International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science IJPBCS

Vol. 7(3), pp. 900-908, October, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-0449

Research Article
ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at
WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JIMMA TOWN,
SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Dadi Tolessa Lemma*1, Habtamu Gudisa Megersa2 and Dejene Tadesse Banjaw3
1,2,3Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, P.o.box 198, Shashemene,
Ethiopia

Due to its perishable nature, papaya has a high post-harvest loss and limited shelf life.
Assessment of papaya postharvest loss was conducted in Jimma town at wholesalers and
retailers’ levels using semi-structured questioners followed by an interview and personal
observation in 2017. Eighty-one respondents were participated in this survey. The majority of
the people participated in papaya selling activities at the retailer were women whereas, men
dominated in papaya wholesalers’ market. The major source of papaya for Jimma town market
was from Dedo woreda (34.57%). All of the wholesalers (100%) transported papaya fruits by
truck and also, some retailers (35.29) use trucks to transport the fruits from nearby Woredas.
The main cause of papaya fruit losses at Jimma town was fruit softening, rotting, wounding,
and compact due to inappropriate transporting, storage condition, and lack of appropriate
marketing place. The papaya post-harvest losses at wholesalers’ level were 21.75% which was
12.5% and 9.25% during transporting and storage respectively. There were about 15.6% of
losses at retailers’ level. In general, about 37.35% of papaya fruit was lost in Jimma town only
at the two marketing channels. To fulfill the demand and to minimize the loss of papaya fruit,
training, and marketing facilities should be facilitated.

Keywords: Deterioration, Postharvest, Respondents, Storage, Transportation

INTRODUCTION

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) belongs to the Caricaceae
family which is native to tropical America and is now
cultivated in every tropical and sub-tropical country of the
world due to its economic importance (Samson, 1986).
The global papaya production is led by Asian countries
followed by South America, Africa, Central America, and
Caribbean countries, respectively (Evans et al., 2012). In
Ethiopia also it is one of the economically important fruits
grown in different parts of the country. It is produced in
home gardens and semi-commercial levels by farmers as
well as commercial level by state farms for home
consumption and local market (for fresh fruit and juice
making) in the country (Shafi et al., 2014).
Papaya is largely known for its nutritive and medicinal
values. It is consumed as fresh fruit and processed as juice
form. It is also used for medicinal purposes by extracting
the substances from different parts of papaya which have
shown protective effects against many diseases such as
intestinal worms’ infection and different types of wounds
(Elgadir et al., 2014).
Despite the nutritional and health benefits of papaya, the
postharvest loss of the fruit is higher than the most fruit
crops due to its perishable nature. The fruit has a limited
shelf life of less than a week under ambient tropical
conditions (30°C) (Desai and Wagh, 1995; Sankat and
Maharaj, 2001).
*Corresponding Author: Dadi Tolessa Lemma, Ethiopia
Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet
Agricultural Research Center, P.o.box 198, Shashemene,
Ethiopia
*Email: daditolessa2003@gmail.com Tel: +251 912 20
9334
Co-Author 2Email: Habtegudisa21@gmail.com 2\Tel:
+251 912 45 7986
3
Email: dejenebangaw@gmail.com: Tel: +251912217641

ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JIMMA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Dadi et al. 901
It is very susceptible to mechanical damage, insect pest
attack, and diseases. Also, inadequate attention has been
paid by many producers to the method of harvesting, stage
of maturity at harvest, use of fungicidal treatments, proper
packaging and storage methods (Sankat and Maharaj,
2001). Hence, the fruit is often of poor quality and there
are considerable wastages before arriving at the
consumers' table. One of the major causes of papayas
being rejected at local and export markets is mechanical
injuries which can be easily reduced if the fruits are
properly packaged and handled. As a result, different
intermediaries engaged in papaya marketing have been
challenged by postharvest losses that result in economic
reduction at the final (Mashau et al., 2012). Different
reports suggested that the postharvest loss of most
horticultural crops started at the farmers’ field immediately
after they harvested and continued at the wholesaler,
retailers, and consumers level (Irtwange, 2006). At the
field level, the losses are caused mainly due to harvesting
immature and small size of fruits, malformation, and
harvesting injury (Kader and Płocharski, 1997), whereas at
the market level, bruises and pressing injury caused transit
loss at this point (Kader, 2002). These Highest postharvest
losses are not only reducing the availability of fruits but
also result in an increase in per-unit prices of the products
and thus limit the accessibility by the majority of community
segments. According to Kughur et al. (2015) multiple
effects of postharvest loss as going beyond the loss of the
actual crop to include loss in the environment, resources,
and labor needed to produce the crop and livelihood of the
individual involved in the production process.
Growing and marketing for fresh fruits in Ethiopia are
complicated by postharvest losses both in terms of quality
and quantity between harvest and consumption (Asmaru
et al., 2013). This is might be due to high perishable nature
of the fruit, lack of storage facilities, mechanical injuries
due to improper handling, improper packaging materials,
inconvenient transportation method, and microbial
infection are the major reasons for the loses in the country
(Devkota et al., 2014). According to the study of Said et al.
(2013), postharvest loss of the horticultural crops in South
Wollo of Ethiopia were 1.5%, 1%, and 3.3% at farm level,
transport level, and storage level, respectively. Thus, a
considerable quantity of papaya is wasted before it has
reached the target markets due to limited shelf life of the
fruit and poor handling problems (Emana and
Gebremedhin, 2007).
In Ethiopia, the fruit of papaya is produced in different parts
of the country including various districts of Jimma Zone
which mainly a source of fruit supply to the Jimma town
market. As a result, papaya is one source of economy for
the traders (wholesalers and retailers) in Jimma town
ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JIMMA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA
(Jimma zone Agriculture Office, personal communication).
However, the extent and magnitude of the postharvest loss
of papaya in Jimma town at retailers and wholesalers’
levels are not studied and well known. So, the objective of
this work was to assess papaya postharvest loss in Jimma
town southwestern Ethiopia at wholesalers and retailers’
levels.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the study area
This assessment study was carried out in Jimma town,
which is located in the southwestern part of Ethiopia and
found at about 345 km away from Addis Ababa. The city is
found at an elevation of 1753 meters above sea level
situated at a latitude of 70 S 42’ 9’’ N and longitude 360
47’ 6’’ E in Ethiopia. Jimma town receives an average
annual rainfall of 1,559 mm with maximum and minimum
temperatures of 26.8 and 13.6 0C, respectively as of 2017
report from Jimma metrological station.
Method of sampling, data collection, and analysis
Eighty-one respondents were randomly selected among
fruit (papaya) retailers and wholesalers operating in Jimma
town. The survey was conducted in January 2017 using a
semi-structured questionnaire following the individual
interview method. Both qualitative and quantitative data
including sex, age, and education level of respondents,
types of packaging material, transportation methods,
storage facilities, sources of fruit, percentage of fruit
losses, causes of fruit losses, percentage fruit losses in
different seasons, possible uses of over-ripen (unusable)
papaya fruit, and measures taken by respondents to
reduce postharvest losses were collected using the
questionnaire and analyzed using Excel software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Socio-economic characteristics of respondents
As indicated in table1, all the peoples participating in
papaya fruit selling at wholesalers’ level were men.
However, at retailers’ level, females were dominantly
engaged in papaya selling which accounts about 76.5%.
Based on the survey of an overall participant of papaya
sellers in Jimma town in terms of sex ratio, the women
have more participation than men (61 out of 81
respondents) which contradicted with Desalegn et al.
(2016) findings in which an equal number of women and
men are participated on fruit retailer in Bahir Dar city.
 Int. J. Plant Breed Crop Sci. 902

Table 1: The Socio-economic characteristics of from Dedo Woreda (34.57%) followed by Shabe (27.16%)
respondents in Jimma town market and Omo nada (12.3%) mainly during the winter season,
Variables No. of Percentage age respectively. Ammaya was the least supplier among the
Respondent of respondents listed districts (3.70%) to Jimma town market. During the
I. I. Wholesaler summer season, the supply of papaya significantly
1. Sex reduced due to seasonal dependent production of the
 Male 10 100 crop. Because of these fluctuations of production in the
 Female - - mentioned districts, the price also varied based on the
2. Age supply of the product to the market.
 20-40 5 50
 41-60 5 50 Table 2: Sources of papaya supply to Jimma town
3. Level of education market.
 Illiterate Fruit Source No of Percentage of age
(Woredas) Respondent Respondent
 Elementary 3 30
Dedo 28 34.57
 High School 7 70
II. II. Retailer Gojjeb 4 4.94
Kossa 8 9.88
1.Sex Papaya Ammaya 3 3.70
 Male 10 14 Shabe 22 27.16
 Female 61 86 Omo nada 10 12.30
2.Age Danaba 6 7.41
 20-40 years 46 64.7
 41-60 years 25 35.3 In mid-winter, where there were highest supplies of
papaya to Jimma town market, the cost of one kilo gram of
3.Level of education papaya was reduced to four Ethiopian Birr, where as in
 Illiterate 25 35.3 summer season the cost raised to 10 Ethiopian Birr due to
 Elementary school 33 47.1 very low supply of the product to the market. The fruit was
 High School 13 17.6 demanded during both of the Christians and Muslims
 Elementary + High 64.7 fasting period and throughout the year by juice makers of
School the town.

This disagreement might be because of the socio-cultural
differences between the two cities. In case of age
distribution, the middle age (20-40) year old respondents
participated in papaya wholesaling and retailing which
accounts about 64.7% and 50%, respectively. Almost
64.7% of papaya retailing participants were educated.
From them about (47.1%) attended elementary school and
(17.6%) secondary school whereas the entire wholesalers
have attended elementary school (30%) and secondary
school (70%) education. This indicates that most of the
respondents have an educational background. Most of the
papaya demander in Jimma town is the individual people
from the town and juice makers. But the wholesaler’s sale
their products to the retailers and the restaurants found in
the town.
The major sources and demands of papaya in Jimma
town
The major sources of papaya fruit in Jimma town were
diverse (Table 2). The supply rate of fruit varied based on
the season. It was highly supplied during the winter and
low in summer season. According to the respondents
(wholesalers and retailers) of Jimma town market papaya
sellers, the majority of papaya supplied to the market were
Transportation methods and types of packaging
materials
Proper transportation methods and packaging materials
are a very important factor to reduce postharvest loss by
keeping the fruit from mechanical damage, physiological
change, and pathological deterioration. During the
assessment was carried out in the markets of Jimma town,
there was some inappropriate fruit management practice
that enhances postharvest losses of the fruits. According
to table 3 and table 4 results showed, all wholesalers of
papaya (100%) in Jimma town were used truck to transport
the fruit from producer to the wholesaler of Jimma town
and they simply loaded the fruits on one truck without using
packaging materials while transportation. This might be
due to papaya fruit takes a large space and need
appropriate packaging materials which increase the cost
of packaging to the wholesalers. Also, in the retailers’
market, about 21.3% of papaya were transported by using
trucks from nearby Woredas to Jimma town. While
transporting papaya at different stages, the postharvest
loss was happened due to abrasion occurred between
fruits and walls of the truck with fruits and overcrowding of
the fruits which leads to the fruit compaction that later to
become spoiled.

ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JIMMA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Dadi et al. 903

Table 3: Transportation method of papaya fruit used packaging materials as illustrated in table 4. About 58.82%
by wholesalers and retailers of the respondents used a wooden box and 41.18% used
Transportation Number of Percentage of sacks as packaging materials. Said et al. (2013) also
Method Respondents Respondents reported that peoples in South Wollo area use sacks as a
Whole- Retail- Wholesalers Retailers major packaging material for papaya fruit. The survey
salers ers conducted in Bahir Dar town by Desalegn et al. (2016) also
Cart 0 30 0 49.18 agreed with these results in which a wooden box is most
Truck 20 13 100 21.30 widely used as packaging materials. Thus, proper
Pack animal 0 3 0 4.91 packaging material is very crucial to reduce the
Human 0 15 0 24.60 postharvest losses occur during transportation, storing,
Head/Back and marketing time. Hence, the traders who participated in
papaya selling activity should use appropriate
transportation systems and packaging materials and give
Table 4: Types of packaging/transporting materials proper care while loading and unloading the produce to
Types of Number of Percentage of reduce the postharvest loss of papaya at all the marketing
Packaging Respondents Respondents channels.
Materials
Wholesalers Retailers Wholesalers Retailers Types of papaya postharvest loss
Wooden 20 36 100 58.82
Papaya is one of perishable fruit that has a short shelf life
box
among the fruit crops (Said et al., 2013). According to the
Freely 20 100
obtained survey results on papaya postharvest loss
loaded on
assessments in the market of Jimma town, most of the
truck
retailers’ responded that the main types of papaya post-
Sacks 25 41.18
harvest losses were fruit softening problem. These might
be caused due to the retailers were sold their product in
Fruit loss due to compaction is very high at a later in shelf
the open sun without making shade to their products.
life. They also transported the fruits without screening the
Thus, the sun strikes all the entire body of the products
ripened fruits from unripe which easily damaged on the
whole of the day that triggering the internal metabolic
truck. Most of the retailers in the town use carts to transport process of the product like the respiration rate due to high-
papaya from the wholesalers to the place where they were temperature effect that enhances the fruit softening.
selling the product. Some retailers were used a human
Hence, the fruit softening in the market area was high as
head/back and pack animals (24.6%) and (4.91%)
the product stayed for a longer period in the full sun light.
respectively, to transport the fruits to the markets. These
Also, losses due to fruit rotting, wounding, and compact
is because of, papaya fruits are inconvenient to carry by
were the main types of papaya losses at retailers’ level in
both human heads and pack animals to provide to the Jimma town markets (Fig 1). The postharvest losses at the
market places. wholesalers’ level were mainly occurred during loading
and unloading of the product. This improper care creates
Also, concerning the packaging materials, all the
fruit compact and wounding which later lead to deteriorate
wholesalers were used the wooden box for fruit storage.
and easily spoiled. At storage level, the percentage of
They also spread the fruit on the ground in the storehouse papaya loss was high due to previously compacted and
with other fruits like avocado and mango that make the fruit wounded fruits resulted in ethylene production that triggers
easily deteriorate by creating the unfavorable temperature
the fruit ripening and finally fruit spoilage and deterioration
to respire easily and facilitates the rate of deterioration.
before arriving at the retailers’ hand or consumers’ table.
The retailers used both wooden boxes and sacks as
Also, fruit softening is a common problem of postharvest
losses at the wholesalers’ level in Jimma town due to the
uncontrollable temperature in the storage room as the
product stayed for longer days.

ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JIMMA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA
 Int. J. Plant Breed Crop Sci. 904

Figure 1: Types of papaya postharvest loss in Jimma town market

90
80
70
levels of loss by percent

60
50
Whole seller
40
30 Retailor

20
10
0
softening wounding Compact Rotening
Type of papaya postharvest loss

Extent of papaya postharvest loss

The extents of papaya postharvest loss in the Jimma town
market was showed higher results (Fig 2). The total losses
at wholesalers’ level were 21.75% which was occurred
during transportation (12.5%) and in the storage room
(9.25%), respectively. This might be due to absence of
appropriate transportation system that causes mechanical
damages and later creates the physiological abnormality
of the produce. Also, during loading and unloading of the
product, a mechanical damage was occurred. Thus,
transportation is a huge factor that contributes to
postharvest loss of papaya. The product overlapping and
delaying on the track were also another source of
transportation problem at wholesalers’ level. All these
problems together contributed to the high percentage loss
of papaya at wholesalers’ level. Also, lack of appropriate
storage facilities at the wholesaler’s level affects the shelf
life of papaya by triggering the fruit physiological process
like production of ethylene gas that hasten the rate of
deterioration and creates the favorable condition for the
microbes to rot the product easily. Furthermore, Lack of
proper ventilation in the storage house also the main
problem of papaya storage for longer time at wholesalers’
level in Jimma town market. Kasso and Bekele (2016)
also, reported a huge postharvest loss occurred in the
storage house at town of Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. However,
proper storage conditions and, temperature and relative
humidity managements are the crucial mechanism to
lengthen the shelf life and to maintain quality of
horticultural crops (Kitinoja and Kader, 2002).

ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JIMMA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Dadi et al. 905

Figure 2: Extent of papaya postharvest loss in Jimma town at wholesalers and retailers’ level

40 Extent of papaya post harvest loss

35
30
percentage of loss

25 Whole seller %age

20 Retailor %age
15
10 Over all % age
5
0
Transportation Storage Market Total Over all loss

Causes of papaya post harvest loss

At retailer level there was a loss of about 15.6% at
marketing level. These losses are due to the fruit softening,
wounding and rotting. Because of lack of enough shade
and the fruit was fully exposed to the sun light, the degree
of fruit softening has been high in Jimma market. Also, the
loss is due to rotting of fruit due to previously wounded of
the product while transportation and in appropriate fruit
handling. In general, there was high postharvest loss of
papaya fruit both in a wholesaler and retailer level which
accounts 37.35% in Jimma town only. The level the
assessed loss has been higher than that reported in Bahir
Dar which is 29.2% at retailer market (Desalegn et al.,
2016). This great difference probably due to lack of
awareness of retailers the postharvest handling of fruits
between Bahir Dar and Jimma cities.

Figure 3: Seasonal variation of papaya shelf life at whole sellers and retailors
4.5
4
3.5
Number of days

3
2.5
2
1.5
Days
1
0.5
0
Whole saler Retailor Whole saler Retailor
Dry season wet season

Seasonal variation on shelflife of papaya

ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JIMMA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA

According to the respondents of Jimma town market, the
shelf life of papaya fruit was higher in winter (dry) season
than (wet) summer season (Fig 3). This might be due to in
wet seasons there was a probability of increasing different
disease because presence of higher moisture aggravates
the disease occurrences. Thus, the loss occurred during
the wet season was higher than the dry season. According
to the survey result, the papaya fruit can stay averagely up
to 4.25 days in dry season and only 3 days in wet season
at wholesaler’s level and 3 days in dry season and 2.2
days in wet season at retailer’s level.
Mechanism of postharvest loss managements
Based on the market assessments in Jimma town of
papaya marketing at wholesalers and retailers, the loss of
Figure 4: Waste management of papaya by wholesalers and retailers
90
80
Percentage of respondant (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Thrown away
Papaya fruit waste managenment
Major consumers of papaya fruits in Jimma town
The major consumers of papaya fruits were the residents
of the town, restaurants and juice makers and sellers in
Jimma town. Most juice sellers and restaurants take the
fruits from the wholesalers and some were buying from the
retailers. The retailers sell their fruit to the individual
persons of the town in large amount whereas the whole
sellers have supplied the product to retailers and juice
makers. The demand of the fruit product was raised during
both Christians and Muslims fasting seasons.
Supports needed by the wholesalers and retailers
The amount of papaya produced hasn’t arrived to the
consumers table due to a post-harvest loss occurred at
ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JIMMA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Int. J. Plant Breed Crop Sci. 906
papaya fruit was due to diverse reasons. The lost product
was not properly managed and utilized in the market place.
Most of the respondent’s hadn’t the proper waste disposal
systems of postharvest products after the fruit loss has
been occurred. Eighty one percent of them were thrown
away the fruit after it became out of use and a few (19%)
of them gave to the animal feedings (for the horse of cart)
as shown in (Fig. 4). These shows as there was a poor
waste handling technique by the respondents in Jimma
market. In general, an awareness on proper handling
system of the post-harvest losses of papaya fruit to the
whole sellers and retailers by different stake holders
should be given in order to manage the losses in the
marketing channels. Also, it is very crucial to aware about
the lost fruit can be used either for animal feed if it is
appropriate or for utilization of compost preparation.
Animal feed
different marketing channels. This might be due to lack of
awareness on the characteristics of papaya fruit and its
proper handling systems until it arrives to the markets. The
entire respondents (wholesalers and retailers) did not take
any training and advice on how to minimize postharvest
losses of papaya fruits from the stake holders. Also, they
have no proper facilities for storage to extend the shelf life
of the fruit. They are simply store in the houses where
wasn’t appropriate for fruit storage and hasn’t available air
circulation in the storage. Above all, they were store
several fruits together in the same place which is
conducive to hasten losses of the fruits. Most of the
retailers of the town were sold their produce along the road
side due to absence of appropriate marketing area and
their products were deteriorated in the open sun (without
Dadi et al. 907
shading). Therefore, the training for the fruit sellers on
postharvest management and handling systems can
alleviate this vividly observed postharvest losses of
papaya fruit especially at market level. Therefore, the
extension service should be focuses on the wholesalers
and retailers in order to manage the loss of papaya fruit
before it reaches the hand of consumer to save the loss
occur which even contribute to the national economy.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
The extent of papaya fruit loss is higher due to the stated
factors which accounts about thirty eight percent only at
the marketing (wholesalers and retailers) level that
indicates the loss of papaya is higher in Jimma market and
need great attention to overcome the problem. So that;
Jimma city administration being with Jimma University
should give training and advice for both retailers and
wholesalers concerning postharvest loss management
and proper handling methods of papaya fruit.
Small scale postharvest loss management systems and
fruit handling technologies should be provided for both
levels
The city administration should support and facilitate the
place of selling especially for retailers’ in spite of selling the
products on the road side which causes huge postharvest
loss of the crop.
Generally, papaya postharvest loss in Jimma town market
at wholesalers and retailers’ level was very high. This due
to the different structured problems occurred starting from
production period to consumption time. The loss accounts
the big percentage which needs great attention by stake
holders and city administration in order to overcome the
problems and to save the losses occur that is important for
produces, consumers and for even national economy
development at large.
Conflict of Interests
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
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3(8): 120-130.
Accepted 13 October 2020

Citation: Dadi TL, Habtamu GM and Dejene TB (2020). Assessment of Papaya Postharvest Loss at Wholesaler and
Retailer levels in Jimma Town, South Western Ethiopia. International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 7(3):
900-908.

Copyright: © 2020: Dadi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are cited.

ASSESSMENT of PAPAYA POSTHARVEST LOSS at WHOLESALER and RETAILER LEVELS in JIMMA TOWN, SOUTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA