Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Division of Batangas
San Juan East District
LAIYA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Laiya Ibabao, San Juan, Batangas
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Name of Student: _________________________________

Grade/Section: ___________________________________

POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

MODULE 2
Week 2
Duration: 4 hours

LESSON 2:
Political Ideologies

Prepared by:

JULIET J. SILANG
Subject Teacher

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVRNANCE I JULIET SILANG 1

CONTENT:
Political Ideologies
-The basic tenets of the major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism, conservatism, etc.)

CONTENT STANDARDS:
The learner demonstrates an understanding of politics and political science, governance, political ideologies,
power, states, nations, and globalization.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
The learner shall be able to clearly identify a specific political phenomenon and how it can be studied.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES (MELC):

Differentiate the political ideologies

OVERVIEW:
This Learning Module was prepared based on the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) presented by
Department of Education. Included herein is a topic with corresponding tasks to be answered. These must be
accomplished and submitted on or before the deadline (to be announced).

Name: ___________________________________ Course Title: PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Grade/Strand/Section: ______________________ Date: _______________________
Module No. ___

START OF MODULE

LESSON 2: POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies;
2. Differentiate political ideologies
3. Identify the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of political communities;
4. Enumerate ideas that have a direct impact on a political community; and
5. Explain how political ideologies affect the social and political life of Filipinos

I.INTRODUCTION

A. What I Need To Know?

This lesson tackles about political ideologies from classical to modern. Thus, it is important that you are able to
identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies and differentiate each political ideologies. And at the end of this
lesson, you must enumerate ideas that have a direct impact on a political community.

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVRNANCE I JULIET SILANG 2

 B. What’s New?

“A state is better governed which has but few laws,

and those laws strictly observed.”
-Rene Descartes

To study various issues in politics and governance, it is important to know the different theories, frameworks, and
ideologies involved.

Each theory or ideology in the study of politics has an underlying factors to understand how each theory,
framework, or ideology is applied in modern context. In analyzing political issue, we need to use several of the theories,
frameworks, and ideologies to achieve a more accurate analysis and explanation of the issue.

II. DEVELOPMENT

A. What I know?
Cross out the words that are not related to political science.

Justice power Wi-fi

Government vitamins state
Diode love influence
Talcum magnitude intensity
Governance bones decision-making
Policy conflict crescendo

B. What’s in?
Cite three theories or ideologies that you know. Write the definition or brief explanation of each theory or
ideology.

1. ____________________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________________

C. What is it?

The goal of every government is to mobilize its citizens to achieve a common end, that is, the welfare of the
state as a whole. As a guide, governments use ideologies to help them consolidate the support of their constituents, It is
also through ideology that civil societies go against oppressive governments.

Ideology is basically defined as political statements that aim to call upon massive mass or government to
achieve a relatively better political and economic condition (Baradat 1997). This definition is the product of numerous

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVRNANCE I JULIET SILANG 3

views from different political scientists and philosophers through time from the classical to the modern period. The first
use of

ideology as a political science jargon was made by Claude Destutt De Tracy (1754-1846) when he was studying the
enlightenment of Europe.

Ideologies are goal-oriented; meaning they are for or against a certain configuration of political community. Their
applications, however are dependent upon the different political attitudes of people and institutions.

Modern-day political scientist have expanded the spectrum to include different levels of political attitude s and
the different ways in which each level wants to preserve or change the status quo. At the extreme right of the spectrum,
changing the status quo is no a primary concern and if ever change happens, a retrogressive change is taken into
consideration or the return of old status quo. In this level are the reactionaries and the conservatives. Sandwiched at the
middle are the moderates, who have no neutral opinion with regard to political matters.

At the left side of the spectrum are the liberals and the radicals who are by nature anti-status quo. Though the
radicals push for more extreme changes in the political system, both the radicals and the liberals aim for progressive
change in the state.

Here are some political ideologies and their impact on political communities:

1. Conservatism. As the name implies, one is focused on conserving something. It is characterized by a resistant
to change, adherent to limited human freedom as it chooses to maintain traditional values, and at some
extreme versions, distrust to human reasoning and nature or anti-egalitarianism. (Sargent 2009)

2. Liberalism. It can be said that liberalism is the opposite of conservatism for it favors changes, prefers more
freedom, and has more optimistic approach to human reasoning and nature (Sargent 2009). Classical
liberalism adheres to the laissez-faire system proposed by Adam Smith, wherein the government does not
interfere with the market. Modern liberalism, upon seeing the adverse impact of the free market (such as
monopolies, unfair contracts, poor become poorer), is more open to the idea that, at certain times,
government should interfere.

3. Marxism. One should be careful in branding communism, socialism, or any other similar ideologies as Marxists
because they may not necessarily reflect the ideas of Karl Marx although these ideologies might find their roots
in the tenets proposed by Marx. Some of the ideological and conceptual bases of Marxism are the following:

a. Alienation. This is the relationship between two or more people or parts of oneself in which one is cut off
from, a stranger or alien, the other (Sargent 2009). For Marx, alienation in its basic form is the alienation
from one’s labor, and capitalism is a great factor in this phenomenon.

b. Class Struggle. Karl Marx also noted the struggle between the bourgeoisie (The capitalist or middle class)
and the proletariat (workers). The bourgeoisie social class oppresses and exploits the proletariat not only
through unfair compensation of the latter’s labor but also by setting up laws and standards, and controlling
the state to maintain its social status. But there will come a time for the need to educate the proletariat
and they will eventually be made aware of their situation and will overthrow the bourgeoisie and the
systems they created, which means also overthrowing the state (Sargent 2009; Defensor-Santiago 2002).

c. Materialism. Marxism and the offshoots of this ideology offer a complex perspective and usage of
materialism. Most social scientist, however, would agree to the basic definition that “how people think is
greatly affected by how you live (Sargent 2009).” For example, the bourgeoisie might think more of profit
and leisure, that life is good and money can do anything. But the members of the proletariat who work
every day for income might think of survival, that life is unfair.

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVRNANCE I JULIET SILANG 4

 d. Revolution. Almost all theories and ideologies related to Marxism consider proclaiming revolution as the
way to change the system. By revolution, Marx did not mean peaceful walkouts but a violent one in which

the proletariat will topple down the elite class and all the systems they have made. Even in its violent
nature, Marx considered revolution as a good and inevitable process that will eventually lead to classless
ideal society in the form of communism (Sargent 2009).

4. Anarchism. It is popularly used to mean chaos due to the nonexistence of control mechanism, the idea behind
it is actually more on peaceful coexistence and equality. Anarchists believe that since no power corrupts, a
better system based on voluntary cooperation and not on power relations should be established, and that this
system will address the needs of the people more successfully (Sargent 2009). It is living a peaceful life without
coercion from anyone.

5. Libertarianism. This is another version of anarchism but involves the government in a minimal role such as
ensuring the safety of everyone and fairness in whatever contracts or dealings (Sargent 2009).

Learning about political ideologies is advantageous in understanding certain political contexts. In the Philippines,
different political ideologies like Marxism and communism have affected different political-historical events such as the
First Quarter Storm during the Marcos dictatorship and the formation of different insurgents in the country like New
People’s Army (NPA) of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP).

There are other ideologies, depending on the issue or aspect of human life one is studying. There are also new
ideologies that may crop up. Remember that because of the multitude and complexity of some issues on politics and
governance, we cannot be all too liberal or all too conservative.

III. ENGAGEMENT

A. What’s more?

Answer the following questions on the space provided.

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having or promoting a certain ideology?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What ideology do you prefer? Why? Base your answer on the different ideologies enumerated in the
discussion above and observable political situation of the country at present.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What do you think is lacking in terms of assertions of ideas in the ideologies presented in the discussion.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVRNANCE I JULIET SILANG 5

B. What I can do?

According to their perspective and approach, arrange the ideologies discussed in the lesson in the political
spectrum below. Write the NAME of the IDEOLOGY below the areas of the spectrum where they possibly
belong, whether it is radical or conservative. Be guided with the definitions of the words RADICAL and
CONSERVATIVE.

RADICAL CONSERVATIVE

C. What other enrichment activities can I engage in (additional activities)?

1. CREATE your OWN IDEOLOGY OR THEORY using simple political statement (around 5 sentences) based on
the ideologies you have learned to address how governance should be done. Below are other examples of
ideologies, you can use these to enhance your discussion. Write in the space provided.

________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVRNANCE I JULIET SILANG 6

 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Cite three things that made him a notable person in history and politics.

1. _______________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________

SUKARNO

IV. ASSIMILATION
A. What I have learned?
Summarize what you have learned in this lesson in three to five sentences. Provide two or three sentences
for your opinion regarding the importance of knowing certain political ideologies.

B. What I can do (Assessment)?

Choose one ideologies studied in the lesson and CREATE an ACROSTIC POEM from one of its key concepts. The
poem may either define the concept or the ideology as a whole. Write on the space below. Be guided with the
example on how to write acrostic poem and the rubrics on how you will be graded.

Example of acrostic poem

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVRNANCE I JULIET SILANG 7

 ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

REFLECTION:
I understand that
______________________________________________
_____________________________________________.

I realize that
______________________________________________
______________________________________________.

NAME:________________________________________________

-END OF MODULE-

Reference:
Pawilen, R.A. 2017 and Pawilen, Reidan M. 2017. Philippine Politics and Governance (First Edition).
Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
www.google.com
www.cambridgeuniversity.com

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVRNANCE I JULIET SILANG 8