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Flood Risk Reduction and Management

Research · October 2017

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25631.46243

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 FLOOD RISK REDUCTION
AND MANAGEMENT

A Research
Presented to the
Candon National High School
Senior High School Department

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the subject
Research II
(Quantitative Research)

By:
ANCHETA, RIZA MAE D.
ARREOLA, EDDIE D.
COLLADO, ALEXANDRA MAURA M.
DIGA, WISDOM B.
GAERLAN, LOUIE ANN D.
PACARO, ABRILLE PIA D.
SEVERO, JEFFERSON A.

Feljone G. Ragma, Ed. D.

(Research Adviser)

October 2017
 2

Republic of the Philippines

Region 1
Candon National High School
Senior High School
Candon City, Ilocos Sur

INDORSEMENT

This is to certify that the researchers who conceptualized the study

“Flood Risk Reduction and Management” are ready for Oral

Examination.

Feljone G. Ragma, Ed.D.

Adviser

Republic of the Philippines

Region 1
Candon National High School
Senior High School
Candon City, Ilocos Sur

APPROVAL

This is to certify that the abovementioned study has

SUCCESSFULLY PASSED the Oral Examination on October 2017 before

the following, whose signatures are accordingly affixed.

DR. JAY O. GANACIAS

PANEL MEMBER
 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the

people have been a significant part of this research that without them,

this study entitled “Flood Risk Reduction and Management” would not

be a success:

To the researchers’ families and friends for their constant

support especially through finances and by prayers;

To the interviewees of this research for their time, the trust to be

interviewed and the responses which served as a big help;

To Mrs. Elsa Biswelan, who were the members of the panel during

the final defense for the significant suggestions on the improvement of

the thematic diagram;

To Dr. Feljone Ragma, the research adviser, for imparting the

irreplaceable insights regarding research, for the patience to teach

regardless of the situations and for the friendly encouragement in every

step of the way, and

Most of all, to our God Almighty who bestowed upon us the skills

and wisdom which are necessary in the completion of this research

paper.

To them all, a million thanks!

 4

DEDICATION

This research is whole-heartedly dedicated to the incomparable

research adviser of this study, Dr. Feljone G. Ragma, who served as the

very reason why this study achieved success.

He has equipped us with the unfading knowledge and for opening

the door for us to experience how a real strand-related research is being

accomplished. He armed us with the necessary skills which we will be

able to apply in the future.

With the help of his professionalism in teaching the unit, the

researchers arrived with a successful research study.

 5

ABSTRACT
Title: Flood Risk Reduction and Management
Researchers: Ancheta, Riza Mae D.
Arreola, Eddie D.
Collado, Alexandra Maura M.
Diga, Wisdom B.
Gaerlan, Louie Ann D.
Pacaro, Abrille Pia D.
Severo, Jefferson A.

Adviser: Feljone G. Ragma, Ed.D.

Abstract: This study determined the level of efficiency of flood risk

reduction and management in Candon City and its neigboring towns.
Furthermore, this aims to find out if there is a significant difference among
its subdomains. It covered a quota of 100 respondents but only 96 were
retrieving, showing a 96% retrieval rate. The data gathering tool was a
questionnaire lifted from a research. The data were treated using the mean
and the ANOVA, with post-hoc analysis.
Findings show that the flood risk reduction and management is very
efficient. In addition, it expresses that there is a significant difference
between the subdomains of flood risk reduction and management.
Thus, it can be concluded that the practices in managing flood are
executed properly, responding to vast and immediate needs of the people.
Also, the government has no equal attention to the different measures in
flood risk reduction and management.
It recommended that the authorized personnel should improve and
continue the implementation of the precautionary measures of flood risk
reduction and management especially on recovery and rehabilitation, and
emergency preparedness.

Keywords: Flood risk reduction and management

 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Number

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………….………... i
INDORSEMENT……………………………………………………….…….... ii
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………... iii
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………….. iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………….………………………. vi
FIGURE……………………………………………………………………….... viii
TABLE......................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER
I Introduction…………………………………….………….... 1
Background of the Study..…………....…………..…... 1
Framework............................................................ 5
Statement of the Problems…………..………………... 11
Hypothesis…...…………………………………....…...… 12
Scope and Delimitation...…………………………....… 12
Importance of the Study……………………..……...…. 12
Definition of Terms…………..……………….……...…. 14
Review of Related Literature and Studies……..….... 15
II Method and Procedures…..…………………..……..…… 26
Research Design…….……………………….….....……. 26
Sources of Data….……………………………….….….. 27
Locale and Population.....................…...….….… 27
Instrumentation and Data Collection…….....…...... 28
 7

Validity and Reliability..............……….....…...… 29

Tools for Data Analysis……………………..………..... 29
Ethical Considerations…………………………………...... 31
III Results and Discussion………………………………….. 32
Level of Efficiency....................................................... 32
IV Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations.... 41
Summary.................................................................. 41
Findings…………………………………………………….… 41
Conclusions……………………………………………….… 41
Recommendations…………………………………….……. 42
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………. 43
Appendices.................................................................................. 47
A.................................................................................... 47
Curriculum Vitae......................................................................... 51
 8

FIGURE

Figure Page
Number

1 The Cyclical Nature of the Four Phase Model................ 10

 9

TABLES
Table Page
Number

1 Population Breakdown................................................. 28

2 Scale and Rating.......................................................... 30

3 Level of Efficiency of Flood Risk Reduction and 33

Management.................................................................

4.a Comparison of the Subdomains of Flood Risk 38

Reduction and Management.........................................

4.b Post-hoc Analysis......................................................... 39

 10

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A disaster is a serious destructive and calamitous natural or man-

made catastrophe in which it can bring detrimental damages to the

society such as loss of lives, property destruction and permanent change

in the topography of the particular location. It ranges from hurricanes to

volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, this exceeds the ability of the

community being affected to cope using the most available resources on

their area. One of the most frequent disasters being experienced today is

a flood.

Flood is one of the most destructive natural hazards. It occurs

when water overflows or inundates land that is normally dry wherein the

level of water may only be a few inches higher, or it may cover a house or

a rooftop. NSSL (2016) said that flash floods are the most destructive

kind of floods because the destructive power of a flood joins with blazing

speed and unpredictability. They eventually occur when excessive water

fills normally dry creeks or river beds along with currently flowing creeks

and rivers, causing rapid rises of water in either short or a long period of

time. They might happen with little or no warning. National Weather

Service (2017) stated that urban areas which are prone to flooding have

more severe effects than in the countryside or suburbs. The impervious

 11

surfaces in the urban areas do not allow water to infiltrate the ground,

and the water runs off to the low spots very quickly because of some

structures present in the location. Therefore, densely populated areas are

at a high risk. The construction of buildings, highways, driveways, and

parking lots increases runoff by reducing the amount of rain absorbed by

the ground which increases the flash flood potential. Because of these

dangers, people find ways to significantly manage and reduce the risks

brought by a flood.

Flood risk reduction and management seek to reduce the risks

from flood events to the people who are located in flood-prone locations.

A flood risk management strategy identifies and implements measures

that reduce the overall hazard and what remains is the residual risk. It is

very important for those located in the floodplain and those responsible

for the activities to ensure the understanding of the nature of the risks

they face and the steps that may be taking into consideration to reduce

the risks.

According to the Office of the Queensland Chief Scientist (2010),

one of the ways of flood risk reduction and management is through

waterway modifications. Floodplain or waterway modifications such as

widening, deepening, cleaning rivers and flow paths such as canals or

removing the garbage present in the location can improve the transport

of flood waters downstream and reduce the likelihood of blockage, but on

 12

the other hand, can increase velocities and erosion and cause negative

environmental impacts. The benefits of cleaning and clearing the

pathways of water are only temporary unless these continue to be

maintained. Nevertheless, behind this imperative way of reduction and

management of flood risks, problems still inevitably popped up in global,

national and local scenarios.

Globally, the troubles caused by floods are evident. Siddique (2017)

reported that more than 1,200 people have died across India,

Bangladesh, and Nepal as a result of flooding on August 29, 2017,

Tuesday. The International Federation of the Red Cross and Red

Crescent Societies (IFRC) says the fourth significant floods this year have

affected more than 7.4 million people, damaging or destroying more than

697,000 houses; in total 17.1 million have been affected. In the northern

state of Uttar Pradesh, about 2.5 million have been affected. This is only

one of the many flood incidents in international view. Since global flood-

induced problems are seemingly evident, Philippines also experience the

deleterious effects of flooding.

One of the most devastating floods triggered by strong typhoons

that battered the Philippines happened on September 27, 2009.

According to Geminiano (2013), tropical storm “Ondoy” stroke the

Philippines with heavy rainfall that caused flash floods that killed at least

140 people, displaced half-a million people, and also destroyed more
 13

than one billion pesos worth of properties. There were horrible sights of

people getting carried away with the flash floods and eventually drowning

them with the raging waves. If there are flood effects nationally, the

locality of the researchers also goes through these struggles.

In Candon City, Ilocos Sur, the hometown of the researchers, it

can be observed that flood effects are actually alarming. During the

landfall of the typhoon Juan on October 18, 2010, a public storm

warning signal #3 was declared in all Ilocos provinces. Because of the

heavy rainfall, flash floods occurred quickly. In a damage, needs and

capacities assessment conducted in four towns of Ilocos Sur, around 635

families or 1635 individuals were affected. One of the affected areas is

the City of Candon.

According to Icred (2010), the Local Government Unit of Candon

City reported that a total of 52 hectares of rice crops have been totally

damaged because of flash floods. Furthermore, According to Fisheries

Organization President Samuel Joso, hundreds of fishermen in 6 coastal

barangays of Candon City suffered fish kill as salt water reached fish

cages. The level of salt water eventually met the rivers banks. Fishcages

worth 2.9 million pesos were also damaged in the barangays of

Paypayad, Caterman, Tamurong and Darapidap. Residents in these

coastal areas are worried because of the destruction of their source of

livelihood. Because of what happened, the local government officials,

 14

together with the provincial disaster readiness risk reduction

management council worked for hand in hand to overcome disastrous

situations like this. Therefore, the researchers conducted this study to

know the general strategies being implemented towards flood risk

reduction and management.

With the afore-cited incidents, the researchers aim to dig deeper

into the reasons behind the certain occurrence of these adverse effects of

a flood. They want to know the level of responsiveness of staff or

personnel accountable for such situations, how efficient are the

government officials including the authorized barangay officials when

executing the necessary actions in order to significantly manage and

reduce the flood risks, the sufficiency of the physical resources for

emergency purposes, and how efficient are the government actions taken

to restore and improve the living conditions of the affected residents.

Framework

Effective flood risk reduction and management ensures that a

location knows how to handle disasters. Hence, this research project

presents significant concepts and theories related to flood risk reduction

and management.

Flood risk reduction and management talks about flood prevention

and mitigation. Canziani (2013) said that mitigation involves all the
 15

needed actions to reduce or eliminate drivers of the environmental

problem. On the other hand, flood prevention is plainly implying to get

rid of floods. And in order to attain prevention and mitigation, flood

adaptation should be considered. Chaudhry (2013) defined adaptation as

a responsive adjustment to an environmental condition. According to The

Guardian (2017), to avoid the different effects of a flood, adaptations

must be considered such as raising the mechanicals and valuables,

relocation, renovation of houses, getting flood insurance and staying

informed. This is being supported by the Theory of Urban Resilience. It

states that resilience to flood challenges the conventional wisdom that

cities cannot live without flood control. To enable floodplain functions in

building resiliency to floods, flood adaptation is suggested in order to

take over flood control for the flood hazards mitigation Liao (2012). Thus,

it signifies that flood adaptation contributes to the mitigation of flood

risks. In connection to Candon City, Ilocos Sur and its neighboring towns

flood risk reduction and management includes the proper responses of

the residents. It implies that if the people living in the affected areas are

likely to experience flooding, therefore it is recommendable to renovate

the house or relocate in alarming situations or if not, it is better that the

vulnerable mechanicals and valuables of the house such as electrical

panels should be positioned in the right place. This means that the

residents are having the risk assessment of the flood which might occur.
 16

Since the needed actions assess, prevent and mitigate the risks, it is

necessary for the community and government to prepare for the flood

through planning.

Flood risk reduction and management includes emergency

preparedness. Sector (2016) stated that the preparedness or preparation

phase is centered around arranging or developing a plan to approach

events before the incident crops up. This phase is focused to increase the

resiliency through arranging and planning effective measures to counter

a disaster or effects of thereof. To support the claim, the Office of the

Queensland Chief Scientist (2017) mentioned that preparing a floodplain

management plan that outlines how flood risk to existing and future

development can be managed for a particular location can help reduce

flood risk. To back up the claim David McEntire presented the

Management Theory.

The Management Theory states that some of the vulnerability in

our communities may be corrected through effective leadership and

strategic planning. The ability of emergency managers to persuasively

sway public opinion and actively fulfill the aims of the community will

likely increase steps taken for mitigation which will enhance the

preparedness level of the jurisdiction resulting in vulnerability reduction

McEntire (2004). Therefore, in achieving preparedness, the government

should formulate a plan before the disaster happens. In Candon City and
 17

its neighboring towns, the authorized personnel specifically the

government officials should obtain the leadership where in decisions on

reducing flood risk should be made in consultation with the towns which

suffer the effects of a flood. Additionally, the government must also

prepare a plan on how to reduce and manage flood risk. The plan should

contain how the emergency response team will associate with the

community and the access and path ways to the evacuation centers of

Candon City and the towns that are near it. If the government has the

leadership, then the vulnerability is low leading to the high preparedness

level. However, it does not end in preparedness because the positive

effects of these cannot be uplifted if there are no proper responses in

emergency situations.

Flood risk reduction and management involves emergency

responses. Jackman & Beruvides (2013) mentioned that emergency

responses are about implementing the plan, reducing the potential for

secondary damage, and preparing for the recovery phase. Hence

emergency preparedness is the pre-requisite of emergency response in

which this is the stage where the plans formulated for the preparedness

will be executed. This is being backed-up by the Behavioral Theory of

Human Response to Flood Warnings by Ferrell & Krzysztofowicz (1983).

This is developed as a component of a methodology for evaluation of the

performance of flood forecast-response systems. A floodplain dweller

 18

responds to a sequence of flood warnings by taking protective action

such as evacuation, flood-proofing, and shutdown of a facility in order to

reduce his loss. Therefore, emergency responses include the necessary

actions to reduce the risk of flood during the disaster. Relating it to the

City of Candon and its nearby towns, it implies that the government and

the community should now implement the desired plans done in the

preparedness stage. It means that the solutions of flood risk reduction

are now being performed here like the opening of evacuation areas.

Nevertheless, it does not stop on responses, but is continued through

rehabilitation and recovery.

Lastly, flood risk reduction and management covers rehabilitation

and recovery. Saint Louis County (2017) expressed that rehabilitation

and recovery include the actions taken to return a community to its

normal or near-normal conditions, . In the locale of the researchers, this

stage should be done through debris clean up, rebuilding of affected

roads, financial assistance to individuals including the relief goods, and

to sustain the mass care for the displaced people and animal population.

Generally, the actions which are undertaken lead to the return of the

systems of the community to normal.

 19

Figure 1. The Cyclical Nature of the Four Phase Model

As a generalization, flood risk reduction and management includes

prevention and mitigation, emergency preparedness, emergency response

and rehabilitation and recovery. Moreover, this can be represented by the

Figure 1 through The Cyclic Nature of the Four Phase Model by

 20

Beruvides & Jackman (2013) which explains that disaster risk reduction

and management should always include the cyclical pattern to achieve

the intended goal of the group which is to manage and reduce the risks

brought disasters.

Further, the areas herein presented laid down the categories in

searching for the survey questionnaire appropriate for this research

study.

Statement of the Problems

This study intends to assess the Flood Risk Reduction and

Management in Candon City and its nearby towns. Specifically, it aims to

seek answers to the following questions:

1. What is the level of efficiency of Candon City and its nearby towns in

Flood Risk Reduction and Management in terms of the following:

a) Prevention and Mitigation;

b) Emergency Preparedness;

c) Emergency Response; and

d) Rehabilitation and Recovery?

2. Is there a significant difference in the level of efficiency of the Flood Risk

Reduction and Management in Candon City, Ilocos Sur and its

neighboring towns when grouped according to the aforecited domains?

 21

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the level of efficiency of

the Flood Risk Reduction and Management in Candon City, Ilocos Sur

and its neighboring towns.

Scope and Delimitation

This study concentrated on the Flood Risk Reduction and

Management in Candon City and the towns that are near it. The

population of the respondents consisted of the teachers and staff of

Candon National High School. This covered a quota of 100 respondents

however only 96 were retrieving. This research project was conducted

from the month of August 2017 until October 2017. The tool utilized for

data collection was a survey questionnaire. Furthermore, this study was

to help the residents manage and reduce flood risks.

Importance of the Study

This study will be useful in determining the effectiveness of the

flood risk reduction and management of Candon City, Ilocos Sur and its

neighboring towns. Moreover, it will benefit the following:

The citizens of the City of Candon and its neighboring towns will

have additional knowledge on the necessary actions on managing and

reducing flood risks before, during and after the occurrence of the
 22

phenomenon, especially those who belong in flood-prone areas.

Furthermore, whatever changes that will be undertaken by the Provincial

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council will reflect to the

betterment of the community which suffer the effects of flood.

The government will be benefitted in the sense that this study will

significantly increase awareness about the flood management and risk

reduction across the province. The results of this study will supply

knowledge where in this will bring out new ideas, recommendations and

solutions which can be adopted by the government for implementation in

different areas.

This research paper will help the Provincial Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council (PDRRMC) to identify the lacks in

managing and reducing flood risks. Thus, the findings of this study will

enable the city council to formulate solutions to answer the flood-

induced problems in some areas in Ilocos Sur.

This research is an advantage to the researchers because they will

be gaining prior knowledge in terms of flood risk reduction and

management. Additionally, this serves as a stepping stone to them for it

will help them improve their skills in research, specifically quantitative

research.

It will give the future researchers significant knowledge about the

flood risk reduction and management. They can use this research as a
 23

basis if they want to continue or improve this project. This can serve as a

source of insights for the related studies.

Definition of Terms

Flood Risk Reduction and Management. This is the focus of the study

in which it aims to assess how Candon City and its nearby towns

manage and reduce flood risks.

Level of Efficiency. This describes how responsive is the City Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Council (CDRRMC) in managing and

reducing flood risks

Emergency Preparedness. This is executed before the flood which

aims to attain preparedness in the towns and reduce the severity of the

possible risks of flood.

Emergency Responses. This refers to the proper responses of the

authorized personnel and the residents during the flood risks.

Prevention and Mitigation. This phase happens before flood

occurs in which it aims to get rid of floods.

Rehabilitation and Recovery. This includes the actions required

to help the community retrieve its normal condition.

 24

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section contains related literature and studies which explain

the flood risk reduction and management and its subdomains.

What is the level of efficiency of flood risk reduction and

management globally?

UNISDR (2017) mentioned that Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management (DRRM) aims to reduce the damage caused by natural

hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts, and cyclones, through an

ethic of prevention. In order to find out if DRRM is being carried out with

efficacy in the worldwide setting, it is crucial to assess it. According to a

study conducted by Pertz & Ferris (2013), the regional organizations

responsible for the disaster management actually abide with 43% of the

indicators of efficaciousness of the desired actions. Thus, the level of

efficiency of DRRM in the world is slightly effective. Furthermore, the

efficiency of DRRM specifically flood disaster risk reduction and

management can also be measured through following the sets of

measures under its four subdomains particularly prevention and

mitigation, emergency preparedness, emergency response, and recovery

and rehabilitation. Additionally, it should absolutely start with

prevention and mitigation.

 25

Prevention and Mitigation

Flood risk reduction and management involves flood prevention

and mitigation. Federal Emergency Management Administration (2010)

defined mitigation as the sustained actions executed to reduce or prevent

the risks to people and property hazards. Traditionally, mitigation is

divided into non-structural and structural options. This is being agreed

upon by Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (2010) in

which it mentioned that mitigation refers to any structural or non-

structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of

hazards. This is also parallel to the study of Kryžanowski, M. Brilly, &

Schnabl (2014) in which they were able to find out that flood safety in

most affected areas cannot actually be achieved with the means of

structural measures only. Rather, flood risk reduction through non-

structural measures is usually indispensable, and a site-specific mix of

both kinds of measures seems to be a right solution.

Northern Territory Government (2016) expressed that structural

flood mitigation is where physical structures are constructed or modified

to reduce the impact of flooding on individual properties or whole

catchments and include: building infrastructures, maintenance of

existing infrastructures and individual flood-proofing measures.

Building infrastructures including dams, levees, bridges, and

culverts should be taken into consideration. This is being backed-up by a

 26

study conducted by The National Academy of Sciences (2013) in which it

notes that levees, floodwalls, seawalls and other appurtenant structures

are designed to prevent flood waters and storm surges from reaching

areas that are at risk. Howbeit, consequences of failure can be

catastrophic because those behind the structure can be subjected to a

rapid inundation and flooding conditions more severe. Nevertheless, if

there are already built infrastructures which have the capability to

reduce the impacts of flooding, then maintenance of these is very crucial.

On-going maintenance to existing creeks and stormwater drainage

systems is vital to maintaining the hydraulic performance of the drain.

While clearing creek systems do not significantly help always reduce the

impacts of large flood events, however, it does definitely help reduce the

impacts of smaller, more frequent floods. While the government does its

work, every individual in the community should also do what they can to

help mitigate risks.

Where the level of flooding is relatively low, nominally less than

700mm, it may be possible to keep flood waters out of homes via raising

windows, installing solid fences, sealing doors with ‘stop boards’ and

making sure to limit sewage contamination via reflux valves. If these

measures are quite unattainable, there are alternative non-structural

actions to be performed.
 27

According to the Flood Manager E-Learning (2010), non-structural

measures (NSMs) can be considered as a set of mitigation and/or

adaptation measures that do not make use of traditional structural flood

defense measures. This includes affected property surveys, building and

development controls and relocation.

First, a detailed survey of flood-affected residences can increase

the accuracy of flood modeling so that homeowners, insurers and buyers

can understand the actual impact of flooding on each property. This

means that there should be enough information about the adverse effects

of flood on the houses in a certain location. Nonetheless, building and

development controls can be done in these properties. Hence, existing

building controls require new homes or substantial renovations to

construct habitable floor levels 300mm above flood levels. This should be

done in order to provide some level of protection from flooding. But if the

house cannot really overcome the unfavorable effects, then relocation is

advised. Acquisition or relocation of properties that are repetitively

flooded substantially damaged, or need flood-related project construction

allows many communities to deal with the challenges of these frequent

flood losses. These are only some of the measures which mitigate and if

possible, prevent flood risks. Though risks are lessened, it is still

imperative to prepare for the flood which might come.

 28

Emergency Preparedness

Sector (2016) stated that the emergency preparedness or

preparation phase is centered on arranging or developing a plan to

approach events before the incident crops up. This means that planning

effective measures are undertaken to increase resiliency to the affected

area. This is similar to the study of Atreya, et al. (2016) where in it was

stated that one of the key flood actions done in ten poor communities in

Tabasco, Mexico is the emergency preparedness measures. FEMA (2016)

mentioned that the preparedness measures are staying informed,

practicing communication, planning for evacuation routes, learning first

aid skills.

First, receiving timely information about weather conditions or

other emergency events can make all the difference in knowing when to

take action to be safe. It means you should monitor the weather reports

provided by the local news media. This will serve as the signal for you to

start having the preparedness plans. Thus, if the news informed you

about the upcoming flood, then you should know where to evacuate.

Knowing your evacuation routes; planning your transportation and

a place to stay is crucial in preparing for a flood. The safest way to

survive a flood is to evacuate the area if advised to leave. This means that

you should know your community’s local flood evacuation plan and

identify several escape routes for your location if roads are blocked;
 29

include plans to evacuate people with disabilities and others with access

and functional needs, pets, service animals, and livestock. It signifies

that you should follow the maps of evacuation centres of the government.

To effectively decide for your transportation and evacuation place,

communication between family members is important.

Practice how you will communicate with family members. In a

dangerous situation, your first thoughts will be the safety of your family

and friends. In emergency cases like when you are not together the time

authorities post a flood watch or flood warning. This will help your

clueless friends or relatives to be mindful of what is about to happen.

This will also help you share your emergency plans together for better

preparedness measures. This also implies that certain locations should

have a pay phone or if possible free telephone line for emergency

purposes. However, flood can actually cause injuries. That is why

learning first aid kit is essential.

Learning first aid kits are exercised through training classes.

Health Informatics (2017) expressed that first aid can be defined as

health or medical assistance given in emergency or first response

situations. Each year, there is an average of more than 9 million people

who gain the skills they need to get ready for and respond immediately to

emergencies through American Red Cross training classes which include

First Aid, AED and CPR training. Thus, a community should offer
 30

programs and trainings about emergency preparedness. These are only

some of the emergency preparedness measures. Even so, preparedness

cannot alleviate the deleterious effects of the flood without emergency

response.

Emergency Responses

Jackman & Beruvides (2013) mentioned that emergency responses

are about implementing the plans formulated during preparedness,

reducing the potential for secondary damage, and preparing for the

recovery phase. This includes applying the set of measures presented in

emergency preparedness. Furthermore, the responses of the government

and other authorized agencies also have a great influence in this

subdomain.

GlobalMedic (2012) stated that the GlobalMedic team has a roster

of over 1,000 volunteers from across Canada that includes many

professional rescuers, police officers, firefighters and paramedics who

donate their time to respond overseas. The volunteers consist of the

Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) which operate rescue units designed to

rescue disaster victims, Water Purification Units (WPUs) made to

supply clean drinking water; and Emergency Medical Units (EMUs) that

use inflatable field hospitals to provide emergency medical treatment.

Aside from the responsibility of the government, technology also plays its

key role.
 31

A study of DuPlessis, Lessard-Fontaine, & Soesilo (2016) showed

that drones were of limited use in this simulation but that they

have potential to become part of the emergency response toolkit for very

specific tasks. Thus, involving the products of technology in flood risk

reduction and management is integral. These are the proper response

measures during a flood. After these measures, recovery and

rehabilitation actions should be performed after the flood.

Rehabilitation and Recovery

As claimed by the Resilient Community Organizations (2015),

rehabilitation and recovery is the coordinated process of supporting

emergency-affected communities in the reconstruction of physical

infrastructure and restoration of emotional, social, economic and

physical wellbeing. This is usually measured in months and/or years.

The recovery does not only focus on having the community back to its

normal state but also includes actions taken to mitigate future flood

risks. Corroborated by the studies of Clavin, Petropoulos, Gupta, &

Tokita (2017), they found out that the communities in the towns of Lyons

and Jamestown were afforded opportunities to implement enhanced

design standards for rebuilding infrastructure, buildings, and public

facilities that would be more likely to survive or mitigate damage in

future flooding events. This includes infrastructure recovery and

achieving community needs. Under the infrastructure recovery, water

 32

and wastewater systems were restored, roads were repaired, temporary

houses were provided, restoring of public buildings, and debris and

stormwater management.

According to the study of Clavin, Petropoulos, Gupta, & Tokita

(2017), the municipal water and sewer services were first restored for a

portion of residents and businesses on October 26, 2013 (Town of Lyons

2014). Due to the expansion of the creek floodplain into the original

buried water and wastewater infrastructure right-of-ways, new

infrastructure siting engineering design challenges would have to be

addressed in a permanent infrastructure restoration solution. The project

included the following upgrades and repairs: replacing water mains and

sewer mains, installing storm drains, reconnecting utility services, and

laying asphalt pavement and a concrete curb/gutter. Thus, roads should

also be repaired.

Over a mile of local roads and two bridges were damaged. The road

between Lyons and the town of Estes Park, which takes residents and

tourists into Rocky Mountain National Park, was repaired reopened on

November 4, 2013 (Town of Lyons 2014). Therefore, after a flood, roads

should be assessed first if there is a need for repair. If there is no need

for it, then it should eventually be reopened to keep the transportation

going. Upon considering the road problems, housing problems should

also be kept in mind.

 33

Based on the abovementioned study, the town of Lyons was able to

find temporary housing for displaced residents, including the use of

recreational vehicles, if necessary. This effort has included encouraging

the use of prefabricated, modifiable housing units. Furthermore, if there

are detrimental damages in the houses of the residents, then rebuilding

it is possible. This is parallel to what Flood Recovery Booklet (2017) has

stated that residents should not just build it back, but instead build it

back better. Construct flood-proof homes by remodeling or rebuilding it

using materials and methods that will prevent or minimize damage from

future floods. Since this speaks about buildings, then public buildings

should also be rebuilt.

Conclusions of the same study show that Lyons government

operated out of the Longmont city council chambers until its town hall

was rebuilt. The town hall was reopened on December 22, 2013. All 744

elementary, middle, and high school students were relocated to an

administration building in Longmont for 3 months, until the schools in

Lyons were reopened in December 2013. However, it does not end here.

Recovery also includes debris and stormwater management.

If the drainage system had accumulated debris during the flood,

thus it needs to be cleared. Authorized personnel should provide

resources and aid to assist with debris removal. These are some of the

ways of the government to restore the damaged infrastructures.

 34

Nevertheless, there the residents or the community also need to be

recovered from the catastrophic event.

Under the community needs are the volunteer and recovery

coordination, and local business recovery. The same study of Clavin,

Petropoulos, Gupta, & Tokita (2017), during the recovery from the flood,

more than 60,000 volunteers supported recovery needs. The town of

Lyons initially appointed a temporary staff member tasked with

coordinating the volunteers but quickly recognized that additional

coordination resources would be necessary due to the magnitude of

volunteer support. In addition, businesses should be redeemed. The

government should prioritize the revitalization of its business community

in its long-term recovery planning. This is essential to keep the society

alive and going.

 35

CHAPTER II

METHOD AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the research design, sources of data,

instrumentation and data collection, tools for data analysis and ethical

considerations.

Research Design

The design used in this study is the descriptive comparative

method and is further classified into two separate designs: the

descriptive and the comparative methods. As what Enzo (2014) stated,

the descriptive research is aimed at the definition of the competitive

structure of a market/segment, or the description of the behavior of

organizations or groups of consumers. Moreover, it is described further

by Posinasetti (2014) as the obtaining of information concerning the

current status of the phenomena to describe "what exists" with respect to

variables or conditions in a situation. On the other hand, Richardson

(2017) defined comparative as a research which essentially compares two

groups in an attempt to draw a conclusion about them. Combining the

two yields descriptive comparative method. This is very appropriate in

the study because this aims to describe the level of efficiency and to

determine the differences of flood risk reduction and management of

 36

Candon City and its neighboring towns in terms of the subdomains of

flood risk reduction and management.

In addition, the researchers made use of quantitative

approach. According to Babbie (2010), quantitative approach

emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or

numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and

surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using

computational techniques. This approach is relevant to the study

because this research utilized survey questionnaire for the collection of

the numerical data.

Sources of Data

Locale and Population

The population of this study was composed of the staff and

teachers of Candon National High School. They are the respondents of

this study because they are more aware on the flood risk reduction and

management in their respective towns or cities than the students, thus

having more accurate responses.

Moreover, the quota of the population of this study is 100.

However, there were only 96 of them who were retrieving. There were 88

respondents from the teachers and 8 from the staff as can be gleaned

from the table of population breakdown.

 37

Table 1. Population Breakdown

Group N
Teachers 88
Staff 8
Total 96

Instrumentation and Data Collection

To gather the necessary data from the respondents, the

researchers first obtained the names of the teachers and staff of Candon

National High School from the Administration Office of the

aforementioned school.

For the collection of significant information, survey type of

questionnaire was distributed to the population of this study as the

research tool to measure the level of efficiency of flood risk reduction and

management. Sincero (2012) defined questionnaire as a systematic

method of collecting information from a target population, a survey

makes use of statistical techniques primarily used in quantitative

research. The questionnaire of this study revolved around the four

subdomains of flood risk reduction and management namely prevention

and mitigation, emergency preparedness, emergency response, and

rehabilitation and recovery. The formulated questions were based on the

questionnaire of Robert John O. Robas, PhD (2013) posted in

academia.edu.
 38

Furthermore, the distribution of the survey questionnaire was

conducted by the researchers themselves. They handed it to the

respondents and retrieved it immediately after the respondents finished

answering.

Validity and Reliability

Since the flood risk reduction and management questionnaire

which were copied from Robert John O. Robas, PhD (2013) is valid and

reliable, and the researchers guarantee that this supplied the necessary

data, therefore Validity and Reliability was not established for it has

already undergone the same process. Permission was also sought from

Dr. Robas through his social media account.

Tools for Data Analysis

The collected information was collated, tabulated and treated to

analysis and interpretation with the use of the statistical tools

appropriate for this study. The raw data were transcribed in tables to

organize and better understand them.

Regarding the first problem, the researchers made use of the mean

as the statistical tool to treat the level of efficiency of the flood risk

reduction and management in Candon City in terms of its subdomains.

As what Technopedia (2017) has mentioned, the statistical mean refers

to the mean or average which is used to derive the central tendency of

the information in question.

 39

Apropos of the second problem, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and

post-hoc analysis were utilized to find out if there is a significant

difference between subdomains of the flood risk reduction and

management in Candon City and its neighboring towns. Statistics

Solutions (2013) stated that ANOVA is a statistical technique which

assesses potential differences in a scale-level dependent variable by a

nominal-level variable having at least 2 categories. This statistical tool is

absolutely appropriate since three groups were compared.

For a more organized and accurate conclusions, the data were

tabulated and treated using MS Excel and the statistical tools which are

present in the application.

Data Categorization

The answers of the respondents on the level of efficiency of flood

risk reduction and management in Candon City and its nearby towns

were classified with the use of the following scale of statistical mean,

range value and its descriptive equivalent.

Table 2. Scale and Rating

Scale of Statistical Mean Descriptive Equivalent Rating
4.21-5 Very Highly Efficient
3.41-4.2 Very Efficient
2.61-3.4 Efficient
1.81-2.6 Slightly Efficient
1-1.8 Not Efficient
 40

For the significant difference, if the F-stat is greater than F-crit,

then there is a significant difference; otherwise, there is none. If

significant, appropriate post-hoc analysis must be employed to further

determine where the significant difference lies.

Ethical Considerations

To constitute and regulate ethics in conducting this research, the

researchers strictly observed the following:

Any private information relating to the teachers and staff such as

their names and trivial information was not mentioned in any portion of

this research. The respondents did not suffer any physical violence and

harm or abusive force just to answer the questionnaire.

Appropriate document sourcing and legal referencing of materials

were done to promote copyright laws.

The researchers explained the research tool to the respondents for

clarity. Together with the questionnaire, a letter was given to the

respondents to secure permission before they provided the necessary

data.
 41

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter displays the interpretation of the gathered data and

the treatment of the statistical analysis.

Level of Efficiency

The first problem considered in this study talks about the level of

efficiency of flood risk reduction and management in Candon City and in

some towns of Ilocos Sur.

Table 2 presents the gathered data pertinent to the level of

efficiency of flood risk reduction and management in the literal sense.

The calculated overall mean is 3.49 which signifies that it is very

efficient. This implies that the measures of the aforementioned

subdomains of the communities are executed well. This explains that

most of the needs of the community are being provided by the authorized

personnel, but not all. However there are still some areas which need to

be focused on for improvement most especially on rehabilitation and

recovery. For the individual statistical means of the subdomains, the

table shows that the prevention and mitigation, emergency preparedness

and emergency response are very efficient. On the other hand, the

actions taken to rehabilitate and recover the living conditions of the

affected residents are rated as efficient.

 42

Table 3. Level of Efficiency of

Flood Risk Reduction and Management

Indicators Mean Description

Prevention and Mitigation 3.62 Very Efficient
Hazard mapping and urban planning is 3.72 Very Efficient
present
Education and awareness are practiced 3.75 Very Efficient
Community involvement and participation 3.7 Very Efficient
are exercised
Declogging of waterways and canals are 3.54 Very Efficient
maintained
Dredging of rivers are sustained 3.4 Efficient
Emergency Preparedness 3.56 Very Efficient
The communities organize themselves to 3.74 Very Efficient
monitor potential disasters
The warning systems are in place to the 3.57 Very Efficient
community level
The communities understand official 3.57 Very Efficient
warning and react
The training, simulation exercise, or local 3.36 Efficient
drills are conducted at the community level
The disaster awareness and public 3.57 Very Efficient
information projects or programs are being
undertaken to the community
The evacuation routes and maps are 3.49 Very Efficient
present in the community
The weather reports are being 3.7 Very Efficient
disseminated
The physical resources such as boat, life 3.47 Very Efficient
vests, flash lights and medicine kits are
prepared in the community
Emergency Response 3.46 Very Efficient
Relief operation 3.75 Very Efficient
Search and rescue 3.71 Very Efficient
Dissemination/Information sharing of 3.53 Very Efficient
disaster related information
Development/Provision of temporary 3.41 Very Efficient
shelter
Health service 3.45 Very Efficient
Psycho social support 3.1 Efficient
 43

Early recovery mechanism 3.26 Efficient

Rehabilitation and Recovery 3.34 Efficient
Livelihood for affected victims 3.39 Efficient
Search and retrieval 3.42 Very Efficient
Shelter/Relocation for affected victims 3.42 Very Efficient
Psycho-social counselling 3.07 Efficient
Infrastructure and relocation plan 3.29 Efficient
Post disaster need assessment 3.34 Efficient
Environmental protection 3.45 Very Efficient
Overall 3.49 Very Efficient

In terms of prevention and mitigation, the calculated mean is 3.62.

It connotes that respondents agree that most of the indicators under this

subdomain are very efficient. This denotes that the measures taken to

eliminate or at least reduce drivers of the unfavourable impacts of flood

are being carried out well. Thus, the goal of this subdomain is achieved.

Howbeit, all of the indicators still have rooms for enhancement since the

respondents are not yet fully satisfied.

Education and awareness received the highest mean score (3.75)

which is equivalent to very efficient. It implies that this is evidently the

most efficient among all measures under prevention and mitigation. It

means that the residents are knowledgeable about the things needed to

do for prevention and mitigation. On the other side, the dredging of rivers

got the lowest mean score which is described as efficient. It indicates that

the rivers are somehow sustained. Of all the actions on this subdomain,

this needs the primary improvement.

 44

This is being corroborated by a similar study conducted by Robas

(2014) where in it was found out that the needed plans for prevention

and mitigation are hazard mapping and urban planning, education,

sufficient shelter food and clothes, antibiotics and medical kits,

transportation to help the affected people, community participation,

infrastructure, de-clogging of canals, dredging of rivers and early warning

mechanism.

For the emergency preparedness, as gleaned from the table, the

computed mean is 3.56. It was generally found out that seven out of

eight indicators proved very responsive while the other one turned out to

be responsive. This expresses that the communities take significant

actions to be prepared even before this deleterious phenomenon triggers.

Hence it is an implication that the measures are efficiently centered on

arranging or developing a plan to approach events before the incidents

crops up. Nonetheless, the towns still necessitate improvement because

the standards of the residents still have not reached the maximum.

The highest mean scorer of 3.74 is the monitoring of potential

disasters by the communities which is described as very efficient. This

denotes that the residents are conscious of the floods that may occur in

their respective areas. They know the possible negative effects of the

catastrophe even before it strikes. Oppositely, the lowest is the trainings,

drills and simulation exercises which garnered a mean of 3.36 which is

 45

labelled as efficient. This means that there are few programs being

conducted in the communities that will help them before, during and

after the occurrence of floods. Thus, the residents are not so much

equipped with the proper responses since they are not fully involved with

these trainings.

Corroboratively, a relative study was conducted by Gupta, Sreeja

S. Nair, & Dey (2013). It was found out that village level disaster risk

reduction micro-plans have been helpful only if these have been

developed by the community and the needs and priorities of the

communities, especially the most vulnerable groups, are adequately

addressed in such planning.

For the emergency response, it can be generally described as very

efficient with a statistical mean of 3.46. This suggests that the extent of

responsiveness of actions for life preservation and supply of the basic

needs of affected population during the actual and immediately after the

disaster occurrence is very responsive. This means that the authorized

personnel react with a short period of time in emergency situations.

Therefore, the communities successfully alleviate the possible negative

impacts of flood during its occurrence.

Relief operation had the greatest mean score which is 3.75.

Correspondingly, it is described as very efficient. This shows that the

authorized personnel focused more on this than the rest of the

 46

indicators. Contrary to this, psycho-social support got the lowest mean of

3.1. This designates that this should be one of the priorities when the

government will make changes for the betterment of the flood risk

reduction and management.

This is being supported by a study conducted by Robas (2014)

where in it stated that In terms of program activities in emergency

response, the respondents assess that the plan for life preservation and

supply of the basic needs of affected population during the actual and

immediate after the disaster are responsive and effective.

Under rehabilitation and recovery, the computed average is 3.34.

This signifies that this subdomain is labelled as efficient. This means

that there are several areas under rehabilitation and recovery that needs

minor changes or improvements in order to attain the best possible

outcomes. Generally, the measures done to return a community to its

normal near-normal conditions, including the restoration of basic

services and the repair of physical, social and economic damages are

good, yet still needs enhancement.

The indicator which gained the greatest mean is the environmental

protection with 3.45 which is very efficient. This shows that the

government’s actions were mostly concentrated on protecting the

environment including the topography of the location and the habitats of

the animals present in it. As a contradictory, psycho-social counselling

 47

obtained the lowest mean of 3.07 which means that it is efficient. This

suggests that the government should ameliorate this out of all the

indicators under rehabilitation and recovery. It also marks that the

affected residents especially those who suffer flood-induced trauma

receive moderate support from the government to help them recover in

mental aspects.

The results of this research are very similar with the study of

Robas (2014) where in it was found out that in terms of program for

rehabilitation and recovery, the respondent assess that the government

action taken to restore and improve the living conditions of the

affected residents are efficient.

Comparison of the Three Domains of

Flood Risk Reduction and Management

As can be seen from the table 4.a, the f-stat (3.64) is higher than

the f-crit (3.02). This means that the null hypothesis should be rejected.

Hence, there is a significant difference between the four subdomains of

flood risk reduction and management namely prevention and mitigation,

emergency preparedness, emergency response and recovery and

rehabilitation. It conveys that the authorized personnel do not achieve

consistency in the level of efficiency of the aforecited domains. This

 48

depicts that the degree of the attention given to the subdomains are

varied.

Table 4.a. Comparison

Subdomains Mean Score F-stat F crit Decision Remarks

Prevention and Reject
Mitigation 3.62 3.640869 3.027998 Ho Significant

Emergency
3.56
Preparedness

Emergency
Response 3.46

Recovery and
3.34
Rehabilitation

With this significance in the difference, the post-hoc analysis is

needed.

Table 4.b shows that prevention got the highest mean score.

Hence, it indicates that the government tends to focus on this compared

to the recovery and rehabilitation, and emergency preparedness. This

equates to the idea that prevention is the most concentrated area of flood

risk reduction and management. They focus on this primarily because of

the benefits that can be taken from preventive measures. As what the

common norm is “prevention is better than cure”, preventive measures to

avoid floodings is a good way to mitigate the effects of flood.

Moreover, the lowest area is on recovery. This means that the

government is less efficient in this area compared to the rest of the areas,
 49

This indicates that the government needs to do more in their recovery

measures so that flood management can be improved.

This is being agreed upon by a study made Robas (2014). He found

out that there are distinctions on responses per barangay and the

objectives of flood disaster risk reduction risk management program.

Hence, the null hypothesis regarding the assessment by the officials of

different barangay in terms of program objectives of the categories of

flood risk reduction and management is rejected.

Table 4.b Post –hoc Analysis

p-values for pairwise t-tests

recovery response preparedness prevention
3.33929 3.45833 3.55990 3.62083
Recovery 3.33929
Response 3.45833 .1853
Preparedness 3.55990 .0155 .2411
Prevention 3.62083 .0072 .1023 .5187
 50

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and

recommendations of this study.

Summary

As a recapitulation, this study determined the level of efficiency of

flood risk reduction and management in Candon City and its neigboring

towns. Furthermore, this aims to find out if there is a significant

difference among its subdomains. It covered a quota of 100 respondents

but only 96 were retrieving, showing a 96% retrieval rate. The data

gathering tool was a questionnaire lifted from a research. The data were

treated using the mean and the ANOVA, with post-hoc analysis.

Findings

The following are the salient findings of the study:

1. The flood risk reduction and management is very efficient.

2. There is a significant difference between the subdomains of the

flood risk reduction and management.

Conclusions

In light of the findings, the following conclusions are offered:

1. The practices in managing flood are executed properly, responding

to vast and immediate needs of the people.

 51

2. The government has no equal attention to the different measures

in flood risk reduction and management.

Recommendations

The researchers recommend the following:

1. The authorized personnel should improve and continue the

implementation of the precautionary measures of flood risk

reduction and management especially on recovery and

rehabilitation, and emergency preparedness.

2. The government should have a stable financial status so that when

floods occur, they will be able to supply all the needs of the

community.

3. The residents should involve and participate in the programs and

trainings that will be undertaken in the community.

4. The residents should also play their role in the community to work

hand in hand with the government to overcome the unfavourable

effects of flood.

5. The government should enhance and/or have psycho-social

support, relocation plan, post disaster-need assessment, trainings

and dredging of rivers.

 52

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 53

Bibliography
Websites

Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. (2010). Retrieved

from Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency:
http://weready.org/flood/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar
ticle&id=28&Itemid=29

FEMA. (2016). Retrieved from FEMA: https://www.fema.gov/media-

library-data/1409002852888-
3c5d1f64f12df02aa801901cc7c311ca/how_to_prepare_flood_0330
14_508.pdf

GlobalMedic. (2012, January 17). Retrieved from GlobalMedic:

http://www.wikiwand.com/en/GlobalMedic

MWI Corporation. (2016). Retrieved from MWI Corporation:

http://mwicorp.com/5-ways-municipalities-can-prepare-floods/

National Weather Service. (2017). Retrieved from National Weather

Service: https://www.weather.gov/phi/FlashFloodingDefinition

Northern Territory Government. (2016, April 18). Retrieved from Northern

Territory Government: https://transport.nt.gov.au/lands-and-
planning/flood-mitigation/what-is-flood-mitigation

NSSL. (2016). Retrieved from NSSL:

http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/floods/

Office of the Queensland Cheif Scientist. (2010). Retrieved from Office of

the Queensland Cheif Scientist:
http://www.chiefscientist.qld.gov.au/publications/understanding-
floods/managing-flood-risks
 54

Resilient Community Organizations. (2015). Retrieved from Resilient

Community Organizations: http://resilience.acoss.org.au/the-six-
steps/leading-resilience/emergency-management-prevention-
preparedness-response-recovery

The National Academy of Sciences. (2013). Retrieved from The National

Academy of Sciences:
https://www.nap.edu/read/18309/chapter/8

Atreya, A., Czajkowski, J., Botzen, W., Bustamante, G., Campbell, K.,
Collier, B., et al. (2016, December 15). Wharton University of
Pennsylvania. Retrieved from Wharton University of Pennsylvania:
http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/library/WP2016-10-Flood-
Preparedness-in-TabascoMX.pdf

Clavin, C. T., Petropoulos, Z. E., Gupta, N., & Tokita, C. K. (2017, April).
NIST GCR. Retrieved from
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/gcr/2017/NIST.GCR.16-011.pdf

DuPlessis, J., Lessard-Fontaine, A., & Soesilo, D. (2016). Europa.eu.

Retrieved from Europa.eu: https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/innov-
aid/blog/case-study-no11-simulation-%E2%80%93-drones-
search-and-rescue-emergency-response

Enzo, I. (2014, August 17). Research Gate. Retrieved from Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_do_we_mean_by_Descri
ptive_Research

Geminiano, G. (2013, March 10). Hub Pages. Retrieved from Hub Pages:
https://hubpages.com/education/Worse-Floods-in-the-Philippines
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Kryžanowski, A., M. Brilly, S. R., & Schnabl, S. (2014, January 17).

National Hazards and Earth System Sciences. Retrieved from
National Hazards and Earth System Sciences: https://www.nat-
hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/14/135/2014/nhess-14-135-2014.pdf

Liao, K.-H. (2012). Ecology and Society. Retrieved from Ecology and
Society: https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss4/art48/

Posinasetti, N. R. (2014, August 7). Research Gate. Retrieved from

Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_do_we_mean_by_Descri
ptive_Research

Rao, R. R., Eisenberg, J., & Schmitt, T. (2007). The National Academies
Press. Retrieved from The National Academies Press:
https://www.nap.edu/read/11824/chapter/2

Richardson, H. (2017). Classroom. Retrieved from Classroom:

http://classroom.synonym.com/characteristics-comparative-
research-design-8274567.html

Robas, R. J. (2014, December). Research Gate. Retrieved from Research Gate:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269166941_FLOOD_DISASTER_RISK_REDUC
TION_AND_RISK_MANAGEMENT_OF_PASIG_CITY

Siddique, H. (2017, August 30). The Guardian. Retrieved from The

Guardian:
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/30/mumbai-
paralysed-by-floods-as-india-and-region-hit-by-worst-monsoon-
rains-in-years
 56

APPENDIX A
 57

Republic of the Phillippines

Region I
Candon National High School
Senior High School
Candon City, Ilocos Sur

Dear Ma’am/Sir,
We are Senior High School students from Candon National High School currently
conducting a study entitled, Flood Risk Reduction and Management. We would be happy if you
would help us answer the following questions. Thank you.

The questionnaire is in two parts: Profile and Flood Risk Reduction and Management
I. Personal Information
Direction: Please fill in the space provided with data as indicated:
a. Name (Optional): ____________________________________
b. Address (Required): __________________________________

II. Flood Risk Reduction and Management Assessment

Direction: Kindly provide applicable answers to the space provided after each
statement or place a check mark on the box provided as stated.

1. Prevention and Mitigation. Based on your experiences on the past floods, what flood
risk reduction and management areas proved very effective?

Legend:
5- Very Highly Effective 4- Very Effective 3- Effective
2- Slightly Effective 1- Not Effective

Area of Concern 5 4 3 2 1
Hazard Mapping and urban planning are present
Education and awareness are practiced
Community involvement and participation are exercised
Declogging of waterways and canals are maintained
Dredging of rivers are sustained

2. Emergency Preparedness and Risk Reduction. What is the level of the responsiveness
of Flood Risk Reduction and Management in your community?

Legend:
5 – Very Highly Responsive 4 – Very Responsive 3 – Responsive
2 – Slightly Responsive 1 – Not Responsive
 58

Area of Concern 5 4 3 2 1
The communities organize themselves to monitor
potential disaster
The warning systems are in place to the
community level
The communities understand official warning and
react
The training, simulation exercise, or local drills are
conducted at the community level
The evacuation routes and maps are present
The weather reports are being disseminated
The physical resources such as boat, life vests,
flash lights and medicine kits are prepared in the
community
The disaster awareness and public information
projects or programs being undertaken to the
community

3. Emergency Response. What is the extent of responsiveness of the

affected population during the actual and immediately after the disaster
occurrence?

Legend:
5- Very Highly Responsive 4- Very Responsive 3- Responsive
2- Slightly Responsive 1- Not Responsive

Area of Concern 5 4 3 2 1
Relief operation
Search and rescue
Dissemination/Information sharing of
disaster related information
Development/provision of temporary
shelter
Health service
Psycho social support
Early recovery mechanism

4. Rehabilitation and Recovery. How efficient was the government action

taken to restore and improve the living conditions of the affected
residents?

Legend:
5- Very Highly Efficient 4- Very Efficient 3- Efficient
2- Slightly Efficient 1- Not Efficient
 59

Area of Concern 5 4 3 2 1
Livelihood for affected victims
Search and retrieval
Shelter/Relocation for affected victims
Psycho Social Counseling
Infrastructure and Relocation plan
Post disaster need assessment
Environmental Protection

Thank you!
 60

APPENDIX B
 61

Curriculum Vitae
 62

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Riza Mae Ancheta

Address: Paypayad, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09069303018
E-mail Adress: rizamae.ancheta@gmail.com

I. Personal Information

Nickname: Riza
Birthday: March 24, 2000 Age: 16 years old
Birthplace: Narvacan, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Santiago Ancheta
Mother’s Name: Mary Grace D.
Ancheta

II. Educational Background

Elementary: Silag-Pacang Elementary School
Junior High School: Sta. Maria National High School
Senior High School: Candon National High School

III. Honors and Awards Received

HONORS AWARDS
4th Honors
4th Honors
4th Honors
With Honor
 63

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Eddie Diga Arreola, Jr.

Address: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09267163359
E-mail Address: eddie.arreola30@gmail.com

I. Personal Information

Nickname: Jun
Birthday: June 30, 2000 Age: 17
Birthplace: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur Nationality:
Filipino
Religion: Iglesia ni Cristo Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Eddie Arreola, Sr.
Mother’s Name: Laurina Arreola

II. Educational Background

Senior High School Candon National High School S.Y. 2017-2018

Junior High School Lidlidda National High School S.Y. 2015-2016
Elementary Banucal Elementary School S.Y. 2011-2012

III. Honors and Awards Received

HONORS AWARDS
Grade 6 With Honors Best in Filipino
Grade 10 Completer
 64

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Alexandra Maura Collado

Address: Tablac, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09177992270
E-mail Address: alexandracollado@yahoo.com

I. Personal Information

Nickname: Lex
Birthday: August 29, 1999 Age: 17
Birthplace: San Antonio, Candon City, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Catholoic Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Arnolfo Collado
Mother’s Name: Arlynn Collado

II. Educational Background

Elementary Saint Joseph Institute
Junior High School Candon National High School
Senior High School Candon National High School

III. Honors and Awards Received

HONORS AWARDS
3rd Honors Most Industrious
1st place Quiz Bee
 65

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Wisdom Diga

Address: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 093564575102
E-mail Adress: wisdomdiga@yahoo.com

I. Personal Information

Nickname: Wisdom
Birthday: August 11, 1999 Age: 18
Birthplace: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Iglesia ni Cristo Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Fidencio Diga
Mother’s Name: Shirley Diga

II. Educational Background

Elementary Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Junior High School Lidlidda National High School
Senior High School Candon National High School

III. Honors and Awards Received

HONORS AWARDS
2nd Honors Best in Mathematics
 66

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Louie Ann Gaerlan

Address: San Juan, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09359325107
E-mail Address: gaerllouie@gmail.com

I. Personal Information

Nickname: Luan
Birthdate: September 27, 1999 Age: 17
Birthplace: Candon City, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Lew Gaerlan
Mother’s Name: Mary Ann de Chavez

II. Educational Background

Senior High School Candon National High School S.Y. 2017-2018

Junior High School Candon National High School S.Y. 2015-2016
Elementary South Central Elementary School

III. Honors and Awards Received

HONORS AWARDS
Athlete of the Year
 67

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Abrille Pia Pacaro

Address: Labut Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09351492384
E-mail Adress: pangit_8@yaho.com

I. Personal Information

Nickname: Pogi
Birthday: April 8, 2000 Age: 17
Birthplace: Labut, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Seventh-Day Adventist Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Cirilo Pacaro
Mother’s Name: Mary Grace Pacaro

II. Educational Background

Elementary San Andres Adventist Elementary School
Junior High School Lidlidda National High School
Senior High School Candon National High School

III. Honors and Awards Received

HONORS AWARDS
Full Honors Athlete of the Year
Valedictorian Best in Science
With Honors
 68

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Jefferson Asejo Severo

Address: Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09353272740
E-mail Adress: jeffersonsevero24@gmail.com

I. Personal Information

Nickname: Jeff
Birthday: December 24, 1999 Age: 17
Birthplace: Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur Nationality:
Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Jonathan Severo
Mother’s Name: Lawrence Severo

II. Educational Background

Senior High School Candon National High School S.Y. 2017-2018

Junior High School Candon National High School S.Y. 2015-2016
Elementary Darapidap Elementary School S.Y. 2011-2012

III. Honors and Awards Received

HONORS AWARDS
Grades 1-5 First Honors MTAP Metrobank Challenge 1st Place Grade
Grade 6 Valedictorian 4
DSPC Copy Reading and Headline Writing
1st Place Grade 6
District Story Retelling 1st Place Grade 6
Division Story Retelling 1st Place Grade 6
Grade 9 With Honors MTAP Metrobank Challenge 2nd Place
Grade 10 With Honors Grade 9
Best in Math Grade 9
Best in Math Grade 10
Grade 11 With High Honors

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