ra B C D

2m 2m 2m

Figure 2.8 – Beam with factored loads

For the given loads, the maximum moment can occur at B or C:

At point C: M c =1.4 P ( 2 ) +11.4(2)(1)

Set M c =M u 440.18 = 1.4P(2) + 11.4(2)(1)
P=149 kN

At point B: (First solve for R A ¿

∑ M c =0 4 R A + 1.4 P ( 2 ) =2.8 P ( 2 ) +11.4 (6)(1)

R A =17.1+0.7 P
∑ M B ¿ M =( 17.1+0.7 P)−11.4 (2) (1 ) ¿
B

Set M B =M u 440.18=( 17.1+0.7 P ) ( 2 )−11.4 ( 2 )(1)

P=306.27 kN

Thus the maximum value of P such that M uwill not exceed 440.18 kN-m is 149 kN.

ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE

STEEL DOES NOT YIELDS ( f ≠ f ) S Y

PROBLEM 2.19

A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, A s=6−32 mm , f ' c =27.6 MPa , grade
60 reinforcement ( f y =414 MPa ¿. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.

SOLUTION

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 27.6 )( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 414 (600+ 414)

ρb =0.0285

π
A s= ¿
4

As 4825
ρ= ρ=
bd 300(500)

ρ=0.03217> ρb Steel does not yield

b=.300 0.85
ab
c=0.85
a
d=500

500-a/2
=4825

T=
From Eq. 2-18

d−c 500−c
f s=600 f s=600
c c

∑ F H =0
T =C A s f s=0.85 f ' c a b , a= β1 c=0.85 c

500−c
( 4825 ) 600 =0.85 ( 27.6 ) ( 0.85 c ) (300)
c

c 2=484 c−241,964=0
c=306.2 mm

d−c 500−306
f s=600 f s=600
c 306

f s=379.65 MPa

a=β 1 c=0.85(306.2)
a=260.3 mm
φM n=φ A s f s d− ( a2 )
260.3
φM n=0.90 ( 4825 ) (379.65 )( 500− )
2

φ M n=609.8 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.20

A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d = 490 mm. The
tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with f y =415 MPa . f ' c =21 MPa.
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.

SOLUTION

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 21 ) ( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 415 (600+415)

ρb =0.02161

π
A s= ¿
4

As 3436
ρ= ρ=
bd 300(490)

ρ=0.02337> ρb Steel does not yield

b=300 0.85
ab
c=0.85
a
d=490

490-a/2
=3436

T=
From Eq.2-18:

d−c 490−c
f s=600 f s=600
c c

∑ F H =0
T =C A s f s=0.85 f ' c a b , a= β1 c=0.85 c

490−c
( 3436 ) 600 =0.85 ( 221 ) ( 0.85 c ) (300)
c

c=296.24 mm

d−c 490−296.24
f s=600 f s=600
c 296.24

f s=392.43 MPa< f y

a=β 1 c=0.85(392.43)
a=251.81 mm

φ M n=φT d− ( a2 ) ( a2 )
φ M n=φ A s f s d−
251.81
φ M n=0.90 ( 3436 )( 392.43 ) (490− )
2
φM n=441.86 kN −m
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED
NON-RECTANGULAR BEAMS
PROBLEM 2.21

Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.9. Assume
f y =345 MPa and f ' c =21 MPa.

125 125 125

125
700mm

4-32mm

75
375mm

Figure 2.9
SOLUTION
Note: This is not a rectangular beam. Some formulas derived above (such as
ρ , ρb, Rn ) may not be applicable. The moment can be computed using the
assumptions in the Code and the conditions of equilibrium.

π
A s= ¿
4

A s=3217 mm2

Solve for the balanced A s to determine whether the given steel yield or not.
125 125 125
From Eq. 2-11 C b=:

125
600 d 600(625) a
c b= C b=

625mm
600+ f y 600+345

C b=396.825 mm

a=β 1 c a=0.85(396.825)
4-32mm

375mm

a=337.3 mm
Ac =337.3 ( 375 ) −125 (125 )=110,863 mm2

T =C A sb f y =0.8 f ' c A c
A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 21 ) (110,863 )
A sb=5,736 mm2
 Since A s provided < A sb, tension steel yields.

C=T 0.85 f ' c ( ab−1252 )= A s f y

0.85 ( 21 ) ( a x 375−1252 )=3,217( 345)
a=207.5 mm

125 125 125

125

a
a
C
625mm

b=375
N.A
4-32 mm

( a2 )−C (d− 1252 )

M n=M n 1−M n 2 M n =C1 d −
d-a/2

2
I II

375 mm

207.5
M n=0.85 ( 21 ) ( 207.5 )( 375 )( 625− )
2

M n=567.03 kN −m

φM n=0.90(567.03)
φM n=510.33 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.22

Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.10. Assume
f y =345 MPa and f ' c =21 MPa.

450mm
375
SOLUTION a
π
A s= ¿ c
4 3-22mm
A s=1,140 mm2

450mm
450mm
75

d-375
Solve for A s : 375mm x d-(2/3)a

C b=
600 d Figure 2.10
600+ f y
3-22mm
600(375)
C b= 75
600+345 T
375mm
C b=238 mm

a b=β 1 C b a b=0.85(238)
a b=202.4 mm

x 375 5
= x= a
a 450 6

x=168.7 mm
 1 5 5
Ac =1 /2(x )(a) Ac = x a x a= a2
2 6 a

Ac =17,066 mm 2

T =C C A sb f y =0.85 f ' c A c
A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 21 ) (17,066)
A sb=883 mm2 < A s

Since A s provided > A sb , tension steel does not yield ( f s < f y ¿

solve for c:

C C =T 0.85 f ' c A c =A s f s

d−c 5 d−c
f s=600 0.85 (21 ) a2=1140 x 600
c 12 c

a=β 1 c 7.437 ¿

c=250.92mm

a=β 1 c a=0.85 ( 250.92 )=213.3 mm

2 2
( )
M n=C c x d − a M n =0.85 f ' c A c d− a
3 3 ( )
5
M n=0.85 ( 21 ) ¿
12

M n=78.77 kN −m

φ M n=0.90 x 78.77=70.89 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.23
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.11. Assume f ' c =28 MPa and f y =345 MPa.
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when M u=800 kN −m .
 b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when M u=1200 kN −m.

500 mm
125 250 125

150

Figure 2.11- Hallow

800 mm

beam
500

SOLUTION
To guide us
whether “a: will exceed
150 mm or not, let us
150

solve the 75 mm design

moment when a=150 mm.

d = 800 – 75 = 725 mm

( a2 )
φ M n=φC C d− (
φM n=0.90 x 0.85 ( 28 )( 150 ) 725−
150
2 )
φM n=1044.225 kN −m

a) M u=800 kN −m
Since the required M u=800 kN −m<1044.25 kN −m, a< 150 mm.

Assuming tension steel yields:

 a
M u=φM n M u=φ C c (d− )
2

a
M u=φ 0.85 f ' c a b(d − )
2

800 x 106 =0.90 x 0.85 ( 28 ) a ( 500 ) (725−0.5 a)

a=111.6 mm<150 mm

Check is steel yields:

d−c a
f s=600 where c= =131.3 mm
c β1

725−131.2
f s=600 =2,712 MPa> f y steel yields
131.3

T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b

A s ( 345 ) =0.85 ( 28 )( 111.6 ) (500)

A s=3,850 mm2

b) Balanced condition (See Figure 2.12)

600 d 600(725)
C b= Cb = =460.32 mm
600+ f y 600+ 345

a=β 1 C b a=0.85 ( 460.32 )=391.3 mm

 z=a−150=241.27 mm
1
A1=500 ( 150 ) =75,000 mm2 y 1=725− =650 mm
2 ( 150 )

1
A1=125 ( 241.27 )=30,159 mm2 y 2 =725−150− =454.37
2 ( 241.27 )

M bn=C 1 y 1 +2C 2 y 2
M bn=0.85 f 'c ¿)
M bn=0.85 ( 28 ) [ 75,000 x 650+2 x 30,159 x 454.37 ]
M bn=1812.52 kN−m

φ M n=0.90 x 1812.52=1631.3 kN−m

500m
m
12 25 12
5 0 5
Figure 2.12
150

1
c) Maximum steel area, A s max
2
T =C 1+C 2 A sb f y =0.85 f ' c (A 1+ 2 A 2)
2 a
z
72
5

A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 28 ) (75,00+2 x 30,159)

A sb=9,335 mm2
T
A s max=0.75 A sb As max =0.75 ( 9,335 )
A s max=7,001 mm2

d) Maximum moment , M u max :

Refer to Figure 2.12:
 C 1+C 2=T 0.85 ( 28 ) [ 75,000+2 A 2 ] =7,001(245)

A2=13,244 mm2

A2=125 z 13,244=125 z

z=105.95 mm

1501
y 2=725− =522.03 mm
2 ( 105.95 )

M n max =C1 + y 1 +2C 2 y 2

M n max =0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1+2 A2 y 2)
M n max =0.85 ( 28 ) [ 75,00 x 650+2 x 13,244 x 522.03 ]
M n max =1489.34 kN −m

φM n max =0.90 x 1189.34=1340.4 kN−m

e) M u=1200 kN −m<φ M n max ( Singly reinforced )

Refer to Figure 2.12

A1=75,000 mm 2 y 1=650 mm
A2=125 z y 2=575−0.5 z

M u=φM n
1200 x 106 =0.90 x 0.85 f 'c ( A1 y 1+ 2 A 2 y 2 )
1200 x 106 =0.90 x 0.85 ( 28 ) [ 75,000 ( 650 )+2 ( 125 z )( 575−0.5 z ) ]
z=53.04 mm

A c = A 1+ A 2 Ac =75,000+ 2 x 125 ( 53.04 )

Ac =88,259.2mm 2

T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c A c
 A s ( 345 ) =0.85 ( 28 ) (88,259.2)
A s=6,089 mm2

BEAM DEFLECTION PROBLEM

PROBLEM 2.24
A reinforced concrete beam is 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep. The beam is simply
supported over a span of 8 m and carries a uniform dead load of 11 kN/m including its
own weight and a uniform live load of 15 kN/m. The beam is reinforced tension bars of
530 mm. f ' c =20.7 MPa , f y =344.8 MPa , f r=2.832 MPA . Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ec =21,650 MPa and E s=200 GPa .
a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.
b) Calculate the deflection for the same loads after five years assuming that 40% of
the live load is sustained.

SOLUTION

b = 350 mm b = 350 mm
d = 530 mm

h = 600 mm

Figure 2.13 c
N.A.
Effective moment of inertia, I e : Eq. 2-19
6 – 25 mm Ø d-c
M cr 3 3
M
( )
I e=
Ma [ ( )]
I g + 1− cr
Ma
I cr ≤ I g

I g=moment of inertia of gross section

 bh3
I g= I =350 ¿ ¿
12 g

f r Ig
M cr = where y t =1/2(600)=300 mm
yt

M cr =2.832 ¿¿

M a=Maximum monet ∈beam

wL2
M a= w=w D + w L =11+15=26 kN /m
8

M a=26 ¿ ¿

I cr =¿ Moment of inertia of cracked section with steel transformed to concrete From

Figure 2.13:

Es
Modular ratio, n= =9.238
Ec

π
n A s=9.328 x 6 x ¿
4

Solve for c:
Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.
350 x c x c/2 = 27,208(350-c)
c = 219.7 mm

bc3
I cr =I NA = +n A s ¿
3

I cr =350 ¿¿
I cr =3,857 x 106 mm3

M cr 3 3
M
I e=
( ) Ma [ ( )]
I g + 1− cr
Ma
I cr

59.472 3 3
59.472
I e=( 208 ) x 600 x 106 + 1− [ (
208 ) ] x 3,857 x 10 6

I e =3,914 x 106 mm 4 < I g (OK )

a) Instantaneous Deflection:

5 wL 4 2 ( 26 ) (8000)4
δ= δ=
384 Ec I e 384 ( 21,650 ) (3,914 x 106)

δ =16.36 mm

b) Long-term Deflection
Since only 40% of the live load was sustained:
w = 11 + 0.4(15) = 17 kN/m

5 wL 4
Instantaneous deflection δ =
384 Ec I e

5 (17 ) (8)4 (1000)4

δ=
384 ( 21,650 ) (3,914 x 106)

δ =10.7 mm

Note: Since deflections are directly proportional to the load, the instantaneous
deflection due to sustained load can be found by ratio and proportion using the result in
 Part”a”.
δ 1 16.36
=
17 26
δ 1=10.7 m

Long-term deflection = δ +δ 1

ξ
λ=
1+50 ρ '

ξ=2 for 5 years∨more

ρ' =0 since there is no compression reinforcement

2
λ= =2
1+50 (0)

Long-term deflection = 16.36 + 2(10.7)

Long-term deflection = 37.76 mm

PROBLEM 2.25 (CE NOVEMBER 2002)

The continuous reinforced concrete beam shown in Figure 2.14 is subjected to a
uniform service dead load of 16 k/m and a service live load of 32 kN/m,resulting in the
bending moment diagram shown. Twenty percent of the live load will be sustained in
nature, while 80% will be applied only intermittently. The concrete strength f c =17.2 MPa .
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is given by the expression
Ec =4700 √( f 'c ) and the modulus of rapture is given by the expression
f r=0.7 √ (f ' c ). Determine the following:
a) The effective moment of inertia at the supports (maximum negative moment).
b) The effective moment of inertia for the continuous member.
 c) The additional deflection (in addition to the initial deflection) after 5 years, under
the sustained loading if the instantaneous deflection due to the combined service
dead and live load is 5 mm.

Figure 2.14

7.6 m ø
5-32 mm
ø
3-32 mm
ø
5-32 mm

145 kN-m

202 kN-m

202 kN-m
 y
560 mm
y

Gross Section Cracked Section

I=0.0715 I=0.00573
y=310 mm y=159 mm
AT SUPPORTS

1900 mm

560 mm
y
620 mm

n As

Gross Section Cracked Section

I=0.0138 I=0.00573
y=194 mm AT MIDSPAN y=107 mm

SOLUTION
Ec =4700 √ f ' c =4700 √ 17.2=19,492 MPA
f r=0.70 √ f ' c =0.7 √ 17.2=2.903 MPa

a) Effective moment of inertia at the supports

Maximum moment, M u=202 kN −m

Distance from NA of gross section to extreme tension fiber, Y t =310 mm
 Moment of inertia of gross section, I g=0.00715 m4
Moment of inertia of cracked section, I g=0.00573 m4

f r Ig 2.903 ( 0.00715 x 10004 )

M cr = M cr =
yt 10

M cr =66.959 kN −m

M cr 3 3
M
I e=
( )
Ma [ ( )]
I g + 1− cr
Ma
I cr

66.959 3 3
66.959
I e=( 202 ) [ (
x 0.00715+ 1−
202 ) ] x 0.00573
I e =0.0057817 m4

b) Effective moment of inertia for the continuous member

I e =¿ ¿

At maximum negative moment (at support)

I e =0.0057817 m4

Solving for I e at maximum positive moment (at midspan)

I g=0.0138 m 4
Y t =620−194=246 mm ( bottom fibers ∈tension )
I cr =0.00513 m4
 f r Ig 2.903(0.00715 x 1000 4)
M cr = M cr =
Yt 310

M cr =66.959 kN −m

M cr 3 3
M
I e=
( )
Ma [ ( )]
I g + 1− cr
Ma
I cr

I e =¿ ¿

0.0057817+ 0.007932
I e= =0.006857 m 4
2

c) Additional long term deflection= long term deflection x λ

ξ
λ=
1+50 ρ '

ρ' =0 ( since there is no compression reinforcement at midspan )

ξ=2(after 5 years)

2
λ= =2
1+ 0

Solving for the instantaneous deflection under sustained loading:

Instantaneous deflection = 5mm (given)

Instantaneous loading = 16 kN/m + 32 kN/m
Instantaneous loading = 48 kN/m

Sustained loading = 16 + 20%(32)

Sustained loading = 22.4 kN/m
 Sine deflection is directly proportional to the load:

δ1 5
=
22.4 48

δ 1=2.33 m

Additional long term deflection = 2.333 x λ

=2.333 x 2
Additional long term deflection = 4.67 mm

ONE-WAY SLAB

Reinforced concrete design slabs are large flat plates that are supported at its sides by
reinforced concrete beams, walls, columns, steel beams, or by the ground. If a slab is
supported on two opposite sides only, they are referred to a one-way slabs since the
bending occurs in one direction only. If the slab is supported on all four sides, it is called
two-way slab since the bending occurs in both direction.

If a rectangular slab is supported in all four sides but the long is two or more times the
short side, the slab will, for all practical purposes, act as one way slab, with bending
occurring in the short direction.

b = 1m

: One -way slab on sim ple support

Figure 2.15
A one-way slab is considered as a wide, swallow, rectangular beam. The reinforcing
steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. One way-way slabs are analyzed by
considering one-meter strip, which is assumed independent of the adjacent strips. This
method of analysis is somewhat conservative because we neglect the lateral restraint
provided by the adjacent strips.

MAXIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT

According to Section 407.7.5, the flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther
apart than 3 times the slab thickness, nor 450 mm.

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT, ρT

Concrete shrinks as it hardens. In addition, temperature changes occur that causes

expansion and construction of concrete. In this effect, the code (407.13) requires that
one-way slab, where flexural reinforcement extends in one direction only, should be
reinforced for shrinkage and temperature stresses perpendicular to flexural
reinforcement. According to Section 407.132.2.1, the area of shrinkage reinforcement
shall provide at least the following ratios of gross concrete area bh, (where h is the slab
thickness) but not less than 0.0014.

a) Where Grades 230 & 275 deformed bars are used………………..0.0020

b) Where Grade 415 deformed bars or welded wire
fabric (plain or deformed ) are used…………………………………..0.0018
c) Where reinforcement with f y >415 MPa measured at
0.0018 x 415
yield strain of 0.35% are used………………………………………….
fy

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement may not be spaced not farther apart than 5
times the slab thickness, nor 450 mm (Section 407.13.2.2).
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLABS (FLEXURE)
I. Identify the uniform floor pressure (Pa) to be carried by the slab. This load may
consist of:
1) Live load pressure
2) Dead load pressure
3) Ceiling load and other attachments below the slab
II. Determine the minimum slab thickness “h” from Table 2.1. If necessary adjust
this value depending on your judgment.
III. Compute the weight of slab (Pa)
Weight = γ conc x h
IV. Calculate the factored moment ( M u ¿ to be carried by the slab.
Uniform load, W u =Factored pressure x 1 m.
V. Compute the effective depth, d:
d=h-covering (usually 20 mm)-1/2 (main bar diameter)
VI. Compute the required steel ratio ρ:
Solve for Rn from M u=φ R n b d 2 where b=1000 mm

0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
ρ=
fy [ √1− 1−
0.85 f ' c ]
Solve for ρmin
If ρ is less than ρmax and greater than ρmin , use ρ
If ρ is greater than ρmax , increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile failure
If ρ is less than ρmin ,use ρ=ρ min
VII. Compute the required main bar spacing.
A s=ρ b d= ρ ( 1000 ) d ≥ ρt b h

A¯¿
Spacing, S1= x 1000¿
As

Use the smallest of the following for the main bar spacing:
a) S1
b) 3 x h
c) 450 mm
 VIII. Temperature bars: See Page 81 for the required steel ratio, ρt

A st =ρt b h

A¯¿
S2 = x 1000¿
As

Use the smallest of the following for temperature bar spacing:

a) S2

b) 5 x h

c) 450 mm

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

Problem 2.36

Design a one-way slab having a simple span 3 m. The slab is to carry a uniform live
load of 7,500 Pa. Assume f ' c =27.6 MPa and f y =276 MPa for main and temperature
bars. The slab is not exposed to earth or weather. Use unit weight of concrete
γ c =23.5 kM /m3.

SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b= 1000 m
Uniform live load, w L =7.5 KPa x 1 m=7.5 kN /m

Minimum slab thickness from Table 2.1:

 L f 3000 276
h min=
20( 700 )
0.4 + y h min =
20 (
0.4 +
700 )
h min=119 mm(use 120 mm)

Effective depth:

10 mm temp. bars B = 1000 mm

d
h = 120 mm

102mm main bars Cover + /2

d = 120-20 mm (covering)-1/2 bar diameter (12mm)

d=94 mm

Weight of slab:
W s=γ conc x b x h W s=23.5(1)(0.12)
W s 2.82 kN /m

Factored floor pressure load:

 W u =1.4 w s +1.7 w L W u =1.4 ( 2.82 )+ 1.7(7.5)
W u =16.698 kN /m

W u L2 16.698(3)2
M u= Mu =
8 2

M u=18.785 kN −m

M u=φ R n b d 2 18.785 x 106 =0.90 R n ( 1000 ) (94)2

Rn =2.362 MPa

0.85 f ' c
ρ=
fy [ √
1− 1−
Ru
'
0.85 f c
ρ=
]
0.85 ( 27.6 )
276
1− 1−[ √
2 ( 2.362 )
0.85 ( 27.6 ) ]
ρ=0.009039

Check for ρmin and ρmax :

1.4
ρmin = =0.00507 OK
fy

0.75 0.85 f ' c β1 600 0.75 0.85 ( 27.6 ) ( 0.85 ) 600

ρmax = ρ max=
f y (600+ f y ) 276(600+276)

ρmax =0.037> 0.009309(OK )

A s=ρbd A s=0.009039 ( 1000 ) (94 )

A s=850 mm2 per meter width of slab

Using 12-mm main bars:

A ¯¿ π
Spacing s = x 1000 s= ¿ ¿ ¿
As 4
 s=138mm say 135 mm

Maximum spacing required by the Code:

a) 3 ( h )=3 ( 120 )=360 mm OK
b) 450 mm

Thus, use 12 mm main bars at 135 mm o.c.

Temperature bars: (Grade 275)

At =0.002 bh A t =0.002 ( 1000 )( 120 )

At =240 mm2

A ¯¿ π
Spacing = x 1000 s= ¿ ¿ ¿
As 4

s=327 mm say 325 mm

Maximum spacing required by the Code:

a) 5 h=5 ( 120 )=600 mm
b) 450 mm OK

Thus, use 10 mm temperature bars at 325 mm o.c.

10 mm temperature 12 mm main bars

bars @ 325 mm o.c. @ 325 mm o.c.

120 mm

20 mm
L= 3m
PROBLEM 2.27
Design a one-way slab to carry a service live load of 4000 Pa. The slab has a length of
4m with both ends continuous. Assume f ' c =21 MPa and f y =415 MPa for main bars and
f y =276 MPa for temperature bars. Steel cover is 20 mm. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5
kN/m3.

SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip, b = 1000 mm
Uniform live load, w L =4 kpa x 1 m=4 kN /m

Minimum slab thickness from Table 2.1:

L 4000
h min= hmin =
28 28

h min=143 mm (use 150 mm)

Weight of beam (DL):

w D =γ conc x b x h w D =23.5 ( 1 ) (0.15)
w D =3.525 kPa

w u=1.4 w D +1.4 w L wu=1.4 ( 3.525 )+1.7 (4)

w u=11.735 kN /m

Maximum factored moment, Section 408.4 (See Page 29)

LL < 3 DL
Column Column Column

Spandrel
Beam

Shear

Moment

Effective depth, d = 1.50 – 20 – 1/2 (12)

Effective depth, d = 124 mm

At midspan:

w u Ln
2 11.735(4)2
M u= M u=
16 16

M u=11.735 kN−m

M u=φ R n bd 2 11.735 x 106=0.90 R n (1000) ¿

Rn =0.848 MPa

0.85 f ' c 2 Rn
ρ=
fy [ √
1− 1−
0.85 f ' c]ρ=
0.85( 21)
415 [ √
1− 1−
2(0.848)
0.85(21) ]
ρ=0.0021
 1.4
ρmin = =0.00337 >0.0021
fy

Use ρ=ρ min =0.00337

A s=ρbd A s=0.00337 ( 1000 ) (124 )

A s=418 mm 2

π
(12)2
A
Spacing, s = sb x 1000 s= 4
x 1000
As 418

s=271 say 270 mm

Maximum spacing required by the Code:

a) 3 h=3 (150 )=450 mm
b) 450 mm

Thus, use 12 mm bottom bars at 270 mm o.c. at midspan

At support:

w u Ln 2 11.735(4)2
M u= M u=
10 10

M u=18.776 kN −m

M u=φ R n bd 2 18.776 x 106=0.90 Rn ( 1000 ) (124)2

Rn =1.357 MPa
 0.85 f ' c 1−2 R n
ρ=
fy [ √1−
0.85 f ' c ]
ρ=
0.85(21)
415
1− 1−
2(1.357)
[ √
0.85 (21) ]
ρmax =0.0034 > ρmin

0.85 f ' c β1 600 0.85 ( 21 )( 0.85 ) 600

ρmax =0.75 ρ max=0.75
f y (600+ f y ) 415 (600+415)

ρmax =0.0162>0.0034

Use ρ=0.034

A s=ρbd A s=0.0034 ( 1000 ) (124)

A s=422 mm2

π
(12)2
A
Spacing, s= sb x 1000 s= 4 x 1000
As 422

Spacing=268 say 265 mm

Thus, use 12 mm top bars @ 265 mm o.c. at support

Temperature bars (10 mm): ( ρt =0.002 ¿

At =0.002 bh A t =0.002 ( 1000 )( 150)
At =300 mm2

A sb π
Spacing, s = x 1000 s= ¿ ¿
As 4

s=261 say 260 mm

Maximum spacing required by the Code:

a) 5 h=5 ( 150 )=750 mm
b) 450 mm

Thus, use 10 mm temperature bars @ 260 mm o.c.

10 mm temperature
bars @ 260 mm o.c.

150 mm
12 mm main bars
@ 265 mm o.c.
L/4 L/2 L/4

PROBLEM 2.28

A one-way slab having a simple span of 3 m is 160 mm thick. The slab is reinforced
 with 12 mm tension bars ( f y =275 MPa) spaced at 140 mm o.c. Steel covering is 20 mm.
Calculate the uniform live load pressure that a slab can carry. Use f ' c =20.7 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3.

SOLUTION

Consider 1 m strip of slab, b = 1000 m

Dead load: w d =γ c b h
w d =23.5 (1 ) (0.16)
w d =3.76 kN −m

Effective depth: d = 160 – 20 – 1/2(12)

d = 134 mm

1000 1000 π
Steel area, A s= x A s A s= x ¿
s 140 24

A s=807.8 mm2

As 807.8
ρ= ρ=
bd 1000(134)

ρ=0.006028

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 20.7 )( 0.85 ) (600)

ρb = ρb =
f y (600+ f y ) 275(600+275)

ρb =0.037> ρ(steel yields)

ρf y 0.006028(275)
ω= ω=
f 'c 20.7

Rn =f ' c ω ( 1−0.59 ω ) R n=20.7 ( 0.0801 ) [1−0.59 ( 0.0801 ) ]

 Rn =1.58 MPa

M u=φ R n b d 2 M u=20.7 ( 0.0801 ) [1−0.59 ( 0.0801 ) ]

M u=25.5334 kN−m

w u L2 wu (3)2
M u= 25.5334=
8 8

w u= 22.696 kN/m

w u=1.4 w DL +1.7 w¿ 22.696=1.4 ( 3.76 )+1.7 w L

w L =10.25 kN / m

w ¿=Uniform pressure x b
10.25 = Uniform pressure x 1
Uniform live load pressure = 10.25 kPa

Solved Problems Using 2010 NSCP

PROBLEM 2.29

A reinforced concrete beam has width of 310 mm and an effective depth of 490 mm.
f ' c =30 MPa, f y =415 MPa . Determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The maximum steel area for singly reinforced condition
c) The maximum design strength if the beam is singly reinforced
d) The required steel area if the beam is subjected to dead load moment of 120 kN-
m and live load moment of 170 kN-m.

SOLUTION
Since f ' c > 28 MPa ;
 0.05 ' 0.05
β 1=0.85− ( f c −28 ) β 1=0.85− 7 (30−28)
7

β 1=0.836

a) Balanced steel area:

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 30 ) ( 0.836 ) ( 600 )

ρb = ρ b=
f y ( 600+ f y ) 415 ( 600+ 415 )

ρb =0.03036

A sb=ρb b d A sb=0.03036 ( 310 ) ( 490)

A sb=4,611 mm 2

b) Maximum steel area when beam is singly reinforced:

'
3 0.85 f c β1
From Eq. 2-24: ρmax =
7 fy
3 0.85 ( 30 ) ( 0.836 )
ρmax =
7 415 ( 600+ 415 )

ρmax =0.0221

A s max= ρmax b d A s max =0.0221 (310 ) (490)

A s max=3,343 mm 2

c) Maximum design strength, φ M n max :ε =0.004 , f s=800 MPa

 51 3
From Eq. 2-25 : M n max = β1 f ' c bd 2 (1− β1 )
140 14

51
M n max = ( 0.836 ) ( 30 )( 310 ) ¿
140

M n max =558.05 kN−m

800−f y
From Eq. 2-26: φ=0.65+0.25
1000−f y

800−415
φ=0.65+0.25
1000−415

φ=0.8145

φM n max =0.8145(558.05)
φ M n max =454.55 kN −m

d) M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L M u =1.2 ( 120 ) +1.6 (170)

M u=451.45 kN−m

Thus, the beam is singly reinforced.

Determine if the beam is tension-controlled:

459 3
From Eq. 2-22: φ M tn = β 1 f ' c bd 2 (1− β1 )
1600 16

φM tn =451.45 kN −m

Since the required M u is less than M tn ,the section is tension controlled. φ=0.90

a
M u=φM n M n=φ x 0.85 f ' c a b( d− )
2
 a
416 x 106=0.90 x 0.85(30)(a)(310)(490− )
2

a=139.06 mm

Check if it is really tension-controlled:

a 139.06
c= = =166.4 mm
β 1 0.836

d−c 490−166.4
f s=600 =600 =1,167 MPa>1,000 MPa(OK )
c 166.4

PROBLEM 2.30

Given the following data for a rectangular beam: width b=320 mm, effective depth
d=520mm, f ' c =27 MPa, f y =345 MPa. Dead load moment M D =180 kN −m , Live load
moment M L =167 kN −m . Determine therequired tension steel area.

SOLUTION
β 1=0.85

M U =1.2 M D +1.6 M L M u =1.2 ( 180 ) +1.6 (167)

M u=483.2kN −m

Solve for φM n maxto determine if compression steel area is required.

51 3
M n max =
140 1 c (
β f ' bd 2 1− β1
14 )
51
M n max = ( 0.85 )( 27 )( 320 ) ¿
140
 M n max =591.64 kN −m

800−f y
φ=0.65+0.25 =0.8237
1000−f y

φM n max =487.31 kN −m> M u ( singly reinforced )

Solve for φM tnto determine if the section is tension-controlled.

459 3
φM n=
1600 1 c (16 )
β f ' bd 2 1− β 1 =478.9 kN −m

Since M u >φM tn, the section is within “transition region’, i.e 0.65 <φ< 0.90

M u=φM n=φ x 0.85 f ' c ab (d−a/2)

520−c
600 −345
f s−f y c
φ=0.65+0.25 =0.65+0.25
1000−f y 1000−345

119.084
φ= +0.2893
c

φ=0.85 c

483.2 x 10 6= ( 119.084
c
+ 0.2893) x 0.85(27)(0.85 c)(320)(520−1/2 x 0.85 c)

c=208.8mm

a=β 1 c=177.45mm

T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b
 A s ( 34.5 ) =0.850 ( 27 ) (177.45 )( 320 )

A s=3,777 mm2

PROBLEM 2.31
Given the following properties of a rectangular concrete beam: b = 280 mm, d = 480
mm, f ' c =21 MPa, f y =415 MPa . The beam is reinforced for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
a) When the beam is reinforced with three 25 mm diameter bars.
b) When the beam is reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars.
c) When the beam is reinforced with seven 25 mm diameter bars.

SOLUTION

β 1=0.85 since f ' c is less than28 MPa

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 0.85 ( 21 )( 0.85 )( 600 )

ρb = ρ b=
f y ( 600+ f y ) 415 ( 600+ 415 )

ρb =0.0216

π
Ab = (25)2=490.87 mm2
4

a) A s=3 x A b=1473 mm2

 As 1473
ρ= ρ=
bd 280(480)

ρ=0.01096< ρb ( steel yields )

C=T 0.85 f ' c a b= As f y

0.85 ( 21 ) ( a ) ( 280 )=1473(415)

a=122.28 mm

a
c= =143.86 mm
β1

d−c 480−143.86
f s=600 =600 =1,402 MPa >1,000 MPa
c 143.86

The section is tension-controlled, φ=0.90

M n=C c ( d −a/2 ) M n=0.85 f ' c a b (d−a /2)

M n=0.85 ( 21 ) ( 122.28 )( 280 )( 480−122.28/2)

M n=255.87 kN −m

φM n=0.90(255.87)

φM n=230.28 kN −m

b) A s=4 x Ab =1963 mm2

 As 1963
ρ= ρ=
bd 280(480)

ρ=0.014961< ρb ¿)

C=T 0.85 f ' c a b= A s f y

0.85 ( 21 ) ( a ) ( 280 )=1963(415)

a=163.04 mm

a
c= =191.81mm
β1

d−c 480−191.81
f s=600 =600 =901.5 MPa<1,000 MPa
c 191.81

The section within” transition region”, i. e 0.65 <φ< 0.90

f s−f y 901.5−415
φ=0.65+0.25 φ=0.65+0.25
1000−f y 1000−415

φ=0.858

M n=C c ( d −a/2 ) M n=0.85 f ' c a b (d−a /2)

M n=0.85 ( 21 ) ( 163.04 ) ( 280 ) (480−163.04 /2)
M n=324.504 kN−m
φM n=0.858(324.504)

φM n=278.396 kN−m

c) A s=7 x A b=3436 mm2

 As 3436
ρ= ρ=
bd 280(480)

ρ=0.02557> ρb (stel does not yield )

The section is compression-controlled,φ=0.65

T =C A s f s =0.85 f ' c a b

480−c
3436 x 600 =0.85 ( 21 )( 0.85 c ) (280)
c

c=297.56 mm

a=β 1 c=252.92mm
M n=C c ¿ d −a/2 ¿ M n=0.85 f ' c a b(d −a/2)

M n=0.85 ( 21 ) ( 252.92 )( 280 ) ( 480−252.92 /2)

φM n=0.65(446.91)

φM n=290.49 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.32

A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.16. Assume f ' c =28 MPa and f y =345 MPa.
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when M u=800 kn−m
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when M u=1200 kN −m.
 500 mm

125 250 125

150
800 mm
500
150

75 mm

Figure 2.16 - Hallow beam

SOLUTION

This problem is the same as Problem 2.23.

d=800−75=725 mm

To guide us whether “a” will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design moment
when a =150 mm.

a
c= =176.47 mm
β1

d−c
f s=600 =1,865 MPa>1000 MPa Tension controls , φ=0.90
c

φM n=φC c ( d−a /2 ) φ M n=0.90 x 0.85 (28 )( 150 ) ( 500 ¿(725−150/2)

 φM n=1044.225 kN −m

a) M u=800 kN −m
Since the required M u=800 kN −m<1044.225 kN −m, a< 150 mm.

M u=φ M n M u=φ C c (d−a /2)

M u=φ 0.85 f ' c a b(d −a/2)

800 x 106 =0.90 x 0.85 ( 28 ) a(500)(725−0.5 a)

a=111.6 mm<150 mm

Stress in steel

d−c a
f s=600 where c= =131.3 mm
c β1

725−131.2
f s=600 =2,712 MPa> f y steel yields
131.3

T =C c A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b

A s ( 345 ) =0.85 ( 28 )( 111.6 ) (500)

A s=3,850 mm2

b) Balanced condition:φ=0.65

600 d 600(725)
C b= Cb = =460.32 mm
600+ f y 600+ 345

a=β 1 c b a=0.85 ( 460.32 )=391.3mm

 500 mm
125 250 125

1 150

2 2 a

N
725
z=a−150=241.27 mm

A1=500 ( 150 ) =75,000 mm2 y 1=725−1/2(150)=650

T mm

A1=125 ( 241.27 )=30,159 mm2 y 2=725−150−1 /2 ¿241.27) = 454.37

M bn=C 1 y 1 +2C 2 y 2
Figure 2.17
M bn=0.85 f 'c ( A1 y 1 +2 A 2 y 2 )

M bn=0.85 ( 28 ) [75,000 x 650+2 x 30,159 x 454.37]

M bn=1812.52 kN−m

φM bn =0.65 x 1812.52

φ M bn=1178.14 kN −m

c) Maximum steel area, A s max Refer ¿ Figure 2.17

3
C max= d=310.71 mm a= β1 c max =264.11 mm
7

z=a−150=114.11mm

A1=500 ( 150 ) =75,000 mm2 y 1=725−1/2(150)=650 mm

 A2=125 ( 114.11 )=14,263 mm2 y 2=725−150−1 /2(114.11)=517.95

T =C 1+C 2 A s max f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 +2 A2 )

A s max ( 345 )=0.85 ( 28 ) [75,000 x 650+2 x 14,263]

A s max=7,142 mm2

d) Maximum moment, M n max:

M n max =C1 y 1+ 2C 2 y 2

M n max =0.85 f ' c +( A 1 y 1 +2 A 2 y2 )

M n max =0.85 ( 28 ) [75,000 x 650+2 x 14,263 x 517.95]

M n max =1511.9 kN −m

800−f y
φ=0.65+0.25 =0.824
1000−f y

φ M n max =0.824 x 1511.9

φM n max =1245.3 kN−m

e) M u=1200 kN −m<φ M n max ( singly reinforced)

Refer to Figure 2.17

 M u=φ 0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1 +2 A 2 y 2 )

f s +f y d−c
φ=0.65+0.25 f s=600
1000−f y c

725−c
600 −345
c 166.03
φ=0.65+0.25 = +0.28 93
1000−345 c

z=a−150=0.85 c−150

A2=125 z=106.25 c−18,750

y 2=725−150−1 /2 z=575-1/2(0.85c-150)

y 2=650−0.425 c

M u=φ 0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1 +2 A 2 y 2 )

1200 x 106 = ( 166.03

c
+ 0.2893) 0.85 ( 28 ) [ 75,000 ] (650)
+2(106.25 c−18,750)(650−0.425 c)¿

c=398.7 mm

166.03
φ= +0.2893=0.706
398.7

A2=106.25 ( 398.7 )−18,750=23,615 mm2

T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c (A 1+ 2 A 2)
 A s ( 345 ) =0.85 ( 28 ) (75,000+2 x 23,615)
A s=8,432 mm2

PROBLEM 2.33

Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam to carry dead load moment of 110 kN-m
(including self weight) and live load moment of180 kN-m. Use steel ratio ρ=0.65 ρb and
take d=1.9b . Assume f y =276 MPa and f ' c =21 MPa.

SOLUTION

M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L M u =1.2 ( 110 ) +1.6(180)

M u=420 kN−m

0.85 f ' c β 1 600

ρb = =0.03765 Note : β 1=0.85 since f ' c < 28 MPa
f y (600+ f y )

ρ=0.65 ρb=0.02447

ρf y
ω= =0.322
f 'c

Rn =f ' c ω(1−0.59 ω)¿=5.473 MPa

600 d
C b= C =0.685 d
600+ f y b

Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam, ρ is directly proportional to c.

Thus, c=0.65 cb
c=0.445 d

d−c d−0.445 d
f s=600 f s=600
c 0.445 d
 f s=747.7 MPa<1000 MPa transition

f s−f y 747.7−276
φ=0.65+0.25 φ=0.65+0.25
1000−f y 1000−276

φ=0.813

M u=φ R n b d 2 420 x 10 6=0.813 ( 5.473 )( b ) (1.9 b)2

b=297 mm

d=1.9b=564 mm

A s=ρbd A s=0.02447 ( 297 ) ( 564 )

A s=4,1000 mm 2

PROBLEM 2.34

Repeat Problem 2.33 using a steel ratio ρ=0.5 ρb

SOLUTION
M u=420 kN−m

ρb =0.03765
ρ=0.5 ρ b=0.01883

ρf y
ω= ( 1−0.59 ω )=4.438 MPa
f 'c

600 d
C b= C =0.685 d
600+ f y b
c=0.5 c b=0.34247 d

d−c d−0.34247 d
f s=600 f s=600 d−
c 0.324247 d
 f s=1152 MPa>1000 MPa , φ=0.90

M u=φ R n b d 2 420 x 106=0.90 ( 5.473 ) ( b ) (1.9 b)2

b=308 mm
d=1.9b=585 mm

A s=ρbd A s=0.01883 ( 308 ) (585)

A s=3,390 mm2

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.35

A rectangular beam hasb=250 mm , d=350 mm , f y =414 MPa , f ' c =20.7 MPa.

Determine (a) the maximum design moment if the beam is singly reinforced and (b) the
required steel area if the beam is required to carry a dead load moment of 50 kN-m and
a live load moment of 30 kN-m. Use the 2001 NSCP.

Answer :a ¿ φM n max =148.3 kNm

b ¿ A s=1075 mm2

PROBLEM 2.36

Repeat Problem 2.35 using the 2010 NSCP.

Answer :a ¿ φM n max =130.8 kN−m

 b ¿ A s=1056 mm2

PROBLEM 2.37

Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only carry dead load moment of 85
kN-m (including its estimated weight) and a live load of 102 kN-m. Use ρ=0.6 ρband use
d= 1.75b. Assume f y =276 MPa and f ' c =28 MPa. Use the 2001 NSCP

Answer :b=250 mm , d=436 mm , A s=3,273 mm2

PROBLEM 2.38

Repeat Problem 2.37 using the 2010 NSCP.

Answer :b=246 mm , d=430 mm , A s=3182 mm2

PROBLEM 2.39

A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties: Use 2001 NSCP)
beam with,b=320 mm
effective depth, d=640 mm
concrete strength, f ' c =25 MPa
reinforcing steel, f y =400 MPa
reinforcing steel modulus, E s=200,000 MPa
service dead load moment 350=kN −m
a) If the beam is to be designed for a balanced condition, find the required area of
steel area reinforcement, design balanced moment, and the corresponding
service live load moment.
b) Find the maximum steel area, the maximum design moment, and the
corresponding service live load moment if the beam is to be designed as singly
reinforced.
Answer : a ¿ A sb =5,549 mm2 , φM n=952.44 , M L =272 kN−m
b ¿ A s max=4,162 mm2 , φ M n max =775.46 , M L =168 kN−m

PROBLEM 2.40

Repeat Problem 2.39 using the 2010 NSCP.

Answer :a ¿ 5,549 mm2 , φ M n =687.87 kN −m, M L =167.42 kN −m

b ¿ A s max=3,963 mm 2 , φ M n max=677,7 M L =161kN −m

PROBLEM 2.41

Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam withb=350 mm,

d=450 mm, A s=5−25 mm. Assume f ' c =24 MPa. f y =345 MPa. Use 2001 NSCP

Answer : φM n=366.2 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.42

Repeat Problem 2.41 using the 2010 NSCP.

Answer :φ M n=366.2 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.43

Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with b=350 mm,d=540mm
, A s=7−28 mm. Assume f ' c =24 MPa, f y =345 MPa. Use 2010 NSCP.

Answer :φ M n=582.9 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.44
Repeat Problem 2.43 using the 2010 NSCP.

Answer :φM n=514.3 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.45

Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with b=300 mm,
d=500mm, A s=9−28 mm2. Assume f ' c =34 MPa, f y =414 MPa. Use 2010 NSCP

Answer :φ M n=729.6 kN −m

PROBLEM 2.46

Repeat Problem 2.45 using the 2010 NSCP.

Asnwer :φ M n=522.5 kN −m

CHAPTER 3

Analysis and Design of T-Beams and

Doubly Reinforced Beams
T-Beams
Reinforced concrete floors usually consist of slab and beams, which are placed or
poured monolithically. In this effect, the beam will have extra width on top (which is
usually under compression) called flangers, and the resulting section is called a T-
beam. The beam may also be L-shaped if it is located at the end of slab.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T-BEAMS

WITH FLANGE IN COMPRESSION

Because of the huge amount of compression concrete when the flange of a T-beams is
compression, the section is usually tension-controlled (extreme tension yields).

The compression block of T-beam may fall within the flange only or partly in the web. If
it falls within the flange as shown in Figure 3.1 (a), the rectangular beam formulas in
Chapter 2 applies since the concrete below neutral axis is assumed to be cracked and
its shape has no effect on the flexure calculations. If however it cover part of the web as
shown in Figure 3.1 (b), the compression concrete no longer consist of a single
rectangle and thus the rectangular formulas do not apply.

BALANCED AND MAXIMUM

(a) STEEL AREA AND MOMENT (b) 2 is given by:
The balanced value of “c” for any beam shape, as discussed in Chapter
Figure 3.1: Location of neutral axis
600 d
C b=
600+ f y
 and a b=β 1 C b

If ”a” is less than the slab thickness, the formulas for rectangular beam may be used, or

0.85 f ' c β 1 600

ρb =
f y (600+ f y )

A sb=ρb br d
' ab
M bn=0.85 f c ab ( d− )
2

A s max=0.75 A sb
a max=0.75 ab
' amax
M n max =0.85 f c amax b( d− )
2

However, if “a” is greater than the slab thickness, the following formula will be used.

t a
Z d

T =C 1+C 2 A sb f y =C 1 +C2
A sb f y =0.85 f 'c (b f t+ bw z)

0.85 f ' c [f ' c t + ( a−t ) b w ]

Eq. 3-1 A sb=
fy
 Eq. 3-2 A s max=0.75 A sb

DESIGN OF T-BEAMS WITH NEGATIVE MOMENTS

N.A

When T-beams are resisting negative moments so that far their flangers are in tension
and the bottom of their stems in compression, the formulas for rectangular beams can
be applied. The following code requirements shall be applied for this case:
410.7.6: Where flangers of T-beam construction are in tension, part of the flexural
tension reinforcement shall be distributed over an effective flange width as defined in
Sec. 408.11, or width equal to 1/10 the span, whichever is smaller. If the effective
flange width exceeds 1/10 the span, some longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided
in the outer portions of the flange.

The intention of this section is to minimize the possibilities of flexural cracks that will
occur at the top face of the flange due to negative moments.

MINIMUM STEEL RATIO

For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the minimum steel area is
equal to or greater than the smaller value of Eq. 3-3 and Eq. 3-4:
Eq. 3-3 A s min=
√f 'c b d
w
2f y

Eq. 3-4 A s min=

√f 'c b d
f
4f y

CODE REQUIREMENTS ON T-BEAMS (SECTION 408.11)

NOTE: THESE REQUIREMENTS ARE THE SAME WITH 2010 NSCP

1. In T-beam construction, the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise
effectively bonded together.

2. The width of slab effective as T-beam shall not exceed 1/4 of the span of the
beam, and the effective overhanging flange on each side of th web shall not
exceed:
a) 8 times the slab thickness, and
b) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.

3. For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange shall not
exceed:
a) 1/12 the span length of the beam,
b) 6 times the slab thickness, and
c) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.

Interior Beam end Beam

Figure 3.2: Effective flange width

For Interior Beam

b f is the smallest of:

1. L/4
2. 16 t + bw
S1 S2
3. + +b w
2 2

For End Beam

b ' f is the smallest of :

1. L/12 + b ' w
2. 6 t+ b ' w
3. S3 /2+b ' w

For symmetrical interior beam ( S1=S 2=S ¿

b f is the smallest of:
1. L/4
2. 16 t + bw
3. center-to-center spacing of beams
4. Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to provide a flange for additional
compression area shall have a flange thickness not less than 1/2 the width of the
web and an effective flange width not more than four times the width of the web.

t ≥ b w /2 t
bf ≤ 4 bw
 5. Where primary flexural reinforcement in a slab that is considered as a T-beam
flange is parallel to the beam, reinforcement perpendicular to the beam shall be
provided in the top of the slab in accordance with the following:
a) Transverse reinforcement shall be designed to carry the factored load on
the overhanging slab with assumed to act as a cantilever. For isolated
beam, the full width of the overhanging flange shall be considered. For
other T-beams, only the effective overhanging slab needs to be
considered.
b) Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not further apart than five times
the slab thickness, nor 450 mm.

STEPS IN FINDING THE TENSION STEEL AREA A SOF SINGLY

Transverse reinforcement
REINFORCED T-BEAMS WITH GIVEN M U AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
To be provided
I. Solve for φ M n max to determine of compression steel is necessary.

Follow the procedure in Page 105.slab reinforcement

Primary
If M u ≤ φ M n max, the beam is singly reinforced, proceed to Step II.
If M u >φ M n max, the beam is doubly reinforced

Note : SKIP step if ∈ your judgment M u is small∧¿

compression steel is not needed .
 II. Solve for φM n 1 when a = t

Compressive force in concrete, C=0.85 f ' c b f t

M n 1=φ C ( d−t /2 )

( 2t )= ¿
φ M n 1=φ 0.85 f ' c b f d − ¿

ifφM n 1 > M u , then a<t , proceed ¿ Step III

if φM n 1 > M u , then a>t , proceed ¿ Step IV
III. a< t

t a
d d -a/2

Solve for a:

a
M u=φ M n=φ ∁(d− )
2
M u=φ 0.85 f ' c ab(d −a/2)
a=¿ ¿

T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c ab
A s=¿ A s min

A s minis the smaller value of:

A s min=
√f 'c b d A s min=
√f 'c b d
w f
2f y 4f y

IV.

t a
Z d

M u=φ M n M u=φ M n 1+ M n 2 Note :φ M n is∈ Step

M n 2=¿ ¿
M n 2=C 2 y 2=0.85 f ' c bw z y 2
z=¿ ¿
T =C 1+C 2 A s f y =C1 +C 2
A s f y =0.85 f ' c (bf t +bw z)
A s=¿ ¿

A s minis the smallest value of:

A s min=
√f 'c b d A s min=
√f 'c b d
w f
2f y 4f y
 STEPS IN FINDING φM n OF SINGLY REINFORCED T-BEAMS WITH GIVEN A s AND
OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:

I. Solve for balanced steel area A sbto determine if tension steel yiel.
Follow the procedure in Page 105.

If A s ≤ A sb ,tension steel yields. Proceed to step II

If A s> A s b, tension does not yield

Note :This step may skipped if ∈ your judgement A s is small∧¿

instead assume that f s=f y.

II. Tension steel yields, f s=f y . Compute the area of compression concrete, Ac

C=T 0.85 f ' c A c =A s f y

Ac =¿ ¿

Compare Ac with the area of compression flange, A f =b f t

If A s< A f , a<t , proceed to Step III

If Ac > A f , a> t , proceed ¿ Step IV

III. a< t

Solve for a:
Ac =bf x a
a=¿ ¿ t a
φM n=φT (d−a/2) d
a
d -a/2
φM n=φ A s f y (d− )
2

IV. a> t:

t a
Z d
T
 Solve for z:
Ac = A 1+ bw z
z=¿ ¿

φM n=φM n 1 +φM n 2
φM n=φ(C 1 y 1 +C2 y 2)
φM n=φ 0.85 f ' c [ A 1 y 1 + A2 y 2 ]

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2001 NSCP

PROBLEM 3.1
Determine the effective flange with for symmetrical T-beam with a span of 6 m. The
beam width of web is 250 mm, the slab thickness is 120 mm, and the clear distance to
adjacent beams is 3m.
SOLUTION
For symmetrical T-beam, the effective flange width is the smallest of:
1. 1/4 span = 6000/4 = 1500 mm
2. 16 t+ bw =16 ( 120 )+250=2170 mm
3. clear spacing of beams +b w =3000+250=3250 mm

Therefore b f =1500 mm

PROBLEM 3.2
 Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width, b f =1200 mm Concrete strength f ' c =30 MPa
Flange thickness,t=130 mm Steel strength , f y =345 MPa
Width of web, b w =290 mm
Effective depth, d=470 mm
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the ultimate moment capacity when
the depth of compression concrete flange equals the flange thickness or a=t.

SOLUTION
a
M n=0.8 f ' c b f a(d− )
2
When a=t

Eq. 3-5 M n=0.85 f ' c b f t( d−t /2)

180
M fn=0.85 ( 30 ) ( 120 ) (130 ) (470− )
2

M fn =1611kN −m

φ M n=0.90 x 1611=1450 kn−m

PROBLEM 3.3
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width, b f =900 mmConcrete strength f ' c =20.7 MPa
Flange thickness, t=110m Steel strength , f y =414 MPa
Width of web, b w =310 mm
Effective depth, d=460 mm
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity
 c) The maximum steel area
d) The nominal and ultimate maximum moment capacity

SOLUTION
β 1=0.85 since f ' c is less than30 MPa
a) Balanced condition

600 d 600 ( 460 )

C b= C=
600+ f y b 600+ 414
C b=272.2 mm

a=β 1 c a=0.85(272.2)
a=231.4 mm>t

= 900mm
t=100
d = 460 mm

C a
z

=250 mm

Figure 3.3
z=a−t=121.4 mm
A1=bf x t=900 ( 110 )=99,000 mm2
A2=bw x z=310 ( 121.4 ) =37,622mm 2
Acb = A1 + A2 =136,622mm2

T =C 1+C 2 A sb f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A 2)

A sb ( 414 )=0.85 ( 20.7 ) 99,000+37,622 ¿
 A sb=5,806 mm2 → balanced steel area

y 1=d−t /2=405 mm
y 2=d−t−z /2=289.3 mm

M bn=C 2 y 1 +C2 y 2 M bn=0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1 + A2 y 2)

M bn=0.85 ( 20.7 ) [99,000 ( 405 )+ 37,622 ( 289.3 ) ]
M bn=597 kN −m→ nominal balance d moment

M bn=0.90(897)
M bn=807.3 kN −m→ ultimate balanced moment

b) Maximum steel area and moment. Refer to Figure 3.3.

A s max=0.75 A sb A s max =0.75(5806)

A s max=4,355 mm2 → maximum steel area

Ac max =0.75 A cb Ac max =0.75(136,622)

Ac max =102,466 mm2 > A1 , thusa> t

Ac max = A1 + A2 102,466=99,000 + 310(z)

z=11.2 mm

A2=102,466−99,000=3,466 mm2
z
y 2=d−t− =344.41 mm
2

M n mnx =C1 y 1+C 2 y 2 M n max =0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y1 + A 2 y 2)

M n max =0.85 ( 20.7 ) [99,000 ( 405 ) +3,466 ( 289.3 ) ]
M n max =726.5 kN−m→ nominal max moment

M n max =0.90 ( 726.5 )

M n max =653.8 kN−m→ ultimate maximum moment
PROBLEM 3.4
A T-beam has the following properties:b f =820 mm, b w =250 mm, d=470 mm , t=100 mm.
Concrete compressive strength f ' c =20.7 MPa and steel area for the following load
conditions:
a) M D =150 kn−m, M L =120 kN −m
b) M D =175 kN −m , M L=190 kN −m

SOLUTION
β 1=0.85
Solve for ↑ φ M n when a=t
t
( )
φ M fn =0.85 f ' c b f t d− =545.375 kN−mm
2

Solve for φM n max :

Balanced condition:
600 d
c b= =278.11 mm
600+ f y

a< β1 c b=236.39 mm>t

= 820mm
t=100
d = 470 mm

C a
z

=250 mm

FIGURE 3.4
z=a−t=136.39 mm
A1=bf t=82,000 mm2
 A2=bw z=34,098 mm2

Acb = A1 + A2 =116,098 mm2

Maximum condition:
Ac max =0.75 A c b=87,073 mm 2> A 1
A2= A c max−82,000=5,073 mm2
As
z= =20.29 mm
bw
z
y 2=d−t− =359.85 mm
2

φ M n max =M n+ M n 2=M fn +0,85 f ' c A 2 y 2

φM n max =574.28 kN−m

a) M D =150 kN −m , AM L =120 kN−m

M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L =414 kN −m< φM n max , singly reinforced

Since M u is less than M fn , a is less than t.

t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm

d -a/2

T
M u=0.85 f ' c ab f (d−a /2)
414 x 106 =0.90 ( 0.85 )( 20.7 ) a ( 820 ) (470−a/2)
a=73.6 mm

T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c a bf
A s=2,565 mm2

Minimum A sis the smaller of:

√ f 'c b d =646 mm2

√ f 'c b d=1059 mm2
w f
2f y 4fy

Thus, A s=2,565 mm2

b) M D =175 kN −m , M L=190 kN −m
M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L =568 kN −m< φM n max , singly reinforced

Since M u is more than M fn , a is more than t.

= 820mm
t=100
d = 470 mm

C a
z

T
=250 mm

M u=φM fn +φM n 2
100 z
568 x 106 =545.375+0.90 ( 0.85 ) ( 20.7 ) (250 ) z ( 470− )
2
z=15.78 mm
A2=bw z=3,946 mm2

T =C 1+C 2 A s f y =0.85 f ' c (A 1 + A 2 )

A s ( 414 )=0.85 ( 20.7 ) (82,000+3946)
A s=3,653 mm2

PROBLEM 3.5
Design a T-beam for a floor system for which b w =300 mm and d=550mm. The beams
are 4.5 m long and spaced at 3 mo.c. The slab thickness is 100 mm.
M D =450 kN−m ( including its own weight ) , M L=350 kN −m . f ' c =27 MPa , f y =415 MPa .

SOLUTION
β 1=0.85
M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L M u=1.4 ( 450 ) +1.7(350)
M u=1225 kN −m

Solve for bf:

b f isthe smallest of :
1. L/4 = 1.125 m
2. 16t + bw =16 (100 )+ 300=1,900 mm
3. center-to center spacing of beams = 3 m

Thus, b f =1,125 mm

Solve for φ M n when a=t=100 mm , φ=0.90

t
φ M fn =φ 0.85 f ' c t bf (d− )
2
φM n=1161.844 kN −m

Solve for φM n maxto determine if compression steel is needed.

600 d
c b= =325.123 mm
600+ f y

a=β 1 c b =276.355 mm>t

 = 1125mm
t=100
d =550mm

M u=φM Cfn +φac 2 y 2

z z
1225 x 106 =1161.844 x 10 6+ 0.90 x 0.85(27)(300 z )( 450− )
2 450
z=23.25 mm

A2=bw z=6975.02 mm2 T

T =c 1 +c 2 A s f y =0.85 f ' c (=300

A 1+ Amm
2)
A s ( 415 )=0.85 ( 27 ) (112,500 +6,975.02)
A s=6,607 mm2

Minimum A sis the smaller value of:

√ f 'c b d =1033 mm2

√ f 'c b d=1937 mm 2
w f
2f y 4fy

Thus, A s=6,607 mm2

PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of reinforced concrete T-beam with the
following properties: Flange width b = 1500 mm, web width b w =250 mm, effective depth
d = 600 mm, slab thickness t = 100 mm. Assume f ' c =20.7 MPa and f y =345 MPa. The
beam is reinforced with six 28 mm bars.

SOLUTION
= 1500mm
Solve for balanced A s : t=100
d =600mm

600 d a
c b= =380.95 mm C
600+ f y z

=250 mm
a=β 1 c b =323.81> t
z=a−t=22381 mm
A1=bf t=150,000
A2=bw z=55,952mm 2

T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c ( A 1+ A 2)
A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 20.7 ) (150,00+55,952)
A sb=10,503

π
Steel area provided, A s=6 x ( 28 )2=3,695 mm 2> A sb steel yields
4

Therefore, f s=f y
C=T 0.85 f ' c A c =A s f y
0.85(20.7) Ac =3,695(345)
Ac =72,441< A 1 therefore a is less than t

t =100 =1500 mm
d = 600 mm

d -a/2

T
Ac =a bf 72,441 = a (1500)
a=48.29 mm2

a
M n=0.85 f ' c a bf (d− )
2
 48.29
M n=0.85 ( 20.7 )( 48.29 )( 1500 ) (600− )
2
M n=733.99 kN −m
φM n=0.90(733.99)
φM n=660.6 kN−m

PROBLEM 3.7
Given the following properties of T-beam:
Flange width, b f =900 mm f ' c =21 MPa
Flange thickness, t=1200 f y =345 MPa
Width of web, b w =400 mm
Effective depth, d = 580 mm
Service deal load, M D =410 kn−m
Determine the safe service live load if the beam is reinforced for tension only with
twelve (12) 28-mm-diameter bars.

SOLUTION
= 900mm
β 1=0.85 ; φ=.90 t=120
π
d =580mm

A s=12 x ¿
4 C a
A1=bf t=108,000 mm2 z
Solve for balance A s:
600 d
c b= =368.25 mm
600+ f y
c=β 1 c b=313.02 mm>t
z=a=t=193.02 mm
A2=bw z=77,206 mm2 =400 mm

T =C A sb f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A 2)
A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 21 ) (108,000+77,206)
 A sb=9,582 mm 2
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.

C=T 0.85 f ' c Ac = A s f y

0.85 ( 21 ) A c =7,389(345)
Ac =142,813 mm 2> A 1 a >t

= 900mm
t=120
A c = A 1+ A 2 142,813=108,000+ A2
d =580mm

C a A2=34,813mm 2
z
A2=bw z 34,813 = 400z 460
z=87.03 mm
t
y 1=d− =520 mm
2
T
z
y 2=d−t− =416.48 mm
2 =400 mm

M n=C 1 y 1 +C 2 y 2
M n=0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1 + A2 y 2)
M n=0.85 ( 21 ) [108,000 (520 )+ 34,813 ( 416.48 ) ]
M n=1,261.3 kN −m

φM n=0.90(1,261.3)
φM n=1135.138 kN−m

φM n=M u M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L

1,135.138=1.4 ( 410 ) +1.7 M L
M L =330.0 kN −m

PROBLEM 3.8
The section of a reinforced concrete T-beam is shown in Figure 3.5. The beam is
reinforced with 10 32-mm-diameter tension bars with f y =415 MPa . Concrete strength
f ' c =32 MPa . If the total service dead load moment on the beam is 330 kN-m, determine
 the safe service live load moment.

=500mm

d=530mm
t = 120mm

10-32 mm
SOLUTION
π
A s=10 x ¿
4 =500mm
A s=8,042 mm2
t = 120mm
=320mm
A1=bf t=60,000 mm2
d=530mm

a
0.05
β 1=0.85− (32−30)
7 Figure 3.5
β 1=0.836 z

Solve for balance A s :

600 d
C b=
600+ f y
=320mm
C b=313.3 mm
a=β 1 C b=261.83 mm>t
z=a−t=141.83 mm

A2=bw z=45,385.5 mm2

T =C A sb f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A 2)
A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 21 ) (60,00+ 45,385.5)
A sb=6,907 mm2
Since A s> A sb, tension steel does not yield

=500mm
t = 120mm
d=530mm

a
z

A1=60,000mm 2
A2=bw z=b w ( a−t )
A2=bw ( β 1 c−t )
d−c T
f s=600
c
=320mm
'
T =C 1+C 2 A s f s=0.85 f c ( A 1 + A 2 )
530−c
8,042 x 600 =0.85 ( 32 ) [60,000+320 ( 0.836 c−120 ) ]
c
c=327.95 mm

a=β 1 c=261.83mm A2=bw z=49,303 mm2

z
z=a−t=141.83 mm y 2=d−t− =332.97 mm
2
y 1=d−t /2=470

M n=C 1 y 1 +C 2 y 2 M n=0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1 + A1 y 2)

M n=0.85 ( 32 ) [60,000 ( 470 ) + 49,303 ( 332.97 ) ]
M n=1,213.56 kN −m

φ M n=0.90(1,213.56)
φM n=1,092.2 kN −m
 M u=φ M n M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L
1,092=1.4 (330 )+1.7 M L
M L =370.7 kN −m

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2010 NSCP

PROBLEM 3.9
Repeat Problem 3.3 using the 2010 NSCP.

SOLUTION

Given: b f =900 mm f ' c =20.7 MPa

t=110 mm f y =414 MPa
b w =3210 mm d=460 mm
'
β 1=0.85 since f c is less t h an 28 MPa
a) Balanced condition,φ=0.65

600 d 600 (460)

c b= cb =
600+ f y 600+ 414

c b=272.2mm

a=β 1 c a=0.85(272.2)
a=231.4 mm>t
= 900mm
t=110
d = 460 mm

C a
z

T
=310 mm
 Figure 3.6

z=a−t=121.4 mm
A1=bf x t=900 ( 110 )=99,000 mm2
A2=bw x z=310 ( 121.4 ) =37,622mm 2
Acb = A1 + A2 =136,622mm2

T =c 1 +c 2 A sb f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A 2)
A sb ( 414 )=0.85 ( 20.7 ) (99,000+37,622)
A sb=5,806 mm2 → balanced steel area

y 1=d−t /2=405 mm
y 2=d−t−z /2=289.3 mm

M bn=c 1 y1 + c2 y 2 M bn=0.85 f 'c ( A1 y 1 + A 2 y2 )

M bn=0.85 ( 20.7 ) [99,000 ( 405 ) 37,622 ( 289.3 ) ]
M bn=897 kN −m →nominal balanced moment
φM bn=0.65( 897)
φM bn=583 kN −m→ ultimate balanced moment

b) Maximum steel area and moment. Refer to Figure 3.6.

3 800−f y
c= d=197.14 mm ; φ=0.65+0.25 =0.815
7 1000−f y
 a=β 1 c a=0.85(197.14)
a=167.6 mm

z=a−t=57.571 mm
A2=bw z=310 ( 57.6 )=17,847 mm2
y 2=d−t−z /2=321.21 mm

T =c 1 +c 2 A s max f y =0.85 f ' c (A 1 + A2 )

A s max ( 414 )=0.85 f 'c (99,000+17,847)
A s max=4966 mm2 →maximum steel area

M n max =c 1 y 1 +c 2 y 2
M n max =0.85 f ' c (A 1 y 1+ A 2 y 2 )
M n max =0.85 ( 20.7 ) [99,000 ( 415 ) +17,847 ( 321.2 ) ]
M n max =806.34 kN −m→ nominal max moment
φM n max =0.815(806.34)
φM n max =656.9 kN −m→ ultimate maximum moment

PROBLEM 3.10
Repeat Problem 3.2 using the 2010 NSCP.

SOLUTION
Given: b f =1200 mm b w =290 mm
t=130 mm f ' c =30 MPa
d=470 mm f y =345 MPa

t
M fn =0.85 f ' c t bf (d− )
2
130
M fn =0.85 ( 30 ) ( 1200 ) (130 ) (470− )
2
M fn =1611kN −m

Solving forφ:

a=130 mm
 0.05 '
β 1=0.85− ( f c −28 )=0.836
7
a
c= =155.56 mm
β1
d−c
f s=600 =1213 MPa>1000 MP tension-controls, φ=0.90
c
φM fn =090 (1611)
φM fn =1450 kN −m

PROBLEM 3.11
Repeat Problem 3.4 using the 2010 NSCP.
Additional questions:
c) Find the required steel area if M D =195 kN −m and M L =210 kN −m .
d) Find the maximum design moment so that section is tension-controlled if it is
reinforced for tension only.

SOLUTION
Given: b f =820 mm f ' c =20.7 MPa
b w =250 mm f y =414 MPa
d=470 mm
t=100 mm
β 1=0.85 since f ' c <28< MPa

Solve for φM n when a=t :

M fn =0.85 f ' c b f t ( d −t/2 )=605.97 kN−mm
a
c= =117.65 mm
β1

d−c
f s=600 =1797 MPa>1000 MPa , φ=0.90
c

φ M fn =545.375 kN −m
Solve for φ M n max :

3
C max= d=201.43 mm
7

800−f y
φ=0.65+0.25 =0.815
1000−f y

a=β 1 c max =171.21 mm>t

= 820mm
t=100
d = 470 mm

C a
z

z=a−t=71.21 mm
T
A2=bw z=17,803.6 mm2
y 2=d−t−z /2=334.39 mm =250 mm

M n max =M fn + 0.85 f ' c A 2 y 2

M n max =710.72kN −m
φM n max =579 kN−m

a) M D =150 kN −m , M L=120 kN −m
M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L=372 kN −m<φ M n max , singly reinforced

Since M uis less than φM fn ,”a” is less than t.

t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm

d -a/2

T
Assume φ=0.90

a
M u=φ 0.85 f ' c a bf (d− )
2

a
372 x 106=0.90 ( 0.85 )( 20.7 ) a ( 820 ) (470− )
2
a=65.52 mm

a
c= =77.08 mm
β1
d−c
f s=600 =3,058 MPa>1000 MPa , tension controls , φ=0.90
c
T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c a bf
A s ( 345 ) =0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 65.52 )(820)
A s=2,283 mm2
Minimum A s is the smaller value of:

f 'c √ f ' c b d=1059 mm2

b w d=646 mm2
2f y 4f y f

Thus, A s=2,283 mm2

b) M D =175 kN −m , M L=190 kN −m
M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L=514 kN−m< φ M n max , singly reinforced

Since M u is less than φM fn , ais less than t.

 Assume φ=0.90

a
M u=φ 0.85 f ' c a bf (d− )
2

514 x 10 6=0.90 ( 0.85 ) ( 20.7 ) a ( 820 ) (470−a/2)

a=93.53 mm

a
c= =110.03 mm
β1

t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm

d -a/2

T
d−c
f s=600 =1,963 MPa>1000 MPa , tension controls , φ=0.90
c

T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c a bf
A s ( 345 ) =0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 93.53 ) (820)
A s=3,259 mm2
c) M D =195 kN −m , M L=210 kN −m
M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L=570 kn−m<φ M n max , singly reinforced

Since M u is more than φM u , a is more than t.

= 820mm
t=100
d =470mm

C a
z

=250 mm
 Assume φ=0.90

M u=φM fn +φM n 2
z
570 x 106 =545.375+0.90 ( 0.85 ) ( 20.7 ) (250 ) z (470−100− )
2
z=17.05 mm

a=t+ z =117.05 mm ; c=a / β1 =137.7 mm

d−c
f s=600 =1448 MPa>1000 MPa , tension controls , φ=0.90
c
A2=bw z=3,908 mm2
T =C 1+C 2 A s f y =0.85 f ' c ( A 1+ A 2)
A s=3,666 mm2
3
d) c= d=176.25 mm , φ=0.90
b

a=β 1 c=149.81mm>t
= 820mm
t=100
d = 470 mm

C a
z

T
=250 mm
z=a−t=49.81mm
A2=bw z=12,453 mm2
z
y 2=d−t− =3450.9 mm
2

M tn =M fn + 0.85 f ' c A 2 y 2
M tn =681.59 kN −m

φM tn =613.4 kN −m

Note: If M uis less than or equal to φM n, the beam is tension-controlled.

PROBLEM 3.12
Repeat Problem 3.6 using the 2010 NSCP.

SOLUTION
Given: b f =1500 mm f ' c =20.7 MPa
b w =250 mm f y =345 MPa
d=600 mm β 1=0.85
A s=6−28 mm=3,694 mm2

Solve for balanced A s:

t=100 = 1500mm
d =600mm

600 d
c b= =380.95 mm C a
600+ f y z
a=β 1 c b =323.81> t
A1=bf t=150,000
A2=bw z=55,952mm 2

=400 mm
T =C A sb f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A 2)
A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 20.7 ) (150,000+55,952)
A sb=10,503

π
Steel area provided, A s=6 x ¿
4

therefore , f s=f y
C=T 0.85 f ' c Ac = A s f y
0.85 ( 20.7 ) A c =3,695(345)
Ac =72,441< A 1 therefore a is less than t

t =100 =1500 mm
d = 600 mm

d -a/2

Ac =a bf 72,441=a(1500)
a=48.29 mm2

Solve forφ:
a
c= =56.82mm
β1
 d−c
f s=600 =5,736 MPa>1000 MPa tension controls
c

thereforeφ=0.90

M n=0.85 f ' c a bf (d−a /2)

48.29
M n=0.85 ( 20.7 )( 48.29 )( 1500 ) (600− )
2
M n=733.99 kN −m

φM n=0.90(733.99)
φ M n=660.6 kN−m

PROBLEM 3.13
Repeat Problem 3.7 using 2010 NSCP.

SOLUTION

Given the following properties of a T-beam:

Flange width, b f =900 mm f ' c =21 MPa
Flange thickness, t=120 mm f y =345 MPa
Width of web,b w =400 mm A s=7,389 mm2
Effective depth, d=580mm

Service deal load, M D =410 kN−m

β 1=0.85 ; φ=0.90
π
A s=12 x ¿ = 900mm
4 t=120
A1=bf t=108,000 mm2
d =580mm

C a
Solve for balance A s: z
600 d
C b= =368.25mm
600+ f y

=400 mm
 a=β 1 c b =313.02mm> t
z=a−t=193.02 mm
A2=bw z=77,206 mm2

T =C A sb f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A 2)
A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 21 ) (108,000+77,206)
A sb=9,582 mm2

Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.

C=T 0.85 f ' c A c =A s f y

0.85 ( 21 ) A c =7,389(345)
Ac =142,813 mm 2> A 1 “a” >t

= 900mm
t=120
d = 580 mm

C a
z
460

T
=400 mm

A c = A 1+ A 2 142,813=108,000+ A 2
A2=34,813mm 2
A2=bw z 34,813=400 z
z=87.03 mm
 t
y 1=d− =520 mm
2
z
y 2=d−t− =416.48 mm
2

M n=C 1 y 1 +C 2 y 2
M n=0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1 + A2 y 2)
M n=0.85 ( 21 ) [108,000 (520 )+ 34,813 ( 416.48 ) ]
M n=1,261.6 kn−m

Solve for φ:

a
a=t+ z =203.03 mm c= =243.57 mm
β1

d−c
f s=600 =828.76 MPa< 1000 MPa
c

Since f y <f s< 1000 MPa , Transition region

f s−f y
φ=0.65+0.25 =0.8346
1000−f y

φM n=0.8346(1,261.3)
φM n=1,052.703 kN −m

φM n=M u M u=1.2 M D +.6 M L

1,052.703=1.2 ( 410 )+1.7 M L
M L =350.44 kN−m

PROBLEM 3.14
 Repeat Problem 3.8 using 2010 NSCP.

d=530mm
=500mm
t = 120mm

10-32 mm

=320mm

Figure 3.7

SOLUTION
π =500mm
A s=10 x ¿ t =120 mm
4

A s=8,042 mm2
d=530mm

A1=bf t=60,000 mm2

a

0.05
Z
β 1=0.85− (32−28)
7
β 1=0.821

Solve for balanced A s:

=320mm
600 d
c b=
600+ f y
a=313.3 mm
a=β 1 c b =257.35 mm>t
z=a−t=137.35 mm
A2=bw z=43,953 mm2

T =C A sb f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A 2)
A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 21 ) ( 60,000+ 43,953)
A sb=6,813 mm2

Since A s> A sb ,tension steel does not yield

t =120 mm =500mm
d=530mm

a
Z

T
=320mm

φ=0.65 cpmression controls

A1=60,000mm 2
A2=bw z=b w ( a−t )=b w (β 1 c−t)

d−c
f s=600
c

T =C 1+C 2 A s f s=0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A2 )

530−c
8,042 x 600 =0.85 ( 32 ) [60,000+320(0.821 c−1200)]
c
c=329.27 mm

a=β 1 c=270.47 mm A2=bw z=48,151 mm2

z
z=a−t=150.47 mm y 2=d−t− =334.76 mm
2
y 1=d−t /2=470 mm

M n=C 1 y 1 +c 2 y 2 M n=0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1 + A2 y 2)

M n=0.85 ( 32 ) [60,000 ( 470 ) + 48,151 ( 334.76 ) ]
M n=1,205.48 kN −m

φM n=0.65(1,205.48)
φ M n=783.56 kn−m

M u=φM n M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L

78.56=1.2 ( 330 ) +1.6 M L
M L =242.23 kN −m
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

Occasionally, beams are restricted in small sizes by space or aesthetic requirements to

such extent that the compression concrete should be reinforced with steel to carry
compression. Compression reinforcement is needed to increase the moment capacity of
a beam beyond that of a tensilely reinforced makes beams tough and ductile and
reduces long-time deflection of beams.

Compression steel also helps the beam withstand stress reversals that might occur
during earthquakes. Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning
stirrups and keeping them in place during concrete placement and vibration. Various
tests show that compression reinforcement also prevents the beam to collapse even if
the compression concrete crushes especially if it is enclosed by stirrups.

According to Section 407.12 of NSCP, compression steel in beams must be enclosed

by lateral ties, at least 10 mm in size for longitudinal bars 32 mm or smaller, and at least
12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled bars. Deformed wire or welded wire fabric of
equivalent area is allowed. The spacing of these ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal
bar diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or least dimension of the compression
member.
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Doubly reinforced beam is analyzed by dividing the beam into two couples M n 1and M n 2
as shown in Figure 3.8. M n 1is the couple due to compression concrete and the part of
the tension steel A s1 . M u 2is the couple due to the compression steel A ' s and the other
part of the tension steel area A s 2 .

b 0.003
d’
a c

= +

Figure 3.8

Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure (i.e. tension steel must
yield). For the reason, therefore, the stress in tension ( A s ¿ is always equal for f y . On the
other hand, stress of compression steel ( A ' s ¿ may either be b y or below f y . This stress
must always be checked.

If the compression steel yields, then A ' s= A s 2, otherwise A ' s= A s 2 f y /f ' s, where f ' sis the
stress of compression steel is given and is given by the following equation.
(see derivation in page 137)

c−d '
Eq. 3-6 f ' s=600
c
According to Section 410.4.3 of NSCP, for members with compression reinforcement,
the portion of ρb equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the
0.75 factor. Thus, the maximum permissible A sis:
f 's
Eq. 3-7 A s max=0.75 ρ b bd + A ' s
fy

The expression 0.75 ρb bd= A s 1.

STEPS TO DETERMINE A sAND A ' sOF ADOUBLY REINFORCED

RECTANGULAR BEAM, GIVEN M U AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES

I. Solve for ρmax and M u max

ρmax =0.75 ρb
0.85 f ' c β 1 (600)
ρmax =0.75 =ρ
f y (600+ f y )

ρf y
ω= =¿ ¿
f 'c
M n max =φ f ' c ω b d2 (1−0.59 ω)

If M u ≤ φ M n maxdesign Singly Reinforced

(See Chapter 2)
If M u >φ M n maxdesign as Doubly Reinforced(proceed to step II)
II. M u >φ M n max

b
d’
a
d d - d’
d -a/2

= +
 Figure 3.9

Solve for A s1
A s1 =ρmax b d
Solve for M n 1, M n 2 and A s 2
M n 1=M n max
φM n 2=M u−φ M n max
¿ φ T 2 (d−d ' )
φ M n 2=φ A s 2 f y (d−d ' )
A s 2=¿ ¿

III. Solve for the stress of compression steel

Solve for a and c:

C 1=T 1 0.85 f ' c a b= A s 1 f y

a=¿ ¿
a=β 1 c 0.003
c =¿ ¿
d’

c
f ' s /E s 0.003 c – d’
=
c−d ' c

c−d '
Eq. 3-8 f ' s=600
c

If f ' s ≥ f y proceed to IV
If f ' s < f y proceed to V
IV. f ' s ≥ f y then use f ' s=f y (compression steel yields)
A ' s= A s 2

V. f ' s < f y ,then use f ' s (compression steel will not yield)

fy
A ' s= A s 2
f 's

STEPS IN FINDING M nOF A DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

WITH GIVEN A S, A ' S , AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES

There are three possible cases in doubly reinforced beams.

Case 1: Both tension and compression yields ( f s=f ' s =f y ¿

Case 2: Tension steel yields and compression steel does not ( f s=f y , f ' s < f y ¿

Case 3: Tension steel does not yield compression steel yields.

( f s=f y , f ' s < f y ¿

Note: For doubly reinforced beams with effective depth d=250 mm or more, it is not
possible for both steels not to yield.

b
d’
a

d d - d’
d -a/2

= +
 I. Assume compression steel yields ( f ' s=f y )

A s 2=A ' s =¿ ¿
A s1 =A s −A s 2 =¿ ¿

II. Solve for a and c (assuming tension steel yields):

C 1=T 1 0.85 f ' c ab= A s 1 f y

a=¿ ¿
a=β 1 c
c =¿ ¿

d−c
Check: f s=600 If f s ≥ f y ,tension steel; yields, proceed to step III
c
If f s < f y , tension steel does not yield, proceed to step IV

III. Solve for the stress in compression steel

c−d '
f ' s=600
c

If f ' s ≥ f y , proceed to step IV

If f ' s < f y ,proceed to step V

IV. Since f ' s ≥ f y , compression steel yields

M n=M n 1 + M n 2
a
( )
¿ T 1 d− +T 2 (d−d ' )
2
a
( )
M n= A s 1 f y d− + A s 2 f y (d−d ' )
2
V. If f ' s < f y , compression steel does not yield.

c−d '
f ' s=600 d’
c

a
c
From the stress diagram: d
d – d’
C 1+C 2=T d -a/2
0.85 f ' c ab+ A ' s f ' s= A s f y
c−d '
0.85 f ' c β 1 c b+ A ' s 600 =A s f y
c

Solve for c by equation formula.

c−d '
Solve for f ' s , f ' s=600 =¿ ¿
c

Solve for a,a= β 1 c=¿ ¿

Solve for M n :
M n=M n 1 + M n 2
a
( )
¿ C 1 d− +C 2 (d−d ' )
2
a
( )
M n=0.85 f ' c ab d − + A ' s f ' s ( d−d ' )
2

VI. f s < f y but f ' s=f y

T =C c +C 2 A s f s=0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f y

d−c
A s x 600 =0.85 f ' c ( β 1 c ) b+ A ' s f y
c
c =¿ ; a=β 1=¿ ______
 M n=M n 1 + M c2
a
( )
¿ C 1 d− +C 2 (d−d ' )
2
a
( )
M n=0.85 f ' c a b d − + A ' s f y ( d−d ' )
2

DEEP BEAMS

According to Section 410.8 of the Code, beams with overall depth to clear span ratios
greater than 2/3 for continuous spans, or 4/5 for simple spans, shall be designed as
deep flexural members taking into account nonlinear distribution of strain and lateral
buckling.

Beams with web depth that exceed 900 mm have a tendency to develop excessive wide
cracks in the upper parts of their tension zones. According to Section 410..7 of NSCP, if
the depth of web exceeds 900 mm, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed along both side faces of the member for distance d/2 nearest the flexural
tension. The area of skin reinforcement A sk per meter of height on each side face shall
be

Eq. 3-9 A sk ≥1.0 (d−750)

The maximum spacing of the skin reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of d/b and
300 mm. Such reinforcement may be included in strength computations if a strain
compatibility analysis is made to determine stresses in the individual bars or wires. The
total area of longitudinal skin reinforcement in both faces need not exceed one-half of
the required flexural tensile reinforcement.

ILLUSATIVE PROBLEMS

DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.15
a .305-mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The beam is
reinforced with four 25-mm-diameter compression bars. The centroid fiber. Assume
f y =415 MPa and f ' c =29 MPa. Determine the following:
a) The balanced tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate balanced moment.
b) The maximum tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate maximum
moment.

SOLUTION

70 mm 305 mm
d=490 mm

β 1=0.85 a
4-25 mm
d-d’420

a) Balanced condition
= +
600 d 600 (490)
c b= c=
600+ f y b 600+ 415
c b=289.66 mm
70 mm
a=β 1 c b a=0.85(289.66)
a=246.21 mm

d−c 289.66−70
f sc =600 f sc =600
c 289.66

f sc =455 MPa> f y yield

f sc =f y

T 1=C c A s1 f y =0.85 f ' c a b

A s1 ( 415 )=0.85 ( 29 ) ( 246.21 )( 305)
A s1 =4,460 mm2

T 2=C ' s A s 2 f y= A ' s f y

A s 2=1,964 mm2
Balanced steel area, A sb=A s 1 + A s 2=6,242 mm2
M nb=C c ( d −a/2 ) +C ' s (d−d ' )
a
( )
M nb=0.85 Tf ' c a b d− + A' s f y ( d−d ' )
2
246.21
M nb=0.85 ( 29 ) ( 246.21 )( 305 ) (490− )
2
M nb=1,021.4 kN −m

φM nb=0.90 ( 1,021.4 )=919.24 kN−m

b) Maximum tension steel area:

According to Section 410.4.3, for members with compression reinforcement, the

portion of ρb equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the
0.75 factor.
A s1 =0.75 A s 1 A s1 max =0.75(4,460)
A s1 max =3,345 mm2
A s 2=1,964 mm2

A s max= A s 1 max + A s 2 A s max=3,345+1,964

A s max=5,309 mm2

C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c a b= A s 1max f y

0.85 ( 29 ) ( a ) ( 305 )=3,345( 415)
a=184.7 mm

c=a/ β 1 c=184.7 /0.85

c=217.2mm

c−d ' 217.2−70

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 217.2
f ' s=406.7 MPa< f y (will not yield)
 ( a2 )+C (d−d )
M n max =Cc d− '
s
'

( a2 )+ A f (d−d )
M n max =0.85 f ' c a b d− '
s
'
s
'

184.7
M n max =0.85 ( 29 )( 184.7 )( 305 ) (490− )
2
+1964 ( 406.7 ) (490−70)
M n max =887.45 kN−m

φM n max =0.90(887.45)
φM n max =798.7 kN −m

PROBLEM 3.16 (CE NOVEMBER 2009)

A reinforced concrete beam has width of 300 mm and effective depth of 460 mm. The
beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars placed 70 mm from extreme
concrete. Concrete strength f ' c =35 MPa and steel strength f y =345 MPa.
a) What is the balanced steel area considering the contribution of the compression
steel?
b) What is the maximum tension steel area allowed by the code?

SOLUTION

0.05
β 1=0.85− ( 35−30 )=0.814
7
 π
A ' s= (28)2 x 2=1,232 mm2
4

a) Balanced condition considering compression steel:

600 d 600 (460)

c b= cb =
600+ f y 600+ 345

c−d ' 292−70

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 292

f ' s=456 MPa> f y ,thus f ' s=f y =345 MPa

C c +C s =T 0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f ' s= A s f y
0.85 ( 35 ) ( 0.814 x 292 ) ( 300 ) +1232 ( 345 )= As (345)
A s=7,384 mm2

b) Maximum steel area:

For rectangular beams:
C max=0.75 c b=0.75(292)
C max=219.05mm
a=β 1 cmax=178.37 mm
c−d ' 219.05−70
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 219.05

f ' s=408 MPa>f y , thus f ' s=f y =345 MPa

C c +C s =T 0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f ' s= A s f y

0.85 ( 35 ) ( 178.37 ) (300)
+1232 ( 345 )= A s (345)
A s=5,846 mm3
PROBLEM 3.17

A rectangular beam has b=300 mm and d= 490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
f ' c =27.6 MPa and steel yield strength f y =276 MPa. Compressive steel if required shall
have its centroid 60 mm from extreme concrete fiber. Calculate the required tension
steel area if the factored moment M uis 620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
This is the same problem in Chapter 2.

Solve for φM n max :

600 d
c b= =335.616 mm
600+ f y

a b=β 1 cb =285.27 mm

a
M n max =0.85 f ' c a b(d− )
2
M n max =0.85 ( 27.6 ) (213.96 )( 300 ) ( 490−213.96/2)
M n max =576.76 kN−m
φM n max =0.90 ( 576.76 )=519 kN −m

Since M u=620 kn−m>φM n max , the beam must be doubly reinforced.

b
d’
c a
M n 1=M n max =576.76 kN−m
= d – a/2 + d – d’
Mu 620
M n 2= −M n 1 M n 2=
φ 0.90−576.76
M n 2=112.13 kN −m

a=213.96 mm
A s1 f y =0.85 f ' c a b A s1 ( 276 ) =0.85 ( 27.6 )( 213.96 ) (300)
A s1 =5456 mm2 Note: A s1 =A s max

Solve for f ' s :

 a
c= =251.71mm
β1

c−d ' 251.71−60

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 251.71
f ' s=457 MPa> f y Compression steel yields

Use f ' s=f y

M n 2=T 2 ( d −d ' ) 112.13 x 106= A s 2 ( 276 ) (490−60)

A s 2=945 mm2

Tension steel area, A s= A s1 + A s 2=6401 mm2

Compression steel:

c ' s =T 2 A ' s f y = A s 2 f y
A ' s= A s 2
A ' s=945 mm2

PROBLEM 3.18
A rectangular beam has b=310 mm and d=460 mm. The beam will be designed to carry
a service dead load of 230 kN-m and service live load of190 kn-m. Compression
reinforcement if necessary will have its centtoid 70 mm from extreme concrete fiber.
Determine the required steel area. Use f ' c =30 MPa and f y =415 MPa .

SOLUTION

β 1=0.85
M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L M u=1.4 (230 )+ 1.7(190)
 M u=645 kN −m

Solve for φ M n max:

Note : For rectangular beams,c max =0.75 c b

600 d
c max =0.75 =203.94 mm
600+ f y

a=β 1 c max =173.35 mm

M n max =0.85 f ' c a b( d−a /2)

M n max =0.85 ( 30 )( 173.35 ) ( 310 ) (460−173.35/2)
M n max =511.58 kN −m

φM n max =0.90(511.58)
φM n m ax =460.42 kN −m

Since M u=645 kN −m>φ M n max, compression steel is necessary

b
d’
c a

= d – a/2 + d – d’
M n 1=M n max =511.58 kN −m

Mu 645
M n 2= −M n 1 M n 2= −511.58
φ 0.90

M n 2=205.088 kN −m

c=c max=203.94 mm
a=173.35 mm
Tension Steel:
T 1=C c A s1 f y =0.85 f ' c a b
A s1 ( 415 )=0.85 ( 30 ) (173.35 ) (310)
A s1 =3,302mm 2

M n 2=T 2( d−d ' ) 205.088 x 106 =A s 2 ( 415 ) (460−70)

A s 2=1,267 mm2
A s= A s1 + A s 2 A s=3,302+1,267
A s=4,569 mm 2

Compression steel:

c−d ' 203.94−70

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 203.94

compression steel does nt yield, f ' s=394.06 Pa

C ' s=T 2 A ' s f ' s =A s 2 f y

A' s ( 394.06 )=1,267 (415)
A ' s=1334 mm 2

PROBLEM 3.19
A floor system consists of a 100-mm concrete slab supported by continuous T beam
with 9 m span, 1.2 m on centers as shown in Figure 3.10. Web dimensions, as
determined by negative-moment requirements, are b w =280 mm , and d=500mm .
Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the bars. The beam is subjected to a
maximum positive factored moment of 1080 kN-m. Use f ' c =21 MPa , f y =415 MPa . Unit
weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m 3 .
 a) Calculate the required tension steel area at the point of maximum positive
moment.
b) Using the tributary area method, what is the uniform service dead load acting on
the beam?
c) Calculate the uniform service live load acting on the beam.

A L=9m B L=9m C

SOLUTION
f ' c =21 MPa bw =280 mm
f y =414 MPa d=500mm
β 1=0.85 d ' =70 mm
Maximum factored moment, M u max =1080 kN−m

Effective flange width, b f :

1. L/4=9/4=2.25 m
2. 16t+b w =16 ( 100 ) +280=1.88 m
3. Soc =1.2 m

Use b f =1.2 m

Solve for φM n max to determine if compression steel is required.

Balanced condition:

600 d 600(500)
c= c=
600+ f y 600+415

a=β 1 c a=0.85(295.57)
 a=251.23 mm

t=100 = 1200mm
d =500mm

C a
z

=280 mm
z=a−t z=251.23100
z=151.23 mm

A1=1200 x 100=120,000 mm2

A2=280 ( 151.23 ) =42,345 mm2

Acb = A1 + A2 =162,345mm 2

Maximum condition:

Ac max =0.75 A cb Ac max =0.75(162,345)

Ac max =121,759 mm2 > A 1

= 1200mm
t=100
d =500mm

C a
z
A2= A c max− A 1 A2=121,759−120,000
A2=¿1,759 mm 2

A2=bw z 1,759=280 z T
z=6.28 mm
=280 mm
y 1=d−t /2 y 1=500−100/2
y 1=450 mm

y 2=d−t−z /2 y 2=500−100−6.28 /2
y 2=396.86 mm

M n max =C1 y 1+ c 2 y 2 M n max =0.85 f ' c (A 1 y 1+ A 2 y 2 )

M n max =0.85 ( 21 ) (120,000 x 450)
+1,759 x 396.86
M n max =976.36 kN −m
φM n max =0.90(976.36)
φM n max =878.72 kN−m

Since M u=1,080 kN −m>φM n max , the compression reinforcement must be provided.

=1200mm
d’=70
a
d=500mm

d-d’
500 mm

430

d’=70

=820mm

a=t+ z a=100+6.28
a=106.28 mm
c=a/ β 1 c=106.28 /0.85
c=125.04

c−d ' 125.04−70

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 125.04

f ' s=264.1 MPa< f y

M n 1=M n max =976.36 kN −m

A s1 =A s max
T 1=C1 +C 2 A s1 f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A 2)
A s1 ( 415 )=0.85 ( 21 ) (120,000+1,759)
A s1 =5,237 mm2

Mu
M n 2=M n−M n 1 M n 2= −M n 1
φ
1080
M n 2= −976.36
0.90
M n 2=223.64 kN −m

M n 2=T 2( d−d ' ) M n 2= A s 2 f y (d−d' )

223.64 x 10 6= A s 2 ( 415 ) (500−70)
A s 2=1,253 mm2

Tension steel area, A s= A s1 + A s 2=6,490 mm2

Compression steel area:

C ' s=T 2 A ' s f ' s =A s 2 f y
A' s ( 264.1 )=1,253(415)
A ' s=1,969 mm2

b)
Dead load=weight of concrete:
Area=1.2(0.1)+0.28(0.47)=0.2516 m3
w c =γ c x Area
w c =23.5(0.2516)
w c =5.9126 kN /m→ dead load

c) Uniform live load

7.6 m 7.6 m
5-32 mmø 3-32 mmø 5-32
5-32
mmømmø 3-32 mmø 5-32 mmø
A L=9m B L=9m C
145 kN-m 145 kN-m
Maximum positive moment (at midspan)

w u L2
w u= 1,080=wu ¿ ¿ 202 kN-m
24
w u=320 kN /m
w u=1.4 w D +1.7 w L 320=1.4 ( 5.9126 ) +1.7 w L
 w L =183.37 kN /m→live load

INVESTIGATION (ANALYSIS) PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 3.20
The beam shown in Figure 3.11 is subjected to a maximum service dead load moment
of 230 kN-m. Determine the service live load that the beam can carry. Use
f ' c =20.7 MPa∧f y =345 MPa .

350 mm 60 mm
2-28 mm

540 mm
600 mm
4-36 mm

Figure 3.11
SOLUTION
π
A s= ¿
4
π
A ' s= ¿
4

b
d’
ca

= d – a/2 + d – d’
Assume all steel yield:

f s=f ' s =f y
A s 2=A ' s =1,232mm 2
A s1 =A s −A s 2=2,840 mm 2

C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c a b= A s 1 f y
0.85 ( 20.7 ) a ( 350 )=2,840 (345)
a=159.1 mm
a
c= =187.18 mm
β1

d−c 600−187.18
f s=600 f s=600
c 187.18
f s=1.323> f y tension steel yields

c−d' 187.18−60
f s=600 f s =600
c 187.18
f s=407.7> f y compression steel yields

Assumption is correct, all steel yield.

M n=M n 1 + M n 2
a
( )
M n=T 1 d− + T 2 (d −d ' )
2
a
( )
M n= A s 1 f y d− + A s 2 f y (d−d ' )
2
159.1
(
M n=2,840 ( 345 ) 600−
2 )+ 1,232 ( 345 ) (600−60)
M n=739.4 kn−m
φM n=0.90 ( 739.4 )=665.43 kN −m
φM n=M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L 665.43=1.4 ( 230 ) +1.7 M L
M L =202.02 kN −m
PROBLEM 3.21
A rectangular beam has the following properties:
Width, b=400 mm f y =415 MPa
Effective depth, d=620 mm f ' c =22 MPa
Tension bars, 3 pcs 25-mm-diameter
d’=70 mm
Determine the design strength of the beam and the safe service live load if the service
dead load is 320 kN-m.

SOLUTION
π
A s=10 x ¿
4
π
A ' s=3 x ¿
4

Assume all steel yields:

A s 2=A ' s =1,473 mm2
A s1 =A s −A s 2=4,685 mm2
b
d’
ca

= d – a/2 + d – d’

0.85 f 'c a b=A s 1 f y 0.85 ( 22 ) a ( 400 )=4,685 ( 415 )

a=260 mm
a
c= =305.8 mm
β1
 d−c
f s=600 =616.5 MPa> f y ( yield )
c
c−d '
f ' s=600 =463 MPa>f y ( yield)
c
All steel yields. Assumption is correct

M n=M n 1 + M n 2

( a2 )+ T (d −d )
M n=T 1 d− 2
'

a
M = A f ( d− ) + A (d −d ) '
n s1 y s2
2
M n=4,685 ( 415 ) ( 620−260 /2 ) +1,473 ( 415 ) (620−70)
M n=1288.9 kN −m
φM n=0.90 ( 1288.9 ) =1,160 kN−m
φM n=M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L 1160=1.4 ( 320 )+ 1.7 M L
M L =419 kN−m

PROBLEM 3.22
A 12-m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported at its ends. The
beam is provided with an addition support at the mid span. Width of beam is 300 mm
and the overall depth is 450 mm. The beam is reinforced with 25-mm-diameter bars,
four bars at the tension side and 2 bars at the compression side .Concrete protective
coverings is 70 mm form the centroid of the bars. Concrete strength f ' c =30 MPa and
steel yield f y =415 MPa . Use 0.75 ρb =0.023 .
a) Determine the depth of the compression block.
b) Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
c) Determine the factored uniform load, including its own weight, the beam can
carry.

SOLUTION
β 1=0.85
f ' c =30 MPa 300 mm
f y =415 MPa 70 mm
π
A s=4 x ¿ 2-25 mm
4
A s=1963 mm2
310 mm
380 mm

450 mm

4-25 mm
70 mm
 π
A ' s=2 x ¿
4
A ' s=982 mm2

Assuming all steel yields:

A s 2=A ' s =982 mm2
A s1 =A s −A s 2=982mm 2

C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c a b=A s 1 f y

0.85 ( 30 ) a ( 30 )=982( 415)
a=53.26 mm
a
c= =62.66 mm<70 mm
β1
compression steel does not yield

Assuming tension steel yields and compression steel does not.

T =C c +C ' s A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f ' s
1963 ( 415 ) =0.85 ¿
c−70
+982 x 600
c

c=98.87 mm

98.86−70
f ' s=600 =175.17 MPa< f y
98.86

d−c
f s=600 =1,706> f y ( yield )
c

a=β 1 c=84.03 mm→ answer ∈Part a

M n=C c d−( a2 )+ C ( d−d )

s
'

M n=0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f ' s (d−d ' )

M n=270.58 kN −m →asnwer ∈ part b

φM n=0.90 M n
φ M n=243.53 kN −m

c) Maximum factored uniform load:

Factored load,
By there-moment equation:
A 6B
A 1 á 1 6 A 2 á2 C
M A L 1 + 2 M B ( L1 + L2 ) + M c L2 + + =0
L1 L2

M A =M C =0
6 A 1 á1 wu L13
=
L1 4
6 A 2 á2 wu L13
=
L2 4
0+2 M B ¿
w u=54.12 kN /m

PROBLEM 3.23 (CE NOVEMBER 2010)

A 6 meter long simply supported reinforced concrete beam has a width of 350mm and
an overall depth of 470 mm. The beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars on
top and 4-28 tension bars at the bottom, each located 70 mm from the extreme concrete
fiber. Concrete strength f ' c =20.7 MPa, and steel yield strength f y =415 MPa .Determine
the following:
a) Depth of compression blocks assuming both tension and compression steel
yields.
b) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in kN-m?
c) Determine the additional concentrated live load that can be applied at midspan if
the dead load including the weight of the beam is 20 kN/m.
 SOLUTION
Given : L=6 m f ' c =20.7 MPa
b=350 mm f y =415 MPa
d=400 mm d b =28 mm
d ' =70 mm
π
Tension steel area A s= ¿
4

π
Compression steel area, A ' s= ¿
4
β 1=0.85 φ=0.90

Assuming tension & compression steel yields:

A s 2=A ' s =1232mm 2
A s1 =A s −A s 2=1232 mm2

c c =T 1 0.85 f ' c a b= A s 1 f y
0.85 ( 20.7 ) a ( 350 )=1232( 415)
a=83 mm → answer∈Part a

c=a/ β 1 c=83/0.85
c=97.64 mm

c−d ' 97.64−70

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 97.64
f ' s=170 MPa< f y

Thus, compression steel does not yield.

c−d '
Since compression steel does not yield, f ' s=600
c

Assuming tension steel yields:

C c +C s =T s
0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f ' s= A s f y
 c−70
0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 0.85 c )( 350 )+1232 x 600 =2463( 415)
c
c=130.08 mm
a=β 1 c=110.6 mm

d−c 400−130.08
f s=600 f s=600
c 130.08

f s=1245> f y ( yield )

c−d ' 130.08−70

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 130.08

f ' s=277.11 MPa< f y

( a2 )+C (d−d )
M n=cc d− '
s
'

a
M =0.85 f ' a b (d − ) + A f ( d−d )
' ' '
n c s s
2
M n=0.85 ( 20.7 )( 110.6 )( 350 ) ( 400−110.6 /2 )+1232 ( 277.11 ) ( 400−70 )
M n=347.33 kN −m

Ultimate moment capacity=φ M n=0.90(347.33)

Ultimate moment capacity= φM n=312.6 kN−m → answer∈ Par t b

3m 3m

M u=φ M n=312.6 kN−m

L=6m
M D L2 PL L
M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L M u=1.4 +1.7
8 4

312.6=1.4 20 ¿ ¿
 P L=73.175 kN

PROBLEM 3.24
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.12. The beam will be subjected to a maximum
service dead load of 215 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this
beam? Use f ' c =21 MPa∧f y =415 MPa .

360 mm 30 mm
5- 25mm

650 mm
25 mm

Figure 3.12

8 - 25mm

30 mm

SOLUTION
β 1=0.85
π
Tension steel, A s=8 x ¿
4
A s=3,927 mm2
π
Compression steel, A ' s=5 x ¿
4
A ' s=2,454 mm 2 360 mm 30 mm
d’
1 5- 25mm
d ' =30+ =42.5 mm
2 ( 25 ) 650 mm
25 mm

Effective depth to extreme tension bar: d

8 - 25mm

30 mm
 1
d t =650−30− =607.5 mm
2 ( 25 )
Effective depth (to centroid of tension bar)
d=650−30−25−1 /2(25)
d=582.5mm

M D −215 kN −m
f ' c =21 MPa
f y =415 MPa

Assume all steel yields:

A s 2=A ' s =2,454 mm2

A s1 =A s −A s 2=1,473 mm2

C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c a b= A s 1 f y
0.85 ( 21 ) a ( 360 )=1.473(415)
a=95.1 mm

c=a/ β 1 c=95.1/0.85
c=111.9 mm

c−d ' 111.9−42.5

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 111.9

f ' s=372 MPa< f y

Compression steel does not yield.

360 mm
d’
5- 25mm a
c
25 mm

d :There are two lawyers of tension bars which obviously yiel . Thus , thier
Note
stresses are bothset equal ¿ f y ∧thier cg islocated at thier geometric centroid .d-a/2
d-d’

88- 25mm
- 25mm
T
T =C c +C ' s A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f ' s
c−d '
A s f y =0.85 f ' c ( β 1 c ) b+ A ' s x 600
c
3,927 ( 415 )=0.85 ( 21 )( 0.85 c ) (360)
c−42.5
+2,454 x 600
c
c=122.38 mm

c−d ' 122.38−42.5

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 122.38
f s=391.64 MPa< f y

a=β 1 c a=0.85(122.38)
a=104.03 mm

( a2 )+ C (d−d )
M n=C c d− '
s
'

a
M =0.85 f ' a b (d − ) + A ' f (d−d ) ' '
n c s s
2
104.03
M n=0.85 ( 21 ) ( 104.03 )( 360 ) (582.5− )
2
+2,454 ( 391.64 ) (582.5−42.5)
M n=873.68 kN −m
φM n=0.90(873.68)
φM n=786.31 kn−m

M u=φ M n M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L

786.31=1.4 ( 215 )+1.7 ( M L )
M L =285.5 kN −m

PROBLEM 3.25
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.13. The beam will be subjected to a maximum service
dead load of 360 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this beam? Use
f ' c =21 MPa∧f y =415 MPa .

30 mm
2- 25mm
650 mm
28 mm

Figure 3.13

10 - 28mm

30 mm
 320 mm 30 mm
β 1=0.85 d’
π 2 - 25mm
Tension steel, A s=10 x ¿
4

650 mm
A s=6,158 mm2

28 mm
d
π
Compression steel, A ' s=2 x ¿
4
2
A ' s=982 mm
10 - 28mm
d ' =30+1 /2 ( 25 )=42.5 mm

Effective depth (to centroid of tension bars) 30 mm

d=650−30−28−1 /2(28)
d=578mm

M D =360 kN −m
f ' c =21 MPa
f y =415 MPa

Assume all steel yields:

A s 2=A ' s =982 mm2
A s1 =A s −A s 2=5,176 mm 2

C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c a b= A s 1 f y
0.85 ( 21 ) a ( 320 )=5,176( 415)
a=376.04 mm

c=a/ β 1 c=376.04 /0.85

c=442.4 mm

c−d ' 442.4−42.5

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 442.4

f s=222 MPa< f y
Tension steel does not yield.

Note :There are two layers

320of mm
tension bars which have different stresses less than f y .
Thus , thier cgd’
is not located at thier geometric centroid .
5- 25mm 5- 25mm
d 1=650−30−14=606 mm c a

d-d’
d 2=650−30−28−28−14=550 mm
28 mm

d-a/2
π
d
A st 1=A st 2 =5 x ¿
4
10
8 -- 25mm
28mm
T 1+T 2=C c + C ' s

A st 1 f s 1 + A st 2 f s 2=0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f y

d 1−c d 2−c
A st 1 600 + A st 2 600 =0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f y
c c

606−c 550−c
3,079 x 600 +3,079 x 600
c c
¿ 0.85 ( 21 )( 0.85 c ) ( 320 ) +982 ( 415 )
c=363.9 mm
a=β 1 c=309.29mm

d 1−c 606−363.9
f s 1=600 f s 1=600
c 363.9

f s 1=399.25 MPa< f y
d 2−c 550−363.9
f s 2=600 f s 2=600
c 363.9
f s 2=306.9 MPa< f y
c−d ' 363.9−42.5
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 363.9
f ' s=530 MPa> f y

a=β 1 c a=0.85(345.4)
a=301.2 mm
Solve for d:
T 1=A st 1 f s 1 T 1=3,079(399.25)
T 1=1,229.2 kN
T 2= As 2 f s 2 T 2=3,079 ( 306.9 )
T 2=944.9 kN

T x d=T 1 x d 1+T 2 x d 2
2,174.1 d=1,229.2 ( 606 ) +944.9(550)
d=581.66 m

( a2 )+C (d−d )
M n=cc d− '
s
'

a
M =0.85 f ' a b (d − ) + A ' f (d−d ) '
n c s y
2
M n=0.85 ( 21 ) ( 309.29 )( 320 )(578−309.29/2)
+982 ( 415 ) (581.66−42.5)
M n=974.07 kn−m

φM n=0.90(947.07)
φM n=876.65 kN−m

M u=φ M n M u=1.4 M D + 1.7 M L

876.65=1.4 ( 360 ) +1.7(M L )
M L =219.21 kN −m

PROBLEM 3.26
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.14. Use
f ' c =27 MPa∧f y =350 MPa .

=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
3-23mm

Figure 3.14 10mm

stirrup =390mm
10-25mm
25mm
20mm
=300mm
.
SOLUTION
β 1=0.85
π
A s=10 x ¿
4
π
A ' s=3 x ¿
4
Flange area, A f =600 ( 110 )=66,000 mm2

Assume all steel yields:

d=110+390−20−10−25−1 /2 ( 25 )=432.5 mm
d ' =25+10+ 1/2 ( 22 )=46 mm

A s 2=A ' s =1,140 mm2

A s1 =A s −A s 2=3,768 mm 2

Area of compression concrete:

C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c Ac = A s 1 f y
0.85 ( 27 ) A c =3,768( 350)
Ac =57,468 mm 2< A f therefore a<t
Ac =a bf 57,469=a(600)
a=95.8 mm<t
c=a/ β 1 c=95.8/0.85
c=112.7 mm

c−d ' 112.7 −46

f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 112.7
f ' s=355 MPa> f y ( yield )

=600mm t=110mm
25mm
3-22mm
d-d’
d-a/2
=390mm

3-23mm
d 10mm
stirrup
10-25mm
25mm
20mm
=300mm
 d−c 432.5−112.7
f s=600 f s=600
c 112.7
f s=1,703> f y ( yield )

Verify if the upper layer of tension steel yields

d 2=d−1/2 ( 25 )−1/29 ( 25 )=407.5 mm

d 2−c
f s 2=600 =1,567 MPa> f y ( yield)
c

All steel yields, assumption is correct:

a
( )
M n=C c d− + C' s (d−d ' )
2
a
( )
M n=0.85 f ' c a bf d− + A ' s f y (d−d ' )
2
M n=0.85 ( 27 )( 95.8 )( 600 ) 432.5−46 ¿
+1,140(350)( 432.5−46)
M n=661.5 kN −m

φM n=0.90(661.5)
φM n=595.4 kN−m

PROBLEM 3.27
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.15. Use
f ' c =25 MPa∧f y =345 MPa .

=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
2-22mm

Figure 3.15 10mm

stirrup =390mm
10-28mm
25mm
20mm
SOLUTION
β 1=0.85
π
A s=10 x ¿
4
π
A ' s=2 x ¿
4
Flange area, A f =600 ( 100 ) =60,000 mm2

Assume all steel yields:

d=100+ 390−−20−10−28−1/2 ( 25 )=419.5 mm
d ' =25+10+ 1/2 ( 22 )=46 mm

A s 2=A ' s =760 mm2

A s1 =A s −A s 2=5,397 mm 2

Area of compression concrete:

C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c Ac = A s 1 f y
0.85 ( 25 ) A c =5,397(345)
Ac =87,626 mm2 > A f therefore a>t
Ac = A f + A w 87,626=60,00+ A w
A w =27,626 mm2
A w =bw z 27,626=315 z
z=87.7 mm

a=100+ z=187.7 mm
c=a/ β 1=220.83 mm
 c−d ' 220.83−46
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 220.83
f ' s=475 MPa>f y ( yield)