11.10.2020 Dr.

Ahmed Thabet

Veterinary Physiology I
Homework 4

The following neurotransmitters are considered members of major classes:

Neur
otra
nsmi Main presence
  tter (CNS or PNS) Function
Amin
o
  Acids
 In the CNS,
throughout the
brain and spinal
cord
particularly in
Gluta neurons and   Excitatory (it used to send signals to other cell by nerve cells)
1 mate glial cells. It is involved in virtually every major excitatory brain function.
 In the CNS ,
especially in
the spinal cord ,
brain stem and
Glyci retina of the
2 ne eye  Inhibitory (reducing neuroal excitability).
γ-
Amin
obut  In the CNS ,
yric distributed
acid widely in the Inhibitory
(GAB neurons of the  contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical
3 A) cortex . functions and also regulates anxiety.
Amin
  es    
11.10.2020 Dr. Ahmed Thabet

 Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the

neuromuscular junction, it is the chemical that motor neurons of
the nervous system release in order to activate muscles.
is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous
Acet system.
ylcho  In the CNS and In the brain, acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter and as
1 line PNS. a neuromodulator.
Serot  In the PNS and contributes to various functions, such as regulating body
2 onin CNS. temperature, sleep, mood, appetite, and pain.
Is a neurotransmitter involved in controlling movement and
posture, It also modulates mood and plays a central role in
 In the CNS, positive reinforcement and dependency.
Dopa particularly in The loss of dopamine in certain parts of the brain causes the
3 mine the brain. muscle rigidity typical of Parkinson’s disease.
 Is a neurotransmitter that is important for attentiveness,
emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning.
also called noradrenaline, substance that is released
predominantly from the ends of sympathetic nerve fibres and
that acts to increase the force of skeletal muscle contraction and
Nore  In the the rate and force of contraction of the heart. The actions of
pine CNS(brain) and norepinephrine are vital to the fight-or-flight response, whereby
phrin PNS(sympatheti the body prepares to react to or retreat from an acute threat.
4 e c NS).
Epin
ephri  CNS in the
5 ne brain.  It help neurons to communicate with each other.
Pepti
  des    
Subst  The sensory function of substance P is thought to be related to
ance the transmission of pain information into the central nervous
1 P  CNS and PNS system.
 Function of β-endorphin has been known to be associated with
β- hunger, thrill, pain, maternal care, sexual behavior, and reward
Endo cognition. In the broadest sense, β-endorphin is primarily utilized
2 rphin  CNS and PNS in the body to reduce stress and maintain homeostasis.
Purin
  es    
 Inhibitory
Adenosine can act as a central nervous system depressant.
Aden  CNS in the In normal conditions, it promotes sleep and suppresses arousal.
1 osine brain. When awake the levels of adenosine in the brain rise each hour.
Aden  ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral and
osine  CNS ( in central nervous systems and is also an important transmitter of
triph synapses) and signals between different types of glial cells.
osph PNS ( in sensory ATP is involved in sensory transduction, autonomic control,
ate and autonomic synaptic modulation in both the central and peripheral nervous
2 (ATP) ganglia). systems, and neuron–glia and glia–glia interactions.
11.10.2020 Dr. Ahmed Thabet

Please describe the main location of each neurotransmitter (whether it was in CNS or PNS or
both) and mention in brief major action result of using these neurotransmitters?

Good luck