SolidWorks Flow Simulation 2013 PDF

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SOLIDWORKS® 2013
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SolidWorks® 2013
SolidWorks Flow Simulation
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Contents
Introduction
r About This Course .................. . .. . ......... ... ...... 2
Prerequisites ...................... .. .......... . ....... 2
Course Design Philosophy ....... . .. ..... .......... ... ... 2
Using this Book ....................................... 2
Lessons ... ........................................... 2
About the Training Files ................................. 3
Windows® 7 ........ . ........... . ..................... 3
Conventions Used in this Book ..... ... ................... 3
Use of Color ....... . .................................. 3
Lesson 1:
Creating a SolidWorks Flow Simulation Project
Objectives ............................................... 5
Case Study: Manifold Assembly ................... .... ...... 6
Problem Description ................. .. ........... ... ...... 6
Stages in the Process ..... ... .. .... .... . ....... . ... . ... .. 6
Model Preparation ................... .... .................. 7
Internal Flow Analysis .................................. 7
External Flow Analysis .................................. 7
Manifold Analysis .... ..... ........ ..... ................ 7
Lids ................................................. 8
Lid Thickness ......................................... 9
Manual Lid Creation .................................... 9
Adding a Lid to a Part File ......... ..... ................. 9
Adding a Lid to an Assembly File ........................ 10
Checking the Geometry ................................ I I
Internal Fluid Volume .............. .. .................. 13
Contents SolidWorks 2013
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Invalid Contacts ...................................... 13
Project Wizard ....................................... 17
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Reference Axis ....................................... 20 u
Exclude Cavities Without Flow Conditions ................. 20
Adiabatic Wall ....................................... 22
Roughness ........................................... 22
Result Resolution ..................................... 24
Computational Domain ................................. 25
Load Results Option ................................... 30 \....,)
Monitoring the Solver. ... ... ... .... .. .................. 31
Goal Plot Window .. . . ........... . ....... ............. 31 u
Warning Messages ................. .. .... . ..... . ..... . 32
Post-processing .......................................... 34
Scaling the Limits of the Legend ......................... 36
Changing Legend Settings .... . ........... .. ........... . 3 7
Discussion .............................................. 46
Summary ... .. .................................. ... ..... 46
Lesson 2:
Meshing u
Objectives .............................................. 47 u
Case Study: Chemistry Hood .............. ... ...... . ... ... . 48
Project Description ....................................... 48
Computational Mesh ...................................... 51 LJ
Basic Mesh ... ... ....... ............. .. .... .... .. ...... . 51
Initial Mesh .. ................ .... .... .. .... ... .......... 52 u
Geometry Resolution ...... . ... .... .......... ... .... . ..... 52
Optimize Thin Wall Resolution ............................. 53
Result Resolution/Level of Initial Mesh ... . ............ . ..... . 56
Switching Off Automatic Mesh Definition ................. 57
Cell Types ................ ... ... .... ........... .... .. 58
Basic Mesh .... . ..... . ............................... 58
Solid/Fluid Interface ................................... 58
Refining Cells .............. .. .... . .................. . 58
Narrow Channels ..................................... 58
Advanced Narrow Channel Refinement .................... 58
Control Planes ..... .. .... . ............................... 61
Results ................................................. 65
Summary ............................................... 66
Exercise I: Square Ducting ................................. 67
Exercise 2: Thin Walled Box . ... ... ........... . ..... . ..... . 75 LJ
Exercise 3: Heat Sink ..................................... 81
Exercise 4: Meshing Valve Assembly ........................ 87
Boundary Conditions ..... ... ..... .. ..... . ............. 87 ._)
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SolidWorks 2013 Contents
Lesson 3:
r Thermal Analysis
Objectives ..... . ... .. . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .... . ...... 89
Case Study: Electronics Enclosure .... . .............. .. .. . . . . 90
Project Description .......... . . . . .. ...................... . 90
Fans ......................... . . . .................... . . . 96
Fan Curves .............. . .................... . . .... . 96
Perforated Plates ......................................... 98
Free Area Ratio ...... .... . . ....... . ........ . .. ... . ... I 00
Discussion .. . .. .. ... .......... ... . .. . . . . .. ... . . ........ I 02
Summary ........ . . . .......... . . . .. . .... . . ... . . . . ...... I 02
Exercise 5: Materials with Orthotropic Thermal Conductivity .... 103
Lesson 4:
External Transient Analysis
Objectives . ............. .. . ......... . . .......... . . . . ... Ill
Case Study: Flow Around a Cylinder ..... .............. ... .. 112
Problem Description ....... ...... . . . . ............... . . . . . 113
Stages in the Process ...... ..... . .. ................... . 113
Reynolds Number ......... .... . ... ................. ..... 113
External Flow ......... ......... . . . .... .......... . . .. . .. 113
Transient Analysis .. .. ......... .... . ... . . . . .. . ....... . . . 115
Turbulence Intensity .. . . . . .... . ..... . .. .. . . . . .. . ..... .. . . 115
r Solution Adaptive Mesh Refinement ..... . . . .. . . ...... .... ..
Two Dimensional Flow ..... . . .. ......... . ... ... . . . ... ... .
116
116
Computational Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Calculation Control Options ... . ... . . ................ ...... 117
Finish . ................ ..... ..................... .. 117
Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 18
r Saving . . ............ .. . . . . .. .. ................ .....
Advanced ............ . ... ...... ........... . . .......
118
118
r Drag Equation ........ .. . . . . . .. . .... .... . ........... . 120
Unsteady Vortex Shedding .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . ... . 122
Time Animation .. . ... . . ... ... . ... . . ... . ... . . . . ... . .... . 123
Discussion . . . . . ... . ... . . . . .. . . .. . ... . . . . ... . ... . ... ... . 126
Summary . . . .. . ...... . . . . . ..... . .. . .... .. ..... ... ... . .. 126
r Exercise 6: Electronics Cooling .. . . .... . ............ . . .... . 127
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Contents SolidWorks 2013 u
Lesson 5:
Conjugate Heat Transfer
Objectives ............................................. 139
Case Study: Heated Cold Plate ............................. 140
Project Description ...................................... 140
Stages in the Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Conjugate Heat Transfer .................................. 141
Real Gases .................................. . .......... 141
Goals Plot in the Solver Window ........................ 145
Summary .............................................. 147
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Exercise 7: Heat Exchanger with Multiple Fluids .............. 148 L.l
Lesson 6:
EFDZooming
Objectives ............................................. 153 u
Case Study: Electronics Enclosure .......................... 154
Project Description ...................................... 154
EFD Zooming .......................................... 154
EFD Zooming- Computational Domain .................. 157
Summary .............................................. 164 u
Lesson 7: u
Porous Media
Objectives ............................................. 165 w
Case Study: Catalytic Converter ............................ 166
Problem Description ..................................... 166
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Stages in the Process .................................. 166 u
Porous Media .......................................... 168
Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Permeability Type .................................... 168
Resistance .......................................... 168
Dummy Bodies ...................................... 170
Design Modification ..................................... 174 u
Discussion ............................................. 178
Summary .............................................. 178 1.......1
Exercise 8: Channel Flow ................................. 179
Lesson 8:
Rotating Reference Frames
Objectives ............................................. 187
Rotating Reference Frame ................................ 188
Case Study: Fan Assembly ................................ 188
Stages in the Process .................................. 189 '--'
Summary .............................................. 195 u
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SolidWorks 2013 Contents
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Lesson 9:
Parametric Study
n Objectives ............................................. 197
Case Study: Piston Valve ................................. 198
Stages in the Process .................................. 198
Parametric Analysis ..................................... 199
r Steady State Analysis .................................... 199
r Parametric study ..................................... 202
Part I: Goal Optimization ................................. 203
Input Variable Types ................................. 204
n Target Value Dependance Types ........................ 205
Output Variable Initial Values .......................... 205
Running Optimization Study ........................... 206
r Part 2: Design Scenario ................................... 209
Summary .............................................. 211
Exercise 9: Variable Geometry Dependent Solution ............ 212
Boundary Conditions ................................. 213
Lesson 10:
r Cavitation
Objectives ............................................. 215
n Case Study: Cone Valve .................................. 216
r Problem Description ..................................... 216
n Cavitation .............................................
Discussion .............................................
216
220
Summary .............................................. 220
Lesson 11:
--..,Relative Humidity
Objectives ............................................. 221
Relative Humidity ....................................... 222
Case Study: Cook House ................................. 222
Summary .............................................. 229
Lesson 12:
Particle Trajectory
Objectives ............................................. 231
r Case Study: Hurricane Generator ........................... 232
Particle Trajectories - Overview ............................ 232
Particle Study- Physical Settings ........................ 238
Particle Study- Wall Condition ......................... 238
Summary .............................................. 239
Exercise I 0: Uniform Flow Stream ......................... 240
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Contents SolidWorks 2013
i Lesson 13:
Supersonic Flow
Objectives .................................... . ........ 245 w
Supersonic Flow ........................................ 246
Case Study: Conical Body ................................ 246
Drag Coefficient ..... .. .............................. 24 7
Shock Waves ........................................ 251
Discussion ............................................. 252
Summary .............................................. 252
Lesson 14:
FEA Load Transfer
Objectives ........... .. .......... . ........... ... ....... 253
Case Study: Billboard .................................... 254 \....)
Summary ....................................... .. ..... 259
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r. Introduction
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Introduction SolidWorks 2013
About This The goal of this course is to teach you how to set up, run and view
Course results of a fluid flow and/or heat transfer analysis using SolidWorks
and the Standard version of Solid Works Flow Simulation mechanical
design automation software.
It is impractical to cover every type of computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) problem in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation software and still
have the course be a reasonable length. Therefore, the focus of this
course is on the fundamental skills and concepts central to successfully
performing a CFD analysis. You should view the training course
manual as a supplement to, not a replacement for, the system
documentation and on-line help. Once you have developed a good
foundation in basic skills, you can refer to the on-line help for
information on less frequently used command options.
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Prerequisites Students attending this course are expected to have:
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• Mechanical design experience.
• Completed the course SolidWorks Essentials. u
•
•
Basic understanding in the field of fluid flow and heat transfer.
Experience with Windows operating system.
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Course Design This course is designed around a process- or task-based approach to
u
Philosophy training. A process-based training course emphasizes the processes and u
procedures you follow to complete a particular task. By utilizing case L)
studies to illustrate these processes, you learn the necessary commands,
options and menus in the context of completing a task. \...)
Course Length The recommended minimum length of this course is 2 days. u
Using this Book This training manual is intended to be used in a classroom environment
under the guidance of an experienced Solid Works Flow Simulation
instructor. It is not intended to be a self-paced tutorial. ...__)
Lessons The lessons give you the opportunity to apply and practice the material u
in front of an instructor so questions can be asked and answered during
each lesson.
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SolidWorks 2013 Introduction
r
About the A complete set of the various files used throughout this course can be
Training Files downloaded from the SolidWorks website, www.solidworks.com.
Click on the link for Support, then Training, then Training Files, then
r SolidWorks Simulation Training Files. Select the link for the desired
file set. There may be more than one version of each file set available.
('\
Direct URL:
0 www.solidworks.com/trainingfilessimulation
r The files are supplied in signed, self-extracting executable packages.
r The files are organized by lesson number. The Case Study folder
within each lesson contains the files your instructor uses while
r presenting the lessons. The Exercises folder contains any files that are
r required for doing the laboratory exercises.
Windows®7 The screen shots in this manual were made using the SolidWorks and
SolidWorks Flow Simulation software running on Windows® 7. If you
are running on a different version of Windows, you may notice
differences in the appearance of the menus and windows. These
differences do not affect the performance of the software.
Conventions Used This manual uses the following typographic conventions:
in this Book
Convention Meaning
Bold Sans Serif SolidWorks Flow Simulation commands and

options appear in this style. For example,
SolidWorks Flow Simulation, Project,
Wizard means choose the Wizard option from
the SolidWorks Flow Simulation, Project
(1 menu.
n Typewriter Feature names and file names appear in this
style. For example, Heat Source.
r Double lines precede and follow sections of

the procedures. This provides separation
17 Do this step
between the steps of the procedure and large
n blocks of explanatory text. The steps
themselves are numbered in sans serif bold.
Use of Color The SolidWorks and SolidWorks Flow Simulation user interface make
extensive use of color to highlight selected geometry and to provide
r you with visual feedback. This greatly increases the intuitiveness and
ease of use of the SolidWorks Flow Simulation software. To take
maximum advantage of this, the training manuals are printed in full
color.
3
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Introduction SolidWorks 2013 '\.....)
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Lesson 1
Creating a SolidWorks Flow
Simulation Project
Objectives Upon successful completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
• Understand the model preparations required for a Flow Simulation
r: Project.
n • Create simple lids.
• Check the geometry for invalid contacts.
• Calculate the internal volume.
• Create a Solid Works Flow Simulation Project using the Project
Wizard.
r • Apply flow boundary conditions.
• Apply Goals.
• Run an analysis.
r • Use the Solver Monitor window.

• View the results.
5
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2013
Case Study: In this lesson, we will learn how to set up a SolidWorks Flow
Manifold Simulation project using the Wizard. Prior to setting up our project, we
Assembly will learn how to properly prepare our model for the analysis. We will
run the simulation and learn how to interpret the results. In addition, we
will see the many options available when post-processing the results. u
Problem Air enters an intake manifold assembly at LJ
Description 0.05 m3/s and flows out through the six
openings as seen in the figure. The
common goal of intake manifold design w
is even distribution of the combustion u
mixture to the piston heads. This will
insure optimum engine efficiency. We u
will keep this in mind when analyzing ..1..
our intake assembly.
The objective of this lesson is to introduce the complete set up of a
SolidWorks Flow Simulation project within SolidWorks, from model
preparation to post-processing. Study goals will be defined and
discussed. In addition, the results will be post-processed using the
various options in SolidWorks Flow Simulation. \......)
Stages in the • Prepare model for analysis. LJ

Process Use the Lids tool to close the model in preparation for an internal
analysis. The Check Geometry command will be used to make L.)
sure that your model is ready for a flow simulation.
• Set up flow simulation.
Use the Wizard to set up the flow simulation project.
• Apply boundary conditions.
Boundary conditions are applied to inlets and outlets.
• Declare calculation goals.
Goals can be defined that are special parameters that the user will
have information for after the analysis is run.
• Run the analysis.
• Post-process the results.

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The results can be processed using many available options in u
SolidWorks Flow Simulation.
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r SolidWorks 2013 Lesson 1
1 Open SolidWorks.
2 SolidWorks Flow Simulation Add-Ins.

Once installed, SolidWorks Flow Simulation can be activated inside
SolidWorks using the Tools, Add-Ins menu.
r Check SolidWorks Flow Simulation to use this Add-In.
r Click OK.
r 3 Open Assembly.
Open Coletor from the LessonOl \Case Study folder.
r Model In any static analysis, it is often necessary to modify the Solid Works
r. Preparation geometry to allow the simulation to run. The same is true in flow
simulations. SolidWorks Flow Simulation groups flow analysis into
r two separate categories, internal analysis and external analysis. Before
n beginning model preparations, it is necessary to ask yourself which
type of analysis you wish to perform.
n
Internal Flow Internal flow analysis involves fluid flow bounded by outer solid
"r Analysis surfaces, e.g. flows inside pipes, tanks, HVAC systems, etc. Internal
flows are confined inside the SolidWorks geometry. For internal flows
the fluid enters a model through the inlets and exits the model through
r the outlets with the exception of some natural convection problems that
have no openings.
r
To perform an Internal flow analysis, the SolidWorks model must be
r fully closed (no openings) using lids. The SolidWorks Flow
n Simulation, Tools, Check Geometry command tool can be used to
ensure that the model is fully closed.
r External Flow External flow analysis involves a solid model which is fully surrounded
n Analysis by the flow, e.g., flows over aircraft, automobiles, buildings, etc. The
fluid flow is not bounded by an outer solid surface, but bounded only
n by the Computational Domain boundaries and does not require a lid
n unless the application involves a flow source (such as a fan).
If both internal and external analysis is required simultaneously, e.g.,
flows over and through a building, the analysis is treated as an External
r analysis in SolidWorks Flow Simulation.
r Manifold Analysis Now that we know the difference between internal and external
n analysis, we can characterize our manifold analysis as internal. We will
only study the flow on the inside of the manifold assembly and are not
r concerned with any flows around the body. As mentioned previously,
to perform an internal flow analysis, the SolidWorks model must be
n fully closed using Lids.
r.
n
n 7
Lids Lids are used in internal flow analysis. In this type of analysis, all
openings within a model must be covered using the SolidWorks "lids" u
features. The surfaces of the lids (which contact the fluid) are used to 0
apply boundary conditions which introduce a mass flow rate, volume
flow rate, static /total pressure, of Fan condition within a fluid volume.
Note Situations that do not require the use of lids include external analysis
that measure flow over bodies such as: cars, planes, buildings, ... etc. In
addition, lids are not used in natural convection problems.
Introducing: Create The Create Lids tool automatically creates lids for all openings in the
Lids selected planar surface of the model. This tool is available for both part
and assembly files. The lids are necessary for an internal analysis
(problems such as flow through a ball valve or pipe).
Where to Find It • CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Create lids ~

• Menu: Flow Simulation, Tools, Create lids
• Flow Simulation Main toolbar: Create Lids ~
4 Create a lid on the inlet face.

Under SolidWorks Flow Simulation, Tools, select Create lids.
Select the annular face defining the plane of the inlet that should be LJ
closed by the lid.
In the Create Lids PropertyManager, select Adjust Thickness and
enter 1mm as the Thickness.
Click OK.
You' ll notice that a new part called LID! gets created in the
FeatureManager design tree. The part is a blind extrusion from the
selected planar face into the opening with a distance that was specified
as the Thickness.
8
SolidWorks 2013 Lesson 1
Multiple planar faces can be selected using the Create lids tool. If the
n Note
user is working with an assembly, new parts named LIDl, LID2 ... will
be created. If the user is working with a single part, new LIDl,
LID2 .. .features will be created.
Tip It is good practice to rename your lids when working in an assembly.
This can avoid problems with multiple assemblies with lids open at the
same time.
Lid Thickness If necessary, the thickness of the lid can be adjusted by clicking the
r Adjust Thickness icon and input the value in the Thickness box (as
done in the previous step).
The thickness of an external lid for an internal analysis is usually not
important for the analysis. However, the lid should not be so thick that
r the flow pattern is affected downstream in some way. If this is both an
r external and internal analysis then creating a lid that is too thin will
cause the number of cells to be very high. For most cases the lid
thickness could be the same thickness used to create the neighboring
r walls.
(\ Manual Lid The Create lids tool cannot be used if there are no planar faces to use
Creation as references. In this instance, the user must create the lids manually by
r creating lid parts or features .
Adding a Lid to a • Click on the surface adjacent to where you would like to add the lid
Part File and open a sketch.
• Select the inside edge(s) and select Sketch Tools, Convert
Entities.
r • Insert, Boss/Base, Extrude and select the Mid Plane option.
Note Selecting the Mid Plane option is very important. The Blind option
would create an invalid contact (disjointed body) between the lid and
r the body. SolidWorks Flow Simulation is unable to apply boundary
conditions onto a surface when there is an invalid contact.
Blind extrus1on
Correct Lid Creation In-correct Lid Creation
9
Adding a Lid to an There are several ways to create lids within a SolidWorks assembly
Assembly File file. The following steps outline one of these recommended ways.
• Within the SolidWorks assembly mode go to Insert, Component,
New Part.
• Type in a name for the part file (many people use Inlet lid or
Outlet lid). Click OK.
• Select the surface adjacent to where you would like to add the lid.
• Select the inside edge(s) and select Sketch Tools, Convert
Entities.
• Insert, Boss/Base, Extrude and select the Mid Plane option.
Note It's usually a good idea to create the lids as a part file within an
assembly especially if your analysis involves heat transfer. These lids
can then be assigned a different material, such as an insulator so that
the lid does not affect the heat transfer analysis.
5 Remaining lids.
Create the remaining lids on the outlet faces using the manual lid
creation method described above. Use a Mid Plane extrusion of2mm.
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u
Note We could have used the Create Lids tool to create the remaining lids,
however the tool would have closed all of the openings on the selected
face, therefore closing the bolt holes. This is not necessary, and this
also gives us the opportunity to practice manual lid creation.
10
Creating a SolldWorks Flow Simulation Project
Discussion When creating lids before the analysis, keep in mind that they have two
purposes; closing off any openings and allowing for solid geometry on
n which boundary conditions (i.e. static pressure, mass flow rate, etc.) are
defined. In this model, we could have used a single part to close off all
six outlet ports as shown in the figure. This type of lid would not be
applicable if we required different boundary conditions on each outlet.
In addition, this lid is inappropriate because to evaluate the design, we
require information about the flow through each individual outlet
(remember, a well designed manifold will distribute the combustion
mixture evenly). We will see that this type of lid will make it more
difficult to obtain the information about each port.
Checking the The SolidWorks model must be checked to determine if there are any
Geometry problems with the geometry that may cause problems meshing the
body and fluid regions.
There are two main reasons that prevent meshing of the solid and fluid
bodies.
• Openings in the geometry that prevent SolidWorks from fully
defining a fully closed internal volume. This is for an internal
analysis only.
• Invalid contacts exist between parts in an assembly. (An invalid
contact is defined as a line or point contact between part files.)
These will be discussed later in the lesson.
Note Invalid contacts affect both internal and external analysis.
11
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2013 \.....)
u
Introducing: Check A SolidWorks Flow Simulation tool, called Check '~~ C~eck Geometrv- -I
Geometry Geometry, allows users to check the SolidWorks u
geometry. This tool also allows you to check \....)
bodies for possible geometry problems (e.g., '"'rn ~·,..;l<i'm-a>iotD<< ~
tangent contact) that cause SolidWorks Flow liJ ~ PMtl-1 ~ u
lil ~ l!Dl-1 ~
Simulation to create an inadequate mesh. lil ~ l!D4-1 ~
liJ ~ l!DS- 1 [tl
The State field allows you to disable some of the lil ~ l!D8· 1 ~
llJ ~ l!D11-l [t]
assembly components from the geometry check. lil ~ LID1+1 [tl
lil ~ l!D19-1 [t]
Provided the fluid volume exists, Show Fluid
Volume command will graphically indicate it. I
Check command will run the geometry check on l~-::'-
~-==--~~-~•1
~ Cml.. dfbody......mly
u
the assembly.
Where to Find It • CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Check Geometry ~

• Menu: Flow Simulation, Tools, Check Geometry
• Flow Simulation Main toolbar: Check Geometry ~
6 Check for invalid fluid geometry.

From the Flow Simulation menu choose: Tools, ~· Check Geom~y ___;,_;r
Check Geometry. )C
Keep all assembly components selected.

Sta... ..
-
• •
lil ~ SWl<i'm-a>I.ID<<
J
[tl
u
Click Check. m ~ ""''H [t]
liJ ~ l!Dl-1 [t]
m~ LID4-1 [t]
liJ ~ l!DS 1 [t]
ffi ~ l!D8- 1 [t]
m~ LIDH- 1 [t]
m~ LID1+1 [t]
m ~ uot9· 1 ~
,... I \...)
l-
~ Cml.. dlbody......miy
•
\.....)
EJere... IUd body-.
u
II OlOdt
II LJ
1- - - 1
12
J
r
The results are presented in the text field ~che<~ •I8L
below the graphics area.
The non-zero values for the fluid and solid
volumes indicate that the internal fluid volume
is water tight and suitable for the flow
simulation.
Close the text area with the results, and the Check Geometry property
manager.
Note The Check Geometry command will check for possible invalid
contacts, e.g., tangency, zero thickness, etc. If a problem has been
detected, the message appears in the Invalid contacts output box.
Tip When the geometry is deemed ready for analysis, it is good practice to
set all components as fixed . This insures that none of the components
move when defining boundary conditions, etc.
Internal Fluid SolidWorks Flow Simulation will also calculate the total volume of
Volume solid components and the total fluid volume.
For internal flow analysis, the internal fluid volume must be greater
than zero. If there are no invalid contacts and the internal fluid volume
is still zero, then there is a small gap or an opening that connects the
internal domain to the external space. Once the small gap or opening is
detected and corrected, rerun the Check Geometry tool to ensure that
the internal fluid volume is greater than zero.
Invalid Contacts If invalid contacts exist, SolidWorks Flow Simulation will not be able
to calculate an internal fluid volume (within the computational
domain), and the Check Geometry tool will report the internal fluid
volume to be zero even if the model is perfectly closed and has no
openings or gaps. Invalid contacts must be fixed before a flow analysis
can be performed.
The invalid contacts can be fixed by either separating the two parts
with a very small distance so that they are no longer touching, or by
creating an interference fit between the two parts.
13
Invalid Contact Some typical types of invalid contact are

I._)
Examples shown in the figure.
\.....)
u
In our example, if a Blind extrusion was u
used, an invalid line contact would be
created as shown in the figure.
If an invalid contact is detected, you may

click the contact in the list of invalid
contacts to show the location.
Note Not every tangent contact causes an invalid contact. SolidWorks Flow
Simulation uses SolidWorks API boolean operations to compute fluid
and solid bodies. IfSolidWorks is able to construct the resulting bodies
successfully, then SolidWorks Flow Simulation will consider the
bodies as valid for its analysis even with potentially bad contacts, like
"line contact."
In some models, even with invalid contacts the user will be able to U
apply boundary conditions and solve the analysis. Users in these cases U
may receive the "Failed to complete" error message when trying to
define Cut Plots. The user would have to correct the invalid contact to
plot and rerun the analysis before defining Cut Plot images.
Important! For internal flow analysis, boundary conditions can not be applied until
all openings are closed. u
14
7 Modify lid position.

To demonstrate lid positions that are not ideal, you will now change the
position of the last lid.
Edit the position of the last lid so
that its internal edge forms a line
r contact along the edge of the
outlet.
8 Check geometry.
Follow step 6 on page 12 to check geometry for invalid contacts.
The result text window indicates 16 detected unresolved contacts,
which were fixed.
Because the invalid contacts were fixed, the Check geometry tool was
also able to calculate both the fluid and solid volumes.
• Check • 18 L
Redo (
lbluo: SUCCESSFUL f'nlblemo dctccted and hood ~~Dm:Mi~:Q1\!!mi!~ !

- - ~ l(l.maolved) !
- - ~ 2(l.moolved) !!
Z..U<Irlnels o.ne""" J(lkeoolvod)
Note In most of such situations, software is able to heal invalid contact and
calculate the fluid and solid volumes.
Click on any of the invalid contacts to see it in the graphics area.
15
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2013 LJ
9 Modify lid position again.

Follow step 7 and change the
position ofthe lid to form a clear
gap between the lid and the outlet.
u
w
10 Check geometry.
Follow 8 to check the geometry for invalid contacts.
The result text window indicates that the ~ c11ea • Ia L
u
geometry check failed. Both the solid and fluid Rods
volumes show zero volumes indicating that

they could not be calculated.
11 Modify lid position. LJ

Return the lid to its correct
position where it forms the
face to face contact with the
outlet.
u
u
\....)
Note You may run the Check geometry command for the last time to verify
that your geometry is water tight.
16
Project Wizard Project wizard is the most convenient way to create and specify the
basic configuration of your simulation project.
Introducing: Wizard The flow simulation project Wizard is used by even the most
experienced users ofSolidWorks Flow Simulation. It walks you
through the basic steps of setting up a flow analysis. Additional
commands may then be needed to complete the definition of more
complicated analyses. The Wizard addresses the following parts of
modeling:
• Project Configuration
r Select the configuration that you want to use with the simulation.
You can create a new configuration or use one that is currently
r defined. It is recommended that you associate each flow simulation
project to a new configuration. This insures that your files and
results will be organized.
• Unit System
Defines the unit system that will be used in the simulation. This can
be changed after finishing the Wizard in the Flow Simulation
menu by selecting Units. In addition, each custom defined unit
systems can be created that mix and match from the different
universal systems.
• Analysis type
The analysis is defined as internal or external. In addition other
features about the analysis can be defined (i.e., reference axis).
• Default Fluid
Defines the default fluid that is used in the analysis as well as the
type of flow it will encounter (i.e., laminar, turbulent, both).
• Wall Conditions
Defines the boundary conditions for the flow at the walls of the
SolidWorks geometry.
• Initial Conditions
Defines the initial and ambient conditions of the solids and fluids in
the model.
• Results and Geometry Resolution
Can define the density of the mesh based on the geometrical
features of the model (thickness of thin wall and gaps) as well as
n the overall result accuracy.
Where to Find It • CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Wizard 5]

• Menu: Flow Simulation, Project, Wizard
• Flow Simulation Main tool bar: Wizard 5]
n
17
12 Create a project using a wizard.

From the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Project, Wizard.
13 Create a new project.
Under Configuration, click Use Current (default setting).
Note You can also select Create New to create a new configuration, or
Select to associate your project with any of the existing SolidWorks
configurations.
In the Configuration Name box, enter Project 1.
CJ
SolidWorks Flow Simulation will store all data in a separate folder
:.J
numbered sequentially, i.e. " I", "2", "3",.. .etc. based on how many
projects have been defined. This folder is located in the same directory
as the assembly file.
8 8 Q ,...,..obonal[)omo;n
"! , ........... ,_ol ~llbonloaddtheproted
l:iilfbdSU>domaons
-
~*n rl
u-~~
Um
-n--------------~
.1
~ eo..nda<y Ccnclllons
~·- ~_,....., l'lqecll
........
:l-'HeatSou-ces
~h.... Condtion>
ill' Goo~>
~ loco!.....,. Meshes
8 ~ R...As
ji$. Mesh
~ Co.tl'tots u
{)> S..focel'tots
~ Jsoswfoces
AowTra;ectories »
u
Click Next.
u
'.._)
18
SolidWorks 2013 lesson 1
14 Select units.
Wu.rd · Untt Sys~
Unlaystenr
Sjnlem Palh Convner<
CGS 1""'11·•1 Pu>ll.med CGS 1""'11·•1
FPS lfi.J>.ol f'le{).med FPS lfi.J>-•1
IPS [....,_•1 f'le{).med IPS [....,_•1
NMMI""'11·•1 f'l&{).med NMMI""'11•1
USA f'le{).med USA
51 lm·ko·•lln><><l<oedl
DecmtB WI resub 1 Sl unl JIJ
""' -·-~--M 1
.............. .......
-
u...
Le"!11'1
T~,..ture
Physaltnle
ID HVAC
"'
12
123
123
123
12
12J
1
I
;:
l!l Gooma1r1cal~ - 1 )) )
Select Sl (m-kg-s) as the Unit System for this project.

You can change the unit system anytime by going to Flow Simulation,
Units.
Click Next.
Note You can also create your own system of units (by mixing and matching
unit systems). This is done by checking the Create New check box and
entering the custom name for the new unit system.
19
15 Select analysis type.

WtZ~~rd • Analylas Type
\...)
))I
Select Internal under Analysis Type.

Under Consider closed cavities, clear Exclude cavities without
flow conditions.
Defining the Reference axis is not required for this analysis.
Accept all other default settings.
Click Next.
Reference Axis The Reference Axis is defined through the Wizard. It is used to detine
the Dependency of a specific quantity (i.e., radiation or rotation).
Exclude Cavities The status of the Exclude cavities without flow conditions option is
Without Flow not important in this analysis; there is only one internal space within
Conditions this model. If there were multiple unconnected internal spaces, then
selecting this box would prevent SolidWorks Flow Simulation from
meshing and solving for any internal spaces that do not have boundary
conditions.
20
16 Select fluid type (gas or liquid).
~~--------r.=--------.-
Acdo<le
...........
..,...
_ ~@
-
Pfo..Oefned
~
c.--
Pro-Demed
Pro-Demed
Butane Pro-Defiled
Pre-llemod
Cllbme Pro-De mod
Eth1ne Pre-Defiled
Eth1nol Pre-Defiled
Ethytene Pre-Defiled
f\>ome Pro-Defiled
flow type Un.wr 1Mt Turbulent ~

High lolach number
Humidity
now ~
~
""j
,,
~ ~ ~ou
Expand the Gases tree. Using the scroll box in the database of fluids,
click Air.
Click Add. This will move Air under the Project Fluids list.
Accept all other default settings.
Click Next.
17 Set wall conditions.
Wa~~rd • Waif Condtbons
--------~~=--------------------
!vaue
DefauH wall thefmll condttion
Roughness ...........
Aclabmlc Wll
r Dependency >><
In the Parameter list, the value for Default wall thermal condition is
Adiabatic wall and the value for Roughness is 0. Click Next.
21
Adiabatic Wall Since this project does not involve any type of heat transfer, the default
Adiabatic wall selection is recommended. Adiabatic wall assumes the
walls are perfectly insulated.
w
Roughness This value is used in the calculation of the velocity profile within the
boundary layer. If the default value of zero is used (recommended if the u
roughness is not known), the solver assumes the walls are smooth.
Please consult the Flow Simulation help on how to determine
appropriate roughness parameters.
u
18 Initial and ambient conditions.
u
,.,.....,. Iva...
u
Panmete..- Definttion User Defiled
9 Thermodynamic Parmnelers
Parameters Pressure 1Cft1)ef'ature
Pressure 101325 PI
Te~1ture 2932K
8 Velocity Parameters
Paromoter u
VeDcty 11 X di'cditln
VftJdy 11 Y dnct»n
Vebciy 11 Z dl"edim
........
o rrn
LJ
ID Turbulence Parameters
~ l r;;
~ ~ ~~
Click Next to accept the default standard ambient conditions as the

initial conditions for this analysis.
Note The closer the initial values are set to the final values determined in the
analysis, the quicker the analysis will finish. Since we do not have any
knowledge of the expected final values, we will not modify them in this
lesson.
22
19 Set automatic initial mesh.
"''
Mrwrun gep llZC ref~s to the INI:lle dmem10n

"--irwrun gep aze.
r
»J
Accept the default Result Resolution setting of 3.

C lick Finish.
Note In some situations, entering values for the Minimum gap size and
Minimum wall thickness is important and ensures that any small
features are not ignored during meshing. Since this model has a fairly
uniform diameter, no minimum gap or minimum wall thickness is
r required.
23
Result Resolution The Result Resolution is a measure of the level of accuracy of the
results. It controls not only the resolution of the mesh, but also sets
many parameters for the solver, e.g., the convergence criteria. The
higher the Result Resolution, the finer the mesh, which means higher
total cell counts and increased physical RAM requirements.
Higher Result Resolution levels narrow the convergence criteria,
raising the number of iterations to achieve convergence, i.e. longer
CPU time to solve. Thus, the Result Resolution setting requires a
balance between precise results and computation time.
20 Review input data in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis

tree.
SolidWorks Flow Simulation will create a new project associated with
the Default Solid Works configuration and a SolidWorks Flow
Simulation analysis tree will also be created.
The Flow Simulation analysis tree tab in the SolidWorks
FeatureManager should be automatically created and selected.
If, after a later date, changes are
needed to be made to the input data ~ Prajeds
I=> ~ Ddoult
within the project, the user can right- q : Praject 1
click Input Data in the SolidWorks
Flow Simulation analysis tree and
select the appropriate option to
update the input information.
Unrts•••
Component Control
JniiiiiMesh...
~ Clkullbon Control Opoons...

lluplly All Collouts
0
~~~~b------~--------~
Expand the options under Input Data

within the SolidWorks Flow Simulation
analysis tree. The SolidWorks Flow
Simulation analysis tree is used to define
additional analysis settings for the project.
The Computational Domain, shown as a
wireframe box enveloping the model, is used
to visualize the volume being analyzed.
24
Computational The Computational Domain is defined as a volume fixed with respect

Domain to a coordinate system within a fluid flow field. Although the fluid
moves into and out of the computational domain, the computational
domain itself remains fixed in space.
SolidWorks Flow Simulation analyzes the model geometry and
automatically generates a Computational Domain in the shape of a
rectangular prism enclosing the model. The computational domain's
boundary planes are orthogonal to the model's Global Coordinate
System axes. For external flows, the computational domain's boundary
planes are automatically distanced from the model capturing the fluid
space around the model. However, for internal flows, the computational
domain's boundary planes automatically envelop the model walls only.
Introducing: A boundary condition is required to describe where the fluid enters or
Boundary exits the system (Computation Domain) and can be set as a Pressure,
Conditions Mass Flow, Volume Flow or Velocity. Boundary conditions can also
specify parameters of a wall such as ideal, stationary, or rotating.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Boundary Conditions in the Flow

Simulation analysis tree and click Insert Boundary Condition
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Boundary Conditions
~
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Insert, Boundary Condition
21 Insert boundary
condition.
In the SolidWorks Flow
Simulation analysis tree,
under Input Data, right-
click Boundary
Conditions and select
Insert Boundary
Condition.
Select the inside surface of
the SolidWorks feature
representing the inlet, as shown in the figure.
Note To access the inner face, right-click the outer face on the lid and click
Select Other. In the Select Other window, cycle through the faces by
moving the pointer to highlight each face dynamically in the solid
geometry.
n
r 2.5
22 Set up the boundary condition.

In the Boundary Conditions PropertyManager,
under Type, select the Flow openings button
*
[B .
Still under Type, select Inlet Volume Flow.
I
Under Flow Parameters, click the Normal to ~
,f.. ~===~==
Face Coorcinale Sy;tem
Rer.r""""""' ~~.--~
face button fB and enter 0.05 m 3/s.
Click OK.
The new Inlet Volume Flow! item appears in
Inlet Velocity
the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree IrietMachl't.mber
OJIJetMa=:sRow
under Boundary Conditions. Solid Works OJIIetVolu'ne:Aow
OUIJetVekxity
Flow Simulation will apply a 0.05 m3 of air per
second across the inlet area, nonnal to the
selected face. Q O.ll5m"'3/• ; 1£)
e Untoon IB L.)
~ MJy dovelopod ftow
_ ___J
Note Since the volume flow rate is required as an output at each outlet, a
pressure condition should be used to identify the outlet condition. If the
pressure is not known at the outlet of each port, an ambient static
pressure condition can be used as the boundary condition across each
outlet face for this analysis.
23 Insert boundary condition.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis
tree, under Input Data, right-click the
Boundary Conditions icon and select Insert
Boundary Condition.
Select the inner face of one of the outlet ports.
\_)
u
26
24 Set up the boundary condition.

In the Boundary Conditions window, under
Type, select the Pressure openings button ~ ·
Still under Type, select Static Pressure.
Click OK to accept the default ambient values .
The new Static Pressure l item appears in the
SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree.
~ ............... ,.
P 101325Pa ; ~ i
T 293.2K -~ ~ II
25 Create additional outlet boundary conditions.

Each outlet port should have a static pressure boundary condition
assigned to the inside outlet lid surface. Create five additional static
pressure boundary conditions for the remaining five outlets.
Introducing: SolidWorks Flow Simulation contains built-in criteria to stop the

Engineering Goals solution process. However, it is best to use your own criterion by using
what SolidWorks Flow Simulation calls Goals. You can specify the
Goals as physical parameters at areas of interest in the project, so that
their convergence can be considered as obtaining a steady state solution
from the engineering viewpoint.
Engineering goals are user specified parameters of interest, which the
user can display while the solver is running and obtain information
about after convergence is reached. Goals can be set throughout the
entire domain (Global Goal), in a selected area (Surface Goal, Point
n Goal), or within a selected volume (Volume Goal). Furthennore,
n SolidWorks Flow Simulation can consider the average, minimum or
maximum value when examining goals.
27
In addition, you can also define an Equation Goal, which is a goal

defined by an expression (basic mathematical functions) using the
existing goals as variables. This allows you to calculate a parameter of
interest (e.g., pressure drop) and keeps this infonnation in the project
for later reference. U
There are five different types of goals that can be defined in .__)
SolidWorks Flow Simulation:
• Global Goal • Point Goal
• Surface Goal • Volume Goal
• Equation Goal
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Goals in the Flow Simulation analysis
tree and click Insert Goals
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Flow Simulation
Features • > Goals
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Insert, Goals
Use in Instructions Choose the type of goal you want to define.
26 Insert surface goal.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation Pn>J<dl
:. f8 JnputD...
analysis tree, right-click Goals, and g c~Domom
~ Fluid Subdomoons
select Insert Surface Goals. ~ Bound.ttyCondibons
~ ·maai••
To select the inlet surface for the Surface ~Sbllc:P......,.l
~-p......,.z
Goal, split the feature pane and in the ~Sbllc:P......,.3
upper portion click the boundary ~ Sbtic:P........ c
condition Inlet Volume Flow! item in

the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis ·.-; <I:JtfrraceGoals ~
tree to input the face where the surface
goal is to be applied. L- - •
In the Parameter list, locate Volume
Flow Rate and click the check box next ':1-'"~., I
to it.
Click OK. -
...........
S tabc:Pr~e
Total"'..,..."
Mn Av Max
~~ ~Q
E'l [] !J
~
------;;-
llAAv ~
Ill
~ [
.-.
The new SG Volume Flow Rate! item """""""'=<•

r.._•
~ E'l [] El
E'J E'l El
.,.,.fF\.i ~
~
~
appears in the SolidWorks Flow ...... RadantT- ~ E'l ~ El ~
Qoe"abvo r.._a EJ El El EJ 1i1J
Simulation analysis tree under Goals. l"""' ty
..... -....
EJ~~EJ
El
li1JE
~
........ - . .., J ~
28
27 Rename surface goal.

Rename the SG Volume Flow Ratel in the SolidWorks Flow
Simulation analysis tree so that it appears as Inlet SG Volume Flow
Rate.
28 Insert surface goal.
Repeat the earlier steps to apply a surface PRIJ<dl
f4.i9 Input Dau
goal for the volume flow rate at the outlet >-Q Computatxmol Dom.otn
~ Auld Subdomotns
ports. e t:t~ Bourtdoty condibons
r When selecting the Static Pressure
t:11 JnlctYolumeFlawl
"lll1
boundary conditions, hold the control key "lll1
"lll1
and select all of the outlet boundary "lll1
"lll1
conditions. "lll1
"' 11' Gaols
Click the Create goal for each surface !!t. ':'.,. 'G u.&e · [!=· n-,
check box. This will create 6 surface goals

for each of the 6 outlets.
Rename each surface goal to reflect the outlet
port. Fote<l>OUD+l ~
Face<5>CUDIH I!"
Face.Cl>OUDt+.l
g 11' Goals
iii\InletSG-FiowRate I
l!l Fecr:<2>CUD11: 1
iii\Ol<lot S G - Flow Rate I EJSpit"""""""t"'"r.c.s
iii\Ol<lot S G - Flow Rate 2
iii\OUiot S G - Flow Rate 3
iii\OUiot S G - Flow Rate 1
iii\Ol<lot S G - Flow Rate 5
Parame~ ,.., Av Mu: 8U l.lx ~
II\ OUiot S G - Flow Rate 6 Static:Pr~~ EJIEI El E] ~
Tobt!PI'..,...o EJ EJ EJ EJ ~
oynan;c .......... El El El EJ ~
r.._.... (FUd) El El EJ EJ ~
......, Radann.....,.. IB EIIB IB ~
OporawoT......,.atu IB IB EJ EJ ~
o..au,;.tRato 1B EIIB 1B ~ e
El EIIB IB ~
r I
""""tv
...,._ ..,.
Y~FiowR.ate -'./-
U .J.v..jh,
IB
~
~ I?:'Jr;;'l li""l r:Jl
~
29 Insert equation goal.

The Equation Goal is used in this lesson to sum the outlet volume flow
rates. The Equation Goal will determine the total Volume flow rate
leaving the manifold.
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the Goals icon and
select Insert Equation Goal.
Select the Outlet SG Volume Flow Ratel surface goal from
Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree to add it to the Expression
box.
Click+ in the Equation Goal window.
Repeat the last 2 steps to add each of the remaining 5 outlet flow rates
to complete the equation.
29
Creating a SolldWorks Flow Simulation Project
In the Dimensionality list, click Volume Flow Rate.

Eq11<1!1on Goal ~ ~ w:t.O.I
LJ
Expcewon:
{Oullet SG V<>Unc Flow Retel }+{OuUet SG V<>Unc Flow Rete 2}+{0ullet SG VoUI\e Flow •
Rete 3}+{0ullet SG Vok.me Flow Rete 4}+{0uUet SG VoUI\e Flow Rete Sl+{OuUet SG
I Undo Add J LJ
V<>Unc Flow Rete 6}
I Cloor I u
-
-._)
000 GJ[!]~
GJ00 DC!JB
[2]00 DO~
000 0@~
Omenoooneity.
IVok.me llow .... ·I
0 u.. the goal lor convergence corlroi l
I OK I j Concel II Help I
Make sure that Use the goal for convergence control is selected.
Click OK.
30 Rename the equation goal.
Rename the equation goal to Sum of outlet flow rates.
Once the solution has converged, the sum of the outlet volume flow
rates should approximately be equal to the inlet volume boundary
condition.
31 Save file.
Click File, Save to save the assembly file.
Introducing: Run The Run command solves the simulation.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click the project folder (Project l) in the
SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree and click Run
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Run [B
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Solve, Run
Load Results Because the results from SolidWorks Flow Simulation may become
Option large, it is necessary to Load them for post-processing. This option
automatically loads SolidWorks Flow Simulation results once the
solver completes.
Note If multiple configurations/solutions are obtained, only a single solution
set can be loaded at a time. Before loading a new set of results, the
currently loaded results must be unloaded .
30
Monitoring the The solution monitor window will appear after the solver has started.
Solver On the left of the Solver window is a log of each step taken in the
solution process. On the right is an information dialog box with mesh
information and any warnings concerning the analysis.
...
- -.......
.... """""""
0 .......
--
SlD.UM)
n >- ::O I :# 'rii OIID :1!1 """
.....
4•
' ........... .......
~lil< lioollolll
c Iii D
;
·-~
T-
""~
"""'""'
P.1ttulcelb
"""""""
....
om
Mesh gtMBtiOI'I slMtai
Mesh getttnbon I'KHmlly r-...
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Goal Plot Window The Goal Plot window will list each goal selected in the Add/Remove
Goals window. Here you can see the current value and graph for each
goal as well as the current progress towards completion given as a
percentage. The progress value is only an estimate, and the rate of
progress generally increases with time.
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31
Warning Warning messages are also displayed in the Info section of the Solver
Messages window. In this analysis, you may see a warning message that reads "A
vortex crosses the pressure opening". This message indicates that
there is a pressure difference across the outlet, which sometimes
indicates a recirculation across the outlet. After running the analysis,
the user can look at the result plots to see if the flow is entering through
the outlets. This message is only a warning and can be ignored for this
analysis, but ifthere was flow entering through the outlet, then the user l.J
would have to extend the outlet until the flow vectors were all leaving
the outlet.
32 Solve the SolidWorks Flow Simulation project.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Project l
and select Run.
Run
Medl r1T •e preYtOU$ reds
u
\...)
CI'\Jond-usage
R...at r=ln:--
.. ---:-------,·1
Uoe E::3CI'IJ(s)
Reds,..,.,.._"'" lnsmglhe cek:Uaban

~l..oodreds
Make sure that the check boxes next to Load Results is selected.
'-'
Click Run with default settings. \...)
The solver should take approximately 5 minutes to run.
LJ
Note The Flow Simulation solver supports parallel computations. This
allows you to select the number ofCPUs to be used in the calculation. u
33 Insert goal plot.
While the solver is running, In the Solver toolbar, click Insert Goal
Plot Ill! to open the Add/Remove Goals window.
Click Add All to add all the goals you want to plot.
Click OK.
32
34 Insert preview.
With the solver running, after
a few iterations, click Insert
Preview on the Solver Velocity lml•l
17.3399 ml•
tool bar.
In the Preview Settings
window, selecting any
SolidWorks plane from the
SolidWorks FeatureManager 0 ml•
Tree and clicking OK will
create a preview plot of the
solution on that plane. For
this model, the Top Plane is
a good choice to use as the
n preview plane. The preview
plane can be chosen anytime
r. from the SolidWorks
FeatureManager.
Click the Settings tab.
In the Parameter list, click
Velocity.
Click OK.
Mln• O mls Max-17.3399 mls

Iteration • 51
Note The preview allows one to look at the results while the calculation is
still running. This helps to determine if all the boundary conditions are
correctly defined and gives the user an idea of how the solution will
look even at an early stage. It is important to note that at the start of the
run the results might look odd or change abruptly. However, as the run
progresses, these changes will lessen and the results will settle in on a
converged solution. The results can be displayed either in contour,
isoline or vector representation.
35 Close the Solver window.
Click File, Close. This will close the Solver window.
33
Creating a Sol/dWorks Flow Simulation Project
Post- The first step to view the results is to generate a transparent view ofthe
processing geometry, a 'glass-body' image. This way, you can easily see where cut u
planes etc. are located with respect to the geometry. u
Introducing: Cut A Cut plot displays any result on any Solid Works plane. The
Plots representation can be as a contour plot, as isolines, or as vectors and
also in any combination of the above (e.g. contour with overlaid
vectors).
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Cut Plots under Results in the Flow
Simulation analysis tree and click Insert
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Cut Plot @
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Results, Insert, Cut Plot
36 Set model Transparency.

In the Flow Simulation menu, select Results, Display,
Transparency.
Move the slider to the right to increase the Value to set. Set the model
transparency to 0.75. u
Click OK. l....l
Tip You can also right-click each part in the SolidWorks FeatureManager
tree and select Change Transparency.
Note As selected when initializing the solution, the
results will be automatically loaded. The
associated result file is indicated in the
parentheses next to the Result folder.
u
u
u
u
u
L;
34
w
Creating a So/ldWorks Flow Simulation Project
37 Create Cut Plots.

In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Cut Plots under
Results and select Insert.
In the Section Plane or Planar Face box, select the Top view plane.
Click OK.
101458.20
101434.24
101410.27
101386.30
101362.34
101338.37
10131 4.41
101290.44
101266.47
101242.51
Pressure [Pa)
We can observe that the total pressure magn itude varies from
IOI ,2 54 Pa to 101,460 Pa.
A Cut Plot l icon will be created in the Flow Simulation analysis tree
under the Cut Plots icon.
38 Hide the cut plot.
Right-click the Cut Plot l icon and select Hide.
39 Add a cut plot.
Right-click the Cut Plots icon and select Insert.
Choose the Top Plane as the cut plane.
Make sure that the Contours button is selected.
Under Contours select Velocity and increase
Number of Levels slider to 50.
Click OK.
35
Note The limits of the legend default to the global maximum and minimum .
Use the Adjust Maximum and Minimum button under the Contours
dialog to change them .
15.438
14.251
13063
11 .876
10.688
9.500
8.313
7.125
5.938
4.750
3.563
u
2.375
1188
0
u
Velocl1y jmlsj
The maximum velocity close to 15.4 m/s is reached close to the inlet
where the rapid narrowing of the profile ends.
To modifY the options for this and other plots, either double-click on
the color scale or right-click the plot name and select Edit Definition.
15 430
14 251
13.063
11 076
e ~- 10 600 L.)
"* -
e ~ cutPiob
~ CutPioll
9 500
8 313
7 125
5 938
w
. I!I!!I:I!D'' - -- 47 50
Edot D<fonibon...
~ ~'::~!
3 56 3
2 375
1108
0
c ut Plot 2 contours
Scaling the Limits Click directly on the lower or upper limit

of the Legend value in the legend. The desired limit value ~·~~~i\1
14 251
. 13 063
can then be entered in the text field . 11 076
10 680
9 5oo Model Cut Plane
To the right of the text field, there are two ~ ~~~ Maximum Maximum
auto-scaling buttons. The first button (left 5 938
47 50
side) auto-scales the maximum value of the 3 563
2 375
legend to the maximum value existing in the 1108
0
model. The second button auto-scales the Velocl1y lmlsl
maximum value of the legend to the Cut Plot 2 contours
maximum value in that cut plane. These
buttons also exist for adjusting the minimum values of the legend.
36
Changing Legend To edit various legend settings such as color 15.438

Settings palette, out of range colors, font and its size and 14 251
r others, right click directly on the legend and use

13.063
11 876
10.688
the Edit and Appearance commands. 9.500
8 313
7125
5 938
r.i! "
\ Ed~.. )
V Hide Piots
Cut Plot 2 contours 11

40 Animate cut plot through the model.
The animation feature can be used to view how the quantity plotted on
the cut plot (total pressure in our example) varies through the model.
Right-click on the Cut
Plot 2 item under the i i f II Milil J Mri §!Udi 1 I Allimatloll1 '==---
Cut Plots folder and
select Animation.
The animation toolbar on the bottom of the SolidWorks window allows
you to Play, Loop, and Record animation .
Click the Play button J>. to automatically move the cutting plane (Top
plane in our example) through the mode and view how the plotted
r quantity varies.
Close the animation toolbar.
The animation can be saved into an AVl file by clicking the Save
n Note
button e on the animation toolbar. For the animation of transient
analysis see Lesson 4: External Transient Ana~vsis.
r
37
41 Create vector cut plot.

Right-click the Cut Plot 2 icon under Cut Plots and select Edit w
Definition. .._)
Under Display, deselect Contours and click Vectors.
u
Click OK.
u
LJ
Note The vector Spacing, their Size, and other vector parameters can be
adjusted in the Vectors dialog of the Cut Plot window. Notice how the
flow must navigate around the sharp comers on the Ball.
42 Hide Cut Plot 2.
Right-click the Cut Plot 2 icon under Results, Cut Plots in the
SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree and select Hide.
Introducing: Surface A Surface Plot displays any result on any SolidWorks surface. The
Plot representation can be as a contour plot, as isolines, or as vectors - and
also in any combination of the above (e.g. contour with overlaid
vectors).
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Surface Plots under Results in the
Flow Simulation analysis tree and click Insert
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation >Surface Plot @
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Results, Insert, Surface Plot
43 Create surface plot.

In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the Surface Plots
icon under Results and select Insert.
Select Use all faces.
Make sure Contours is selected and specifY Pressure as the quantity
to plot.
38
Click OK.
101458.20
10144 1.61
101425 02
101408 .43
101391 83
101375 24
101358.65
101342.06
101325.47
101308.88
101292 28
101275.69
101259.10
101242 51
Pressure (Pal
A Surface Plot l icon will be created in the Solid Works Flow

Simulation analysis tree under Surface Plots. The same basic options
are available for Surface Plots as for Cut Plots. Feel free to experiment
r with different combinations on your own.
r 44 Probe.
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Results and select
Probe. Select points of interest in the graphics window.
The pressure at those locations will appear in the graphics window.
n To turn the Probe tool off, right-click Results and select Probe again.
n To turn off the probe displays, right-click Results and select Display
Probes.
45 Hide Surface Plot 1.
Right-click the Surface Plot l and select Hide.
r
39
Introducing: Flow Using Flow trajectories, you can show the flow streamlines and paths
Trajectories of particles with mass and temperature that are inserted into the fluid.
Flow trajectories provide a very good image ofthe 30 fluid flow. You
can also see how parameters change along each trajectory by exporting
data into Microsoft Excel. Additionally, you can save trajectories as
SolidWorks reference curves. The trajectories can also be colored by
values of whatever variable chosen in the View Settings window.
u
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Flow Trajectories under Results in
the Flow Simulation analysis tree and click Insert
u
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Flow Trajectories w
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Results, Insert, Flow Trajectories
u
46 Create flow trajectory. 101458.20
101441.61
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation 101 425.02
101 408.43
FeatureManager, right-click the Flow 101391 .83
Trajectories icon under Results 101375.24
101358.65 u
and select Insert. 101342.06
101325.47
101308.88
Click the Flow Simulation analysis 101292.28
101275.69
tree tab. 101259.10
101242.51
Under Boundary conditions, click Pressure ]Pa]
Static Pressurel item. This will

select the inner face of the outlet Lid
2 part as the origin for the
trajectories.
In the Number of points box, type
16.
Click OK.
Discussion Notice the trajectories that are entering and exiting through the exit lid.
This is the reason for the warning (A vortex crosses the pressure
opening) during the solution process. When flow both enters and exits
the same opening, the accuracy of the results will be affected. In a case
such as this, one would typically add the next component to the model
(such as a pipe extending the computational domain) so that the vortex
does not occur at an opening.
C)
40
r Another approach to deal with this warning message could be to

change the boundary condition at the pressure opening. We applied a
static pressure boundary condition to each outlet face. This applies
static pressure to both sides of the lid. In reality, we know that if the lid
was extended, the flow would experience some amount of pressure
n difference. To account for this, we could have used an environment
pressure boundary condition. The environment pressure boundary
r condition applies total pressure to the face of the lid where the flow
r enters the model and static pressure to the face of the lid where the flow
leaves the model. This type of boundary condition will provide us with
n more reliable results than the static pressure condition.
r: Introducing: XY XY-Piot allows you to see how a parameter changes along a specified
r Plots direction. To define the direction, you can use curves and sketches (20
and 3D sketches). The data are exported into an Excel workbook,
r where parameter charts and values are displayed. The charts are
displayed in separate sheets and all values are displayed in the Plot
r Data sheet.
n
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click XY Plots under Results in the Flow
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > XY Plots ~
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Results, Insert, XY Plots
47 Hide Flow Tr~ectories 1.

Right-click the Flow Trajectories l icon under Results, Flow
Trajectories in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree and
r select Hide.
r 48 Plot XY plot.
We have already created a SolidWorks sketch containing a line through
r the manifold. This sketch can be created after the analysis is finished.
Take a look at Sketch-XY Plot in the SolidWorks FeatureManager
analysis tree.
r In the Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Results, right-
click the XY Plots icon and select Insert.
n Under Parameters, select Pressure and Velocity.
n Under Selection, select Sketch-XY Plot from the SolidWorks

FeatureManager.
Leave all options as defaults and click Show.
r 41
The window with the graphs of the selected results will open on the
bottom of the screen .
••
Pressure Velocity
!~::~-~~- S~tch-XY PlotCll

ftj' 101100.00
I<.OOOU -
......... 12,(X)()
Sl<&h-XV Plot-I(I>Ul
~ 101390.00
m 101380.00
~ 10.000
~ 101370.00
81 101360.00
!i'
.i!
B.COO .._)
~ 6.000
d: 101350.00
101310.00
0 0.200 0. 700
1.COO ·
0 0.200 0.100 0.700 u
Lenoth [ml l;Jt ~ Lenoth [ml l;Jt ~
I._)
Close the plot window by clicking the close button (see the figure
above). u
Still in the XY Plot property manager, click the Export to Excel button.
..__)
Microsoft Excel will open and generate two lists of data points as well u
as two graphs, one for Velocity and the other for Pressure. You will
need to toggle between different sheets to view each graph. u
Coletor.SLDASM [Project 1]
u
101420
u
101410 u
~ Li
101400
101390
I u
101310
r~ L)
101370 I \_)
101360
0 I)
(\ .,...... 1/
101350
101340
v 1\ J "-
101330
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 DA 0~ 0.0 0.7 0.1
LenJth(ml
u
u
u
.....)
42
Coletor.SLDASM [Project 1]
16
{'!
n 14
l'v ~ f...-- ~
r 12
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n 10
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r--...
\
\
. • • • • • .. .
·2
Introducing: Surface Surface Parameters can be used to determine pressures, forces, heat
n Parameters flux as well as many other variables on any face within your model
contacting the fluid. For this type of analysis, it would probably be of
interest to calculate the average static pressure drop from the valve inlet
to outlet.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Surface Parameters under Results in

the Flow Simulation analysis tree and click Insert
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation> Flow Simulation Results
Features > Surface Parameters ~
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Results, Insert, Surface Parameters
49 Create Surface Parameters.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Results, right-
click the Surface Parameters icon and select Insert.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Boundary
r Conditions, click the Inlet Volume Flow l item. This will select and
add the inner face of the inlet Lid l part to the Faces list.
Select All from the Parameters list.
Click Show. At the bottom of the screen, two tables will appear. The
table on the left will contain the local parameters and the table to the
right contains the integral parameters.
n Shown in the Local table are the Minimum, Maximum, Average, and
n 43
Bulk Average values for a number of parameters (including Pressure,

Temperature, Density, etc.) for the inlet face. The same information
can be obtained if the outlet lid faces were selected.
Close the two tabs by clicking the Close Table mark at the right hand LJ
side of the screen.
Click Export to Excel.
w
An Excel spreadsheet will be automatically created containing the
values in the Surface Parameter window. u
LJ
Note The Integral table contains integrated values taken across the face of
u
the selected surface. We can see that the volume flow rate on this inlet
face is equal to the volume flow rate boundary condition of0.05 m" 3/s
that we specified.
Introducing: Goal The goal plot allows you to see how the goal changes throughout the
Plot flow simulation as well as the final value of the goal at the end of the
calculation.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Goal Plots under Results in the Flow
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Goal Plot ~
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Results, Goal Plot
50 Goals plot.
click the Goals icon and select Insert.
Select All Goals in the Goal Filter and check All in the Goals to Plot
list.
Click Show.
44
The table of the goal values will open on the bottom of the screen.
(il l(
IH va.e ""'-l va.e ,...,..., va.e - v Pn>groa Uoe h ( !lob c.a...
Hd SG VaUne Row Race jn"":llsl 00500 00500 00500 00500 1110~ Yes 16801..007 • 15J4e.005
rutet SG VaUne Row Role 1 jn"":llsJ .0 OUG .001~ .0.01.7 .0.0147 1110~ Yes OIIOD1 OOOD3
rutet SG VaUne Row Role 2 jn"":llsl .O~G -~~~ .0~7 .0. ~7 1110~ Yes 5 971:1Jo-005 0.~
rutet SG VaUne Row Role J jn"":llsl .00111G .0010G .00111G .0.0111G 1110~ Yes Jll9G3o.o05 OOOD2
rutet SG VaUne Row Race• jn""JI,J -llllOGG .OilOGG .()llOGG -ll.llOGG 1110~ Yes Jll5G:Ilo.o05 4043Je.()l)5
ruJet SG VaUne Row Role 5 jn"":llsJ -II 11051 .011051 -1111051 -11.11051 100~ Yes J BS04e-005 0 OOD2
r ruJet SG VaUne Row Race G jn"":llsJ

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-II 11085
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-1111085
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.0.0500
1110~
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Yes
Yes
5132:1Jo-005 OIIOD1
2... 91loHlll7 1.1101...007
Click the Chart button to see the goal plots grouped based on the result
. . __
type.
Equation Goal Volume Flow Rate
~ 6.=~ -
~.() ofox<let
0
1
-
INef:SGYnbneFlowRate
.().0499
E O.OiOO == =~==::
~ .().0500 ~ ~:= Ol.:tlet 5G YoUnc Row Ra
.§ .() 0500 ~ 0.01~ == =~==::

.
$ .() 050 1 0
lL -Q.DIOO
~ ·0.0200
- CUlel: SG YoUne Flow Ro
20 40 60 00 100 -! a 20 10 60 eo roo
llerabons r1 > IJeratJons r 1 ~ E:\
Close the goal plot window by cl icking the close button (see the figure
above).
Still in the Goal Plot property manager, cl ick the Export to Excel
button.
An Excel spreadsheet will be automatically created containing
information about the goals.
Close the Goal Plot property manager.
45
Lesson 1 SolidWorks 2013 \._j
u
Note The spreadsheet contains the final, maximum, minimum and averaged
values of the goal during the calculation. In addition, there are plots
showing how the goal changed during the calculation. Li
Negative values represent flow out ofthe computational domain. u
Here, we can also verifY that our inlet volume flow rate boundary
condition was also applied properly during the calculation. In addition,
w
the total flow out is equal to the total flow in.
u
Discussion We specified an inlet volume flow rate of0.05 m"3/s and have verified u
that this boundary condition was applied properly using Surface
Parameters and Goal Plots that this value was applied.
Due to conservation of mass, we also know that the total volume flow w
rate into the manifold should equal the total volume flow rate out of the
L.)
manifold. We can verifY that this is true using the Goal Plot and
looking at our goal for the Sum of outlet flow rates.
Furthermore, we would like to determine if the design of the manifold
will result in efficient engine performance. In the beginning of the
lesson, we said that the ideal situation would have similar flow through
all of the outlet ports. When looking at our goals, we can see that the
volume flow rate can vary significantly through the outlet ports. It is up
to the engineer to decide whether design modification would be
necessary to produce a more uniform outlet flow through each port.
Summary In this lesson we learned how to set up a Flow Simulation project. The
Wizard was used to create all of the general settings ofthe analysis.
Both inlet and outlet boundary conditions were defined and a number
of goals were created. The results of the simulation was thoroughly
post-processed using many of the options available in SolidWorks
Flow Simulation. The stages of flow simulation that were outlined in
this lesson will be followed throughout the book.
46
r
Lesson 2
Meshing
r • Generate proper mesh in the presence of thin walls and narrow

channels.
r • Use mesh features.
• Display mesh.
r • Use Thin wall optimization feature.
r • Apply manual mesh controls and use control planes.
47
Meshing
Case Study: In this lesson, we will introduce the different mesh controls available in
Chemistry Hood SolidWorks Flow Simulation. You will learn many of the manual
meshing options available in SolidWorks Flow Simulation that will
allow you to analyze intricate problems with small geometrical and
physical features. Using automatic mesh settings, these types of
problems would require lots of computational resources. The manual
settings allow you to analyze these problems much more efficiently.
Project A chemistry hood is shown in the figure. A chemical reaction is
Description occurring at the bottom of the blue ejector that is emitting a gas into the
environment. There is an opening at the front of the hood and an
exhaust fan causes a volume flow rate at the top opening. In addition,
three thin baffle walls separate the inlet and outlet. The goal of this
lesson is to develop an appropriate mesh to properly resolve the small
ejector opening, the thin baffle walls, as well as the rest of the model.
The mesh must be small enough to resolve the small geometry, but also
large enough so that our computer resources are not exhausted.
_-p~'!- ~
. I
-
• I.
r- - .._ l •
Ejector Opemng
48
Meshing
Stages in the • Review the geometry.

process Before meshing, any gaps or thin walls in the geometry must be
identified as areas of concern.
• Create the project.
Create a project using the Wizard.
• Change initial mesh settings.
The initial mesh settings can be changed to address the thin walls or
r gaps.
• Mesh the model.
Once the mesh has been generated, it can be evaluated so that
further refinements can be made. If the mesh is good quality, the
analysis can then be run.
• Run the flow simulation.
n
1 Open an assembly file.
Open Eijector in Exhaust Hood from the Lesson02\Case Study
folder.
2 Create a project using a wizard.
From the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Project, Wizard.
Configuration Create new:

name "Hood mesh"
Project name: "Mesh l"
Unit system 51 (m-kg-s)
Analysis Type Internal
Physical Features None

Database of Fluids In the Gases list, double-click Air.
Wall conditions In the Default outer wall thermal condition list, select Adiabatic
wall.
In the Roughness box, type 0 micrometer.
n Initial conditions Default
n Results & Geometry Default

Resolution Notice that if you click Manual specification of the minimum gap
size and Manual specification of the minimum wall thickness, you
will see that their default values are both 0.8144m.
Make sure you only check them to see the default values. Clear them
r before clicking Finish.
Click Finish.
49
Meshing

In the Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Input Data,
right-click Boundary Conditions and select Insert Boundary
Condition.
Apply Environment Pressure to the inside face of the hood opening.
., .
~ Boundary ConditiOii- - ? '
~ - Al
...
lcr;
w
t ""
1@
eoa.&...to s,...em
Rer...nc.axis: L=:J
u
~
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TotaiPressu'e
lTbennadvnon*~~ ~
~ ~~~a ffi [£)
l
- !!l iB
T 293.2K

In the Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Input Data,
right-click Boundary Conditions and select Insert Boundary
Condition.
Select the inside face of the outlet port.
In the Boundary Conditions Property Manager, under Type, select the
Flow openings button ~ ·
Still under Type, select Outlet Volume Flow.
50
Meshing
Under Flow Parameters enter 0.5 m 3/s.

Click OK.
., .
~Boundary_!: or~i~
:o
Sdc:cllan A
L_;aco~eSydem
Referenc:I!BXIS:C3
T- A
@~8
lriet Mass Flow
J
JrktVoUneFiow
Jrkt Velooty
lrlrtMac:h~
D.Jdet Mass Flow
OuiJetVelootv
- •I
:-.........,_,.. ·; )
-
Q 0.5m"'3Js
-
~0]1
Computational SolidWorks Flow Simulation automatically generates a computational
Mesh mesh. The mesh is created by dividing the computational domain into
slices, which are further subdivided into rectangular cells. The mesh
cells are then refined as necessary to properly resolve the model
geometry. SolidWorks Flow Simulation discretizes the time-dependent
Navier-Stokes equations and solves them on the computational mesh.
Under certain conditions, SolidWorks Flow Simulation will
automatically refine the computational mesh during the calculation of
the flow.
Basic Mesh The Basic Mesh is formed by dividing
the computational domain into cubes
using parallel and orthogonal planes
which are aligned with the Global
Coordinate System's axes.
The Basic Mesh can be shown by right-
clicking the project name in the Flow
Simulation analysis tree and selecting
Show Basic Mesh.
51
Meshing
Initial Mesh The Initial mesh is constructed fi-om the Basic mesh by refining the
basic mesh cells in accordance with the specified mesh settings. The
mesh is named Initial since it is the mesh the calculation starts from,
and it could be further refined during the calculation if the solution-
adaptive meshing is enabled.
Although the automatically generated mesh is usually appropriate, thin ..._)
and small geometrical features can result in extremely high cell counts,
causing the physical RAM required to solve to increase or exceed the
u
amount of RAM available on your computer. u
Introducing: Initial The mesh is controlled by the set of parameters specified in the Initial w
Mesh Mesh, Automatic Settings window or in the Wizard - Results and
Geometry Resolution window.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Input Data in the Flow Simulation
analysis tree and click Initial Mesh
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Initial Mesh ~
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Initial Mesh
5 Review Initial Mesh settings.

In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Input Data and select
Initial Mesh.
Check the default settings by clicking Manual specification of the
minimum gap size and Manual specification of the minimum wall
thickness. You will see that their default values are now O.l524m
and 0.8123m respectively.
Click Cancel to discard these changes.
Note Flow Simulation recognized and changed the default minimum gap
size to be equal to the width of the outlet opening.
Geometry In the Initial Mesh, Automatic Settings window, SolidWorks Flow

Resolution Simulation calculates the default Minimum gap size and Minimum
wall thickness using information about the overall model dimensions,
the Computational Domain, and faces on which you specify boundary
Conditions and Goals. However, this information may be insufficient to
recognize relatively small gaps and thin model walls. This may cause
inaccurate results. In these cases, the Minimum gap size and
Minimum wall thickness must be specified manually.
u
u
u
52
Meshing
Optimize Thin The Optimize thin walls resolution option should be checked
Wall Resolution whenever a flow model contains thin walls (walls with fluid on both
sides). This option improves the meshing of thin wall features and, in
many cases, reduces the overall number of cells required to mesh thin
wall features. In earlier versions ofSolidWorks Flow Simulation,
additional mesh refinement was required to properly resolve thin wall
features, but the refinement would cause a large increase in the number
of cells in the model, especially in the narrow channels between the
walls.
If this additional mesh refinement is critical for obtaining the proper
results and you want to perform a calculation on the same mesh as in
earlier versions of Solid Works Flow Simulation, clear the Optimize
thin walls resolution check box. In this case, the mesh will be almost
the same as in earlier versions; the main difference is the absence of
irregular cells.
6 Insert boundary
condition.
under Input Data, right-
click Boundary
Conditions and select
Insert Boundary
Condition.
Select the tiny face of the
ejector inlet port.
In the Boundary
Conditions
PropertyManager, under
Type, select the Flow
openings button ~ - ~ !B
«-) U.Wonn [B I
Still under Type, select ..J ,..,. devoloped flow
Inlet Volume Flow. ~ ·~----~=~------~
Under Flow Parameters, click the Normal to face button (B and enter
Ge-5 mAJJs.
Click OK.
Note There is a chemical reaction happening inside the ejector that is
releasing the gas into the chemistry hood through this small opening.
r
53
Meshing
u
7 Review Initial Mesh settings.
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Input Data and select W
Initial Mesh.
Check the default settings by clicking Manual specification of the
minimum gap size and Manual specification of the minimum wall
thickness. You will see that their default values are now 0.00136m
and 0.8123m respectively.
Click Cancel to discard these changes.
Note Because we added another boundary condition to a smaller face, the
default minimum gap size has changed to the diameter of the inlet face.
Discussion At this point, we could accept the default

mesh settings and attempt to solve the
model with confidence that all small gaps
will be resolved. Upon trying to mesh and
solve, we are very likely to see long run
times and depleted computer resources due
to the large aspect ratio between the model
and minimum gap size. All small gaps will
be resolved, however many cells will be
placed in areas where they are not
necessary. Furthermore, if the aspect ratio
between the model and minimum gap size
is greater than I 000, Flow simulation may
not resolve the mesh properly.
A cut plot of the mesh created with these settings is shown. The mesh
has over 600,000 cells. Rather than settle with this mesh, we will use
our own settings for the Minimum gap size and Minimum wall
thickness.
Small Features Prior to starting the calculation, we recommend that you check the u
geometry resolution to ensure that small features will be recognized.
You can link the Minimum gap size or the Minimum wall thickness
u
values to features or reference dimensions so that the values will be
equal to the dimensions.
Tip In case of internal analyses, boundaries between internal flow and
ambient space are always resolved properly because SolidWorks Flow
Simulation distinguishes the internal flow volume and ambient space. u
If your model does not contain walls with both sides contacting the
fluid and does not contain thin features protruding into the fluid, then
the minimum wall thickness value should not be changed.
54
n SolidWorks 2013 Lesson 2
Meshing
8 Review model geometry.

We know that the default settings for the minimum gap
size will produce excessive mesh splitting due to the very 20mm
small inlet of the ejector. Although the splitting is
necessary in this region, it is excessive in the overall
model. We should review the overall geometry and select a
more appropriate minimum gap size.
Aside from the inlet face on the ejector, the smallest gap in
the model is between the thin baffles at the back of the
hood. We can use this for the Minimum gap size.
9 Initial Mesh settings.
Initial Mesh.
Select Manual specification of the minimum gap size and enter
0.0204216m for the Minimum gap size.
Select Manual specification of the minimum wall thickness and
enter 0.0204216m for the Minimum wall thickness.
Click OK.
Note We specified a Minimum wall thickness to avoid excessive mesh
splitting.
10 Mesh.
Click Run.
Clear the Solve check box and select Run. This will only mesh the
model.
11 Cut plot.
When the solver completes, right-click Ft-
Cut Plots under Results and select
Insert.
In the Section Plane or Planar Face
box, select the CENTERLINE plane.
I
t-t-f-
Click OK.
The resulting mesh has nearly 60,000
cells. This is far fewer than the mesh
generated using the automatic settings.
We notice that the mesh is fairly well
resolved in the gaps through the thin
baffles, however the mesh inside the
ejector is too coarse for reliable
calculations. This is also an area of great
interest because we want to know how the gas coming out of the ejector
is distributed throughout the rest of the fluid.
55
Meshing
Discussion We can now distinguish two very different parts of our model. The
large, open area with the thin baffle walls, and the ejector region with
small geometrical features . These regions are very different, and in
tum, their meshes should be different. We will try to solve this by
adjusting the Level of initial mesh. u
Result The Result Resolution or Level of initial mesh governs the solution .._)
Resolution/ accuracy through mesh settings and convergence criteria. The user
u
Level of Initial specifies a result resolution level in accordance with the desired
solution accuracy, available CPU time, and computer memory. Because
Mesh
this setting has an influence on the number of generated mesh cells, a
more accurate solution requires longer CPU time and more computer
memory.
Note Ifyou specify very small values of the Minimum gap size and
Minimum wall thickness and a high result resolution, the number of
mesh cells will dramatically increase, resulting in increases in memory
requirements and CPU time .
.lrntlal Mesh
............... u
E) Moruol-dtho-.. .......
Mlnm.tn ~ SIU! refers to the feahn drne:n=lon u
Mmu!ig~PIIim
0015m
............ -.....
El Moruo!-dtho-..wai--
Mirwrun wol u.ckne= refers lo the fcall.h dmenston
Mro.unwal-.....:
IQ01 m _ _ ....J 8
Using the slider for Level of initial mesh, you can select one of eight
resolution levels. The first level will give the fastest results but the level
of accuracy may be poor. The eighth level will give the most accurate
results but may take a long time to converge. The resolution level that
will return stable results depends on the task. For the majority of tasks
you can achieve stable results starting from level three. However, some
types of tasks require increasing the result resolution level (e.g.
external flows with separation from smooth surfaces).
u
56
Meshing

Initial Mesh.
Adjust the Level of initial mesh to 5.
Click OK.
13 Mesh.
Click Run.
Clear the Solve check box and select Run.
14 Cut plot.
Show the Cut Plot 1 that was previously
created.
The new mesh has about 200,000 cells.
This is significantly less than our mesh
r with the default settings. In addition, the
mesh inside the ejector is well resolved.
Discussion At this point we might be able to proceed with our analysis, however
200,000 cells is still significant. In addition, the mesh is still
unnecessarily resolved in many regions where the flow field will
remain relatively unchanged. We can attempt to deal with this by turing
off the Automatic Settings of the Initial Mesh and setting up our
mesh manually.
Switching Off The Initial Mesh, Automatic Settings window controls the mesh
Automatic Mesh options within the entire computational domain. Deselect the
Definition Automatic Settings check box to tum off the automatic mesh
definition. SolidWorks Flow Simulation gives you four tabs when
manually defining your mesh.
• Basic Mesh • Solid/Fluid Interface
• Refining Cells • Narrow Channels
r 57
lesson 2 SolidWorks 2013
Meshing
Cell Types SolidWorks Flow Simulation uses the following four types of
rectangular cells:
• Fluid cells - These are cells entirely in the fluid.
• Solid cells - These are cells entirely in the solid.
• Partial cells - These are cells partly in the solid region and partly in
the fluid region. For partial cells the following information is u
known: coordinates of intersections of cell's edges with the solid
body, solid face area within a cell, and normal to the solid face.
• Irregular cells partial cells with an undefined normal to the solid
face.
Basic Mesh The Basic Mesh settings define how the basic mesh is created. You
can specify the number of cells in the global x, y, and z direction and
the basic mesh will be constructed by dividing the computation domain
into slices by mesh planes. By default, the basic mesh planes are
arranged so that the computational domain is divided uniformly.
Solid/Fluid The Solid/Fluid Interface settings define the refinement levels for \_)
Interface Small solid feature refinement level, Curvature refinement level,
LJ
and Tolerance refinement level. More information about these
settings can be found in the Help menu.
Refining Cells The Refining Cells settings describe the refinement level of each cell
type.
Narrow Channels The Narrow Channels settings specify additional mesh refinement in
the flow passages of the model. The Narrow channels refinement
level defines the smallest size of the cells in the flow passages with
respect to the basic mesh. More information about these settings can be
found in the Help menu.
Advanced Narrow The Advanced narrow channel refinement option is located in the
Channel automatic settings of the Initial Mesh. This setting applies the default
Refinement Narrow channels refinement level greater than the Tolerance
refinement level by one.

Initial Mesh.
Clear the Automatic Settings check box at the bottom of the window.
In the Narrow Channels tab, select Enable narrow channels
u
refinement and set the Narrow channels refinement level to I. u
This will reduce the number of cells between the baffle walls and the \...J
back wall of the hood.
Click OK.
58
Meshing
16 Mesh.
Click Run.
model.
17 Cut plot.
Show the Cut Plot l that was
previously created.
The new mesh has about 80,000
cells. The ejector region is still a bit
coarse, especially in the region near ~-
the inlet.
I I
I .I
Discussion The ejector inlet is still poorly resolved. We need a way to refine the
mesh in only this area without refinement anywhere else. For this, we
will use the Local Initial Mesh feature ofSolidWorks Flow
Simulation.
Introducing: Local The Local Initial Mesh option is intended for resolving the mesh
Initial Mesh around a local region (solid or fluid). The local region can be defined
by a component, face, edge, or vertex. Local mesh settings are applied
to all cells intersected by a component, face, edge, or a cell enclosing
the selected vertex.
If you would like to resolve the mesh within an entire fluid region, a
SolidWorks solid feature is required to represent the fluid. You must
then disable the solid component representing the fluid region using
Flow Simulation, Component Control. Once disabled in SolidWorks
Flow Simulation, you can select the SolidWorks component
representing the fluid region in the Local Initial Mesh option.
The local mesh settings do not influence the basic mesh but are basic
mesh sensitive: all refinement levels are set with respect to the basic
mesh.
59
Meshing
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Local Initial Meshes in the Flow
Simulation analysis tree and click Insert Local Initial Mesh u
Features • > Local Initial Mesh ~
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Insert, Local Initial Mesh
Note To add Local Initial Mesh to the Flow Simulation analysis tree,
right-click your study an select Customize Tree, then choose Local
Initial Mesh.
18 Local initial mesh.

From the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Insert, Local Initial Mesh.
Select the small inlet on the ejector or use the boundary condition
defined on the inlet to select the face.
Clear the Automatic settings to set the initial mesh manually.
In the Refining Cells tab, click Refine all cells and use the slider to set
the Level of refining all cells to 7.
Click OK.
19 Mesh.
Click Run.
model.
20 Cut plot.
Show the Cut Plot l that was previously
created.
The mesh has slightly more cells, but is
much more refined around the inlet region.
-
Note We also could have used automatic settings for the Local Initial Mesh.
60
Meshing
Control Planes As we noted before, the basic mesh is formed by splitting the
computational domain into into cubes using parallel and orthogonal
planes which are aligned with the Global Coordinate System's axes.
The Basic Mesh tab of the Initial Mesh defines the settings for how
the planes are created.
By default, three Control intervals
are created to define the cell
distribution in the x, y, and z
directions of the model. The Min
n and Max fields define where the
splitting begins and ends. For
instance, the image shows the
default maximum and minimum
control planes for the x direction.
Notice that they are located at the ends ofthe computational domain.
Additional Control intervals can be introduced into the computational
domain to define additional planes used for splitting. The location of
the planes can be clicked on the screen or the user can select reference
geometry for a plane location. Furthermore, you can set up the how the
cells grow around the planes by editing the Number of cells or Ratio.
~n~~~~
~ Edoll'lane
o•tePI~
Discussion Although our mesh is well resolved around the orifice, it is not
symmetric about this face. This could pose problems with the boundary
condition. We would like the mesh to be created symmetrically about
the center of the small ejector inlet. Therefore, we will need to create a
plane at the center of the orifice to insure that the cells are split about
the center of the orifice.
r.
r.
n
61
Meshing
21 Insert control plane.

Initial Mesh.
Under Control intervals, select Add Plane.
The Create Control Planes window will open. Under Creating
mode, select Reference Geometry.
Under Parallel to, select the XY plane.
Select the circular edge of the ejector orifice inlet.
Click OK in the Create Control Planes window.
C)
u
u
In the Control intervals list, there are now two plane sets in the z
direction. The first set goes from one end of the computational domain u
up to the center of the orifice. The second set goes from the center of
the orifice to the other end of the computational domain.
Click OK to close the Initial Mesh window.
I I
I~ y I~ v
\r-
t 1¢ 1
lr
"'
71 Plane Set Z2 Plane Set
22 Mesh.
Click Run.
model.
62
Meshing
23 Cut plot.
Show the Cut Plot l that was previously
created.
The mesh is very similar, however the cells
are now symmetric about the small orifice.
l l I I
I tttl: ±Hi I
r1
Discussion If we additionally showed a cut
plot taken on the Top plane, we
would see that the mesh is also
symmetric in the xz plane. This is
shown in the figure to the right.
With these mesh settings, we have
certainly accurately resolved the
geometry of the model. When
developing a mesh it is important
to have accurately resolved the
model geometry, however it is
equally important to have resolved
regions of small flow peculiarities. A small stream of gas is inlet into
the ejector through the orifice. This could mean that small flow
peculiarities within the ejector that may not be present in the overall
model.
Again, we need the use of a Local Initial Mesh in the ejector so that it
is accurately resolved without excessive mesh splitting in the overall
r model. To achieve this, a SolidWorks part has been created that will
enclose the ejector to define the region for the local mesh.
24 Unsupress part.
In the FeatureManager design tree right-click the Loca1Mesh2 part
and click Unsuppress.
An error message is shown telling you that the inlet volume flow
condition is not in contact with the fluid region.
Click Close twice to close the error messages.
63
Meshing
Discussion This error appears because the new LocalMesh2 part fully encloses
the ejector and blocks the ejector inlet boundary condition from the rest
of the fluid domain. We only want the LocalMesh2 part to define the
local mesh. We do not want to include the solid geometry in the
calculations.
Introducing: Whenever you have SolidWorks geometry that Jb!:omponent Control ,--2...
Component Control you do not want to include in your simulation,
you must disable it using Component Control.
This type of situation is always seen when
i!J ~ Box·l
--·
applying a local initial mesh inside a fluid region 1!1 ~ -·1
defined by a SolidWorks part. 1!1' loa1Mesh2-l
This situation could also be seen when Goals must be set in regions
where no solid geometry exists. Ifthis type of goal is needed, a dummy
body can be created as a Solid Works part file to mark the region of
interest. The goals would be set on the faces of that region, then the
region would be disabled using Component Control.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Input Data in the Flow Simulation
analysis tree and click Component Control
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Component Control
25 Component control.
In the Flow Simulation menu, select Component Control.
Uncheck the checkbox next to the LocalMesh2 component.
The component will then be treated as fluid region .
Click OK to close the Component Control window.
26 Rebuild.
Rebuild the Flow Simulation project by right-clicking the project name,
]liector Analysis in the Flow Simulation analysis tree and selecting
Rebuild.
From the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Insert, Local Initial Mesh.
Select the LocalMesh2 part from the FeatureManager design tree.
Clear the Automatic settings to set the initial mesh manually.
In the Narrow Channels tab, specifY the Characteristic number of
cells across a narrow channel to 15.
Use the slider to set the Narrow channels refinement level to 3.
Click OK.
Note When creating a Local Initial Mesh in a fluid region using a part, the
component is automatically disabled in the Component Control. We
therefore could have skipped step 25 .
64
Meshing
28 Mesh.
Click Run.
Clear the Solve check box and select Run . This will only mesh the
model.
29 Cut plot.
Show the Cut Plot l that was
previously created.
The mesh has about I 06,000 cells
and is well resolved for both small
geometry in the ejector as well as
flow peculiarities.
Results Due to the time required to solve this simulation we will not proceed
with solving. However, below is an image showing the velocity flow
trajectories. The real model injects chlorine gas into the ejector. The
upper walls of the ejector are porous and are modeled using porous
media (see Lesson 7: Porous Media) .
7.496
6.663
5.830
U97
4.164
3.331
2.499
1.666
0.833
1.934e-04
VelociiY {mls)
Flow Trajectori es 1
65
Meshing
Summary The overall goal of this lesson was to introduce some of the many
options available when trying to generate a quality mesh using Flow
Simulation. Although the automatic mesh settings are often adequate
for many models, they can be inadequate when the model has multiple
regions where different mesh settings may be required. In these
situations, the automatic mesh settings require substantial computer
resources that could prevent the problem from solving. To deal with
this, we learned about the manual mesh settings.
We learned that a quality mesh not only requires accurate resolution of
the model geometry, but also accurate resolution in regions of flow
peculiarities. Local initial meshes were used to accurately resolve both
model geometry and flow peculiarities.
It is important to remember that developing an accurate mesh for a u
model such as this can be difficult. Often times a trial and error type of
-._)
technique that was employed in the lesson will be needed when
defining the mesh settings. u
It is also important to note that the accuracy of the flow simulation
results are very dependent on the quality of the mesh. Taking the time
to properly resolve your geometry and flow peculiarities using manual
settings or local initial meshes can not only provide a more accurate
result, but could also reduce the run time with respect to the automatic
settings.
u
u
u
Ll
l.J
u
LJ
66
~
SolidWorks 2013 Exercise 1
Square Ducting
Exercise 1: In this exercise, we will create a mesh for a flow analysis on the square
Square Ducting ducting.
This exercise reinforces the following skills:
• Computational Mesh on page 5 I.
• Geomet1y Resolution on page 52.
• Advanced Narrow Channel Refinement on page 58.
• Introducing: Local Initial Mesh on page 59.
Problem Statement The square tube shown in the
figure has two mid-walls that
separate it into three
sections. The model has
already been simplified and a
lid has been created for the
inlet flow.
Because we only wish to
investigate the mesh
controls, a simulation has been defined that will allow us to mesh, but
not run the analysis.
Open Mesh exercise from the Lesson02\Exercises\Square
Ducting folder.
2 Activate the proper project.
Activate the Mesh! project. The
associated configuration Mesh exercise
will be activated automatically. With this
project, you should be able to navigate to
the Flow Simulation analysis tree and see Clone.-
Delete...
that the Mesh! study has already been
Open Poqect DorociiHJI
defined using the Wizard. Sumngry_
It is always possible to go back and make p._m.,_

any necessary changes to the analysis
setup, however in this case study, we only wish to mesh the model.
67
Exercise 1 SolidWorks 2013
Square Ducting
3 Review small gaps in the geometry.

Use the Measure tool to determine the
size of the small gap in the model. This
number can then be used later when
defining our mesh settings.
Selecting the two faces that create the
small gap tells us that there is a 0.15 in
clearance; we expect a pressure drop
and associated velocity rise in this gap,
so this is a crucial feature in our flow
model.
4 Review the thin walls in the

geometry.
Another important feature is the thin
wall, and, by selecting an edge, we see
that it is 0.1 0 in thick.
Again, this is another number that will
be used when defining our mesh
settings.
5 Change Initial Mesh settings.

Initial Mesh.
In the Level of initial mesh settings, choose level 3.
6 Set the minimum gap size.
Select the Manual specification of minimum gap size check box.
In the Minimum gap size box, enter the value 0.15 in.
Note Alternatively, the specification can be made with the help of a
SolidWorks feature. This will be demonstrated in the specification of
the Minimum Wall Thickness parameter.
u
\_)
68
Square Ducting
7 Set the minimum wall thickness.

Select the Manual specification of the
minimum wall thickness and the Minimum wall
thickness refers to the feature dimension
check boxes.
Select the 0.1 in dimension identifying the
thickness of the wall.
The Optimize thin walls resolution check box
should be selected.
The Advanced narrow channel refinement check box should be
r cleared.
r Click OK.
f"\ lmbol Mesh
...."""""s-o- l
u.vel d nial mesh
n
~· ------ ·- .
J 0 Maruai~dthe........,gapsze J
o r.~munoao .... rofentothef..... - - .
Mimungapme
0 15 n .
..;.!
~
~ Marual-dthe ........... _
lJj NnnunwallhckneareferstothefY!n!~
r
Note To display the dimension, expand the Gaps and Thin Walls part in
the FeatureManager tree. Ri ght-click Annotations and select Show
Feature Dimensions.
r 8 Create mesh without running solver.
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Mesh 1 and select
Run.
Clear the Solve check box.
The Load results check box should be selected by default. Make sure
this box is checked.
Click Run .
Note The results will be automatically loaded.
69
CJ
Exercise 1
Square Ducting
SolidWorks 2013 w
9 Create cut plot.
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Results, right-click the
Cut Plots icon and select Insert.
Make sure that Front plane is selected in the Section Plane or Planar
Face field.
Under Display, click the Mesh button.
Click OK.
. ,.._. ;![~
If ~~
'
~
1\ I Nl
~
I"'""
-
1
'.•.II !.;
~
m· IT
... ' "'
' f--
,_
""•
,.
"""
I
"f~(;_ = -~ !:- T~'
0
Now, after the plot has been created, zoom into the areas around the
small gap and thin wall. Note that there are only two cells through the
gap in the top right; minimally there should be three cells (but at least
four are recommended) for such a small gap to capture the flow
gradients here.
10 Review different mesh cells.
We can understand the different cell types that were created by showing u
them in color. To do this, right-click on the Mesh icon just below ..._)
Results in the Flow Simulation analysis tree and choose 3D View.
70
Square Ducting
Expand the Cell Options folder and change the Fluid, Solid and
Partial cells from None to All by clicking on the box and selecting All
from the drop-down menu.
Mesh 30V.ew ~
I :-~ Soil C...

VoiJe
AI
. I
I
OK
iWIY
I
I
-
Sold eels colOr • (R•255,G•O B•O) .., 1- - 1
r I Partillcels
Parti!l eels color
T"""""ceb
AI
D(R• o. G • 255. B • 0)
Uone
I
(
I
I
n d R....,
Irregular cell None
I
Ca1all
Hal> I
Xrnn -77011 i
X""" 053~
y .., - 11Sn
y """ 175n
z.., l-0.25n I
z""" 0.25~
.
----
Tip You can change the color of the cell type by clicking on the given color
(\
and selecting the color that you want. Note the different colors for the
r three cell types.
Expand the Region folder and change the dimensions in the Z-
direction to Zmin -0.25 in and Zmax 0.25 in to show only a few layers
of cells in that direction.
n Click OK.
,:~
...;
I
I
I
l'1
I :\l~
l'oo;.. "!
'; r--
"N ~
-
~~
- r-- IT
n J - r-
.-
~~ ~
~~, !"'""' ......,.

Partial cells, shown in green, are lying both in the small gap and around
the thin wall regions. This view shows additional information about
how the solid and fluid volumes were resolved by the mesher.
71
Square Ducting
Advanced Narrow We will try to improve the mesh by using another option, called
Channel Refinement Advanced narrow channel refinement, available in the Initial Mesh
options.
11 Refine mesh.
Initial Mesh.
Select the Advanced narrow channel refinement check box located u
on the bottom of the Initial Mesh dialog window.
w
Click OK.
u
12 Create mesh without running solver.
Run.
u
Make sure the Load results check box is checked.
Select the Mesh check box.
u
Click Run.
Note The results will be automatically loaded.
13 Show cut plot and review Mesh.
In the Flow Simulation analysis
tree, under Results, right-click the
Make sure that Front plane is
selected in the Section Plane or
Planar Face field. u
Under Display, click the Mesh u
button. LJ
Click OK.
u
Zooming in on the small gap again reveals a fine mesh near the walls
and about 5 cells through the gap. This is a much better mesh than the
u
one created previously, but it comes at a cost of increasing cell count u
and run time.
If this were not such a simple example model, using the Advanced
narrow channel refinement method might dramatically increase the
computation time. A linear relationship between cell count and
computation time does not exist, but because of the nature of fluid
dynamics, run times can be disproportionately longer.
u
72
n SolidWorks 2013 Exercise 1
Square Ducting
Local Initial Mesh A part called local_initial_mesh to define the local initial mesh has
already been defined and added to the assembly. Currently, it is hidden
and disabled from the Flow Simulation project using Component
Control.
14 Show the local initial mesh region.
n In the FeatureManager design tree, show the part called
local_initial_mesh.
r
Note Before defining the Local Initial Mesh, always be sure to disable it
from the project using Component Control. To do this, in the Flow
Simulation analysis tree, right-click Input Data and select
Component Control. Then, uncheck the checkboxes next to the
components you wish to disable.
15 Define the local initial mesh.
From the Flow Simulation menu, choose
Insert, Local Initial Mesh [!) .
Select the solid body associated with the local_initial_mesh part from
the FeatureManager design tree. This will add the component to the
local mesh Region.
Jn the Local Initial Mesh window, select the Automatic Settings tab.
Select the Manual specification of the minimum wall thickness and
the Minimum wall thickness refers to the feature dimension check
boxes.
Select the 0.1 in dimension identifying the thickness of the wall.
The Advanced narrow channel refinement check box should be
selected.
73
Square Ducting
u
16 Modify mesh settings. 0
Right-click Input Data in the Flow Simulation analysis tree and select
Initial Mesh. U
Clear the Manual specification of the minimum gap size, Manual
specification of the minimum wall thickness and Advanced
narrow channel refinement check boxes.
Click OK. ...__)
17 Create mesh without running solver. L)

Run. u
Clear the Solve check box. u
Make sure the Load results check box is checked. w
Select the Mesh check box.
Click Run.
18 Show cut plot and review Mesh.
u
Cut Plots icon and select Insert. :,_;
Make sure that Front plane is selected in the Section Plane or Planar
Face field.
Under Display, click the Mesh button.
Click OK.
u
H-1
rH
-ll ~ w
1-H
\....1
~
u
Notice that the mesh is refined in the region of the local initial mesh,
however outside this region, the mesh remains coarse. This option can
improve computation time in complicated models where results in only
certain areas are important. Less important areas can be meshed with
coarser settings, while regions of interest can be meshed finer.
19 Close the model.
L)
u
74
n SolidWorks 2013 Exercise 2
Thin Walled Box
n
Exercise 2: In this exercise we will use the thin wall optimization feature to
Thin Walled Box perform an analysis on the thin walled box.
• Geomet1y Resolution on page 52.
• Optimize Thin Wall Resolution on page 53.
Problem Water flows through a part with

Statement several very thin baffles as shown in
the figure below. The water can enter
the model through the inlet on the
back face of the box and exit the
model through the opening on the
bottom face of the box.
1 Open a part file.

Open box from the Lesson02\Exercises\ Thin Walled Box folder.
Make sure that the default configuration is active.
2 Create a project.
Using the Wizard, create a new project with the following properties:
Configuration name Create new:

"Thin Wall Optimization"
Project name "Run l"

Unit system 51 {m-kg-s)

Database of Fluids In the Fluids list, double-click Water.
Wall conditions Default conditions
Initial conditions Default conditions
r Results & Geometry

Resolution
Default conditions (Do not switch off the
Optimize thin walls resolution option.)
Click Finish.
r 75
Thin Walled Box
Thin Wall The Optimize thin walls resolution option resolves thin wall features
Optimization Option without any manual refining of the mesh around the thin wall because
both sides can reside within the same cell. Cells in the thin wall regions
contain more than one fluid and/or solid volume. During the
calculation, each such volume has an individual set of parameters
depending on its type (fluid or solid).
3 Set inlet boundary
condition.
expand the Input Data
folder, right-click
Boundary Conditions
and select Insert
Boundary Condition.
Select the inner face of the
inlet lid.
Click Flow openings and
select Inlet Velocity.
Under Flow Parameters,
enter 0.5 m/s in the
Normal to Face direction.
Click OK to save the boundary condition.
4 Set outlet boundary ~dary Cond1tion _?,.
condition.
Simulation analysis tree, right-
click Boundary Conditions
and select Insert Boundary
Condition.
Select the inner face of the
outlet lid.
Click Pressure openings and
select Static Pressure. The u
default outlet pressure and
temperature of I 0 1325 Pa and
293.2 K are acceptable for this
. ......-
~
P 101325Po ; I!:J
problem. T 29121::.- - : lB
Click OK.
76
0
Thin Walled Box
5 Insert Surface Goal. ..,:._Surface Goals _ _ ___J_.
Under Input Data, right-click Goals and "' •

select Insert Surface Goals. .-:-:----
Select the inlet face. (Alternatively, you can ~1imiiiiiiiiiiiiii~
click on the Inlet Velocity l boundary
condition from the Flow Simulation
analysis tree, prior to defining the goal.
This will load the correct face
r automatically.)
r In the Surface Goals window, under
Parameter, select the Av check box in the
Static Pressure row.
Note The already selected Use for Conv. check box means that the created
goal will be used for convergence control.
Click OK.
The new SG Av Static Pressure 1 item appears in the Solid Works
Flow Simulation analysis tree under Goals.
6 Insert Surface Goal on outlet face for the Mass Flow Rate.
Under Input Data, right-click Goals and select Insert Surface Goals.
Select the outlet face. Alternatively, you can select the Static
Pressure! boundary condition from the SolidWorks Flow Simulation
analysis tree which will load the correct face automatically.
In the Parameter table, select the Mass Flow Rate check box.
Note The Use for Conv. check box will be selected automatically.
Click OK.
The new SG Mass Flow Rate 1 item appears in the SolidWorks Flow
Simulation analysis tree under Goals.
r
77
Thin Walled Box
7 Run the analysis.

Right-click on the Thin Wall Optimization icon and select Run to
open the Run window.
Make sure that the Load results and Solve check boxes are selected.
Click Run .
Note You can monitor the solution progress in the Solve dialog window. The
solver should take approximately 5 minutes to run depending on the
processor speed.
As explained in Lesson 1: Creating a SolidWorks Flow Simulation
Project, with the Load results option turned on, the results will be
automatically loaded for post-processing once the solver is finished.
8 View the mesh.
Choose the Front Plane as the cut plane and specify 0.005m for the
Offset.
Make sure that the Contours button is deselected and the Mesh button u
is selected.
L.l
Click OK.
u
u
78
Thin Walled Box
Note The mesh created looks rather coarse in the vicinity of the thin baffie
walls. Many cells span from one side of the fluid across the thin wall to
r the fluid on the other side. Traditionally, without the Thin Wall
Optimization algorithm, such a mesh would not be acceptable to
correctly resolve the fluid on both sides. Furthermore, with heat
conduction in the solid walls requested, multiples of the solid cells
would be requested through the thickness of the walls. Such conditions
would drastically increase the mesh size and computation time. With
Thin Wall Optimization turned on, the current mesh is acceptable for
accurate fluid solution, as well as for the heat transfer solution in the
solid walls.
9 Velocity cut plot.
Right-click the Cut Plot l icon and select Edit Definition.
Deselect Mesh and click the Contours button.
Select Velocity as the parameter to plot.
Increase Number of Levels to 50 and click OK.
The maximum velocity reaches 1.24 m/s in the narrowest location

between the baffles.
r 79
Thin Walled Box
10 Hide the cut plot.

Right-click the Cut Plot l icon and select Hide.
11 Insert Flow Trajectory.
Right-click the Flow TraJectories icon and select Insert.
ln the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, click the Static
Pressure! item to select the inner face of the outlet.
Click OK.
12 Unload the results. u

Right-click the Results icon and select Unload Results.
Note This step would only be required if we wished to post-process a
different set of results (if such different set exists).
80
Heat Sink
Exercise 3: In this exercise we will develop a mesh for an analysis of a heat sink.
Heat Sink This exercise reinforces the following skills:
• Optimize Thin Wall Resolution on page 53.
• Introducing: Local initial Mesh on page 59.
• Control Planes on page 61.
Problem Statement The solid body is generating heat
and we would like to evaluate the
performance of the fins. We must
generate an appropriate mesh for
this analysis. To do this, we will
use and evaluate two techniques;
control planes and thin wall
optimization. We will then
comment on the reliability of each
technique with respect to model
results and computation time.
Open heat sink from the Lesson02\Exercises\Heat Sink folder.
2 Activate the proper the project.
Activate the optimization project. The associated configuration will
be activated automatically. This project already has the study defined.
We will first mesh the model using thin wall optimization.
3 Review geometry. I
To properly apply our mesh
settings, we must review the
geometry. Find the minimum gap ~
size and minimum wall thickness to

enter into the initial mesh settings.
The minimum gap size is 0. 7 in. I
The minimum wall thickness is ~ L • O.DSOin

0.05 in.
4 Change Initial Mesh settings.

Initial Mesh.
In the Level of initial mesh settings, choose level 3.
5 Set the minimum gap size.
81
Heat Sink
6 Set the minimum wall thickness.

the Minimum wall thickness refers to the feature dimension check L
boxes.
Select the 0.05 in dimension identifying the thickness of the wall.
The Optimize thin walls resolution check box should be selected.
Click OK.
7 Create mesh without running solver. u
ln the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Mesh l and select
Run.
Click Run .
When the solver is completed, approxi mate 100,000 cells should be
created.
8 Create cut plot. u
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree,
under Results, right-click the Cut
u
Plots icon and select Insert. u
Make sure that Top plane is selected
in the Section Plane or Planar
Face field.
Enter 1 in as the Offset.
Under Display, click the Mesh
button.
Click OK.
Notice how due to the thin wall optimization, no additional cells are
needed to resolve the thing features in the model.
82
Heat Sink
9 Activate the proper project.

Activate the control planes project. The associated configuration will
be activated automatically. This project already has the study defined.
We will use a local initial mesh to insure that the thin gaps are well
resolved and we will use control planes to resolve the thin walls.
From the Flow Simulation menu, choose
Insert, Local Initial Mesh [!).
Select the solid body associated with the heat sink part from the
r FeatureManager design tree. This will add the component to the local
n mesh Region.
In the Local Initial Mesh window, clear the Automatic Settings
checkbox.
r Select the Solid/Fluid Interface tab.
Set the Small solid features refinement level to 1.
Select the Refining Cells tab.
Select the Refining partial cells box and set the slider bar to 2.
Select the Narrow Channels tab.
Make sure the Enable narrow channels refinement is not checked.
Clear this box if necessary.
Click OK.
11 Initial Mesh.
Initial Mesh.
Clear the Automatic Settings.
Set the following values for the Number of cells in each direction:
Number of Cells
Number of cells per X: 42

Number of cells per Y: 49
Number of cells per Z: 88
Edit the existing control planes in l•n Nu~ofcei!Ratlo
the x and y directions as shown in :=1 .J92n

-137Bn
On
...
3.92i1
l:.l
El
El
11
6
the figure at right. 392n t3.78in El 11 -2

~
~ -7~n
0.06in
D.06n ln El
3n 5.94in El
594n 39.3711 EJ 31
83
Heat Sink
Edit and add the control planes in ""

the z direction as shown in the
~ - 1575m
Z2 -5.975S~ -522Sn El
w
fi gure at right. _g::::j -5225n -447511 El
Z4 -4475~n - Jnsn El
--zs' -3n51n -2.97511 El
-2.22511 El
- 14751n El
-onsn EJ
0.02511 EJ
OT75n ~
1525n El
2.27511 El
3025n El
377511. El
4525n ra
5.275 n ra 1
602Sn ra c:::==:::!l
1575n El -4
Tip Rather than adding these planes then editing them, it is helpful to select
Reference Geometry as the Creating Mode and then selecting the fin
edges as shown in the fi gure.
Create Control ptanes
yz
Z•-522511
u
Z•-•U751n
• -J7:Sr
- - - - --- -- -
u
z. ·3725n : --{}--
Select the Solid/Fluid Interface tab. Li

Set the Small solid feature refinement level to 1.
Select the Narrow Channels tab.
Make sure that Enable narrow channels refinement is active and the
Characteristic number of cells across a narrow channel is set to 5.
Click OK.
w
84
u
Heat Sink
12 Create mesh without running solver.

In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Mesh l and select
Run.
Click Run.
When the solver is completed, approximately 230,000 cells should be
created.
13 Create cut plot.
tree, under Results, right-click the
r Make sure that Top plane is

selected in the Section Plane or
r Planar Face field.
n Enter 1 in as the Offset.
Under Display, click the Mesh
button.
Click OK.
I=
r-
r-
r- ·- 1-
r-
r- - f--
r-
r-
I I '--
Notice how the mesh planes resolved the thin walls well such that no
cell is split by a solid region. In addition, the thin gaps are resolved
such that an ample number of cells cross the region.
85
Heat Sink
Discussion The question now becomes, which mesh is better for this type of
analysis?
To properly answer that question, we need to know the results of each
analysis. If fully run, the optimization study takes about 20 mins
while the control planes study takes about 80 mins. Both studies
produce approximately the same maximum temperature. See below for
a cut plot of their results.
55 0
52 B
50 7
•e 5
•6 3
•• 1
•1 9
39 7
37 6
35.
33.2
31 .0
28 6
26 7
When viewed with the same scale, both studies produce nearly
identical results. As expected, the control planes study does produce
a slightly more resolved result, however this result comes at the
expense of substantially more computation and set up time. Because
the results are so similar, we can conclude that control planes will not
normally be needed to make engineering decisions. If design criteria
are stringent, the control planes will provide us with means to achieve
additional accuracy with the expense of mesh set up and computation
time. In addition, control planes are not suitable for curved geometry as
in the previous exercise.
The thin wall optimization allows the user to produce a good result
without sacrificing the computation and set up time that is required of
control planes. In addition, the thin wall optimization can not only
handle geometry that is orthogonal to the global coordinate system, but
also curved geometry.
86
SolidWorks 2013 Exercise4
Meshing Valve Assembly
Exercise 4: In this exercise, you will mesh

Meshing Valve the valve assembly to properly
Assembly resolve the basket openings and
compute the pressure drop.
This exercise reinforces the
following skills:
• Initial Mesh on page 52.

• Optimize Thin Wall
Resolution on page 53
r • Local initial Mesh on
page 59.
• Component Control on page 64
Problem The valve in the image features a

Description basket with rows of holes for the
fluid flow. To allow smooth
increase in the flow as the valve
opens, the hole sizes increases
vertically. To correctly calculate
the pressure drop at various
basket positions, all holes need
to be resolved with proper mesh,
i.e. 3 to 4 fluid cells across the
diameter of the hole.
n In this exercise consider only the
fully open configuration for the
valve (SolidWorks configuration
Maximum open 25 mm)
Boundary You need to specify the volume inflow of 0.00 I m"'3/s, and an
Conditions environmental pressure boundary condition at the outlet location.
Goal Mesh the valve assembly and properly resolve each of the openings.
Your mesh should feature less than 350,000 cells.
The assembly file Regulator valve for this exercise is located in the
Lesson02\Exercises folder.
Note. Use local initial mesh feature to generate appropriate mesh in relatively
short time.
87
u
Exercise4
Meshing Valve Assembly
SolidWorks 2013 u
"..__)
0
u
..__)
-._)
0
0
L)
(J
:____)
\--1
.__;
u
u
u
(_J
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w
\._)
CJ
\....)
u
u
u
\...)
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u
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u
88
'-'
r
Lesson 3
Thermal Analysis
• Use the Engineering Database for your materials.
• Apply heat loading.
• Learn to create a fan in your model.
• Use perforated plates.
• Understand Fan Curves.
• Model an electronics enclosure.
• Learn good modeling approaches to complicated geometry.
r
r
r
89
u
Thermal Analysis
LJ
Case Study: In this lesson, we will perform a Flow Simulation on an electronic
Electronics enclosure. A simulated fan will be used to model the effects of a real
Enclosure fan . To save time in the analysis, a coarse mesh will be used. In
addition, heat sources will be applied to the various electronic
components within the enclosure. We will then post-process the results
of the analysis.
Project The electronics enclosure shown below is cooled by a fan . To simplify
Description the model, the fan and other complicated features will be suppressed.
The enclosure is closed with a lid on the top (not shown), and
additional lids are in place so that an internal analysis can be
performed. An external inlet fan will be applied to the lid to simulate
the presence of the fan. The temperature of the heat sink and op-amp u
must be minimized. Heat is generated from the resistors, op-amp, heat
sink, and coil while the capacitors operate at a constant temperature.
Stages in the • Prepare the model for analysis.

Process Many of the unnecessary features in the model have been
suppressed.
• Create the study.
Create the study using the Wizard.
• Apply materials.
Apply the material properties for conduction calculations.
• Apply boundary conditions and fan.
Apply the fan to the inlet lid and apply the boundary conditions.

u
The results can be processed using many available options in u
90
Thermal Analysis
r.
Open PDES_E_Box_l from the Lesson03\Case Study folder.
2 Review the model.
Configuration Full model contains all of the parts in the state that they
will be when the model is created. There are many small features and
cuts in the parts that will have little effect on the analysis and prove
very complicated when meshing. At this point, we need to consider
simplifying the model so that we achieve reasonable run times without
sacrificing the accuracy of the results.
Notice that many of the parts have two separate
configurations; one for the model as built and one
with the small features suppressed for the analysis.
This proves especially useful when creating the
assembly for the analy is. Instead of suppressing
features on the assembly level, you can simply use
the already created configurations in the assembly.
3 Activate configuration.
Activate configuration Simplified. This configuration contains
simplified geometry used in this simulation.
Tip Even with these simplifications, this model will prove computationally
intense for meshing. There are many curved features where a finer
mesh will be needed. A first step in any simulation should be to
simplify the model as much as possible. For a first run at this
simulation, it would be wise to further simplify these features by
removing small gaps and thin features to ease meshing. We will
proceed with the model in its current state.
r 91
Lesson 3
Thermal Analysis
SolidWorks 2013 u
4 Create a Project.
Using the Wizard, create a new project with properties as follows:
Configuration name Use Current:

"Simplified"
Project name "Electronics cooling"
Unit system Sl (m-kg-s)
Change the units for Temperature to °C.
Physical Features Select the Heat conduction in Solids check box.
Database of Fluids In the Fluids list, under Gases, double-click Air
to add it to the Project Fluids.
Solids Default solid should be set to Insulator under the
Glasses and Minerals list.
Wall conditions The default Roughness value ofO micrometer u
is acceptable for this analysis.
Initial conditions
u
Default conditions
~
Results & Geometry Set the Result resolution to 3.
Resolution
Introducing: So far, we have been selecting our default fluid from the list, but we
Engineering have not yet seen where this list comes from or what information is
Database located in these fluid definitions. This information is located in the
SolidWorks Flow Simulation Engineering Database.
The Engineering Database contains:
• Physical information on a wide variety of gases, liquids, non-
Newtonian liquids, compressible liquids and solid substances. It
includes both constant values and various physical parameters as
functions of temperature and pressure (pressure dependence is only u
for a liquid's boiling and solidification points).
• Fan curves defining volume flow rate (or mass flow rate) versus
static pressure difference for selected industrial fans.
• Properties of porous media.
• Custom visualization parameters which are defined by an equation
(basic mathematical functions) with the specified default
parameters as variables and can be visualized in addition to the
standard parameters.
• Properties of radiative surfaces.
• Units in which you can see and specifY data in the project.
92
u
Thermal Analysis
Where to Find It • CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Engineering Database

~
n • Menu: Flow Simulation, Tools, Engineering Database
5 Create a new material.

The transformer is made of a special user defined ;
Database tree:
o;.,
~ CorlactEieclncoiR
.i
r
m
material which is not a default material in the ~ Corlad Thet!MI R•"'
!jl. Cuotom -Voualzabon
SolidWorks Flow Simulation Engineering F""'
database. To add this material, do the following dJ-GII H..tsrb
8 ,l-, lotat...,
before setting up the SolidWorks Flow Simulation lil--$ Cm<x··-
~ Gaact
project: [j)- ~ '--'>-h
Gr$ Nan-N........, ~
From the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Tools, Ill-C. A..OG.,., '
Engineering Database. a0 Said•
[j) I'IHJ.mcd
Under Database tree, expand the Materials c u... oelftod

6 Steam
folder and select Solids, User Defined. Q P..te>atodPiat••
tu .. PorOU$MeOa
• Pmod C.cUI Boaod•
Click [') New Item in the Engineering database ... RociabanSpoct...,
tool bar, or right-click on the User Defined folder

and select New Item.
6 Enter the material properties.
A blank Item Properties tab appears. Specify the following material
properties (double-click the empty cell to set the corresponding
property value):
Name Transformer Material

Density 5000 kg/m"3
Specific Heat 640 J I (kg*K)
Thermal Conductivity 170W/(m*K)
Melting Temperature l250K
Click liiil Save.
r
n
r
r
93
Thermal Analysis
u
7 Apply materials.
Under Input Data, right-click Solid Materials and select Insert
Solid Material. Apply the following Pre-Defined materials to the u
parts as shown in the figure below.
PCB 4-Layers Gold Aluminum
Material
Note Any materials that have not be defined will be treated as Insulator
because that is what we have defined as our Default Solid.
u
8 Apply PCB material. ~~
u
Using similar procedure apply PCB 4-layers ~ GlobaiCocxdnol•rY_
5
~""----,
material to SPS_PC_Board. This material
can be found in the Non-Isotropic subfolder u
under the Pre-Defined folder. CJ
u
Under Anisotropy, keep Global Coordinate System and under Axis

select Y.
Note PCB 4-layers material features an Axisymmetricai/Biaxial
conductivity type. The Anisotropy dialog is used to specify the
orientation of the out-of-plane direction. The two in-plane material
directions will be aligned with the remaining two global coordinate u
system axes.
94
Thermal Analysis
Introducing: Heat You can specifY Heat Sources either on a surface (Surface Source)
Source where neither Boundary Conditions (or Transferred Boundary
Condition) nor Fans are specified (i.e. through which the fluid does not
flow), or in the medium, which can be either solid or fluid (Volume
Source).
• In Surface Source 12) you can specifY heat sources on solid
surfaces in the form of Heat Transfer Rate, Heat Flux if Heat
transfer in solids is not considered, and in the form of Heat
Generation Rate, Surface Heat Generation Rate if Heat
transfer in solids is under consideration (in both cases, a positive
value denotes heat generation, a negative value denotes heat
absorption).
• In Volume Source ~ you can specifY internal (volume) heat
sources in the form of Temperature, Heat Generation Rate or
Volumetric Heat Generation Rate (in all cases, a positive value
denotes heat generation, a negative value denotes heat absorption).
You can use Volume Source in a component (a part or
subassembly in assemblies, as well as a body in multibody parts)
that is treated as either solid or fluid. If the component is treated as
a solid, heat transfer in solids has to be considered. If the
component is to be treated as a fluid, you must disable the
component in the Component Control dialog box.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Heat Sources in the Flow Simulation
analysis tree and click Insert Surface Source or Insert Volume
Source
r. • CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Flow Simulation
Features ~ > Surface Source or Volume Source
r • Menu: Flow Simulation, Insert, Surface Source or Volume
Source
Note To add Heat Sources to the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click
0 your study an select Customize Tree, then choose Heat Sources.
n
r.
r
n
95
Thermal Analysis
9 Apply heat sources. -----

In the Flow Simulation analysis ...
: nrf
~
tree, right-click the Heat Source
icon and select Insert Volume
Source.
1
Select the SPS_Cap_A-1 and
-··
:r: ·I
SPS_Cap_A-2 parts and apply 2 I
W as the Heat Generation Rate. I I .. ·· • • · :
Click OK.
Repeat the process for the 1W
remaining parts shown in the Coil
figure with their respective Heat
Generation Rates.
10 Apply heat sources.

35"C
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, Cap_ C
right-click the Heat Source icon
and select Insert Volume Source.
Under Parameter, select
Temperature ~ and apply 45°C to
the four blue capacitors.
Repeat this procedure and apply 35°C to the four pink capacitors.
u
Fans The Fan creates a volume flow rate into or out of the boundary based
on the difference between the inlet and outlet pressures averaged over
the face. The direction of the fan can be specified as Normal to Face,
Swirl, or 30 Vector. Swirl allows for the specification of swirling flow
about a reference axis at a given angular and radial velocity at the inlet
or outlet. For more information on Fans, refer to the Flow Simulation
Help menu.
Fan Curves A fan curve is defined as the dependency of
the volume or mass flow rate versus the Stall Region
pressure difference. An example of a fan
curve is shown in the figure. Notice that most
fans have a "stall region" where at a given
pressure difference, the fan can jump
between two flow rates.
Flow Rate
96
Thermal Analysis
It is recommended to select your fan to operate on the right of the stall

region to ensure stability. Fan curves can usually be obtained from the
manufacturer of the fan.
Introducing: Fan A Fan is a type of flow boundary condition. It can be applied on
artificial lids as Inlet Fans or Outlet Fans.
Where to Find It In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click your study an select
Customize Tree, then choose Fans. This will create a Fans item in
the Input Data folder of the Flow Simulation analysis tree. You can
also find Fans in the following locations:
• Shortcut Menu: Right-click Fans in the Flow Simulation analysis
tree and click Insert Fan
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Fan I@
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Insert, Fan
Note To add Fans to the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click your
study an select Customize Tree, then choose Fans.
11 Create a fan.
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, under ., x
Input Data, right click Fans and select Insert
Fan.
~ = :.
J e outletFan
Fan I
Under Type, select External Inlet Fan.
[!aas tiMid exits tiM:,_
Iill -- ~
Select the inside face on the Fan_Cap. FDCZ<1>0F.._Cop_11
~
.r-. Face Coo<cinate System
lr,;;-- Re~u!s: rlx----.,-1
.*
t
IJI. AC-A>oiol
8 OC-AIUI
rl!- Senes255N
E;i- Seriet 400
e .uJ5 ~
ml
412
411H
m 414
lil 414H .
Under Fan, select Pre-Defined, Fan Curves, j..as :J
Papst, DC-Axial, Series 400, 405, 405. [ "-'"~
~.
Leave the default Inlet Flow Parameters and L--""-tots ----;;

Thermodynamic Parameters.
I' - - -[BfB~
--
llhos....,_--. "'
Note The pre-defined fan parameters are used to 1\c 101325Pa ':' ~
illustrate the fan capability of the engineering T 20.05-c --;" ~
database. It is highly recommended that all fan
parameters are thoroughly checked with the fan
manufacturer.
97
Thermal Analysis
12 Set outlet boundary condition.

In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Input Data, right-click the
Boundary Conditions icon and select Insert Boundary Condition.
Select the nine lid faces on the inside of the enclosure.
-
~~Prnllnl u
u
In the Boundary Conditions window, under Type, select the

Pressure openings button and Environment Pressure as the Type
of Boundary Condition.
Click OK, accepting the default ambient values.
u
Perforated You have probably noticed that one of the simplifications of the model
Plates was to cut a large hole where there was a series of triangularly stacked
circular holes in the side of the enclosure. These holes were removed
because they are time consuming to mesh and solve. To take them into
account after removing them, we have several approaches.
• Apply a pressure boundary condition and assume the holes have a
negligible effect on the flow field (what we have done now). This is
a bad approximation of this condition.
• Use a porous media (discussed in Lesson 7: Porous Media) to
approximate the presence of the holes. This is an acceptable
approximation, however the properties of the porous media would
be necessary to properly model this situation. To obtain these
properties, it would be possible to remove the wall completely and
run computational experiments on the wall to calculate the
properties. This approach can be time consuming to calculate the
properties, but will provide an acceptable approximation. \._)
• Use the perforated plates option. This will give us the next best U
approximation of the series ofholes outside ofleaving them in the
model. ::..J
In this lesson, we will choose the third option. ..:..J
98
Thermal Analysis
Introducing: Perforated plates can be defined in the Engineering Database and

Perforated Plates applied to your model.
n Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Perforated Plates in the Flow
n Simulation analysis tree and click Insert Perforated Plate
Features ~· Perforated Plate 9.1
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Insert, Perforated Plate
Note To add Perforated Plates to the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-
n click your study an select Customize Tree, then choose Perforated
Plates.
13 Define perforated plate.

From the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Tools, Engineering
Database.
Under Database tree, expand the Perforated Plates folder and select
User Defined.
Click [j New Item in the Engineering database toolbar, or right-click
on the User Defined folder and select New Item.
A blank Item Properties tab appears. SpecifY the following material
property value):
Name electronics enclosure

Hole Shape Round
Diameter 2mm
Coverage Checkerboard Distance
Distance between centers 4mm
The Free area ratio should be calculated automatically as

0.226724917.
Click liil Save.
99
Thermal Analysis
Free Area Ratio The free area ratio is defined as the area
of voids divided by the area of solid. This
can be easily verified with a manual
calculation. Consider the area enclosed
by the red square.
15 Add Perforated plate.

under Inpu t Data, right click
Perforated Plates and select Insert
Perforated Plate.
Select the inside face of the large
pressure outlet.
Under Perforated Plate dialog select
User Defined, electronics u
enclosure.
16 Define Engineering Goal (Volume Goal).
As stated in the problem description, the temperatures of the heat sink
and the op-amp must be minimized. To obtain this data, we will use
engineering goals.
Right-click the Goals icon in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis
tree and select Insert Volume Goal.
In the Volume Goals dialog window, in the Parameter list, find
Temperature (Solid).
Select the check box in the Max column.
In the SolidWorks FeatureManager design tree, select Heat Sink to
update the Components to apply volume goal list.
Click OK.
Repeat this procedure to apply a Temperature of Solid goal to SOP-8.
17 Solve the Flow Simulation project.
From the Flow Simulation menu, click: Solve, Run.
Make sure Load results is checked.
Click Run.
This analysis can take up to an hour to complete. Let the project run for
a few minutes to insure it meshes properly and begins running, then
stop and activate the electronics cooling - completed configuration
and load the results from this project.
100
Thermal Analysis
18 Create cut plot.

tree, under Results, right-click
the Cut Plots icon and select
Insert.
56.95
54.11
In the Section plane or Planar 51.27
face box, select the Top plane 49.43
45.59
with an Offset of1mm. 42.75
39.91
37.07
In the Display dialog, click 34.23
31 .40
Contours. 28.56
25.72
22.88
In the Contours dialog select 20.04
Temperature and increase T8mpera1ure rei
Number of Levels to 50. Cut Plot 1: contours
Click OK to generate the plot.

Hide the cut plot when done
reviewing it.
19 View flow trajectory.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Flow
Trajectories and select Insert.
Select External Inlet Fan l as the reference.
Click OK.
56 .95
54.11
51.27
48. 43
45.59
42.75
39.91
37.07
3 ~ . 23
31 .40
28.56
25.72
22.88
20.04
Cut Plot 1 contours

Flow Trajectories 1
20 View the volume temperatures.

Under Results, right-click Goal Plots and select Insert.
C lick Add All and then either Show or Export to Excel to open the
goal results.
The maximum temperature of the heat sink is almost 57 °C while the
maximum temperature of the op-amp is 50 °C.
r
101
Thermal Analysis
Discussion Our results show that the maximum temperature of the heat sink was
about 67°C. If this was near the critical value, another analysis may be
needed with a more refined mesh in the heat sink. Although the thin
wall optimization does a good job in this area, a more refined mesh
would provide even better results, however the run time would
increase. To deal with the larger run times, we will learn about a
technique known as EFD zooming later on in the course.
To lower the temperature of the heat sink you are encouraged to try
other fans or even create your own to try to further lower the
temperatures of these parts. Another approach could be to change the
orientation ofthe heat sink.
Summary In this lesson, we performed a flow analysis on an electronics
enclosure. We learned that simplifying the geometry as much as
possibly for a first pass analysis will allow the simulation to run
quicker. If we were interested in the effectiveness ofthe heat sink, a
local initial mesh would allow for finer mesh settings in this area, u
providing a more accurate result.
Goals were also created to reflect the design intent of minimizing the
temperatures of the op-amp and the heat sink. These goals allowed us
to validate our fan selection.
In addition, we learned about fans and how they are defined. Fan
curves area a measurement of the fans performance and should always
be obtained through the fan manufacturer. It is critical to select a fan L.J
with a fan curve based on the operating conditions of the fan.
u
'-'
102
w
)
Materials with Orthotropic Thermal Conductivity
Exercise 5: In this exercise, we will perform a thermal analysis on an electronic

Materials with microchip with a heat sink.
Orthotropic This exercise reinforces the following skills:
Thermal • Introducing: Heat Source on page 95.
Conductivity • Introducing: Engineering Database on page 92.
Problem The enclosure housing a heated

Statement electronic chip (maintained at
I 00 °C), mounted within a cut out of
the middle plate, has two separate
(upper and lower) flow paths. An
aluminum heat sink is mounted
directly above the chip on the upper
half of the enclosure. A gold plate is
mounted on the other side ofthe chip
in the lower halfofthe enclosure.
The lower flow path has room
temperature air (20 °C) blowing on
the chip at 5 m/s. The upper flow path has colder (5 °C) air blowing
over the heat sink at 5 m/s.
Materials used to manufacture the chip and the middle plate feature
orthotropic conductivity (i.e. direction dependent thermal
conductivity).
The objective of this analysis is to obtain the distribution of
temperature in both the chip and the middle plate.
Open TEO gas cooling from the Lesson03\Exercises folder.
2 Create a project.
Configuration Use Current:

name "Model"
Project name "Orthotropic material"
Unit system Sl (m-kg-s) (change temperature from K to C)
Physical Features Select Heat conduction in Solids.
Default Fluid In the Fluids list, under Gases, double-click Air.
Default Solid Select Insulator from the Glasses and Minerals list.
103
Results and Set the Result resolution to 5.

Geometry Select the Manual specification of the minimum gap
Resolution size check box and type 0.00381 m as its size.
Click Finish.
3 Create new material.

Plate-! and TEC-1 are made of materials called Orthotropic plate
and Orthotropic plate 2, respectively. Because these materials are
not in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation engineering database, we must
define them.
In the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Tools, Engineering Database.
In the Database tree, select Materials, Solids, User Defined.
Click New Item on the toolbar. A blank Item Properties tab appears.
Double-click the empty cell to set the corresponding property value.
Specify the following material properties:
Name - Orthotropic plate
Comment = Orthotropic Material
Density = 2700 kg/m"3
Specific heat = I 000 J/(kg*K)
Conductivity type = Orthotropic
Thermal conductivity in X == 1.5 W/(m*K)
Thermal conductivity in Y = 0.5 W/(m*K)
Thermal conductivity in Z = 3.0 W/(m*K)
u
Melting temperature = 4400.33 K
~
Iii ........... -
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Cl ick Save.
104
4 Create new material.

Stay in the Database tree, under Materials, Solids, User Defined.
Click the New Item icon on the toolbar.
A blank Item Properties tab appears. Double-click the empty cell to
set the corresponding property value.
Specify the following material properties:
Name = Orthotropic plate 2
Comment = Orthotropic Material
Density = 2700 kg/m"3
Specific heat = I 000 J/(kg*K)
Conductivity type = Orthotropic
Thermal conductivity in X = 1.5 W/(m*K)
Thermal conductivity in Y = 50 W/(m*K)
Thermal conductivity in Z = 0 W/(m*K)
Melting temperature = 3140.33 K
Click Save.
Click File, Exit to exit the database.
Note You can enter the material properties in any unit system by typing the
unit name after the value and Solid Works Flow Simulation will
automatically convert the value to metric. You can also enter material
properties that are temperature dependent using the Tables & Curves
tab.
5 Assign the Solid Materials.
Under Input Data, right-click Solid Materials
and select Insert Solid Material.
In the SolidWorks FeatureManager, select Heat
Sink.
-
., x
' 1---~-1
II
Expand the list of Pre-Defined materials and Solid

- =II
select Aluminum. <il Pn>llemed .
Ei M.....
ri!l!lliml!l!!l
'
Click OK. Coppet
Gold
Iron
I
Sivef
Tilont.m
Ill Gla...undMinerob
Ill N....-q,ic ,v i
)-.... J."J
I CINte/&11:••• I
105
Materials with Orthotrop/c Thermal Conductivity
6 Assign the rest of the materials.

Repeat the above procedure and assign the solid materials as follows:
Orthotropic plate (User defined material) to the TEC-1 part. Make
sure that the material X axis is aligned with the global X axis.
Gold to the TEC-2 part.
Orthotropic plate 2 (User defined material) to the plate-1 part.
Make sure that the material X axis is aligned with the global X axis. u
7 Inlet boundary condition 1 ~~J oound~y Condition ?
(upper half). ~ x
In the olidWorks Flow
right-click the Boundary
Conditions icon and select
Insert Boundary
Condition.
Select the vertical face of the
inlet lid on the upper half of
::.;: ~l: u
the enclosure.
Under Type, click the Flow
........ -
OulletMi=Fbw •
openings button. Select Volodtv -

--
Inlet Velocity, and specify flow~ *
the Normal to Face flow of IB~~
5 m/s. v ""f,;;i;- ~~
il .... ~~
Under Thermodynamic
Parameters, specify a
Temperature of 5 oc.
T 51:
Click OK.
8 Inlet boundary condition 2 (lower half).
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree,
right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and select
Insert Boundary Condition.
Select the vertical face of the inlet lid on the lower half
of the enclosure.
Following the same procedure, specify a Normal to
Face, Inlet Velocity boundary condition of
5 m/s at a Temperature of 20 °C.
u
106
9 Outlet boundary condition 1 (upper half).

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the
Boundary Conditions icon and select Insert Boundary Condition.
~ l_!_oundary Londition ?
Solectloa
"
~o
(!)
~' Fltte CoortiWe Sy;tem
Refi!renceam: ~
y
Type~~B j
--J
''tl¢1;.1#10
TotaiPr~n
......-.
Tbennadynamk:
"
~325Pa HJ [!:J
T 20.05"C
ffi iB
Select the inner face of the outlet lid on the upper half of the enclosure.
Under Type, click the Pressure openings button and select Static
r Pressure.
The default outlet pressure and temperature of101325 Pa and 20.05 oc
(293.2 K) are acceptable for this problem.
Click OK.
10 Outlet boundary condition 2
(lower half).
Specify an identical pressure
boundary condition for the lower
half outlet lid.
107
11 Insert heat source . ·~ .

Under Input Data, right-click Heat Sources and .; x
select Insert Volume Source.
From the SolidWorks feature manager tree, select
the TEC-1 feature.
Under Parameter, click the Temperature button
0}.; Global Coo!dnolo s,...om
and enter 100 °C.

Click OK.
-
T
Refm!na!--
100 "C
E::3
12 Insert volume goals for the temperature.

Under Input Data, right-click the Goals icon and select Insert
Volume Goals.
Under Parameter, scroll down until you find Temperature (Solid) and
select the Max box.
From the SolidWorks feature manager tree, select Heat Sink.
Click OK.
The new VG Max Temperature of Solid item appears in the
SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree under Goals. You can
change the name to VG Max Temp of Heat Sink.
Similarly, define volume goals for the Max value of the Temperature
(Solid) in TEC<l> and TEC<2> parts.
13 Solve, Run.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation drop down menu, select Solve,
Run.
Make sure that Load results is selected.
The solver should take approximately I 0 minutes to run, depending on
the processor speed of the computer.
Once the solver is finished, access the results. u
108
.)
14 Plot the temperature distribution on the Heat Sink and plate.

Under Results, right-click the Surface Plots icon and select Insert.
Select the Heat Sink and plate components from the Solid Works
FeatureManager flyout tab.
Select Temperature (Solid) and set Number of levels to 50.
Click OK once again to show the plot.
100.00
93.08
86.16
79.25
72.33
65 .• 1
58.• 9
51 .57
44 .65
371•
30.82
23 .90
16.98
10.06
Solid Temperature rc1
Surface Plot1 contours
Note To access additional options for this and other plots, either double-click
on the color scale or right-click the Results icon and select View
Settings.
109
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r
Lesson 4
r
(\
r
r Objectives Upon successful completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
• Create a 20 plane flow analysis.
• Use the Reynolds number equation to apply a velocity boundary
condition to an external analysis.
• Use the Solution Adaptive Mesh refinement option.
• Use animation techniques to visualize the results.
r. • Create a transient animation.
111
Case Study: In this lesson, we will utilize two dimensional plane flow while
Flow Around a analyzing fluid flow around a cylinder. Because this flow will be
Cylinder occurring around a solid body, and not through it, it will be considered
external. The Reynolds number equation will be used in the definition
of our velocity boundary condition. We wi II also use the adaptive mesh
technique to ensure that a good quality mesh is used in the simulation.
The flow pattern of this example substantially depends on the Reynolds
number which is based on the cylinder diameter. At low Reynolds
numbers (4 < Re < 60), two steady vortices are formed on the rear side
of the cylinder and remain attached to the cylinder, as shown below
schematically.
y
---
Flow past a cylinder at low Reynolds numbers (4 < Re < 60)
At higher Reynolds numbers, the flow becomes unstable and a von

Karman vortex street appears in the wake past the cylinder. Moreover,
at Re > 60 . .. I 00, the eddies attached to the cylinder begin to oscillate
and shed from the cylinder. The flow pattern is shown schematically
below.
w
--- ·
--
Flow past a cylinder at low Reynolds numbers (Re > 60 ... 100)
112
Problem Water at a temperature of293.2 Kanda

Description pressure of I atm flows over a cylinder of
0.0 I m diameter. Calculate the cylinder's drag
coefficient if the flow has a Reynolds number
(Re) of 140.
We will enter I% as the incoming stream
turbulence intensity. Further discussion on
turbulence intensity is given later in the lesson.
Stages in the • Create the project.
Process Using the Wizard, the external analysis can be created.
• Define computational domain.
Symmetry conditions can be used in the model to simplify the
computational domain .
• Setup adaptive mesh refinement.
The adaptive meshing technique will be used to guarantee a good
quality mesh in areas of high turbulence.
have information for after the analysis is run .

The results can be processed using many available options in
Reynolds The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity often used to
Number characterize different flow regimes (i.e. laminar or turbulent). It is a
measurement of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in a flow.
At low Reynolds numbers viscous forces are dominant and the flow is
laminar. Turbulence occurs when the intertial forces are dominant, and
the Reynolds number is high.
The equation for the Reynolds number is given as:
Re = pVL
~~
where p is the density of the fluid, Vis the mean velocity, L, is the
characteristic length, and~ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid .
External Flow The purpose of the study is to see how flow moves around, not through,
the solid body, therefore we will choose an external study. External
studies do not require the definition oflids for inlet and outlet boundary
conditions. The flow conditions are defined in the overall computation
domain .
113
1 Open a part file.

Open cylinder from the Lesson04\Case Study folder.
2 Create a Project.
u
u
name "Default"
Project name "Re 140"
Unit system Sf (m-kg-s)
Analysis Type External
For this specific model the Exclude cavities without flow conditions
check box does not have to be checked because there is no internal
space.
Physical Features Select the Time-dependent check box.
In the Total analysis time box, type 80s.
In the Output Time step box, type 4s.
Database of Fluids In the Liquids list, double-click Water.
Wall conditions In the Default wall thermal condition list, select Adiabatic wall.
Initial conditions Under Velocity Parameters, click in the Velocity in the X-direction
box.
Click Dependency.
In the Dependency Window, under Dependency type list, click
Formula definition.
In the Formula box, type: 140*(0.00101241/0.01/998.19). This is the
Reynolds number equation solved for the free stream velocity.
u
Click OK. u
Under Turbulence Parameters, set the Turbulence Intensity to I%.
See below for a discussion on turbulence intensity.
Resolution Click Finish.
114
..__;
)
Transient It is interesting to note that the Flow Simulation solver assumes that all
Analysis analyses are transient. For a "steady-state" analysis, the solver runs the
transient analysis and looks for convergence in the flow field which
would mean that the analysis has reached a steady-state.
We specifically defined this analysis as Time-dependent when setting
it up using the wizard so that we could study the development of the
separation. When that selection was made, we decided that the analysis
should be run for 80 seconds and results would be saved every 4
seconds. We chose the time of 80s to give the flow enough time to
n develop and 4s so that our result would be fairly resolved.
n Note that 4 seconds is not the selected time step, only the time step at
which the results will be saved. Therefore, the analysis will save results
for 21 time steps (80/4 + I step for the initial time). At this point, we do
not know what the solver will use for time steps, only that the results
will be saved every 4 seconds.
Discussion Consider what would happen if we attempted to solve this problem
without activating the Time-dependent flag. The solver would run the
analysis looking for the steady-state solution. Because of the nature of
this problem (the turbulent eddies shedding from the cylinder in an
oscillatory fashion), a steady-state solution does not exist and the solver
may not converge. If convergence is achieved, the solution would not
be completely accurate because of the time dependent nature of the
oscillatory shedding.
It is important to note that there are problems such as this where the
steady-state solution is either unable to converge, or does not make
physical sense because of instabilities in the flow field. In these
situations, it may be important to run the transient analysis to fully
understand the behavior of the flow field.
r, Turbulence Turbulent flow can be characterized into two categories; fluctuating
n Intensity flow and mean flow. Turbulence intensity is defined as the fluctuating
velocity divided by the mean (i.e. free stream) velocity and multiplied
by 100.
Turbulence in general is a complicated phenomenon, and not yet fully
understood from a theoretical standpoint. A measure ofthe turbulence
intensity in a flow, therefore, can only be derived through a series of
experiments.
Solid Works Flow Simulation sets default values of 0. I% for external
flow and 2% for internal flows. Typically, this value is difficult to
obtain. However, the flow over a cylinder has been heavily studied and
the value of I% has been verified both experimentally and analytically.
115
Recommendation The default values for turbulence intensity have been selected to
provide the most accurate result for the widest range of problems. It is
strongly recommended to keep these default values unless the problem
is well studied and the turbulence intensity is known. We only change
the value in this example because the problem is well studied.
Solution The solution adaptive mesh refinement is turned on by default when the LJ
Adaptive Mesh result resolution is set at 6 or greater. The solution adaptive meshing is \...)
Refinement a procedure for adapting the computational mesh to the solution during
the calculation. The solution adaptive mesh additionally refines the u
mesh cells within the high-gradient flow regions, and merges the mesh ..__;
cells within the low-gradient regions. See the figure below for an
example of the solution adaptive meshing. SolidWorks Flow u
Simulation allows you to change the values of the parameters
governing the default solution adaptive meshing procedures. In
addition, the solution adaptive meshing can be turned on for models
with a result resolution lower than 6, however this needs to be done
manually.
u
LJ
Geometry Refinement
u
Two In general, fluid dynamics is the study of flow in three dimensions. u
Dimensional Pressure, velocity, temperature, and other fluid properties can vary
Flow significantly in any direction. In computational fluid dynamics, the
calculations of these properties in each dimension can get very time
consuming. Often times, however these properties may only vary in
one (i.e. pipe flow) or two dimensions (i.e. flow around a cylinder),
allowing for significantly less computation time. In our example, we w
assume that the cylinder is infinitely long, therefore the flow field will u
not change through the length of the cylinder (z direction). We can then
take advantage of symmetry by using plane flow. i._)
116
3 Define flow symmetry condition and domain

size. ., x
under Input Data, right-click the
Computational Domain icon and select Edit
Definition.
Under Type select 2D Simulation in XV plane.
Under the computational domain Size and
Conditions enter the dimensions shown in the
figure . lfi'• .0.15m a •
lilly Q.15m .;.. 1!1 •
lfily -o.15m ; IIJ •
~z 0.001 m ; {i •
1!11, -o.001 m ; Jill •
Note In the Z direction, the boundary type and size are automatically set to
Symmetry and +-0.001 m, respectively.
Click OK.
No other boundary condition is needed for this problem.
r
Computational For most external analyses, the default computational domain is
Domain sufficient. In this example, however, we would like to make sure that
the flow field is fully developed when it reaches the cylinder and also
r fully developed when it leaves the computational domain. We therefore
manually edit the size to insure that the flow field is fully captured.
Calculation The Calculation Control Options define different parameters with
Control Options respect to the solver. The Calculation Control Options dialog has four
tabs to define the different settings: Finish, Refinement, Saving, and
Advanced.
Finish The finish conditions define when the solver has decided if
convergence has been reached. There are six different things that can be
looked at when deciding when the solver has converged:
• Maximum Refinement number
r This parameter defines how much the mesh may be refined during
the calculation if the adaptive mesh refinement is active.
• Maximum iterations
n Defines the maximum number of iterations the solver will compute
n before finishing the calculation.
117
• Maximum physical time

Defines the maximum physical time that the analysis will run. In
our example, our maximum physical time is 80 seconds as entered
when setting up the analysis using the wizard.
• Maximum calculation time
Defines the maximum time that the calculation will take.
• Maximum travels u
A travel is defined as the time it takes for the flow to travel across
the computational domain. This defines the maximum number of
travels during the calculation. LJ
• Goals Convergence
Defines whether or not the goals have converged before the
calculation is stopped.
Refinement The refinement conditions define the parameters that govern the
solution adaptive mesh refinement. For more information on these
parameters, refer to the Help menu.
Saving This defines when the results are saved during the solution process.
Advanced The advanced option allows you to bee-mailed when the solution is
completed.
4 Set the finish conditions.

Right-click Input Data in the Flow Simulation analysis tree and select
Calculation Control Options.
Under Finish Conditions, select the Minimum refinement number
u
check box and set the value to 2. u
u
u
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u
u
118 \....)
5 Set the calculation refinement.

Still in the Calculation Control Options window, click the
Refinement tab.
Under Parameter, in the Refinement list, select level =2.
Select the Approximate Maximum Cells check box and set the value
to 750000.
In the Refinement Strategy list, click Periodic Refinement.
Click OK .
...-
C.lculabon Control OpiDis
r ~ Ref......,.. 5aYrog Advancod j

........... VWe c::::QC)
Refnemont fi;d-2 El ~
Appmxirllte UaxmJm Ceb ~ 750000
--
9 Refnement strategy PerDdic Refilement
Unls TriVeb
Retaxa11onnternl 02
8 Pemdlc Refilcmcnt Optims
Start
Penod
- 2
1
Tip For additional information regarding the Solution adaptive settings

select the Help button in the Calculation Control Options command
while in the Refinement tab.
6 Define Engineering Goal.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Goals,
and select Insert Global Goals.
In the Parameter list, locate the Force (X) and select the check box.
Click OK.
119
Drag Equation The drag equation is defined as:
where p is fluid density, Vis the free stream velocity, A is the frontal
area (area seen by the oncoming flow), and C" is the drag coefficient.
Different shaped objects have different drag coefficients. In addition,
flows with different Reynolds numbers can also affect the drag
coefficient.
Important! The drag equation is based on a very idealized situation and should be
used only as an approximation.
7 Insert Equation Goal.

We will use the drag equation along with our knowledge of the x
component of force to solve for the drag coefficient.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the Goals
icon and select Insert Equation Goal. u
Select the GG Force (X)l global goal from SolidWorks Flow
Simulation designs tree to add it to the Expression box.
In the Expression box, complete the equation by manually typing
*2*998.19/1.01241e-3A2*0.01/0.001/140A2. This equation is derived
from a combination of the drag equation and the Reynolds number
equation.
In the Dimensionality list, click No units.
Click OK.
u
u
Expresmn:
{GG F,.ce1XJ 1 )~ 1911 01241c-:r?0.01/!l001fUU"2
120
n
8 Rename the Equation Goal to Cd.
Cd is the Drag coefficient.
9 Run the analysis.
Right-click on theRe 140 icon and select Run to open the Run
window.
Click Run.
It takes approximately 10 minutes to solve.
10 Create Cut Plot.
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the Cut Plots icon
under Results and select Insert.
Planel view plane will already be selected in the Section plane or
Planar face box.
Under Display, click the Contours and Vectors buttons.
Select Pressure and set Number of Levels to 110.
r Click OK to show the plot.

101325.11
101325.09
101325.07
101325.05
101325 03
r 101325.01
101324.99
101324.97
10132495
101324 93
101324.92
101324 90
101324.88
101324 86
Note The difference between the maximum and minimum pressure is

0.245 Pa.
121
Unsteady Vortex The unsteady vortex shedding from a cylinder at Re > 60 - I 00 yields
Shedding oscillations of both drag and lateral forces acting on the cylinder and a
von Karman vortex street is formed past the cylinder. An X-velocity
field over and past the cylinder is shown in the following figure.
11 Include Mesh in Cut Plots.

In the Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Results, Cut
Plots, right-click Cut Plot! and select Edit Definition.
lick the Contours and Vectors buttons to clear them.
Click the Mesh button and select OK.
Tip If the Mesh box is not shown then go to the SolidWorks main menu,
click Tools, Options, and then select the Third Party button. Select
the Display mesh option under General Options.
122
Time Animation Lesson 1: Creating a SolidWorks Flow Simulation Project introduced

the result animation in which a cut plane is moved through the model to
view how the results at a certain time (or at the end of the steady state
analysis) vary through the model. The following steps will demonstrate
how to create a transient animation at a fixed location.
n 12 Edit cut plot.

Edit Cut Plot l.
Deactivate Mesh plot and show back the velocity contours.
13 Animate the cut plot.
Right-click Cut Plot 1 and select Animation.
14 Setup the animation using
the wizard. Ammation 1.1111
Click the More button on the 1
animation tool bar located at G . . AnomobOnl
the bottom of the screen. J;t:

~ Cut Plotl
Click the Wizard button on
the animation toolbar.
Lilll:illillili l fiil t Mii0!111Ujfi 1 I Mimatioll1 I
15 Delete existing tracks.

In the first panel of the Animation Wizard, select the Delete all
existing tracks option.
Click Next.
Ammabon Waard
......_ ......
1hs wUad wi help you to aeKe an
......
Tobegn,..,..,rylhe_d.,
~tine 10 1 """
( Jj lleloleol-tnocks)
123
16 Specify the view animation.

Accept the default that the model is not rotated during animation.
17 Choose the type of animation.
In the third panel, select the Scenario option.
Click Next.
. - - - - - - Selod the type dlhe ..-....
( ··- 1
- IDdli'f redl"f ycu ..... to
lllliMI:eredltzlkenZIIIceftantino
ntance pIt. certai'lllnlicn)to
.....
dcm:lnstrSe the ftDw flekl m.trbJian n
Selacl 'Scenano' f ycu wJI't to ..ae

- d f t o w & o l d - ..
lme Oo lee fnn*:ft lnNilian d
~...ay.crtoaeehow•
tleodv...... ..._ .. . . . _
18 Set units and distribution.

In the fourth panel select Uniform distribution and the Physical time
for Units.
Click Finish.
Anlfn.tlon WIUI'd
r-----~ ~
f'J ~-
lka. IPI'Joicol- ·I
Stat han· Ds
124
u
Hover with the mouse over the Animation 1 time line. The callout
should read as is shown in the figure below.
Note You can also drag the last control point (diamond shaped icon) to
adjust the duration of the Animation 1 track.
~ II • • Animobonl.IVI
The brown colored time line indicates the instances of the results
loaded to the memory.
19 Insert Control Point.
Right-click in the time line at time equal to zero (make sure you are
adjacent to the Cut Plot l) and select Insert Control Point.
1i11> II • • Animotion l.avi
~ 1444 .. H c;l
8 • Animotion 1
1-a cylinder
8-~ Results
-~ CutPiotl
Inset! Control Potnt
Select just the inserted control point at time zero and drag the time line
to I0 seconds.
~ II • • Anomlbonl.IVI
~ H~ .. H C.,
- . . Animotionl
tt= ~ CutP1ot1
20 Click the Play button.

The animation can be saved on the disk by clicking the Record button.
21 Save and close the assembly.
125
Discussion The example of two dimensional flow over a cylinder has been heavily
studied both experimentally and analytically. It is well known that the
drag coefficient of the cylinder actually decreases with higher Reynolds
number flows. You are encouraged to investigate this phenomenon
further by changing the Reynolds number and seeing its effect on the
drag coefficient.
The vortex shedding that was seen occurs at a given frequency that is
directly related to the Reynolds number of the flow. Knowing this
frequency can become very important when designing structures that
may be subject to this type of shedding. If the natural frequency of the
structure lies within the range of frequencies of the vortex shedding, the
structure could loose its stiffness and collapse.
Summary In this lesson, we investigated the classic fluid dynamics problem of
flow over a cylinder. Symmetry boundary conditions on an external
flow analysis were used to simplify the calculations. The solution
adaptive mesh technique was used to insure that quality results were
obtained in the wake of the cylinder. Turbulence and vortex shedding
were observed and discussed. Finally, animation techniques were used
to visualize the flow.
126
Electronics Cooling
Exercise 6: In this exercise, we will perform a time-dependent heat transfer

Electronics analysis on a microchip testing bed.
Cooling This exercise reinforces the following skills:
• Introducing: Engineering Goals on page 27.
• Introducing: Heat Source on page 95.
r Problem Four microchips made up of a
Statement special microchip material are
sitting on a ceramic porcelain
substrate and stand inside of an
Aluminum enclosure. The
microchips generate 2 W of power
and are turned off an on at different
time increments. Cooling occurs as
air flows into the enclosure from
r one side at a flow rate of 0.15 ft" 3/
in.
Determine the temperature
distribution inside the enclosure after I second.
Open Computer Chip from the Lesson04\Exercises folder.
2 Create a new material. Oel8basobce.
r
The chips and substrate are made of a special user :,~ -:::~
-act
-E-Ieclncoi
-- R~
--,
·
defined material which is not a default material in Ill 0 Contact Theunal Re
the SolidWorks Flow Simulation Engineering If !R Cuotam · Vouaizabon
W· Fans
database. To add this material, do the following dJ-S HeatSrh
~ .;.... Motenab
before setting up the SolidWorks Flow Simulation m 6 u...x..-
project: w "-' Ga:es
141 6 Ucpls
From the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Tools, dJ-.6 Non-N...........,

ID-4R ... G....
Engineering Database. e e sold.
ljl-Q. f'I..Oemed
Under Database tree, expand the Materials il!-Q UoetD.med
• Sleam
l
folder and select Solids, User Defined. 0 paf.,aledl'lale•
Ill
Gr. fu..,.Me<ia
Ill-· Plrled Cicua Boonb
Click [') New Item in the Engineering database r!...I.Rociali>nSpedlun
toolbar, or right-click on the User Defined fo lder I .n:8.R - -·· -

• m '
and select New Item.
127
Electronics Cooling

A blank Item Properties tab appears. Specify the following material
property value):
Name Chip Material

Density 2330 kg/m"3
Specific Heat 670 J/(kg*K)
Thermal Conductivity l30W/Cm*K)
Melting Temperature lOOOK
Click liil Save.

Note You can enter material properties that are temperature dependent using
the Tables and Curves tab.
4 Add substrate material.
Switch to the Items tab and repeat the previous step to add the substrate
material with the following properties:
Name Ceramic Porcelain

Density
u
2330 kg/m"3
Specific Heat 877 .96 J/(kg*K)
Thermal Conductivity 1.4949 W/Cm*K)
Melting Temperature 1000 K
Click File, Exit to close the Engineering Database.
128
Electronics Cooling
5 Create a project.
Click SolidWorks Flow Simulation, Project, Wizard. Using the
r Wizard, create a new project with the following properties:

r name "Default"
n Project name "Transient Heat Source"
r. Unit system Sl (m-kg-s)
n Physical Features Select the Heat conduction in Solids check box.

Select the Time-dependent check box.
n In the Total analysis time box, type 1s.
In the Output Time step box, type 0.1s.
Database of In the Gas list, double-click Air.
Fluids
Solids Default solid should be set to Ceramic Porcelain.
r In the Roughness box, type 0 micro inch.
Geometry Select the Manual Specification of Minimum Gap Size check box
Resolution and type 0.00254m as its size.
Select the Manual Specification of Minimum Wall thickness check
box and type 0.000508m as its size.
Click Finish.
Note Solid Works Flow Simulation will create a new configuration within the
r SolidWorks Configuration Manager. A SolidWorks Flow Simulation
analysis tree will also be created. The name ofthe new configuration
will be the same as the name entered in the Project Wizard.
r
n
129
Electronics Cooling
6 Apply inlet boundary conditions.

under Input Data, right-click
Boundary Conditions and select
Select the inside face of the enclosure.
In the Boundary Conditions window,
under Type, select the Flow openings
button and Inlet Volume Flow as the
Type of Boundary Condition.
Under Flow Parameters, click the Normal to face button and enter
the air flow rate value of0.005 m 3/s in the Volume flow rate normal
to face box.
Click OK.
7 Apply outlet boundary condition.
As in the previous step, right-click
Boundary Conditions and select
Select the opposite inside face of the
enclosure.
In the Boundary Conditions window,
under Type, select the Pressure
openings button and Static Pressure
as the Type of Boundary Condition.
130
Electronics Cooling
8 Apply heat source for Chip< 1>.

A heat source is required to simulate the heating of
the chips. In the Flow Simulation analysis tree,
right-click the Heat Source icon and select Insert
Volume Source.
Select the Chip<l> part.
).\ Globol Cocxdinate System
Under Parameters, click Heat Generation Rate. Reforena! -= E3

Click the Dependency button 0 · In the
Dependency dialog window, select F(time)-
table and enter the following values, or copy them
from the provided excel file in the lesson directory:
Values t Values f(t)

(sees) (W)
0 2
0.099 2
0.1 0
0.399 0
0.4 2
0.499 2
0.5 0
0.799 0
0.8 2
0.899 2
0.9 0
1.0 0
Select Preview chart to plot a graph of your input.

Click OK.
Click OK to close the Volume Source window.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation design tree, under Heat Sources
rename VS Heat Generation Rate l to VS Chip l -1.
131
Electronics Cooling
Cut and Paste In the Dependency table dialog box for Volume heat source, you can
Heat Source Data highlight all the values by clicking and dragging the mouse cursor
across all the values in the table. Right-clicking over the highlighted
table does not work within this function, but if you press Ctri+C, the
data will be copied to the clipboard. When you open a new heat source
Dependency table, select the first cell in the table and press Ctri+V,
and the values will be correctly pasted to the table. You can also
modify the time points for each chip heat load so that the heat is applied
at different intervals.
9 Open Heat Transfer.xls for inputting all chip data.
Repeat the previous step to apply volume heat source for Chip<2>,
Chip<3>, and Chip<4> using the values from the table given below or
from the table listed in the Heat Transfer.xls file.
Type in the following table values.
Chip<2> Chip<3> Chip<4>
Values Values Values Values

Values t Values t
f(t) f(t) t f(t)
(sees) (sees)
(W) (W) (sees) (W)
0 0 0 0 0 0
0.099 0 0.199 0 0.299 0
0.1 2 0.2 2 0.3 2
0.199 2 0.299 2 0.399 2
0.2 0 0.3 0 0.4 0
0.499 0 0.599 0 0.699 0
0.5 2 0.6 2 0. 7 2
0.599 2 0.699 2 0.799 2
0.6 0 0.7 0 0.8 0
0.899 0 1.0 0 1.0 0
0.9 2
1.0 2
132
Electronics Cooling
10 Review volume heat source graphs for all chips.

Chlp<1> Volume Heat Source Chlp<2> Volume Heat Source
25 25
l
2 - r- r-
l
2 r- r- -
•
~ 1.5
~
~ 15
;; 'i
...•i
I 1 1
...i
! 05 ! 05
0 0
0 02 04 0.6 08 1 12 0 02 04 06 oe 1 12
Tim• til Tlme(sl
Chlp<3> Volume He.t Source Chlp<4> Volume Heat Source
25 25
l
2 r- r- l ' r- -
; ;
~ 15
~ 15
ii i
•
...•i
1 1
...i
~ OS l 05
0
0 02 04 0.6 08 1
"
0
0 02 •. 06
Tim• tal
08 1
"
TimoN
11 Define material conditions for chips. '\ , Solid 1\olatenal ~
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree

right-click Solid Materials and select Insert r~ "J
~ !
l ~~-~J
Solid material. Olp-IOCIM'IJIBt_Oi!P
Under Selection, select Chip<l>, Chip<2>,

Chip<3>, and Chip<4>.
Under Solid, browse to User Defined and assign [!J- Pte-Defned
8- u... oetn.d
Chip material to the chips. - Cetarric PctceW-l
fiD!!!m!!!l
Click OK.
12 Define material for cover.
Similarly to the previous step, assign Aluminum
(from the Pre-Defined material folder) to Top ·I
Cover-!, Bottom Cover-! , and Enclosure.
Note Since the default material was set to Ceramic Porcelain using the
Wizard, the components not selected (Substrate<!>, Stand-
offs<!>) will be automatically assigned the Ceramic Porcelain
material. You can check to see the default material by right-clicking the
Input Data folder in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree
and selecting General Settings, Solids.
133
Electronics Cooling

In the Volume Goals dialog window, in the Parameter list, find
-.._)
Select the check box in the Max column.
In the SolidWorks FeatureManager design tree, select Chip<l> to 0
update the Components to apply volume goal list.
Click OK.
14 Create similar Volume Goals for the other three chips.
15 Define Engineering Goal (Global Goal).

Right-click the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree Goals icon
and select Insert Global Goals.
In the Global Goals dialog window, in the Parameter Jist, find
Temperature (Solid) select Max.
Click OK.
From the Flow Simulation menu, click: Solve, Run.
Make sure Load results is checked.
Click Run.
Note This analysis should take about 10 minutes to run on a 3 GHz P4
machine.
The result values shown in the next few pages may differ from your
results depending on how you had applied the time-dependent heat
sources for each chip.
17 Set model Transparency. w
In the Flow Simulation menu, click: Results, Display, Transparency. U
transparency to 0.75.
Click OK.
Note You will be able to view results once the fluid simulation is complete. u
However, if you reopen a model, the results will need to be loaded.
u
The * .fld file contains results for all the time steps, including the last
time step. In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation project folder there are u
I 0 other result files called r_OO:xxx.fld, where xxx refers to a specific
iteration number which corresponds to the saved time points 0.1 s, 0.2s,
0.3s ... etc.
u
134
u
Electronics Cooling
18 Create Cut Plot.

In the Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Results, right-
click the Cut Plots icon and select Insert.
In the Section plane or Planar face box, replace the Front view
plane with the Top view plane and set Offset to -0.005m.
In the Display dialog, click Contours and Vectors .
Select the Temperature and increase Number of Levels to 50.
Click OK to close the Cut Plot window.
28.30
27.66
27.D1
26.37
25 .12
25.08
24.• 3
23.78
23.14
22. •9
21 .85
21 .20
20.55
19.91
Temperature 1•CJ
Cut Plot 1 contours
19 Hide Cut Plot 1.

n
135
Electronics Cooling
u
20 Create surface plot.
Make sure the Enclosure<!> and the Top and Bottom Covers< l >
are either transparent or hidden.
In the Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Results, right-
click Surface plot and select Insert.
From the Solid Works Feature Manager Tree, select Chip< 1>,
Chip<2>, Chip<3>,Chip<4>, Substrate<!>, and Stand-offs<!> so
that all items appear in the Selection area.
Under Display, select the Contours button.
Specify Temperature (Solid) and increase Number of Levels to 50.
Click OK.
28.30
27.67
27.03
26.40
25.76
25.13
24.49
23.86
23.22
22.59
21.95
21.32
20.69
20 .05
21 View flow trajectory.

In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Flow Trajectories
and select Insert.
Select the Right Plane as a reference.
Under Appearance, from the Draw trajectories as list, select Line
with Arrows.
In the Width text box, enter a value of0.00075 m.
Under Constraints, in the Maximum length text box, enter a value of
0.75m.
Click OK.
136
0
Electronics Cooling
22 View results.
Under Results, right-click on Goal Plots and select Insert.
Under Goals select the All button and Physical time for Abscissa.
An Excel spreadsheet opens. The spreadsheet will show the summary
of goal temperatures for each chip as a function of physical time.
-"-
• A: ..
,_
___
-- ...
,..-
,
tt --..~ _ _..
23 View the plot.

In the Excel file, select the Temperature (Solid) tab at the bottom of
the spreadsheet. This plot shows the temperature of each chip as a
function of physical time.
COMPliTER_CHIP.SLDASM (Transient Heat Source]
· - ~·
/"-,(. ~ '.L:t_
"
VI I ~~
I
Y..... ./ 1/ I
- GGU• T•mptratltn! ISOIW) J

-YGMM Tem.-mure ISold)l
- VGM.a ltmtM!ratuno ISMII)l
-VGMa T~rmn ISM~~) i
-YGMMT--.p~tntultfSold)•
.. • •
-
I
f---
.
Pllopk:alti-.ltl
-
In the Excel file, you can select the Plot Data tab sheet to see the actual
values used to make the previous plot.
137
----------------------------------------------
u
Exercise6
Electronics Cooling
SolidWorks 2013 u
u
-._)
(_)
u
(_;
u
u
Lj
\.....)
..._)
u
\-J
u
u
l)
u
u
..........
w
\....)
u
u
u
\_)
u
w
w
u
u
\....)
u
u
138
w
)
Lesson 5
• Create a steady state conjugate heat transfer analysis for a cold
plate using a real gas.
• Define multiple fluid regions.
• Use real gases.
• Create temperature plots in the solid and fluid regions.
n
n
r
139
Lesson 5
SolidWorks 2013
u
LJ
Case Study: In this lesson, we will perform a steady state conjugate heat transfer
Heated Cold analysis using a real gas and multiple fluid domains. Multiple fluid
Plate regions will be defined. We will learn to properly post-process the
results of this type of analysis by creating various cut plots through the
results.
Project A heated cold plate sits in an u
Description open air filled environment.
Heat is generated at 200 W on
the top surface of the plate.
The plate is cooled by a Outlet
cooling tube as shown in the
figure below. The tube
contains R-123 at -5 °C ~et
flowing at 0.00 I kg/s through
the inlet.
Determine the steady state temperature distribution through the plate
and surrounding air.
Process Using the Wizard, the transient heat transfer analysis can be
created.
• Define fluid subdomain.
Because more than one fluid exists in the model, a separate fluid
subdomain must be defined.
The conditions for the fluid flow into and out of the enclosure must
be defined.
• Apply heat source.
A way for heat to enter the model also needs to be defined.
have information for after the analysis is run.

0
140
u
Conjugate Heat Conjugate heat transfer is the combination of convection and

Transfer conduction heat exchange. By default, SolidWorks Flow Simulation
considers the heat transfer due to convection within a fluid, however
will not consider conduction through solids. This option must be
selected when defining the simulation.
Real Gases In addition to the Navier-Stokes equations, Flow Simulation uses state
equations to solve its problems. In general, gases are considered ideal.
This means that the size of the gas molecules is neglected. The
intermolecular forces between molecules are also neglected. This
allows the pressure in the gas to be directly related to the temperature.
If the considered gas gets near the gas-liquid phase transition or above
the critical point (i.e. becomes supercritical fluid), the ideal gas state
equation can no longer describe the gas behavior properly (e.g. the
Joule-Thomson effect) due to the increased intermolecular forces
having an effect on the pressure. A real gas fluid should be selected
from the Engineering Database, so that the real gas state equations are
used.
SolidWorks Flow Simulation allows users to use real gases in a broad
range of parameters, including both sub- and supercritical regions.

Open Liquid Cold Plate from the Lesson05\Case Study folder.
2 Create a Project.
Using the Wizard, create a new project with properties as follows :

name "Default"
Project name "Conjugate Heat Transfer"
Select the Gravity box.
TheY-Component -9.81 m/s"2 is the correct direction and value for this
analysis.
Database of In the Fluids list, under Gases, double-click Air to add it to the Project
Fluids Fluids. Also, add Refrigerant R-123 (Real Gases) under Real Gases.
Make sure the Default fluid type is set to Air (Gases) by deselecting the
check box for Refrigerant R-123 (Real Gases).
141
Solids Default solid should be set to Aluminum under the Metals list. L)
Wall conditions The default Roughness value ofO micro meter is acceptable for this .._)
analysis.
'-...)
u
Results & Set the Result resolution to 3.
Geometry Select the Manual specification of the minimum gap size and enter a Li
Resolution value of0.007874 m.
enter a value of0.000889 m.
Note The above parameter values specifying the minimum gap size and wall
thickness relate to the inner diameter of the pipe and its wall thickness.
3 Set computational domain.
Under the Input Data folder, right-click Computational Domain
and select Edit Definition. Set the size of the computational domain to
the following values:
L)
Size (meters)
X max: 0.5
u
X min: -0.25
Ymax: 0.25
Ymin: -0.10
u
Zmax: 0.50
u
Zmin: -0.25
u
u
The computational domain around the model can affect the results and ..._)
must be large enough to allow the flow to develop correctly and reduce
the effects of any gradients which occur around the model. The domain U
specified in this lesson is designed to minimize the CPU time and RAM
required to solve, yet still give reasonably accurate results.
Li
142
u
4 Set the fluid subdomain. !:"~ f1uid Subdoman1 ~
Right-click Fluid Subdomain in the Solid Works ~ x

Flow Simulation analysis tree and select Insert fSdodloo
Fluid Subdomain. fill ~!I!I!!IIU~I! I'll,
"
Select an internal face of the tube that is filled
with R-123. I~. Global Coo<<inale Sydem
i ..- -'L3
Under Fluid Type, deselect Air {Gases) and
Fluids A
select Refrigerant R-123 {Real Gases). fUd type:
Click on the Thermodynamic Parameters

1.._,...,..._.,_ ·I
double arrows to expand the option. Enter -5 oc . . ( Ga=) ~
Refngeront R-123 ( Ga= ll1J
for the temperature {T).

Click OK. ~
l
I Add A;d. •. I
~ -- w.j
11w:s .......-:~ .-
p 101325Pa HJ {B
T 5"C - - [!j (B
2]-potzntlal
5 Inlet boundary condition. lr_. Doundary Condition _ ? •
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, ~ x

under Input Data, right-click the Boundary Sdodioo
"
Conditions icon and select Insert Boundary
Condition.
f~ D
Select the inner face of the fluid port (see the !!J
,ft. Face Coordnate S)"lem
figure at the beginning of this lesson). Refe'ence am: C"'3
In the Boundary Conditions window, under Type ~
Type, click the Flow openings button and select @~8
Inlet Mass Flow. HtSie@J;.t
IrietVoh.meAow
.
Under Flow Parameters, enter 0.001 kg/s as the
JnetVelooty
IrietMachNI..I!tler
Ou~t Ma:s Row E
.
--
OUtlet Vobnr: Row
mass flow rate. OUIJetVelodty
Under Thermodynamic Parameters, leave the ~

r (f)~hf)
default inlet temperature of -5°C.
Click OK.
l m 0.001 kg/s
io) Unfonn
El ~developed flow
..;., (!:)
{B
~- A
-P ~ i~ (B
T -5"C fB (B
143
6 Setting outlet boundary conditions.

A pressure condition will be used to identify the outlet condition. If the u
pressure is not known at the outlet, an ambient static pressure condition
can usually be used as the boundary condition across the outlet face.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Input Data,
right- click the Boundary Conditions icon and select Insert u
Boundary Condition. u
Select the inner face of the other outlet port.
In the Boundary Conditions window, under Type, click the Pressure
openings button and select Static Pressure.
Click OK accepting the default ambient values for pressure and
temperature.
7 Define Heat Source. -.,_)
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click on Heat
Sources and select Insert Surface Source. u
Select the top surface of the Cold Plate (see the figure).
Under Parameter, click the Heat Generation Rate button and enter
200W.
u
,.
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.f., Face Coordnate System

Refrrencr Dis: E===:J
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Click OK. LJ
icon and select Insert Global Goal.
In the Parameter list, click the Max check boxes for both the
Temperature (Fluid) and the Temperature (Solid).
Click OK.
144
9 Run the project.

Make sure that the Load results check box is checked.
Click Run .
The solver should take approximately 20 minutes to run on a 3 GHz P4
platform.
10 Monitor the Solver.
In the Solver window, click Insert Goal Plot on the Solver toolbar.
The Add/Remove Goals window appears. Select the Add All check
box.
Click OK.
Goals Plot in the In the Goals window, each defined goal will be listed. Here you can see
Solver Window the current value and graph for each goal as well as the current progress
towards completion given as a percentage. The progress value is only
an estimate, and the rate of progress generally increases with time.
Once the solution has achieved convergence and the solver is finished,
continue on with the next step. You can also close the Solver monitor
window.
11 Change display transparency.

In the Flow Simulation menu, select Results, Display, Transparency
and set the Model Transparency to 0.75.
12 Show surface plots.
Under the Results folder, right-click the Surface Plots icon and
select Insert.
Click the top surface of the Cold plate.
Under Display, select the Contours button.
Select Temperature (Solid) and set the Number of Levels slider to
120.
Click OK.
9717
90 70
84 23
1776
71 .29
64 82
58 35
51 BB
45 41
3895
3248
26 01
19 54
13 07
Temperature
n
145
13 View Air Mass Cut Plot.

Hide the Surface Plot.
Under the Results folder, right-click on the Cut Plot icon and select
Insert.
Select Top as the Section Plane.
Change the Offset value to 0.02915 m to cut through the pipe filled
with refrigerant liquid.
Expand the Parameter pull down list and select Add Parameter.
Expand the Main list and check Mass Fraction of Air.
Click OK to close the Customize Parameter List window.
Back in the Cut Plot definition window, select Mass Fraction of Air as
the parameter to plot.
\._)
Click OK again to close the Cut Plot definition window.
CJ
The air surrounding the cold plate will be red, representing an air mass
fraction of l. The liquid cooling pipes filled with R-123 will be blue,
representing an air mass fraction of 0.
146
14 View Temperature Cut Plot.

Edit the parameter in the Cut Plot l and change it to Temperature.
The cut plot shows the temperature distribution in both the air and the
R- 123 refrigerant.
15 View Temperature Cut Plot in the vertical plane.
Define a new Cut Plot in the vertical plane. Use the SolidWorks Right
plane as reference and specifY 0.049 m for the Offset.
9717
~ 89.31
81.45
73.59
65.73
5787
50.01
• 215
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10.72
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Temperature r c1
CutPklt1 contours
Cut Pkll2' COnlotJf S
16 Animate cut plot.

Animate the previous cut plot to see the variation ofthe temperature as
the vertical cut plane slides through the model.
Summary In this lesson a conjugate heat transfer analysis was performed on a hot
plate sitting in air. A tube with R-123 was used to cool the hot plate. A
real gas was used to model the R-123 in the simulation and it was seen
that the gas was actually a liquid. The results of the model were post-
processed using cut plots.
147
Heat Exchanger with Multiple Fluids
Exercise 7: In this exercise, we will perform a steady state thermal analysis on a

Heat Exchanger copper heat exchanger.
with Multiple This exercise reinforces the following skills:
Fluids • Conjugate Heat Transfer on page 141.
• Introducing: Engineering Goals on page 27.
• Post-processing on page 34.
Problem A copper heat exchanger Air inlet

Statement is used to transfer heat
between air and water
systems.
450 K of hot air is
entering the heat
exchanger (at the inlet
indicated in the figure) at
a rate of 0.15 kg/s. Water
is pushed through the heat
exchanger at a rate of J... Water inlet
0.1 kg/s. The objective of
this exercise is to obtain the temperature profile in both media.
Open HX from the Lesson05\Exercises folder.
2 Create a project.

name "Default"
Project name "Heat Exchanger"
Unit system 51 {m-kg-s)
Physical Features Select the Exclude cavities without flow conditions check box.
Select the Heat conduction in Solids check box.
Database of In the Gases list, double-click Air.
Fluids In the Liquids list, double-click Water.
Under Default Fluid make sure the box is checked for Air (Gases).
Solids Default solid should be set to Copper.
148

Geometry Select the Manual specification of minimum wall thickness check
Resolution box.
In the Minimum wall thickness box, enter a value of0.02 m.
Click Finish.
n 3 Set computational domain.

Exploiting half symmetry, it is only necessary to examine the flow
through half the model. In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis
tree, under the Input Data folder, right-click Computational
Domain and select Edit Definition.
In the Size and Conditions dialog, specify 0 m and Symmetry for At
X min.
n Click OK.
Important! Though two fluids have been defined in the wizard, Flow Simulation
needs to be told where these liquids flow through the model. Thus,
Fluid Subdomains must be created. The two sub-domains must be
independent and must not have any mixing.
4 Define air sub-domain.
Right-click Fluid Subdomains in the
Input data folder and select Insert Fluid
Subdomain.
Select the inner surface of the inlet of the
outer shell.
Make sure that the Air check box is
selected.
Under the Thermodynamic Properties list, enter 450 K for the
Temperature.
Click OK.
5 Define water sub-domain.
Follow the same procedure to define the
fluid sub-domain for Water.
Use the water inlet, as shown in the
figure.
Do not modify the temperature and
pressure - this information remains
unknown.
149
6 Specify water inlet boundary

condition.
Create a Fully developed, Inlet Mass
flow of0.05 kg/s (remember, however,
we are using the half symmetry so the
total mass flow is 0.1 kg/s) on the inner
surface ofthe inlet of the tube.
Rename this to Water Inlet Mass Flow.
7 Specify air inlet boundary condition.

Create a Fully developed Inlet Mass flow
of0.075 kg/s (once again, because of half u
symmetry, the total mass flow is 0.15 kg/s)
on the inner surface of the inlet of the outer
shell.
Under Thermodynamic parameters,
make sure that the Temperature field
reads 450 K.
Click OK.
Rename this condition to Air Inlet Mass Flow.
8 Specify air and water outlet conditions.
In both cases, specifY an Environment Pressure boundary condition
with the default Pressure and Temperature of101325 Pa and
293.2 K, respectively.
Rename these conditions to Air Outlet and Water Outlet.
u
9 Define air outlet surface goal.

Using the Air Outlet boundary condition, define a Temperature
(Fluid) (Average value) surface goal.
L)
150
10 Define water outlet surface goal.

Using the Water Outlet boundary condition, define Temperature
(Fluid) (Average, Minimum, and Maximum values) surface goals.
Also, define a Mass Flow rate surface goal as a sanity check.
r 11 Run the SolidWorks Flow Simulation project.
r 12 Create Cut Plot.

Create a Temperature Cut Plot using Contours on the Right plane.
45000
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413 82
401 76
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13 Examine surface parameters.

Evaluate the surface parameters on the outlet face of the water.
14 Create Goal Plot.
Create goal plot using the water outlet average temperature of fluid
surface goal.
HX.SLDASM [Heat Exchanger]
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151
Exercise 7
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152 u
Lesson 6
EFD Zooming
r
n Objectives Upon successful completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
• Use EFD Zooming to solve complex models.
• Properly apply transferred boundary conditions.
r
r
153
Lesson 6
EFDZooming
SolidWorks 2013 u
Case Study: In Lesson 3: Thermal Analysis, we performed an analysis on an

Electronics electronics enclosure. We simplified the model so that it could be
Enclosure reasonably run, however the run time was still significant. In addition,
we noted that the maximum temperature of the heat sink may not have
been adequate. A design change was proposed where the heat sink
would be repositioned. In addition, the heat sink could be redesigned
with thicker fins.
In this lesson we will attempt to investigate the effect of repositioning
the heat sink. Rather than run the full model twice, we will use a
technique known as EFD Zooming to allow us to run the simulations
faster.
Project The goal of this lesson is to minimize
Description the temperature of the heat sink. To
do this, we will investigate two
different heat sink positions as shown
in the figure.
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In the former lesson, it was
determined that the temperature of the
heat sink was near the maximum
allowable temperature. For that
reason, a more refined mesh is needed
I •
in the area of the heat sink to properly
resolve the temperature. This could be Design A Design B
easily achieved with a local initial
mesh, however we would also be sacrificing significant computation
time. In addition, to evaluate both designs, the model would be solved
twice; further increasing computations. In this lesson, we will use a
different approach called EFD Zooming.
EFD Zooming EFD Zooming is a technique that allows users to focus in on singular
areas of interest while still accounting for flow fields surrounding that
area. An overall model can be run quickly with a coarse mesh to solve
for the flow field throughout. Using the results from this overall model,
transferred boundary conditions can be applied to a "zoomed-in" model
that focuses only on the area of interest. The "zoomed" model can have
a finer mesh to better resolve the flow field and heat distribution in that
area ofhigher importance.
To solve this model using EFD Zooming, we will first replace the heat
sink with a generic dummy body. We will then solve for only the flow
field and heat distribution in the overall model. The heat sink will then
be placed back into the model. We will then set up a zoomed-in model
with a computational domain focusing only on the heat sink. The
boundary conditions from the overall model will be transferred to the
zoomed model. From here, we can make our design changes and we
will only need to re-solve the zoomed model.
u
154
EFDZoomlng
Stages in the • Insert dummy heat sink.

Process The heat sink will be removed from the model and replaced with a
simple block. This will allow for much easier meshing of the model
that will improve the solve time. In addition, the flow field results
will not be compromised because the general shape of the heat sink
will still be maintained by the solid.
• Solve overall model.
The overall model will be solved with the dummy body.
• Solve zoomed model.
The boundary conditions calculated in the overall model will be
used to solve the zoomed model.
• Design changes.
The heat sink will be re-positioned and the zoomed model will be
solved again. Note that you will not have to re-solve the overall
model because the boundary conditions will be the same.

Open PDES_E_Box_ l from the Lesson06\Case Study folder.
Make sure that project overall (configuration Dummy heat sink) is
active.
2 Review the study.
A flow simulation study has been
created that is associated with this
configuration. Review it and notice
that everything is the same as in
Lesson 3: Thermal Analysis.
The only difference is that the heat
sink has been replaced with a simple
block.
3 Heat source.
A 3 Wheat source has been applied to the heat sink dummy to match
the 3 W that is generated by the actual heat source.
r This study has already been solved and the results are included.
Load the results and review them.
155
EFDZooming
Discussion By replacing the complicated heat sink with a dummy box, we have
significantly simplified the mesh and computation without significantly
sacrificing the accuracy of our overall results. In the overall model, we
are only interested in how the flow and heat behave in general
throughout the computational domain. Replacing the heat sink with a
similarly shaped box will have little affect on the flow and heat in the
overall model.
5 Create a Project.
Activate the CFD - l Fan - a configuration.
Configuration Use current:

name ucFD - l Fan - a"
Project name uzooming a"

Unit system Sl (m·kg-s)
Database of In the Fluids list, under Gases, double-click Air to add it to the Project
Fluids Fluids.
Solids Default solid should be set to Insulator under the Glasses and
Minerals list.
Wall conditions The default Roughness value ofO micrometer is acceptable for this
analysis.
Geometry Activate Manual specification of the minimum gap size and enter
Resolution 1.778mm as the Minimum gap size.
156
EFDZooming
r 6 Define Computational Domain size.

Under the Input Data folder, right-click Computational Domain
and select Edit Definition.
Set the size of the computational domain to the following values:
r Size (meters)
X max: -0.03175
X min: -0.08
Ymax: 0.0298
Ymin: -0.0065
r Zmax: 0.1416
Zmin: 0.065
Click OK.
EFD Zooming - SpecifYing the proper computational domain for the zoomed study is
Computational very important and guidelines must be followed:
Domain
• The flow and solid parameters taken from the overall study at the
zoomed domain boundaries must be as uniform as possible.
• The zoomed domain boundaries should not lie too close to the
object of interest.
• The boundary conditions transferred at the boundaries must be
consistent with the problem statement.
In our model, we are focusing only on the heat sink, therefore our
computational domain has been adjusted accordingly. The top, bottom,
back, and right walls of the enclosure have been included in the
domain. The enclosure is assumed insulated and will not influence the
main chip temperature since it is also insulated by the airflow
separating the two. The walls that are not enclosed by the enclosure
will use the transferred boundary condition.
157
EFDZooming
\....)
7 Apply materials.
Under Input Data, right-click Solid Materials and select Insert w
Solid Material. Apply the Aluminum to the heat sink. Li
Repeat the procedure to apply PCB-4 LBiYers to the green PCB called
SPS_PC_Board. Use Y axis of the Global Coordinate System under
the Anisotropy dialog to specify proper material orientation (see step 8
on page 94 for more information).
Note Heat conduction in solids is activated, therefore we must define
material properties. In addition, these material properties should be the
same as those that were specified in the overall model for the boundary
conditions to be transferred properly.
Introducing: Transferred Boundary Conditions allows you to focus your

Transferred simulation on a specific region within the model. The simulation uses
Boundary results obtained from a previous calculation as the boundary conditions
Conditions for the current simulation. The Transferred Boundary Condition is
applied in three steps:
1. Selecting Boundaries
You select the boundaries of the current project to be transferred
from the results of the previous project (i.e. X max, X min, etc.).
2. Selecting Results to Transfer
You select the project from which the results will be transferred to
the current simulation.
3. Specifying Type of Condition
You select the flow field parameters whose values will be
transferred.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Transferred Boundary Conditions in

the Flow Simulation analysis tree and click Insert Transferred
Boundary Condition \._I
Features • , Transferred Boundary Condition L.i
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Insert, Transferred Boundary L)
Condition
Note To add Transferred Boundary Conditions to the Flow Simulation
w
analysis tree, right-click your study an select Customize Tree, then
choose Transferred Boundary Conditions.
158
EFDZooming
8 Transferred Boundary Condition.

From the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Insert, Transferred
Boundary Condition.
Select X min from the Computational domain boundaries list and
click Add. Repeat this process to add Z min.
Click Next.
Select Flow Simulation project and click Browse.
n Select the overall project from the list and click OK.
Click Next.
Select Ambient as the Boundary condition type.
Click Finish.
Note Because heat conduction in solids is used in both the overall model as
well as the zoomed model, the solid temperatures are taken from the
overall model and transferred to the zoomed model as part of the
r Transferred boundary condition. In addition, by selecting Ambient
as the type, the conditions at the boundaries in the overall model will be
transferred to the zoomed model in the same way that ambient
conditions are treated in external analysis.
9 Apply heat source.
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the Heat Source icon
and select Insert Volume Source.
Select the heat sink part and apply 3 Was the Heat Generation Rate.
Click OK.
r In the Volume Goals dialog window, in the Parameter list, find
r Select the check box in the Max column.
In the Solid Works FeatureManager design tree, select Heat Sink to
r update the Components to Apply Volume Goal list.
Click OK.
Tip We will wait on running this project so that we can set up our project
with the design change, then use Batch Run to run both project.
159
u
EFDZooming
L..t
Introducing: Clone
Project
Clone Project allows you to copy the project to a new configuration if
you would like to change settings, but keep the results of the previous u
project. Once the settings are changed, you can re-run the project and
view the new results to compare them to the initial design.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click the project name in the Flow
Simulation analysis tree and click Clone Project
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Clone Project ~
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Project, Clone Project
11 Clone Project. ::.Clone Project ?_
Right-click the project name in the Flow

Simulation analysis tree and select Clone Project.
Under Project Name enter Zooming b.
Under Configuration choose Select and check
~
•
tcl !Scloct ·I
the checkbox next to CFD - l Fan - b. !g l;;! defoUt · b
:J !:Unnyhoatri
.
1g a=o-1Fan-a
~
The checkbox next to Copy results should 1) CFD·IF..,·b
·- .
remain unchecked. :J CFD ·IF"' ·o(l)
Click OK.
You will get two warning messages about the geometry and
computational domain. Click No through these message. To compare
the two models, we need the same computational domain and mesh
settings in both simulations.
This step will create a new project Zooming b associated with
configuration CDF - l Fan- b. All of the settings from the previous
project will be copied into the new project.
CJ
u
160
w
EFDZooming
Introducing: Batch You can use Batch Run to solve sets of projects in a prescribed order
Run or simultaneously.
Where to Find It • Menu: Flow Simulation, choose: Solve, Batch Run
n 12 Batch Run.
From the Flow Simulation menu, choose: Solve, Batch Run.
Select the Solve box for the CFD - l Fan - a and CFD - l Fan - b
projects.
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Click Run.
Note You can also move the order at which to solve them or choose to solve
them simultaneously if you have available processors. Also, if we
chose to solve all three projects simultaneously, the overall model
would need to be solved first because it's results are used in the other
two projects as the Transferred Boundary Condition. If your system
features more processors and sufficient amount of memory, the fastest
way to obtain a solution is to request simultaneous calculation of both
projects with half of the total number ofCPUs allocated to each.
13 Create cut plot.
Activate project Zooming a
53.84
(configuration CFD - l Fan- a) 51.52
49.19
and load the results. 46.86
44.54
In the Flow Simulation analysis 42.21
3!1.88
tree, under Results, right-click the 37.56
35.23
Cut Plots icon and select Insert. 32.90
30.58
28.25
In the Section plane or Planar 25.92
23.60
face box, select the Top view plane Temperature rcJ
with an Offset of Smm.
Cu1Ptot1
In the Display dialog, tum

Contours on.
Select Temperature and increase Number of levels to 100.
Click OK to close the Cut Plot window.
161
EFDZoomlng
Introducing: To enhance users' ability to compare various designs and make

Compare decisions on the most effective modifications, SolidWorks Flow
Configuration Mode Simulation allows you to easily compare results from various projects.
It is possible to compare active scenes (result plots), goals or point,
surface and volume parameters. Comparison can be presented in both
the graphical and numerical formats.
Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Results in the Flow Simulation

analysis tree and click Compare
• CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Compare
• Menu: Flow Simulation, Results, Compare
Use in Instructions Choose from active scene, goals or any defined parameter. Then select
any number of solved projects and click Compare.
14 Compare results.
Keep the cut plot view from step 13 active.
In the Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Results
and select Compare.
On the Definition tab of the compare widget, in the Data to Compare
section, select Active Scene and Goal Plot 1.
In the Projects to Compare section select CFD - l Fan - a and CFD
- l - Fan - b projects.
~ Compo,. ! • II <4» C
iH C
10<! llolinla1 II !dt<o Scone l'lr Gooll'lcll
Daa ID Compare Prqocts to c:on.,_
:J!Ztjlleds ~
~
"'eCll"'-"
...... (ovonol] El
~~ Scene J CIJ CFD · l F"' · blCFD · l r.n -b) ~
CIJ CFD-1 Fan-~fl)ICFD - 1 Fao! - a 1111 Iii
~-_toN1
Click Compare.
162
EFDZooming
15 Active scenes comparison.

Switch to the Active Scene tab.
CFD • lFan • b [CFD • 1 F<n · b] CFD lFan a ( 1)[CFD • 1 F<n · a (1)]
r
The comparison indicates that the difference in the two heat sink
configuration is minimal.
Note To enlarge any of the two plots, double click it. Also, the active scene
(result plot) requested in the comparison widget does not need to be
defined in other projects. Flow Simulation will create them in the
selected projects automatically.
16 Goals comparison.
Switch to the Goal Plot 1 tab .
... Comporo •
,~ llolnDl J ktivoScone Jii'I.Gool Ploll._l- - - - - - - - - - -

[Ej Toble ) ~ Chort I .,. · ~
Goo! CFD·l Fon · b[tfll·l F"' · b] CFD · l F"' · o(l) [tfll ·l F"'·o(liJ
IA:l Mo. T.....,..,... (Said} 1 rq 55 73 53.86
The numerical comparison shows that both configurations result in

very similar maximum temperatures.
163
EFDZooming
Click the Chart button to show the graphical comparison of the goal
from both selected projects .
... c..,.,.,. .
Oolnlon hme Sane Ill. Gaol Pial I
EJ Toble (~ Chlrt ~ "'" ·~ '-----
1 V1l Max Temperature (SOld) 1
~=:
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=o=~::~:::~~~~
55.00
; 54.50
10 51.00 -
~ 53.5050
~ 150 250 350 150
IIE!ratilns [ 1 ~ ~
Notice that the graph indicates nearly the same maximum temperature.
Note Additional options allow you to change the abscissa, displayed value
and to export data to Excel.
Click OK to close the compare configuration widget.
17 Save and close the assembly.
Summary As it turns out, the difference in the two heat sink configurations is
minimal. This was not immediately apparent when the problem was
formulated.
To use the EFD Zooming technique, we simplified the overall model so
that it could be run faster. The block representing the heat sink was a
good enough approximation to solve for the overall flow field in the
model. The heat sink was then placed back into the zoomed model and
the boundary conditions were transferred to the boundaries of the
zoomed computational domain. Careful guidelines for defining the
computational domain in the zoomed model were noted and followed
as closely as possible.
The EFD Zooming technique allowed us to quickly analyze both
designs and get a better estimate for the temperature distribution
around the solid. We also used Batch Run to run our projects
simultaneously.
Results from both projects were conveniently postprocessed using the
Compare configuration mode. This mode allowed us to display results
plots, goals and parameters side by side and make the necessary design
conclusions more easily.
164
r
r
n
Lesson 7
Porous Media
n
r
r
• Create a flow analysis using the porous media option.
• Use the Component Control command.
r
• Evaluate velocity profiles.
r
n
165
Porous Media
Case Study: In this lesson, we will use the porous media capability of Flow
Catalytic Simulation to analyze flow through a catalytic converter. We will use
Converter dummy bodies within the flow field to apply engineering goals. We
will compare two different porous designs and evaluate their
performance based on the development of the flow fields through the
cross section of the model.
Problem Gases released from, the engine
Description during combustion are often very
toxic and need processing before
being released to the atmosphere.
The catalytic converter us used to
reduce the toxicity of the Inlet
emissions.
Flow enters the exhaust at 12 m/s.
The gases travel through the exhaust piping and enter the catalytic
converter where it is met with the substrate of the converter. The
substrate is coated with the catalyst that will react with the gases to
transform the toxic gases. A large substrate with a lot of surface area
will allow the most reaction with the gases, however it will also restrict
the flow of the exhaust gases. In addition, uniformly developed flow
u
entering the substrate will allow for the most efficient use of the
converter because the entire substrate will work equally.
We will use the porous media capability of Flow Simulation to model
the substrate due to its complicated geometry. In this lesson, we will
use two different types of porous media and evaluate which is most
suitable for our application.
Process Using the Wizard, the internal analysis can be created.
be defined.
• Define the porous media.
Define the properties of the porous media and disable the solid
body that is being defined as porous.
• Declare calculation goal.
The defined calculation goal will be used to evaluate the results.

166
Porous Media

Open Catalyst from the Lesson07\Case Study folder.
2 Create Project.
Create a new study using the Wizard with the following settings:

name "Default"
Project name "Isotropic"
Unit system SI (m-kg-s)

Wall conditions In the Default outer wall thermal condition list, select Adiabatic
wall.
Initial conditions Default
Results & Geometry Default

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis
tree, under Input Data, right-click the
Boundary Conditions icon and select
Apply an Inlet Velocity of12 m/s to the
inside face of the lid covering the inlet.
Note The velocity can also be defined as a function. To achieve this, click
r the Dependency button !B under Flow Parameters. Be sure to set the
proper coordinate system to define a variable velocity definition with
respect to a given direction.
n
167
Porous Media

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation
analysis tree, under Input Data, right-
click Boundary Condition and select
Select the inside face of the channel on the
other end converter body.
Under Type, click the Pressure Openings
button and select Static Pressure.
Click OK, accepting the default ambient
values.
u
Porous Media SolidWorks Flow Simulation is able to treat some solid bodies as
porous media with a certain resistance to fluid flow. The Engineering
Database of Flow Simulation has various materials with
predetermined properties that define the material porosity. In addition,
the porosity properties can be entered by the user.
Porosity The Porosity is defined as the total fluid volume divided by the total ...J
volume of the porous media. Therefore, a value of0.5 means that 50% w
of the porous media is fluid. The porosity governs the flow velocity in
the porous medium channels. u
Permeability Type Our porous screen is defined as isotropic, which is to say that the
porosity of the media is the same in every direction. The other options
for the Permeability Type are: Unidirectional, Axisymmetrical, or
Orthotropic. Similarly to defining elastic and thermal properties, the
resistance can be defined in given directions under the Permeability
type property.
Resistance The resistance is how the flow is resisted by the porous medium. It can
be defined by an input plot with respect to pressure drop, flow rate, or
model dimensions. In addition, it can be defined with respect to
velocity. This parameter is something that needs to be determined
beforehand as it is a property of the porous body.
168
Porous Media
5 Define Porous Media.

First, we have to define the properties of the porous media in the
Engineering Database.
In the Flow Simulation menu, select Tools, Engineering Database.
Expand the Porous Media folder. Right-click User Defined and
select New Item.
Click the Item Properties tab.
In the Name box, type Isotropic.
In the Porosity box, type 0.5.
For the Permeability type property make sure Isotropic is selected.
For the Resistance calculation formula property, click in the value
field and use the down arrow to select Dependency on velocity.
Note In our case, the resistance to flow (or permeability) of the media will
vary with the flow velocity. The equation that will define this parameter
is k - (AxV+B)/r (named Dependency on velocity), where Vis the fluid
velocity and r is fluid density, A and Bare constants. You specify A
[kg/m" 4] and B [kg/(sxm"3)] only (V and rare calculated). Usually
these values are supplied by the porous media manufacturer.
In the A box, type the value 57 kg/mA4.
In the B box, type the value 0.
Click File, Save.
Click File, Exit.
Databao lree.
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169
Porous Media
6 Customize SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree.

In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the study Isotropic
and select Customize tree.
Click Porous Media.
Click in the graphics area to finish customizing the Flow Simulation
analysis tree.
7 Set porous conditions.
Right-click Porous Media in the Flow Simulation analysis tree and
select Insert Porous Medium.
Select the two Monolith parts from the Graphics window.
In the Porous Medium box, expand the User Defined folder and
select the Isotropic porous media created in the previous step.
Click OK to close the Porous Media window.
Rename the porous medium Isotropic.
Dummy Bodies Often times, you may want to have goals set up for specific regions of
your model where there is no SolidWorks geometry to select. Without
the geometry, there is no reference to select for the creation of the goal.
In situations such as these, we can use dummy Solid Works geometry to
define geometry in these regions. If this technique is used be sure that
Component Control is used to disable the body in the flow, otherwise
it would affect the flow field.
In our model, we may be interested
in the flow just as it enters into the
catalytic converter. That way we
could calculate the pressure drop
from the inlet to the converter. In
addition, we could calculate the
pressure drop across the converter
itself. A dummy body has been
created at the inlet of the converter
to define goals at this location.
170
Porous Media

Simulation analysis tree, right-
click Goals, and select Insert
Surface Goals.
In the Parameter list, find Total
Pressure.
Beside the Total Pressure list
item, select the Av check box.
Select the two faces that define the inlet and outlet. Also, select the face
on the dummy body as shown in the figure.
Check Create a separate goal for each surface under Selection.
Rename the goals as shown in the figure above.
9 Disable dummy body.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis ~ x
tree, right-click Input Data and select
Component Control.
In the Component Control dialog, disable
Dummy Body.
Click OK.
SolidWorks Flow Simulation treats the
disabled component as a fluid region with the default fluid initial
conditions.
Note The two Monolith bodies should also be disabled. This should happen
by default when they are defined as porous media.
icon and select Insert Equation Goal.
Select the Inlet Total Pressure goal, click-, then select the Mid-
Total Pressure goal.
Click OK.
Rename this goal Pipe Drop.
Repeat this process to define a goal for the pressure drop across the
catalytic converter.
Name this goal Converter Drop.
12 Run the project.
Click Run.
171
Porous Media
13 Cut Plot.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation FeatureManager, right-click the
Cut Plots icon under Results and select Insert.
In the Section plane or Planar face box, select Plane2.
Under Display, click the Contours button.
Select Velocity and increase Number of Levels to 100.
Click OK.
17199
15 975
14 552
13 229
11 906
10 593
9 260
7 937
6 614
5 292
3 969
2 646
1 323
0
Velocily(rnls(
Cut Plot 1 contours

FlowTraJectones 1
Hide the cut plot when you are done reviewing.

14 Create flow trajectory.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation FeatureManager, right-click the
Flow Trajectories icon under Results and select Insert.
Click the Flow Simulation analysis tree tab.
Under Boundary conditions, click Inlet Velocity l item as the
reference.
Increase Number of Points to 60 and click OK.
172
0
Porous Media
Discussion From these two plots, we can easily see that much of the flow enters the
catalyst coated substrate at one single end. In the flow trajectory plot,
r we even see that there is some backtlow. Upon entering the substrate,
the flow then quickly begins to develop because it is retarded by the
porosity of the substrate. Upon reaching the outlet, the flow looks fully
developed. We can use XY Plots to verify this.
15 XY plot.
In the Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the XY
Plots icon and select Insert.
In the SolidWorks FeatureManager tree, select Sketchl and Sketch2.
Under Parameter list, select the Velocity (Z) check box.
Catalyst.SLDASM [Isotropic)
1 1 _j
173
Porous Media
Discussion The blue line of this plot is the z-velocity

distribution in the x-direction at the inlet
of the catalyst. The red line represents the
outlet. As we suspected, the flow is fully
developed when it reaches the outlet.
Looking at the inlet, we can also verify
that much of the flow enters through the
far side of the substrate. So much flow
enters through this side that there even
exists a back flow out of the first substrate
on the opposite side. We can see this
because the velocity is positive on that
side rather than negative.
Design With all the velocity entering the substrate on one end, the converter
Modification will wear on this side much quicker. One obvious way to correct this
would be to change the geometry of the inlet. Often times, however, the
converter must fit into a tight space and geometry modifications may
not always be possible. For this case, we will try a different type of
porous media.
16 Clone Project.
Right-click the project name in the Flow Simulation analysis tree and
select Clone Project.
Enter Uni-lso as the Project Name.
Under Configuration choose Use Current.
Click OK.
This will create a new project associated with configuration Default.
All of the settings from the previous project will be copied.
174
u
Porous Media
17 Define Porous Media.

In the Flow Simulation menu, select Tools, Engineering Database.
Expand the Porous Media folder. Right-click User Defined and
select New Item.
Click the Item Properties tab.
In the Name box, type Unidirectional.
In the Porosity box, type 0.5.
For the Permeability type property make sure Unidirectional is
selected.
For the Resistance calculation formula property, click in the value
field and use the down arrow to select Dependency on velocity.
In the A box, type the value 57 kgfmA4.
In the B box, type the value 0.
Click File, Save.
Click File, Exit.
Edit the definition of the Isotropic
porous medium and remove the
Monolith part that is closest to the
inlet. We will define this as the
Unidirectional porous medium
defined in the previous step.
Right-click Porous Media in the
Flow Simulation analysis tree and select Insert Porous Medium.
Select the Monolith part that is closest to the inlet.
In the Porous Medium box, expand the User Defined folder and
select the Unidirectional porous media created in the previous step.
Select Z as the reference Direction.
Click OK to close the Porous Media window.
Rename the porous medium Unidirectional.
19 Run the project.
Click Run.
175
Porous Media
20 Cut Plot.
Show the Cut Plot l that was created in the previous project.
11.217
15.893
14.569
13.244
11 .920
10.595
9.271
7.947
6.622
5.298
3.973
2.649
1.324
0
Velocity (mls(
Cut Plot 1: contours

Flow TraJectorie s 1
Hide the cut plot when you are done reviewing.

21 Create flow trajectory.
Show the Flow Trajectories l that was created in the previous
project.
17 217
15 893
14 569
13 244
11 920
10 595
9 271
7 947
6622
5 298
3 973
2 649
1 324
0
Velocity (mls]
Cut Plott contours

flow Trajectones 1
LJ
176
LJ
Porous Media
22 XY plot.
Edit the definition of the XY Plot l that was created in the previous
project.
Catalyst.SLDASM [Uni-lso)
r -• V· ,'\, ~ l • . •
I
U7
• • .
'
\
......_
r--. t-- \ f..--
f--' 1
\
n
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u ~'----=
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~lmJ
177
Porous Media
Discussion From these plots, we can see that the unidirectional porous medium
takes in a slightly more uniform flow field. This is because the flow can
only travel in one direction once it enters the unidirectional medium.
This could prove helpful in making the catalyst last longer.
Another way to evaluate the performance of the converter is the
amount of time it takes the flow to pass through the substrates. The
longer it takes, the more chance the flow has to react with the catalyst
to remove the toxic substances.
We can evaluate this by showing the cut
plots of the z-velocity in the two studies
with the same scale (shown to the right).
As we can see, the flow moves through
the unidirectional medium at a u
consistently low speed. The flow through
the isotropic medium may be
inconsistent, but reaches an even lower
speed at the end of the first medium.
This is because the flow in the isotropic
medium can expand in all directions,
allowing for the flow to slow
significantly quicker than in the
unidirectional medium.
Summary For the application of the catalytic converter, both the unidirectional u
and isotropic porous medium have their advantages. The unidirectional
medium forces a more uniform velocity distribution that would allow
the converter to wear evenly. The isotropic medium allows the gas to
expand much more easily, causing lower flow speeds which allow the
gas to spend more time with the catalyst providing for more efficient
conversion. Perhaps an optimal design would have a shorter
unidirectional medium to produce a more uniform flow field. A longer,
isotropic medium could then further expand the gases and allow for
more reaction.
We also showed that with the inlet on one side of the converter makes
for significant non-uniformities in the incoming flow with is
detrimental to the performance of the converter. Ifre-design was
possible, one might want the inlet to be head on so that the flow is
uniform when it reaches the first porous medium.
178
Channel Flow
Exercise 8: In this exercise, we will utilize the porous media capability to perform
Channel Flow an analysis of flow through a channel with a screen. We will use a
variable velocity profile when specifying the inlet boundary condition.
• Porous Media on page 168.
• Porosity on page 168.
Problem Cold air flow is forced through a porous screen within a channel. At the
Statement channel inlet the velocity profile is a function of the inlet height.
y
Example description with non-uniform inlet velocity profile
The channel height is 0.15m, the channel length is 0.65m, the porous
screen thickness is 0.0 I m. All walls have a thickness of 0.0 I m. The
flow through a channel is symmetric, therefore two dimensional
symmetry can be used to simplify the problem.
Non-uniform inlet velocity (Air)

Open Channel Assembly from the Lesson07 \ Exercises folder.
179
Channel Flow
2 Create Project.

name "Default"
Project name "Porous"
Unit system 51 (m-kg-s) LJ
Analysis Type Internal 0
Physical Features None u
Fluids
Wall conditions In the Default wall thermal condition list,
select Adiabatic wall.
Geometry Click Finish.
Resolution
Click OK.
Non-uniform Inlet A boundary condition is required to describe where the fluid enters or
Velocity exits the system and can be set as a Pressure, Mass Flow, Volume Flow
or Velocity. This exercise will include a variable inlet velocity profile,
as shown below.
Lesson 7 -Porous Media Inlet Velocity Profile
I
\
~ l- sonos11
y.,
.() 1 .()05 0.05 01

Curve Length - Y direction (m)
180
u
Channel Flow
3 Set computational domain to 2D.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Input Data,
right-click Computational Domain and select Edit Definition.
Under Type specify 2D flow in the XY plane.
Click OK.
4 Create variable inlet velocity.
analysis tree, under Input Data, right-
click the Boundary Conditions icon
and select Insert Boundary Condition.
Select the inside surface of the
SolidWorks feature representing the
inlet as shown in the figure.
Under Type, click the Flow openings button.
Still under Type, select Inlet Velocity.
Under Flow Parameters, click the Normal to face button. The
velocity profile will be specified in the table.
Click the Dependency button ~ -In the Dependency window, under

the Dependency type list, select F(y)- table.
Open the X-Velocity.xls file stored in the Lesson 7 folder. You can
copy the values from the table to the Design window. Highlight the
Excel data and use CTRL+C and CTRL V to copy the entries.
Alternatively, type in the following values:
Face Based- y
X- Velocity (m/s)
direction (m)
-0.075 m 0 m/s
-0.074333333 m 16.0341 m/s
-0.0726129 m 19.2855 m/s
-0.0653871 m 22.6 m/s
-0.0540323 m 22.6 m/s
-0.0433656 m 22.6 m/s
-0.0326989 m 22.6 m/s
-0.0227204 m 22.6 m/s
-0.013430 I m 22.562 rnls
181
Channel Flow
Face Based- y
X- Velocity (m/s)
direction (m)
-0.0027634 m 16.9184 m/s

-0.0020753 m 16.0875 m/s
0.0072151 m 12.693 m/s u
0.0175376 m 12.42 m/s
0.028204 m 13.0918 m/s u
0.039559 m 12.42 m/s
0.048505 m 11.7826 m/s
0.058484 m 9.97044 m/s
0.068462 m 8.38286 m/s
0.070183 m 8.97531 m/s
0.07328 m 8.68414 m/s
0.074312 m 7.96345 m/s u
0.074656 m 7.17069 m/s u
0.075 m 0 m/s
Click OK twice.
Note The y-coordinates are based on the face-based local coordinate system u
with an origin at the center of the selected face.
u
Tip To set the Global coordinate system for a Dependency boundary
condition, you should click in the window where the coordinate system u
is set and press the delete key on your keyboard. Instead of the local \_)
coordinate system, the global coordinate system will appear
automatically. u
182
1
Channel Flow
5 Apply outlet Boundary Condition.

analysis tree, under Input Data,
right-click Boundary Condition
[. I
~,...,_,_,J(...-.-.-•-
and select Insert Boundary L
Condition.
Select the inside face of the channel ~
on the other end of the inlet velocity.
Under Type, click the Pressure Openings button and select Static
Pressure.
Right-click Porous Media in the Flow Simulation analysis tree and
select Insert Porous Medium.
Select the Porous<l> part from the Graphics window.
In the Porous Medium box, expand the Pre-Defined folder and select
the Screen Material.
lick OK to close the Porous Media window.
7 Disable porous media. ~ Component Control
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation ~ x
analysis tree, right-click Input Data and
select Component Control.
In the Component Control dialog,
disable the part Porous<l>.
Click OK.
8 Set Engineering Goals.
Right-click Goals in the Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree and
select Insert Surface Goals.
In the Parameter list, find Static Pressure.
Beside the Static Pressure list item, select the Av check box.
Select the inlet face used for the velocity boundary condition. You can
also select the Inlet velocityl boundary condition from the
SolidWorks Flow Simulation feature manager tree and the inlet face
will be automatically updated to the Faces to Apply Surface Goal list.
Click OK.
9 Run the project.
Click Run.
183
Channel Flow
10 Set model Transparency.

In the Flow Simulation menu, select Results, Display, Transparency.
transparency to 0.75.
Click OK.
11 Create Cut Plot.
Using Plane!, create a cup plot showing the Velocity distribution.
Volocll'( (rnls(
Cut Plot 1: contours
Note Due to the user defined inlet velocity profile the velocity is highest near
the bottom of the channel.
12 Change the cut plot to show Dynamic Pressure.
311 29
297 35
nii•••••••••iiiji•••••••••••ijl
263 40
239 46
215 51
191 56
167 62
143 67
11973
95 79 '-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1: -
71 94
47_99
23 95
0 -·~
Dynamic Pressure [Pa]
Cut Plot 1 contours
Note You may need to add Dynamic Pressure to the list of the available
parameters. To do this, expand the Parameter pull down list and select
Add Parameter.
184
Channel Flow
13 Create XY-Piot near inlet and outlet.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click the XY
Plots icon and select Insert.
In the SolidWorks FeatureManager tree, select Sketch2 and Sketch3.
Under Parameter list, select the Velocity (X) check box.
channel assembly.SLDASM (Porous)
" -
I
~
I / _I
r I '
J f- 1----l
I _,.V I
~vr J
I
10 ~
•
I
-
... .... ..
'·"
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The porous screen has little effect on the velocity profile.
185
u
Exercise 8 SolidWorks 2013 ._)
Channel Flow
u
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186
LJ
r
n Lesson 8
• Set up problems using Rotating Reference Flow.
r
r
n
n
187
Lesson 8 SolidWorks 2013 L.)
Rotating SolidWorks Flow Simulation allows for the use of rotating reference
Reference frames within the computational domain. These rotating reference
Frame frames can be defined either globally or locally.
lfdefined globally, the model assumes that all of the walls rotate at the
same speed of the reference frame and that the corresponding Coriolis
and centrifugal forces are taken into account.
When defined locally, the rotating region is only applied to that area
(i.e. area around a fan or impeller). The region must be defined as a
component in the model to be defined as rotating. The flow within the
region is calculated using the rotating coordinate system, while the
flow in the rest of the model is calculated using the local coordinate
system. The flow field parameters at the interface of the two regions are
transferred as boundary conditions applied to the local region.
Case Study: In this lesson, we will use a local rotating reference frame to model
Fan Assembly flow through a fan. Our mesh settings will be set up manually and we
will learn how to properly post-process the results.
Problem The fan shown in the figure rotates
Description at 200 rad/s. The fan is surrounded
by environmental pressure. The fan
also experiences a constant wind
velocity at 0.1 m/s in the z-
direction. Analyze how the flow
moves through the fan by using a
local rotating reference frame in the
area of the blades.
188

• Define computational domain and set up the mesh.
The initial mesh and mesh settings will be generated manually.
• Define rotating region.
A rotating region around the fan blades will be defined.
Environmental pressure will be defined around the fan.
The defined calculation goal will be used to evaluate the results.
• Set calculation control and run the analysis.
Some calculation control options will be defined to minimize the
run time.
Procedure Follow the procedure below:

Open Fan_Assy from the Lesson08\Case Study fol der.
The local rotating region has been defined around the fan blades and is
called Part!.
Note The entire fan is surrounded by the External cylinder part. In
rotating problems such as this, creating an outer cylindrical shell to
enclose the fan helps the problem obtain convergence. Thus, the
problem will be defined as an internal analysis.
2 Create a project.
Configuration Use Current: "Default"

r Name
Project name "Fan Flow"
Unit System 51
Set units of Length to mm.
Analysis type Internal.
Also, select Rotation.
Change "Reference axis: X" to "Reference axis: Z".
Default Fluid Air
n
n 189
Lesson 8 SolidWorks 2013 '......)
LJ
Name
u
Project name "Fan Flow"
I_..)
Wall conditions Default
Initial conditions Clear the Pressure Potential check box in
0
Thermodynamic Parameters.
Set velocity in z direction to 0.1 m/s and clear the
Relative to rotating frame check box.
Results and Result resolution level set to 3.
Geometry
Resolution
3 Set Initial Mesh.

Right-click Input Data and select Initial Mesh.
Clear the Automatic Settings check box.
Click the Basic Mesh tab and set the number of cells to the following:
Number of cells per Y: 24
Set all the Ratio values to 1.
lnoOoi Mesh
O..:Meoh Sc*IIIU!i-Uoface IWmg Colo Ninuw 01imob

" "...,
NLmberolcob ~
run-olcob.,..- X. 2.
tfl. ~
tbriJer c:l eels per y 2. tB ~
Numercl c;cta per z. 27
t:B
c:..m.~ .........
XI
Nm
-ell12 nm
....
6012nm
HunDcr of eel! Ratm
24 t
I Add l'b1o I
Vt ..S012nm 6012nm 24 t I Edt Fbne I
Zt 1-SOt.JIInm 791 lllnm 27 1
DcleteFbne J
'
'
~ e:J ~omabc=- ~ Show baooc mesh
190
4 Set up the mesh interface.

Click the Solid/Fluid interface tab.
Set the Small solid features refinement level to level 3.
Click the Narrow channels tab.
Set the Narrow channels refinement level to level 3.
Click OK.
5 Create Rotating Region.
Right-click Rotating Regions in the
SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis
tree and select Insert Rotating Region.
Using the SolidWorks flyout
FeatureManager, select Partl.
Apply an angular velocity of200 rad/s.
Click OK.
Also, be sure that the body gets excluded
in Component Control after it is specified as rotating.
Note If you cannot see Rotating Regions in the Flow Simulation analysis
tree, right-click the Fan Flow study and select Customize Tree. You
can then select Rotating Regions from the list.
6 Apply environmental pressure.
Apply an environmental pressure to the
inner walls of the cylindrical outer shell.
191
u
7 Create a local initial Mesh.
Right-click Local Initial Mesh in the Flow Simulation analysis tree
and select Insert Initial Local Mesh.
Select Partl.
Clear the Automatic Settings box.
Click the Solid/Fluid interface tab.
Set the Small solid features refinement level to level 5.
Click the Narrow channels tab.
Set the Narrow channels refinement level to level2.
Click OK.
Note If you cannot see the Local Initial Mesh in the SolidWorks Simulation
menu, right-click Fan Flow and select Customize Tree. You can then
select the Local Initial Mesh from the list.
8 Create Surface Goal.
Select the Fan_blade part and apply a Force (Z) and Torque (Z)
surface goal. w
9 Set Calculation Control options. 0
Right-click Input data in the Flow Simulation analysis tree and select
Calculation Control Options. w
u
~~~~~~~~--~=---~ ~ u
f;::;S-;:;Fn=..,;:-;c:::'
o....,'='=ns:::...._--...c.=:
Onlll fl ';,-
::=.::..J oron
=e=m~:o=.
~r,..,o----'1 ~
Y~num refilcment nurrOm" @]
Maummlerabona {ll 3000 OLJ
Uaxm.~m calcubtbn tme ~ 36000 s
UaxmJm lnveb ~
l:(J Goals CDnvervence
Check Minimum refinement number and set it to 0. Also, click

Maximum iterations and set it to 3000.
Clear the maximum calculation time, maximum travels, and Goals
convergence check boxes.
Click OK.
u
192
10 Run the project.

The analysis takes approximately 2.5 hours to solve on a P4 system
with 2GB of RAM.
At this point, we would go ahead and run the simulation. Due to the
time required, the results of this analysis have already been computed,
and we will use them for the post-processing.
11 Activate project.
Activate project completed.
12 Load results.
Right click the Results folder and select Load.
13 View Cut Plot.
Right-click Cut Plot in the Results section of the Flow Simulation
analysis tree and select Insert.
Select Right Plane from the SolidWorks FeatureManager tree.
Under Contours select Velocity and increase Number of Levels to
100.
Under Vectors select Velocity.
Click OK.
36.573
33.760
30.946
28.133
25.320
22.506
19 693
16.880
14067
11 .253
8.44 0
5.627
2.813
0
Velocity (rnls)
Cut Plot 1· contours
r 193
14 Show Surface Plots.

Right-click the Surface Plots icon and select Insert.
Click the whole part Fan_Blade-1 in the SolidWorks FeatureManager
tree. This will select all the surfaces of that part.
Under Display, click the Contours button.
nder Contours, select Velocity and increase Number of Levels to
100.
Click OK.
38.573
33.780
309<16
28133
25320
22.506
19693
16.880
1~ . 067
11.253
8~40
5.627
2.813
0
V-ily(mlsJ
Cui Plot 1 contours

SUrface Plo11 con1ours
LJ
15 Create Flow Trajectory.

Flow Trajectories icon and select Insert.
In the SolidWorks FeatureManager fly-out tree, click the Sketchl
item. This will select the curves ofSketchl as Reference.
Under Starting Points, in the Number of Points box, type 100.
Under Appearance, in the Width box, enter 5 mm. u
Under Constraints, in the Maximum length, increase the value to LJ
30000mm.
Click OK.
w
u
u
194
16 Create second Flow Trajectory.

Define a new set of the flow trajectories with the same parameters as in
the previous step. Use the Front Plane as reference.
The resulting plot shows a combination of flow trajectories from both
of the previous steps.
36 573
33 760
30 946
20133
25 320
22 506
19 693
16 000
14 067
11 253
e••o
5 627
2 013
0
Velocl1y (mls(
Cut Plot1 contours

Surface Plol1 contours
Flow Trajectories 1
Flow Trajectories 2
Summary In this lesson, we learned to set up a model with a rotating reference

frame. We specified our own initial mesh as well as a local initial mesh
in the rotating region to obtain more reliable results. In addition, we
specified the calculation control options to end the calculation at 3000
iterations to ensure a quality solution. Flow trajectories were used to
post-process the results.
195
u
Lesson 8 SolidWorks 2013 .___)
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196
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r
r
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r
n Lesson 9
Parametric Study
r Objectives Upon successful completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
n • Create an analysis using the Parametric (optimization) Study
feature.
• Create a quarter model using symmetry planes.
• Properly post-process parametric analysis results.
r.
r
r
n
197
Parametric Study
Case Study: In this lesson, we will perfonn a

Piston Valve parametric optimization on a piston
valve assembly using SolidWorks
Flow Simulation. The model will
allow for the use of symmetry to
simplify the calculations. A single
variable parameter will be defined
using a model dimension. A single
goal will also be defined and used to
detennine convergence.
Problem Water enters the assembly shown below through the inlet and moves
Description axially towards the orange piston. Pressure is built on the piston and the
water can then move radially out through the exit holes. The piston is
constrained by a spring that requires a 6 N force its face to allow it to
move. Find the configuration of the assembly (i.e. piston location) that
will produce that force if the pressure at the inlet is 2 bar and the outlet
is I bar. The geometry of the valve allows for the usage of a quarter
model through symmetry.
Inlet

• Define computational domain.
Symmetry conditions can be used in the model to simplify the
computational domain.
be defined.
The defined calculation goal will be used to evaluate the results of
each iteration.
• Define parametric study.
Define the variable parameters and goal of the model.
198
Parametric Study

Parametric In parametric analysis (often called optimization) a set of calculations
Analysis are run where certain parameters are varied iteratively within selected
boundaries until a specified goal has been met, or to study specific
trends influencing design.
Steady State Parametric study can only consider the steady state analysis of a fixed
n Analysis model geometry. If you wish to investigate the time needed for the flow
to reach steady state, a transient analysis is required and the parametric
study cannot be used. Each transient study must be modified and run
individually.

Open Piston Valve from the Lesson09\Case Study folder. Make
sure that the default configuration is active.
2 Create Project.
Configuration Use current: "Default"

name
Project name "Piston"
Under the Main category in the table of parameters, select
Bar for units of Pressure & stress. (I bar = 105 Pa)
Analysis type Internal flow
Also, make sure the Exclude cavities without flow
conditions check box is selected.
Default Fluid Water
Wall Conditions Default adiabatic smooth walls (0 micrometer)
Initial Conditions Default
Result and Result resolution level set to 3.
Geometry Click Finish.
Resolution
199
Parametric Study
3 Set Computational Domain.

From the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Computational
Domain and select Edit Definition.
Enter the following values and specify the appropriate conditions in the
Size and Conditions dialog.
Size (meters) Condition
X max: 0.00335 -
X min: -0.013 -
Ymax: 0.0065 -
Ymin: -0.0065 -
Zmax: 0.0065 -
Zmin: -0.0065 -
When finished, click OK.

4 Apply inlet pressure boundary
condition.
analysis tree, right-click Boundary
Conditions and select Insert Boundary
Condition.
Locate and select the inner face of the
inlet lid.
Under Type, click the Pressure
Openings button and select Static Pressure.
Under Thermodynamic Parameters enter 2 bar as the pressure.
Click OK.
Rename the inlet condition to Inlet p = 2 bar.
200
Parametric Study
5 Set outlet boundary conditions.

analysis tree, right-click Boundary
Conditions and select Insert Boundary
Condition.
Locate and select the inner face of the
exit lids.
Under Type, click the Pressure
Openings button and select Static
Pressure.
Specify a pressure value of1 bar.
Click OK.
Rename the inlet condition to Outlet p = l bar.
6 Set Global Goal.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Goals
and select Insert Global Goal.
Click the box for Av corresponding to Static Pressure. Make sure Use
for Conv. is checked as well.
Select OK.
201
Parametric Study
7 Set Surface Goal.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Goals and
select Insert Surface Goal.
Select the box corresponding to Force (X) and make sure Use for
Conv. is checked.
Change the transparency ofPart2 to see the orange piston. Select the
four faces exposed to the flow on the piston (see the following figure) .
..:.:,. 1 surfac '=-._Goa~ _____:.t:
u
u
Click OK.
Parametric study Parametric study allows you to launch a set of calculations with the
goal to study trends of selected quantities, or to find an optimum value
of a selected parameter until a specified goal is met (optimization).
Introducing: In parametric study, each iteration creates a new configuration with a u
Parametric study different set of parameter values (defined as dimensions or boundary
conditions) that will change the flow field. Two types of parametric
study can be defined:
202
Parametric Study
• One dimensional optimization (Goal Optimization)

Upon each iteration, a specified goal is calculated and compared to
the target goal (defined as constant, table, or a function). At each
iteration, the software automatically updates the variable parameter
using the secant method and solves the study. This procedure is
repeated until either the goal is met, or the maximum number of
iterations has been reached, or it is decided that the goal cannot be
reached within the variable parameter limits.
• Multi variable design scenario (What If)
Each iteration can vary multiple number of parameters until the
desired grid of values is calculated. The scenario postprocessing
allows you to study trends of selected quantities and their
dependance on the study parameters.
Where to Find It • CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Run [S]

• Menu: Flow Simulation, Solve, Parametric Study
• Flow Simulation Main toolbar: Wizard 5]
Part 1: Goal In this part of the lesson you will prepare a goal optimization study. The
Optimization objective is to find an optimum position of a valve.
8 Set up Parametric Study.
In the Flow Simulation menu, select Solve, Parametric Study. to
open the optimization study setup widget.
Set optimization study to the Goal Optimization mode.
i@:'la Iii I;I <Q (i) JC

~._-~ --:rm-
-.
~ () !Ill ,. I ..
Ock. biJtan above to add Ill . . . . . . .
Curent v.u Vaiollon r,.,. v.u..
Note In the Goal Optimization mode, only one variable parameter can be
varied.
203
Parametric Study
Input Variable You have an option to optimize a selected dimension or the flow
Types parameter (mass flow rate, inlet volume flow rate, etc.).
In this project we want to know the piston position that results in a 6N
force. We will therefore use the Add Dimension Parameter option to
vary the SolidWorks mate controlling the position of the piston.
9 Specify input variable type.

In the Input variables tab, click Add Dimension Parameter to open
the Add Parameter selection field.
Click the Piston X dimension mate controlling the position of the
piston to add it to the Add Parameter selection field.
Click OK to close the Add Parameter field.
Add Dimension Parameter
10 Specify input variable range. Ul!irn

Click the Range button (see the figure above) OJXl3m
::..
and enter 0.006m and 0.003m for the 0.0Cl6m ;;j
maximum and minimum dimensions.
Click OK to close the Range dialog. rr Mi l
-' X
11 Specify output variable.

On the Output Parameters tab, u
click the Add Goal button.
Qck a bliton li>ove to add a goal
204
Parametric Study
In the Add Goal dialog, check the checkbox

next to SG Force (X) l. SG Foo:e lXII
C lick OK to close the Add Goal dialog.
12 Specify target value.

Still in the Output Parameters tab, click the I!J sN [J ~
Target Value button and specify 6 N for the • o.JN [J
target value and 0.3 N for the study Maximum
Deviation.
Click OK to close the Target Value dialog.
Target Value You have an option to specify the target value dependance type. In this
Dependance lesson, you specified a Constant target value of6 N in step 12.
Types Constant is also the default dependance type setting for the target value.
TheDependance ~~~~v~~
~------------~~~~~~~
button ~ (see the
figure in step 12) in
I0 ~M>e:
~~~~iiiiiiiiiij;~·l ~
: I
the target value dialog ? j~
allows you to specify ~ ~
more complex
dependance types such as Table of values of Formula. The Formula
type enables you to create a dependance of the target value directly on
the input variable (in your case the dimension controlling the position
ofthe piston).
Output Variable The Initial Values button on the output
Initial Values parameters tab enables you to save calculation e:! Atv..-..........,
time by specifying the output variable values k [ii u
(i.e. solutions of the flow simulations) at the !:!~~tv..-........,
0 11
limits of the input variables specified in step 1.! IL- ---------'&],._,:
10. lfthese values are unknown leave these
fields empty. SolidWorks Flow Simulation will
automatically run two extra calculations to obtain solutions at the limits
of the input variable.
13 Study Options.
On the Scenario tab, click the
Study Options button.
n
n
205
Parametric Study
In the Study Options dialog, enter 10 for

Maximum iterations. Keep the default values Maxm.rnil.crabons. 10 m
for the rest of the options. AWl at §!'- :::J
Nwnber of COI'es: 4
Click OK to close the Study Options dialog.
Running SolidWorks Flow Simulation will attempt up to 10 calculations to

Optimization obtain the input variable value (position of the piston) at which the
Study output variable (force acting on the piston) is 1.5 N (with the
convergence criterion of0.3 N). If this position is not found, more u
calculations are necessary. Note that if more complex dependencies are
specified, the number of calculations can be substantial.
Optimization Study Each new calculation will be associated with a new study under the
Results same SolidWorks configuration. It is therefore possible to review
solution for each value of the input variable.
Running on Multiple Add Computer button 111. on the scenarios tab enables you to add
Computers multiple network connected computers. This computer can be
requested for running the study in the study options tab specified in
step 13. A proper software license is required for this configuration.
14 Run the study.

Review the study settings in the summary table located on the
Scenario tab and click Run.
Note If you do not want to run the
Parametric Study immediately,
select File, Save from the le r.u-
e~
I /II ruou-:JfililSc:onarioL
. !R . Run •I®
Parametric Study window
toolbar. When ready to run the
Parametric Study, use the Load button to load the parametric study
project.
15 Review Results.
The following message indicates the end of the optimization procedure
u
Solution converged.
Dismiss this message and review the optimization results.
After all studies are calculated, the solutions (design points) are u
presented on the Scenario tab, with the last design point SolidWorks
configuration activated and the corresponding results files loaded.
In this project, you can see that it took 4 iterations to obtain an
optimized solution.
206
Parametric Study
llco9> fUt 1 0...,. Pan 2 0..,. p...

01-onX@f'lolonv.he~ial 0 0116 0 003 0 00435801
SG Fa.:e QQ 1 )N) 9 53984402 3.0723GJ8J
T~v.bo)N) 6 6
~JNI 3 53984402 ·2.9211i3617
Sblus
IV> .. ThsCCJn'C)U:er 1hsCI:Ift1Uer llaCCJI11)lier
CPU 4 4 4
Save """"" ~ 1!.1
Dooe- .. &I Pl 0
The optimized position of the piston is at 4.81 mm when the piston

force reaches 5.72 N.
Click OK to close the design study dialog.
16 Load results.
Right-click the Results folder and Load the results corresponding to
the active configuration.
Note The active configuration at the end of the parametric study corresponds
to the last run of a parametric study and, if it was found, contains the
converged solution.
17 View Cut Plot.
Right-click Cut Plot in the Results section of the Flow Simulation
analysis tree and select Insert.
Click the Contours and Vectors buttons.
Select Plane 1 (not PLANEl) from the Solid Works FeatureManager
tree as the reference.
Select Velocity and click OK to show the plot.
19 050
17 690
16 329
,. 960
13 607
12247
10 006
9525
8164
6.ao•
5 44 3
4 002
2 721
1 361
0
Ve1ocl1y [mls)
Cut Plot 1 contours
r
207
Parametric Study
The maximum velocity at the optimized position of the piston reaching

approximately 19 m/s.
18 Examine surface Parameters.
Right-click Surface Parameters under the Results folder and select
Insert.
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree click the
0
SG Force (X) l goal to select all four faces on the piston. u
Select All from the Parameters list. u
Click Show. u
lrtego!P......,.or
HoaT..--(WJ
Vobt
0
X~ y~ z..,.._,.... Suface ..... in"21
9J660o.005
. w
Nama!Fat:e(NJ j 5.7112 j 57112 -2.347e-004 0 001 9J660o.005
Fnc:bonf'a<:e(N] 001§ 0019 6121HI05 5~ 9J660o.005
Fat:e (NJ 5721 5721 -1735Hlll4 0002 9J660o.005
T..,...(N"In] 3265HI05 1.51<4Hl09 -2.~ 111JOoHI05 9J660o.005
Sufoce ..... in"21 9J660o.005 -60783<HI05 4183Je.019 54792o-021 9J660o.005
T..,... of Nama! Fat:e (N"In] 324Se-005 5,655o-009 ·2.690HI05 1 816HI05 9J660o.005
T..,...oiFrldianf'a<:e(N"In] 2.004e-007 -4142e-009 ·1414e-007 142!le-007 9 J660o.005
lk*onniV lndox II 1 0000000 9J660o.005 LJ
CADIUd-P,"2) 94194e-005
Notice that the force is close to the goal of6 Nand within the 5.7 N to
94194e-005
u
6.3 N convergence criterion interval. \....)
Close the tables and click OK to close the Surface Parameters

property manager.
19 Define Goal Plot.
In the Results section of the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis
tree, right-click Goal Plots and select Insert.
Select the check box next to SG Force (X) l.
A Microsoft Excel file opens and displays information about the goal.
Click the SG Force (X) l tab at the bottom to display a graph of how
the optimized solution was reached.
208
Parametric Study
Part 2: Design In the second part of this lesson you will define "What If' type of the
Scenario parametric study. It allows you to analyze effects of various input
parameters on the selected result quantities.
The objective ofthis part of the study is to determine the effect of input
pressure and the valve position on the piston force.
20 New study.
Activate the original project Piston under the Default configuration.
lone project Piston into a new project named Piston • What If.
Use Current configuration, but results do not need to be copied.
21 Set up Parametric Study.
Follow step 8 and setup the parametric study.
On the Input variables tab set the optimization to
the What If mode.
Note In the What If mode, multiple variable parameters can be varied.
22 Specify the first input variable.
Follow steps 9 and 10 and specify the Piston X dimension mate
controlling the position of the piston as the first input variable
parameter.
Select Discrete Values 00 and input the following values: 0.003m,

0.004 m, 0.005 m and 0.006m.
23 Specify the second input variable.
The second input variable will vary the input pressure.
Click the Add Input Variable button t:li.
In the Add Parameter dialog window expand
Boundary Conditions and the p = 2 bars
folder.
Select Static pressure. and click OK.
Specify the Range with Number input type ~ •·

.....
and enter 1.3 bar and 2 bar for the lower and ~ 1 Jbor ~ ·
upper limits correspondingly. The number of ~ 2bar ]

calculation positions for this parameter is equal N 3
~ £
to 3.
jw
t wj
Click OK to close the Range with Number N .
dialog. ., )(
209
Parametric Study
The Input Variable tab with both input variables defined is shown in
the figure below.
0
i.....)
amnv.... -T)IIO u v.uo.

ODOGm ~ llo=le V.U.. 0003. 0004. 0005.0DOG
2b. ..!< Aonge wlh Nt.mber 1.3 165 2
24 Specify output variable.

Follow step 11 and define the output variable.
Note Contrary to the Goal Optimization mode, output variables do not have
any target value. The What If optimization mode calculates a grid of
result values from which you may analyze various trends in the output
variables.
25 Design points.
Click the Scenario tab and review twelve design points, or input
variable combinations, at which results will be calculated.
0eo9> Pon 1 0ooogn Pan 2 0eo9> Pon 3 o..r onlD 0ooogn Pon 11 0ooogn Pon 12
01--W....-nblyjn) 0.003 0.003 0003 AIG ODOG ODOG
9.oc-i>·2bln) IJ;ol 1.3 1.65 13 1.65
SG Fon:e ()()1 )N]
Siaus Not calcW!ed Not calcW!ed tlol colcW!ed N """""'ed Nat cala.bed
(aJo) (aoio) (aoio) (aoio( )aJo)
CPU l=all l=all l=all l=all I= all
Savel'lqed ~ Iii 0 ~
a-""""'" ~ Iii 0 0
u
Note It is possible to add an additional design point by clicking the Add

Column button .¥. ,or to delete it by right clicking the respective
column and selecting Delete.
26 Run the study.
Review the design points and click Run.
210
Parametric Study
27 Review Results.
Review the results for all finished design points.
Doov> I'm 1 Doov> Pan 2 Doov> Port 3 o. • 10 Doov> p,.. 11 Doov> Pan 12
01--Vahe.-.mlyjn) 0.11113 011113 011113 01106 0.1106
Stooc-1>·2bon) l>ooj 1.3 165 2 165
SG Fon:e OQ 1 )N)
9aluo
1hs ~er ThiS C001)1.ier lhs C001)1.ier :Jrr1)lter
CPU 4 4 • 4
S...Prqed ~ rtJ ({] ({]
Oooe- ~rtl ({]({]
The extreme values of the piston force within the limits of both input
variables are 0.84 Nand 9.53 N. While these extremes were reached at
design points I and 12, they can in general occur at any considered
design point.
Click OK to close the design study widget.
Note Each design point results are associated with saved Flow Simulation
project. You can activate any of these projects, load its results and
analyze them.
28 Close assembly.
Summary In this lesson you learned how to perform an optimization using the
parametric study feature. Parametric study can be defined in two
modes: Goal Optimization and What if.
Goal optimization (Single variable design scenario) represents a one
dimensional optimization using the secant method. SolidWorks Flow
Simulation calculates the problem with adjusted input variable as long
as the calculated value is not within the desired limits of the output
variable, or until the maximum number of iterations is reached.
What lf(Multi variable design scenario) parametric study allows you to
define multiple input variables, and define their range. Flow Simulation
then calculates grid of result quantities at every combination of the
input variables. This way, you are able to study various trends in the
results quantities.
The input parameters may include input variables (general settings,
mesh settings or boundary conditions), model dimensions and the
design table values. Output variable can be any defined project goal.
Results are saved for all computed projects and can be activated and
postprocessed.
211
Variable Geometry Dependent Solution
Exercise 9: In this exercise, you will solve the

Variable safety valve assembly. This model
Geometry features dependence of the flow
solution and the position of the
Dependent
valve.
Solution
This exercise reinforces the
following skills:
• Parametric Analysis on
page 199.
Problem The safety valve in the image features a spring loaded plunger. To open
Description the valve, i.e. move the plunger up, some minimum level of flow is
required. Consider the mass inflow ofO.OOI m" 3/sec; this inflow is
sufficient to keep the valve open. To correctly solve this problem, you
need to use parametric study and design proper mesh, especially in the
vicinity of the plunger.
The spring is compressed by
3mm at a fully closed
position. The maximum
opening of the plunger is
30mm.
212
Variable Geometry Dependent Solution
The force generated in the spring can be expressed using the following
nonlinear equation:
2
F[N] = 7708.2 · (compression) + 2
The correct solution is with the plunger position somewhere between 7
mm to 16 mm above Sitz_SW component.
Note The dimension controlling the
position of the plunger is
indicated in the image to the
right. (In this image, the plunger
opening is 2 mm.)
Boundary The water mass inflow is 0.00 I m" 3/s. The outlet features
Conditions environmental pressure boundary condition.
Goal Mesh the valve assembly and solve the flow simulation. Your solution
needs to find the correct position of the valve opening.
The assembly file Safety valve for this exercise is located in the
Lesson09 \Exercises folder.
Note se local initial mesh to generate optimum mesh in the vicinity of the
valve.
213
u
Exercise9
Variabl& Geom&tty Dependent Solution
SolidWorks 2013 u
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214
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Lesson 10
Cavitation
• Select the cavitation flow type.
• Display cavitation results.
215
Cavitation
Case Study: This lesson covers the flow of water through a cone valve. The
Cone Valve objective of this lesson is to introduce the cavitation flow type option.
Symmetry will be used to simplify the analysis. The results will be
post-processed using cut plots.
Problem A pipe with a cone valve is shown in the figure. Water at 363 K flows
Description through the pipe at 3.5 m/s. The water is partially blocked by the valve
in the middle causing a dramatic pressure drop and cavitation. u
Symmetry can be used to heavily simplify the calculations. Mesh
controls will be used to insure quality results.
Cavitation Cavitation is a common problem for many engineering devices in

which the main working fluid is in liquid state. The deleterious effects
of cavitation include: lowered performance, load asymmetry, erosion
and pitting ofblade surfaces, vibration and noise, and reduction of the
overall machine life. Cavitation models used today range from rather
crude approximations to sophisticated bubble dynamics models.
Details about bubble generation, growth, and collapse are important for J
the prediction of a solid surfaces erosion, but are not necessary to
estimate the performance of a pump, valve or other equipment.
In Solid Works Flow Simulation, an engineering model of cavitation is
employed to predict the extent of cavitation in industrial fluids and its
influence on the performance of the analyzed device.

Open 01 - cone valve from the LessonlO\ Case Study folder.
216
Cavitation
2 Create a project.

name "55deg"
Project name "Cavitation"
Default Fluid In the Liquids list, double-click Water.
Check the Cavitation check box under Flow Characteristic.
Initial conditions Default conditions- except for Temperature enter 363.15 K
Results & Geometry Default conditions

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click
Computational Domain and select Edit Definition.
To simplify the model, we will only model a slice of the pipe through
the XZ plane.
In the Size and Conditions dialog specify 2D simulation in XZ plane.
Enter the following values for the Y dimensions:
Size (meters)
Ymax 0.01
Ymin -0.01
Note The condition for theY max andY min boundaries is set automatically
to Symmetry.
Click OK.
Note This model is not suitable for a symmetry boundary condition. We only
use this boundary condition to simplify the calculation for a first pass
analysis to show the cavitation. A final analysis on this model would
not use the symmetry boundary condition.
217
Cavitation
4 Initial mesh settings.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click Input
Data and select Initial Mesh.
Uncheck the Automatic settings box at the bottom of the dialog
window.
Modify the number of cells as follows:
Number of cells per Y: I
In the Solid/Fluid Interface tab, set the Small solid features
refinement level slider bar to 5.
u
In the Refining Cells tab, activate Refine all cells and set the level to
u
1.
In the Narrow Channels tab, click the Enable narrow channels L
refinement box and set the Characteristic number of cells across a
narrow channel parameter to 7.
Keep the Narrow channels refinement level at 1. u
Click OK.
5 Inlet boundary condition. ~ Boundary Condition- .,
In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, ., x

..
:o
right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and .5doctlan
select Insert Boundary Condition.

y
-fo. Face C001dnalo s,.oom
1
Rr:ference exrs: L=:J
lr~....~~8
'I
r~-
I
J
Ou~t Mass Aow
Ou~tVok.me:Fiow
Ou~tV~ty
'Flow ~ ;;
l!j~Gfl
Select the inner face of the inlet lid, located at the
v 3.5mls : (E
~ ~. dovolopod flow
end of the shorter side (see the figure above).
Click the Flow openings button and select Inlet Velocity flow.
Under Flow Parameters, make sure the Normal to Face button is
clicked and enter 3.5 m/s.
Click OK.
218
Cavitation
6 Outlet boundary condition.

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, ., x
right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and !::Mit •
select Insert Boundary Condition. '-~-' ~--~
·!YJ
,f., ~Fac
=e::;eo..
=<fnol
:;:=e::;:Sjnt:::e=m !
l ..r.r.ncr ...., E3
P 101325P-o -rP (!:)

Select the inner face of the outlet lid, located at the 1 T JGiiSK r.:; (!:)
end ofthe longer side (see the figure above).
Click the Pressure openings button and select Static Pressure.
The default outlet Static Pressure of 101325 Pa and Temperature of
363.15 K are acceptable for this problem.
n ClickOK.
7 Insert global goals for the density.
Under the Input Data folder, right-click the Goals icon and select
Insert Global Goals.
Under Parameter, check the Av (Average) and Min (Minimum) boxes
for the Density.
Click OK.
The new GG Min Density and GG AV Density items appear in the
Solid Works Flow Simulation analysis tree under Goals.
8 Run the project.
Click Run.
The solver should take approximately 25 minutes to run depending on
the processor speed.
Note You can manually stop this analysis after about 800 iterations by
selecting File, Save and Close, and then post-process the partial
results.
Once the solver is finished, access the results.
219
Cavitation
9 Right-click the Cut Plots icon and select Insert.

Choose the Top plane as the cut plane.
Select Density and set the Number of Levels parameter to 55.
Click OK again to show the plot.
u
094 23
022 .07
w
751 .52
600 .17
600 02
537 47
46611
394 76
323.41
252 06
100 70
109.35
30.00
Density (kg/m"3(
The blue regions in the Cut plot represent very low density regions,
which indicate that cavitation is occurring in these regions.
Discussion To study the effects of cavitation, we used a cut plot of the density. We
also could have used a cut plot of the water mass fraction, water
volume fraction , vapor mass fraction, or vapor volume fraction to see
where the cavitation has occurred. Note that the model does not
describe the behavior of individual bubble.
The cavitation area grows slowly during the calculation and there is
some risk that the calculation could stop before the cavitation area is
completely developed. To combat this, we specified a global goal of
average density and made sure that it was used in convergence. We also
could adjust the calculation control options to insure that the
calculation runs longer.
Summary In this lesson, we used the cavitation option to solve for the cavitation
of water flowing through a valve. We evaluated the cavitation by
showing a cut plot of the density. The low density regions represent
cavitation and the formation of a vapor. We also could have plotted the
vapor volume fraction to evaluate the cavitation.
220
Lesson 11
Relative Humidity
n
• Apply Relative Humidity as a boundary condition.
• Display Relative Humidity results.
221
Relative Humidity
Relative Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the current water vapor
Humidity density to the water vapor density in saturation under the current
pressure and temperature. Relative humidity allows you to specify the
existence of water vapor in a gas or mixture of gases. Rather than
directly specifying water vapor in a Flow Simulation project, a relative u
humidity can be specified within the initial or boundary condition.
Case Study: In this lesson, we will apply humidity parameters to our boundary
Cook House conditions to simulate the presence of water vapor in the gas. We will
also learn how to properly post-process the results of this type of
analysis.
Problem A cook house internal environment is controlled by a centralized
Description system. The exhaust vent blowing hot, humid air is located near the
back of the room on top of the table. There are two openings located on
either side of the room near the ceiling. One outlet has an exhaust fan
pulling air out at a defined constant flow rate, while the other one is
open to ambient air and has no fan .
Outlet without fan
Procedure Follow the procedure below:

Open Cook_House from the Lessonll \ Case Study folder. Make
sure that the default cook-house configuration is active.
222
Relative Humidity
2 Create a project.

name "Default"
Project name "Relative Humidity"
Under Parameter, Loads&Motion, change the units for Volume Flow
Rate to mAJfmin and the Temperature (under Main) to °C.
Under Physical Features, select Gravity.
The default value of -9.81 m/s"2 in they direction is correct for this
model.
Fluids Check the Humidity check box at the bottom of the dialog window.
Initial conditions Expand the Humidity list.
Enter a value of60% for the Relative Humidity.
Results & Move the Result Resolution bar to 4.
Geometry SpecifY 0.1 m and 0.01 m for the Minimum gap size and Minimum
Resolution wall thickness, respectively.
Click Finish.
n
r 223
Relative Humidity
3 Inlet boundary condition. ~ OO ~I!,lda ~ y Cond1tiorl-.

right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and
Select the top face of the pot on the stove as shown
in the figure below.
•
__
T-
®~8
Jt*:t~Pow
..,, .
t
~tVeloaty
OUtJetMHSFiow
OUtletYaUneAow
~-ty
-J
Click the Flow openings button and select Inlet

Volume Flow.
.-y-.. •
Under Flow Parameters, make sure the Normal to rp 1oo_:t:_ _ t!J ~ LJ
Face button is clicked and enter 0.1 m"3/min. P, lln325P~'§; @)
Under Thermodynamic Parameters, enter a Y 100·c ffi @) I

Temperature of100 C (373 K).
Under Humidity Parameters, enter values of 100%, 101325 Pa, and
100 C for the Relative Humidity, Humidity Reference Pressure and
Temperature, respecti vely.
Click OK.
224
Relative Humidity

right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and
Select the face shown in the figure below.
~. Face Coorcinate S)'&tem
Re~uis:E3
'----
lrietMIIssFbw
Iriet Val.me Row
lriet Yeiodty
~t Mad1 tUrber
OudetMM::sRow ~
•·nuc •me; 1
:
OUdl!tVeooty ..
t.= .
Click the Flow openings button and select Outlet r~~ ~~

Volume Flow. . I
Under Flow Parameters, make sure the Normal to Face button is
clicked and enter 1 ml\3/min.
Click OK.
Apply a Pressure Openings, Environmental Pressure boundary
condition to the inner face of the other outlet lid near the back of the
room.
The default outlet Environmental Pressure and Temperature
parameters of101325 Pa and 20.05 C (293 K) are acceptable for this
problem.
Under Humidity Parameters, specify a value of35%.
Click OK.
Note The Relative Humidity and Temperature parameters are only used if
there is a recirculation near the outlet and flow is entering back into the
room . If all the flow is exiting through the outlet, these parameters are
ignored.
225
Relative Humidity
6 Insert Heat Source. : '..:.. 5llrrare~~

Under the Input Data folder, right-click Heat
Sources and select Insert Surface Source.
Select the three circular patterns that are mounted
flush with the top of the table. (!]
P.o. :""""'
=eoo.~....;.,;s,..;,.,.~
-
~=--' E=::l
l?J)~
Q 11Dl_W_ _ :
~
I!:]
u
Under Parameter, enter 1000 W for the Heat Transfer Rate.
Click OK.
7 Insert Surface Goal.
Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert Surface Goals.
u
Select the Environmental Pressure! boundary condition from the
SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree. This will load the correct
face automatically.
In the Parameter table, select the Av check box for Temperature
(Fluid) and the Max box for Mass Flow Rate.
Click OK.
8 Insert Temperature Surface Goal on outlet face with fan.
Insert Temperature (Fluid) (Av value) surface goal on Outlet Volume
Flow l.
9 Insert global goals for the density.
Under the Input Data folder, right-click the Goals icon and select
Insert Global Goals.
Under Parameter, check Av (Average) for the Density.
Click OK.
226
Relative Humidity
10 Run the project.

Click Run.
At this point, we would go ahead and run the simulation. Due to the
time required, the results of this analysis have already been computed,
and we will use them for the post-processing.
11 Activate project.
Activate project completed.
12 Load results.
Right click the Results folder and select Load.
13 Create Cut Plots.
Define a cut plot for Relative Humidity. Use Front Plane with
1.0765m offset as a reference.
Relative Hum idity(%)
C ut Plot 1 : contours
We can observe that the maximum relative humidity around the

mannequin is approximately 49%.
227
Relative Humidity
14 Display Flow Trajectories.

Under Results, right-click the Flow Trajectories
icon and select Insert.
From the SolidWorks Flow Simulation design tree,
select the Inlet Volume Flow! boundary
condition. This will automatically select the inlet
surface for the flow trajectories.
Reduce the Number of Points field to 10.
Under Appearance, reset the legend limits to the
global maximum and minimum values.
Click OK to show the plot.
100.00
92.56
85.13
77.69
70.25
62.82
55.38
47.94
40.51
33.07
25.63
18.20
10.76
3.32
FlowTrajec:tortes 1
u
Rotate the view so that you can inspect the flow trajectories entering
the room through the hot exhaust vent and mixing throughout the room .
228
Relative Humidity
15 Crop Flow Trajectories.

In large models, you may want to crop the flo w trajectory region.
Right-click the flow trajectory plot created in the preceding step.
Expand the Crop Region dialog and edit the c..p-
l!il,
•
region dimensions as shown in the figure. 2.225844i2m
t!l
i!il,. ·4.634955BB m
t!l
Under Results, right-click the Flow TraJectories -t;j
icon and select Insert.
I!Py 2m
J
l!ily O.JJ2073296 m
~
Click OK to view the plot. Iii, 2.1~6Bm f!j
IS, o.•m -}
E3
I Raot I
-
100.00
92 .56
85 .13
77.69
70 .25
62 .82
55 38
07.9 •
• 0.51
33.07
25.63
18.20
10.76
3.32
RelaU.. Humldlly 1'11.1
Flow Trajector1es 1
The flow trajectories will show only in the reduced region around the
mannequins.
Summary In this lesson, we used relative humidity to analyze the conditions in a

cook house. Like in cavitation, relative humidity problems run the risk
of the calculation finishing before the condensation develops
completely. We specified the global goal for average density to insure
complete calculations because the density is strongly dependent on
condensation. To see the condensation areas, we used a cut plot of
Relative Humidity. We could also visualize condensation using the
Condensate Mass Fraction.
229
0
Lesson 11
Relative Humidity
SolidWorl<s 2013 CJ
u
u
0
0
0
u
(_)
u
0
0
l.)
0
u
u
0
u
0
u
u
u
u
0
u
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\....)
u
u
u
0
u
u
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230 (_;
u
Lesson 12
Particle Trajectory
n
• Inject a physical particle into a flow stream.
• Use the Particle Study command.
• View particle trajectory results.
231
Particle Trajectory
Case Study: In this lesson, we will perform a particle study on particles injected into
Hurricane a hurricane generator assembly. Gravity will be applied and we will
Generator learn to specifY the type of solid particle injected. In addition, we will
set up different boundary conditions applied to how the particles move
in the model.
Problem A hurricane generator can be used as an educational tool when learning
Description how hurricanes form. When the sun heats the ocean water, it evaporates
to form a rising cloud of moist air. The surrounding cooler air is then
drawn into the cloud in a swirling motion.
In our generator, there are four bulbs
towards the top that generate 100 W
of heat. At the bottom of the
generator, a 600 W heater heats
water in a bed to help the
\....)
evaporation. The air is then drawn in
at the slits on the sides of the wall
faces. Due to the placement of the
u
slits, a swirling motion ensues and
the hurricane forms.
We will use the particle trajectory
capability of Flow Simulation to
show how the water droplets might evaporate out of the heated bed. We
will also investigate all of the options available to us when using
particle trajectories.
Particle In accordance with the particle motion model adopted in SolidWorks
Trajectories - Flow Simulation, particle trajectories are calculated in the post-
Overview processor after completing a fluid flow calculation (for either steady
state or time-dependent analysis). The particle mass and volume flow
rates are assumed to be substantially lower than those of the fluid
stream, so particle motions and temperatures have a negligible
influence on the fluid flow parameters, and particle motion obeys the
following equation:
where m is the particle mass, t is time, Vp and f/jare the particle and \....)
fluid velocities (vectors), accordingly, P; is the fluid density, C,1 is the
particle drag coefficient, A is the particle frontal surface area, and Fg is
the gravitational force.
232
Particle Trajectory
Particles are treated as non-rotating spheres of constant mass and

specified (solid or liquid) material, whose drag coefficient is
determined from Hendersons semi-empirical formula. At a very low
velocity of particles with respect to fluid-carrier (i.e., at the relative
velocities Mach number M=O), this formula becomes:
r
c = 24 + 4.12 + 0.38
d R e I + 0. 03 · R e + 0.48 JRe
where Reynolds number (Rc) is:
where di s the particle diameter and J..l is the fluid dynamic viscosity.

Open hurricane_generator from the Lessonl2\ Case Study
folder.
2 Create Project.
Configuration name Use Current: "Default"

Project name "hurricane"

Select the Gravity box.
TheY-Component -9.81 m/s"2 is the correct direction
and value for this analysis.
Database of Fluids In the Fluids list, under Gases, double-click Air to
add it to the Project Fluids.
Solids Default solid should be set to Titanium under the
Metals list.
Wall conditions The default Roughness value ofO micrometer is
acceptable for this analysis.
Resolution
233
Particle Trajectory
3 Define Computational Domain.

In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, under Input Data, right- click the
Computational Domain icon and select Edit Definition.
Enter the following values for each respective item.
Size (meters)
X max: I
X min: -I
Ymax: 2
Ymin: -0.25
Zmax:
u
I
Zmin: -I
u
Note We are significantly reducing the computational domain because we
are only studying what is going on inside the generator.
4 Heat Source.
In the Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click
the Heat Source icon and select Insert Volume
Source.
Select the four bulb parts from the graphics
window.
,f. Global Cocxdnale System
Enter 1 00 W as the Heat Generation Rate. ..r.r.na. ...., E::3
- ..
5 Heat Source.
Repeat the previous step and apply 600 W to
the heater component.
Li
6 Global Goal.
Insert a global goal to calculate the Max of Temperature (Fluid).
234
Particle Trajectory
7 Component Control.
Disable the four Partl bodies that were ~ x
created in-context. These bodies are lids for
the inlets in the generator and we do not ~ - tuncane~ator I n
W ~ box• 1 ~
want to include them in the analysis. We w ~ .-.--1 ~
w ~ t1oa--1 ~
will use them when reviewing the results. W ~ heo..,.-2 ~
W ~ cdno-1 ~
w ~ t.d>-1 ~
w ~ t.d>-2 ~
w ~ t.d>-3 ~
W ~ t.d>-1 ~
w ~ tabl.1 ~
w ~ Port1"!uncone-""""'•""-1 EJ
W ~ PMtl"!uncone-""""'a""-2 ~
w ~ Port1--""""'•""-3 ~
w ...
~ u "!uncone-""""'•""-1 El
8 Run the analysis.

Click Run.
9 Cut Plot. .'
Insert a Cut Plot using the Top Plane as a
reference and 0.3m as the Offset.
Deselect the Contours button and select Vectors.
Under Vectors, specify Velocity and set Spacing
and Arrow Size to 0.03m and 0.15m, respectively.
Click OK. llllsploy .
I ~ Conbn
@] -...
{@J-.)
~uoo-
@I -
..
-~~~-. ·I(QJ
'I. O.OJm ~
11{ \.0.lSm ,..

~ -
~E ....... :::::J;
' ' I I " •• • ' • I I , I I \ ' .. GQ D-..s
• ~ - "' ~ 1 1 1 I I f I I \ '\. '\ \
~-plot
You can see the swirling flow in the generator.
Hide the Cut Plot l when you are through reviewing.
235
Particle Trajectory
1 0 Flow trajectory. !;l flow Tra)eC.tOrtP.S ____J.

Show the lid Part! from the FeatureManager
design tree.
Use the inside surface of the lid to create a Flow
Trajectory plot.
Under Appearance, keep Pipes and enter 0.01m
for the Width.
Select Velocity and increase the Number of
Levels to 100.
Under Constraints specifY the generation of the
trajectories in the Forward direction only.
Click OK.
The flow enters the slits and then begins swirling, forming a hurricane-
like cloud.
Hide the Flow Trajectory! plot.
236
Particle Trajectory
11 Particle study.
click the Particle Studies icon and select Wizard.
In the Name dialog keep Particle Study l. .- Welcome ------1,.
Click Next.
Select the top face of the heater as a reference ..:. Injection 1 --~~
where the particles will be injected into the 00
domain.
Under Particle Properties, enter 0.00001 m for
the Diameter and specifY Water (under Liquids)
as the material of the particles.
--
r-;;;;_
@D @J [!jlSJ~
•]
- I!
Under Mass Flow Rate enter the value 1 kg/s.

Click Next. E) :co ~
--
~ 1 o001m
¢ l..oGm
•• ll.lcPds
A1 2J
fB
~
.
A
~I
A134a
A22
AC31 8
'-
t'm ~
lw- ~I
I ~ .. I
!--Velocity
~ --T.....,....ture¥ j
~
Note Additional injection definitions can be specified by clicking the More
Injections button on the bottom of the Injection Property Manager.
237
Particle Trajectory
Particle Study - This menu allows the user to specify additional physical features : the
Physical Settings Gravity, wall Erosion caused by the particles or the particle Accretion
at walls.
Under Physical Features, Gravity is turned on
by default.
Keep both the Accretion and Erosion
,_ •I
unchecked.
~ --lion
Click Next. !1-

[i] Clo-ly
j! Omlo'2 ~-
u
j"! -s.o1mls< }~
j! 1omi.·2 _ .:
Particle Study - This menu allows the user to specify what happens if the particle comes
Wall Condition in contact with a wall. For this lesson, we will keep the default wall
condition to Absorption which means if the particle(s) come in contact
with a wall the particle will be absorbed by that wall. The other options
allow for reflection of the particle after contact with the wall.
Under Condition, keep Absorption and click

Next. ., . Default W~_Comhtnm ?~
Keep all parameters in the Calculation Settings

property manager at their default values. ., . 00
Click Next. ~- •l
~----
- RJ ._.,
•! T~.wdstatisb
stotldltsrriy
1. . . - -
J
wl
-..__)
\_)
[. - - :::!]1
[c 111111 •I._.. .. j
In the last property manager click Run .

The particle study will complete very quickly.
., .
......,Rtl1_ _ _ _ _ _ _7,
238
Particle Trajectory
12 Particle Study.
Under the Particle Studies folder, Show Injection l.
0 745
0 688
0 631
0 573
0 516
o' 59
0401
0 344
0 287
0 229
0172
0115
0 057
0
13 Animate.
Right-click the Injection l and select Animate to animate the particle
study.
Summary In this lesson, we performed a particle study on water particles in a

hurricane generator. The study allowed us to begin to understand how
hurricanes are formed. You are encouraged to continue investigating
the different settings of the particle studies.
239
Uniform Flow Stream
Exercise 10: In this lesson, we will perform a particle study on particles injected into
Uniform Flow a uniform flow field. Gravity will be applied and we will learn to
Stream specifY the type of solid particle injected. In addition, we will set up
different boundary conditions applied to how the particles move in the
model.
Problem To simplifY the analysis,

Statement this problem will be solved
as a 20 (i.e. in the XY-
Uniform
plane) flow problem.
The corresponding
Fluid Flow ::::::
l
~ »»»»>>»»»»»»»
SolidWorks model is shown Particle Injection
below. Both of the walls are
Injection of a particle into an uniform fluid flow
ideal to simulate symmetry
conditions, the channel has a length of 0.233 m and height of 0.12 m,
and all the walls have a thickness of 0.0 I m. The problem will consist
of a uniform fluid velocity V, 111. , a fluid temperature of293.2 K, default
values for turbulent flow with a laminar boundary layer at the channel
inlet, and a static pressure of I atm at the channel outlet. The fluid flow
calculations will be performed at a result resolution level of 5.
.l
1 Open a part file.

Open Channel from the Lessonl2 \ Exercises folder.. Make sure
that the default configuration is active.
2 Create a Project.

name "Default"
Project name "Gravity"
Database of Fluids In the Gas list, double-click Air.
240
Uniform Flow Stream
Wall conditions In the Default outer wall thermal

condition list, select Adiabatic.
3 Define Computational Domain.

Specify 2D simulation domain in the XV plane.
4 Create inlet velocity.
Specify Normal to Face, Inlet
Velocity of 0.6 m/s on the inside
surface of the SolidWorks feature
representing the inlet as shown in
the figure.
5 Apply outlet Boundary Condition.

Specify Static Pressure boundary
condition on the inside face of the
channel on the other end of the inlet
velocity.
Accept the default ambient values.
Ideal Wall The Ideal Wall condition allows you to apply adiabatic, frictionless
wall boundary conditions instead of the default fluid friction wall. If
appropriate, you can also use the Ideal Wall condition to introduce a
flow symmetry plane, which can assist in reducing the computational
resources.
6 Select faces for Ideal Wall
conditions.
Select the top and bottom faces (walls).
Use the Ctrl key to accept both the top
and bottom surfaces.
Right-click the Boundary Conditions
icon and select Insert Boundary
Condition.
Under Type, click the Wall button and select Ideal Wall 8·
Click OK.
241
Uniform Flow Stream
7 Set Engineering Goals.

Specify a surface goal for the average value of the static pressure on the u
inlet face used for the velocity boundary condition.
8 Run the analysis.
Click Run.
9 Create Particle Study With One Injection.
click the Particle Studies icon and select Wizard.
In the first property manager keep the default name Particle Study l.
Click Next to define the first injection.
In the Injection 1 property manager, under Starting Points click the
Coordinates button and enter the coordinates of the injection: Om, Om,
Om. Click the Add point button to add point to the list.
Still in the Injection 1 property manager, specify particle Diameter of
0.00 I m, Iron as the Material, 1 kg/s for the Mass Flow Rate, 0 K for
the Relative initial particle Temperature, and the following Absolute
initial velocity:
Velocity in X direction = 0.6 m/s,
Velocity in Y direction ~ 1.2 m/s,
Velocity in Z direction - 0 m/s.
Click Next.
10 Set particle study boundary conditions and physical features.
In the Physical Settings property manager, activate Gravity and enter
-9.81 mfsA2. in theY-Gravity field.
Click Next. u
In the Default Wall Condition property manager, keep the default
Absorption condition.
w
Click Next.
In the Calculation Settings property manager, keep all parameters at
u
their default values and click Next. u
In the Run property manager click Run. The calculation completes -...._)
very quickly.
w
242
Uniform Flow Stream
11 Display Flow Trajectory.

Right click Injections folder from the SolidWorks Flow Si mulation
analysis tree and select Show All.
You can also right-click Injection l from the SolidWorks Flow
Simulation analysis tree and select Show to view the particle trajectory.
101325.00
101325.00
101325.00
101325.00
101325.00
101325.00
101325.00
101325.00
101325.00
101325.00
Pressure [Pal
Injection 1
Note You can Edit Definition of the Particle Study l, turn off the gravity
and rerun the particle study to see the affects with the gravity term off.
You can also go back and use a different material, diameter, and/or
velocity to see these affects.
If time allows, you can try the following three cases:
• Air flow with f/;, 1., = 0.002 m/s, gold particles of d = 0.5 mm,
injected at the velocity of0.002 m/s perpendicularly to the wall.
• Water flow with v;,,,~,... I 0 m/s, iron particles of d - I em, injected
at the velocities of I, 2, 3 m/s perpendicularly to the wall.
• A particle trajectory in the Y-directed gravitational field
(gravitational acceleration g Y- -9.81 m/s 2, air flow with v;,,et- 0.6
m/s, an iron particle of d = 1 em, injected at the 1.34 m/s velocity at
the angle of 63.44° with the wall).
243
u
Exercise 10
Unifonn Flow Stream
SolidWorks 2013 0
u
u
u
u
.._)
u
\.....)
0
u
u
\....)
u
u
Q
u
._..;
u
\.....1
w
u
u
u
L.t
u
.,__;
u
._)
u
u
\._)
u
(._)
244
'--'
u
Lesson 13
Supersonic Flow
r
r • Create an external supersonic flow analysis.

• Use the solution adaptive mesh feature for supersonic flows.
• Create contour plots of Mach number.
n
245
Supersonic Flow
Supersonic Flow is considered supersonic when it is traveling faster than the speed
Flow of sound. In subsonic flow, a fluid is able to react to a disturbance
because a pressure difference develops at the disturbance and
propagates downstream so that the oncoming flow can react and
change due to the disturbance.
In supersonic flow, however, these pressure differences do not develop
upstream because the fluid is moving so rapidly. The disturbance
downstream, therefore, cannot be sensed by the oncoming flow. When
the flow reaches the disturbance, a violent change in flow properties
occurs known as a shock wave.
Case Study: As can be expected, supersonic flow behaves
Conical Body very differently than subsonic flow. In this
lesson, we will study an external supersonic
flow of air over a segmental conical body. As
we have done in previous lessons, symmetry
will be used to simplifY the model. The adaptive
meshing technique will be used to ensure good
quality results in the areas that result in shock
waves. We will also use engineering goals to calculate the drag
coefficient of the body.
Problem The conical body of study is shown in the figure below. The flow
Description around the body has a Mach number of I. 7, a static pressure of I atm,
static temperature of 660.2 K, and turbulence intensity of I%. These
flow conditions represent a Reynolds number of I. 7x I 0 6 (defined with
respect to the body frontal diameter).
0 10.481
0
C'l
c)
0:::
R11.971
3.225
Model sketch dimensioned in centimeters
To reduce the computational domain, the Z = 0 flow symmetry plane

will be utilized for this analysis. Additionally, theY = 0 flow symmetry
plane will also be specified. A result resolution of level 6 will be used
because of the automatic solution adaptive mesh refinement at this
level.
246
Supersonic Flow
Drag Coefficient The longitudinal aerodynamic drag coefficient is defined using the drag
equation as follows::
r
)
lplJS
2
where F1 is the aerodynamic drag force acting on the body in the t

direction, (]2/2 is the incoming stream dynamic head, and Sis the body
frontal cross section (being perpendicular to the body axis) area.
The longitudinal aerodynamic drag coefficient equation will be used
later in this lesson when defining the Equation Goal in Flow
Simulation.
1 Open a part file.

Open cone from the Lessonl3\Case Study folder. Make sure that
the default configuration is active.
2 Create a project.

name "Default"
Project name "000 dg"

Under Flow Characteristic, select the High Mach number flow check
box.
Initial conditions Under Thermodynamic Properties, in the Temperature box, enter a
value of660.2 K.
Under Velocity Parameters, in the Parameter list, click Mach
Number.
In the Mach number in the X direction box, type a value of1.7.
In the Mach number in theY direction box, type a value ofO.
r In the Mach number in the Z direction box, type a value ofO.
Under Turbulence Parameters, change Turbulence Intensity to I%.
247
Supersonic Flow

In the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree, right-click
Computational Domain and select Edit Definition.
The computational domain can be reduced to model a quarter of the
conic body to reduce the solution size and time to solve.
Specify Symmetry condition at Y min and Z min locations.
Specify the following dimensions for the domain
Size (meters)
X max: 0.4
X min: -0.15
Ymax: 0.25
Ymin: 0
Zmax: 0.25
Zmin: 0
Click OK.
4 Setting Calculation Control Options.
Right-click Input Data in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis
tree and select Calculation Control Options.
Select the Finish tab.
Under Finish Conditions, select the Minimum refinement number
check box and set the value to 1.
Click the Refinement tab.
In the Refinement Jist, select Level=1 .
Select the Approximate Maximum Cells check box and set the value
to 350000.
In the Refinement Strategy list, select Periodic Refinement.
Click OK.
Right-click the SolidWorks. Flow Simulation analysis tree Goals icon
and select Insert Global Goal.
In the Parameter Jist, find Force (X) and select the check box.
Click OK.
248
Supersonic Flow
6 Define Equation Goal.

Right-click the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis tree Goals icon
and select Insert Equation Goal.
Use the provided buttons in the Equation Goal window or the keyboard
to enter the following equation for the longitudinal aerodynamic drag
coefficient mentioned earlier in this lesson:
4*{GG Force (X) 1}/1. 7A2/1.399*2/1 01325/3.14159*4/0.1 A2.
Set the Dimesionality to No Units.
Be sure to deselect the Use the goal for convergence control check
box.
Click OK.
Equation Gool ~ i'- llii£iiiiil
EIIOfeman:
··(GG Face iXJ 1)11 r2l1 399"2110132513.1.159".10.1"2 . UrdoAdd I
~
-
000 DITJGJ
~00 DCQB
w00 DDB
000 0~~
D~
jNolrio ·I
II,!]U.. thegoaii<X~corllol
I
OD ~DU
7 Rename the Equation Goal to Cd.
8 Run the project.

Click Run.
This analysis will take about 20 minutes to run on a 3 GHz (2
processors) machine.
249
Supersonic Flow
9 Create Cut Plots.

Under Selection, make sure that Planel is selected.
SpecifY Mach Number as Parameter and increase the Number of
Levels to 100.
Cl ick OK to generate the plot.
2.15
1.99
1.B2
1.66
1.49
1.33
1.16
0.99
CutPiot1 .
250
Supersonic Flow
Shock Waves As stated before, a shock wave occurs when the properties of the flow
are forced to change dramatically due to the presence of a disturbance.
The shock wave seen in this example consists of two parts. First, a bow
shock exists in the direction normal to the flow. The presence of a bow
shock significantly increases the drag force on the object. An oblique
shock is also seen propagating from the edge of the cone as the flow
moves around the edge. Because the supersonic flow encounters a
convex comer, an expansion fan of rarefaction waves (often called a
Prandti-Meyer expansion fan) are seen after the oblique shock that
further accelerate the flow. The subsonic wake region past the body can
also be seen.
10 View Cut Plot with Mesh.

Right-click Cut Plotl and select Edit definition.
Under Display, click the Mesh button and deselect both the Contours
and Vectors buttons.
Click OK.
251
Supersonic Flow
11 Create Goal Plot.

click Goal Plots and select Insert.
In the Goals dialog, click All.
u
drag (Cd).
____
The X-Component of Force is shown along with the equation goal for
......,.....,
Discussion The conical shape in this lesson has been used as a design for vehicles u
that undergo re-entry into the earth's atmosphere. It is important to
note, however, that our model does not simulate this situation. That
type of analysis would require flow with an even larger mach number,
often referred to as hypersonic flow(> Mach 5). In this type of flow,
there are further physical changes in the fluid properties of the flow
(i.e. ionization, molecular dissociation). SolidWorks Flow Simulation
is not capable of modeling these effects.
Summary In this lesson, we studied supersonic flow over a conical shaped body.
Symmetry was used to simplify the analysis. In addition, the automatic
mesh refinement technique was used to ensure high quality results.
Both normal and oblique shock waves appeared as a result of the
simulation. The results were analyzed using cut plots.
252
Lesson 14
FEA Load Transfer
• Transfer flow results to Solid Works Simulation for a finite element
analysis.
• Create a SolidWorks Simulation study using results from
SolidWorks Flow Simulation as input boundary conditions.
• View results in SolidWorks Simulation.
253
FEA Load Transfer
Case Study: In this lesson, we will demonstrate how SolidWorks Flow Simulation
Billboard data can be transferred into SolidWorks Simulation for Finite Element
static analysis. The Flow Simulation will be created and run, then the
results will be used as a loading condition in SolidWorks Simulation.
Problem The billboard shown in the figure
Description stands in hurricane force winds of
40 m/s. Using Flow Simulation, find
the force caused by the incoming
wind. Export those results to
SolidWorks Simulation to find the
maximum stress on the model.

Open Billboard from the Lessonl4\Case Study folder. Make sure
that the default configuration is active.
2 Create a Project.

Name
Project name "Billboard"
Unit System 51 (m-kg-s)
Analysis type External, and select exclude cavities without flow conditions.
Default Fluid Air
Wall conditions Default
Ambient Set Velocity in X direction to -40 m/s (negative because of direction
conditions of coordinate system relative to model).
Results and Set Result resolution level to 3.
Geometry Set Minimum gap size to 0.3m and set Minimum wall thickness to
Resolution 0.05m.
254
FEA Load Transfer

Select the Size tab and enter the following values :
Size (m)
X max: 30.5
X min.: -30.5
Ymax: 26
Ymin: 0
Zmax: 30.5
Zmin: -24
4 Create Surface Goal.

Insert Surface Goal on the
following face using Force {X)
and use for convergence.
5 Run Project.
6 Create Velocity Cut plot.

Create a Velocity cut plot using fluid Vectors and Contours. Use the
Front plane and offset it by Sm.
255
Lesson 14
FEA Load Transfer
SolidWorks 2013 u
7 Examine the Surface Goal.
Use the Surface Goal to examine the surface force.
8 Export Results to Simulation.
From the Flow Simulation menu, select Tools, Export Results to
Simulation.
u
9 Define a SolidWorks Simulation Study. S tudy ?
From the Simulation menu, select Study.

Name the study Wind effects.
From the Type list, select the Static icon.
Click OK.
The Simulation Study tree will appear in the lower
u
part of the FeatureManager.
10 Apply material properties. u
Right-click on the Parts folder in the Simulation Study tree and select
Apply material to all.
Under the Aluminum Alloys folder, select 2024 Alloy.
Click Apply.
Click Close to close the window.
11 Import loads from SolidWorks Flow Simulation.
Right-click the Wind Effects study in the Simulation Study tree and
select Properties.
Click the Flow/Thermal effects tab.
256
)
FEA Load Transfer
Under Fluid Pressure option, click the check box next to Include
fluid pressure effects from SolidWorks Flow Simulation.
- ~
--..
1-
,_.) ~t~
AowflhonniiiBieds
- llli!llilij
0 T..._...,.fromlhonnalllludy
The<.,..ouo:¥ 1 ·l 1
""' ''"' Dffi
0 For each ncrinc.-tme step, use I~I.R from
cut~pondr'lg lme ol tramienl thefmal ~:H
0 T....,......from SoldWaob Row Sorn-.
I 10
SoidWOib model N1110 :
Crigtnlion""""'
T~frDmtmelltep
Refcmut~illmvstrarl 2!18 J-.PQ ·I

[:(. lncl.delbd,..... effects from SoldWaob R o w -
c \Kae\2013\Aow so.uaoon\Devoloomen'lnonedll D
._.
~
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..... Dold
94
l_~l Lllerdl!ftii1C8pte.nt:Jiflel)., .ftdfi!t 101325 Niln"2
o o.rn...~ .............. ~o~~IOIJ L "'
~ fb> H logocy llludyioodD>--)
~~ ~ ~
Click the ... button next to the blank space, choose the SolidWorks
Flow Simulation results file, and click Open.
Click OK.
12 Create Fixed Restraint.
Right-click Fixtures in the Simulation Study tree
and select Fixed Geometry.
Select the bottom face of the base of the billboard
and apply a Fixed Geometry restraint.
Click OK.
n
13 Create Mesh.
Right-click Mesh in the Simulation Study tree and select Create
Mesh.
Accept the default mesh settings and click OK.
14 Run the analysis.
Right-cl ick Wind Effects in the Simulation Study tree and select Run.
n
257
FEA Load Transfer
15 View Stress plot.

To view the results, expand the Results folder and double-click u
Stressl.
20.D56
18.3115
16714
~ 15.043
13.372
11701
10.1130
8359
6.688
5D17
3.3<6
1.675
0004
-. Yield slref9h. 75.829
16 View animation.
Right-click the Stress! plot and click Animate.
Click the play button to animate the model.
Click OK when finished.
17 View a Displacement plot.
To view the displacement of the model, double-click the
Displacement! plot in the Results folder. u
258
FEA Load Transfer
Summary In this lesson, we used Flow Simulation to solve for the pressure
distribution from wind on a billboard. We then used that pressure
distribution to run a linear static analysis in SolidWorks Simulation to
study the response of the structure. Flow Simulation gives us the
opportunity to export results (pressure, temperature, convection) to
SolidWorks Simulation for linear static analysis. From here, we can
further evaluate the response of our structures.
259
CJ
Lesson 14
FEA Load Transfer
SolidWorks 2013
u
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260
u
Index
A E M
A vortex crosses the pressure EFD Zooming 154 Mach number 246
opening 32 Engineering Database 92, 168 Minimum gap size 52
Adiabatic Wall 22 Engineering goals definition Minimum wall thickness 52
Advanced Narrow Channel 27 0
Refinement 72 External Flow 113 oblique shock 251
Aerodynamic Drag Coeffi- External Flow Analysis 7 Optimize Thin Wall Resolu-
cient 247 F tion 53
Automatic initial mesh 52 Fan Curves 96 Orthotropic I 04
B Fans 96 p
Basic mesh 52 Flow Trajectories 40 Parametric Analysis 199
Batch Run 161 Flow Trajectory 243 Partial cells 58
Boundary Conditions 25 Fluid cells 58 Particle Drag Coefficient 232
Bow Shock 25 I Free area ratio I 00 Particle Motion Equation 232
c G Perforated Plates 98
Calculation Control Options Geometry Resolution 52 permeability 169
119 Global Goal 27 Permeability Type 168
Cavitation 216 Goal Plot 31 Point Goal 27
centrifugal 188 goal plot 44 Porosity 168
Check Geometry 12 Goals 27 Porous Media 168
Clone Project 160 I Porous Media property input
Component Control 64 Ideal Wa11241 169
Computational Domain 117, inertial forces 113 Prandti-Meyer expansion fan
!57 Initial Mesh 52 251
Computational domain defini- Initial mesh 52 R
tion 25 Internal Flow Analysis 7 Real Gases 141
Computational mesh 5 I Internal Fluid Volume 13, 17, Reference Axis 20
Coriolis 188 202 Relative Humidity 222
COSMOSMotion Invalid Contact 13 Resistance 168
Add-Ins 7 Invalid contacts 13 Result Resolution 56
Create Lids 8 Irregular cells 58 Result Resolution and Geom-
Cut Plots 34 L etry Resolution 52
D Lid Thickness 9 Result Resolution definition
Drag Coefficient 247 Lids 8 24
Drag Equation 120 Local Initial Mesh 59
501
Index SolidWorks 2013
Reynolds Number 113

u
Reynolds number 126, 246
Rotating Reference Frame
188
Rotating Region 191
Roughness 22
Run 30
s
Shedding Vortex 112
Shock Waves 251
Solid cells 58
Solution Adaptive Mesh Re-
finement I 16
Supersonic Flow 246
Surface Goal 27
Surface Parameter 43
Surface Plot 38
T
Thin Wall Optimization 76 0
Time Animation 123
Transferred Boundary Condi-
tions 158 J
Transient Analysis 115
Transparency 34
u
Turbulence I 13, 126 u
Turbulence Intensity 115
Two Dimensional Flow 116 u
u
User-Defined Material 93,
127 u
v
Variable Inlet Velocity 180
u
viscous forces 113 u
Volume Goal27
von Kannan vortex street 122
0
w
Wizard 17
X
u
XY-Plot41
u
L.J
u
u
502
)
c
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7.
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TfFfCATE LE T ~ GO PEStGN
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SolidWorks Flow Simulation 2013 PDF

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TRAINING

rorks Flow Simulation

SolidWorks Flow Simulation

Dassault Systemes SolidWorks Corporation

Bold Sans Serif SolidWorks Flow Simulation commands and

r Double lines precede and follow sections of

r • Use the Solver Monitor window.

Stages in the • Prepare model for analysis. LJ

• Post-process the results.

2 SolidWorks Flow Simulation Add-Ins.

Where to Find It • CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Create lids ~

4 Create a lid on the inlet face.

Correct Lid Creation In-correct Lid Creation

Where to Find It • CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Check Geometry ~

6 Check for invalid fluid geometry.

Keep all assembly components selected.

Invalid Contact Some typical types of invalid contact are

If an invalid contact is detected, you may

7 Modify lid position.

lbluo: SUCCESSFUL f'nlblemo dctccted and hood ~~Dm:Mi~:Q1\!!mi!~ !

9 Modify lid position again.

volumes show zero volumes indicating that

11 Modify lid position. LJ

Where to Find It • CommandManager: Flow Simulation > Wizard 5]

12 Create a project using a wizard.

~·- ~_,....., l'lqecll

USA f'le{).med USA

DecmtB WI resub 1 Sl unl JIJ

Select Sl (m-kg-s) as the Unit System for this project.

15 Select analysis type.

Select Internal under Analysis Type.

16 Select fluid type (gas or liquid).

flow type Un.wr 1Mt Turbulent ~

Click Next to accept the default standard ambient conditions as the

19 Set automatic initial mesh.

Mrwrun gep llZC ref~s to the INI:lle dmem10n

Accept the default Result Resolution setting of 3.

20 Review input data in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation analysis

~ Clkullbon Control Opoons...

Expand the options under Input Data

Computational The Computational Domain is defined as a volume fixed with respect

Where to Find It • Shortcut Menu: Right-click Boundary Conditions in the Flow

22 Set up the boundary condition.

24 Set up the boundary condition.

25 Create additional outlet boundary conditions.

Introducing: SolidWorks Flow Simulation contains built-in criteria to stop the

In addition, you can also define an Equation Goal, which is a goal

26 Insert surface goal.

condition Inlet Volume Flow! item in

The new SG Volume Flow Rate! item """""""'=<•

27 Rename surface goal.

check box. This will create 6 surface goals

29 Insert equation goal.

In the Dimensionality list, click Volume Flow Rate.

Introducing: Run The Run command solves the simulation.

32 Solve the SolidWorks Flow Simulation project.

Medl r1T •e preYtOU$ reds

Reds,..,.,.._"'" lnsmglhe cek:Uaban

Mln• O mls Max-17.3399 mls

36 Set model Transparency.

37 Create Cut Plots.

Scaling the Limits Click directly on the lower or upper limit

Changing Legend To edit various legend settings such as color 15.438