II, EPA-600/2-80,-115 (PB 81-
This ‘section may also Tbe section on maintenance considera-
107096);
Processing Equipment for Resource
Recovery Systems, Volume 111-
FieldTest Evaluation of Shredders,
E P A - 6 0 0 / 2 - 8 0 - 0 0 7 ~(PB 8 1 -
151557).
2, Report i n preparation:
Significance of Size Reduction in
Solid Waste Management, Volume
Ill-Effects of Machine Param-
eters on Shredder Performance.
Use of Manual
The design manual is aimed at individ-
uals with varied connections to refuse
processing and resourcerecovery, including
public works and sanitation officials,
equipment manufacturers, system design-
ers, plant operators, and researchers.
To meet the needs of such a diverse
group, the scope of the manual is broad
and extendsfrom fundamental concepts
to empirical data on solid waste size
reduction.
The manual primarily emphasizes the
various aspects of design-that is, the
theoreticaland empiricalknowledgeneeded
todesign a size reduction system. Design
requires far broader information than
that required solely for shredder selec-
tion, but because the industry is rela-
tively new, it lacksdesign theories suppor-
ted by many yearsof confirmation i n the
field. Compared with the coal and min-
eral processing industries, for which
design theories have been developed
and confirmed for more than a century,
the solid waste processing industry is a
neophyte. Nevertheless, this manual pre-
sents the latest and best documented
theories and empirical information repor-
ted to date.
To be significantly useful to the solid
waste industry, the manual emphasizes
actual applications of available infor-
mation and the experience of equip-
ment operators. Information such as
man-hour estimates for maintenance
operations and the influence of opera-
tional variables on shredder perfoc-
mance is primarily intended for those
most closely associated with equipment
operation (e.g., system designers and
plant operators).Economicdataare presen-
ted in a form that enables less technical
decisionmakers to estimate the costs
associated with size reduction.
Adetailed section on performance test-
ing was prepared as a guide to rational
test methods for evaluating size reduc-
tion equipment.
serve as an interim procedure pending
the development and consensus approv-
al of formal test standards being develo-
ped by the Committee E38 on Resource
Recovery of the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM). These
methods will allow performance evalua-
tions of installed equipment and will
therefore be of practical use to plant
owners, operators, and equipment vend-
ors. They will also provide a guideline
for individuals concerned with shredder
design (e.g., researchers and develo-
pers).
A major part of the manual is ad-
dressed specifically to the design of
refuse size reduction equipment. Operat-
ing variables are releted to shredder
performance and size reduction is ana-
lyzedaspart of an entire electro-mechan-
ical system. This information will be
particularly useful to individuals who
are responsiblefor supplying and selecting
equipment and to those concerned with
the design and development of size
reduction equipment for solid waste.
Finally, the design manual provides
information on topics relating to refuse
size reduction. A review of pertinent
literature is included.
Since the main purpose of the manual
is to provide information and guidelines
for shredder design, no detailed selec-
tion criteria are given. But selection is
addressed to the degree that it overlaps
design (and the overlap is significant).
Summary of Manual Contents
The manual is divided into seven sections
on available shredding equipment, design
of refuse size reduction systems, mainte-
nance, health and safety, economics,
shredder selection, and performance
evaluation in the field. The first section
includes a brief, but adequate descrip-
tion of various types of size reduction
devices, including their basic design.
The second section addresses the design
of refuse size reduction systems and
begins with an explanation of the princi-
ples of refuse size reduction. These
include forces, energy, theories, and
representation of particle size distribu-
tion. Many aspects of shredder opera-
tion and performance are summarized,
including multiple-size reduction, rota-
tional velocity, condition of hammers,
hammer wear, andother necessaryconsid-
erations. System analysis and design
for systems of motors and shredders are
also addressed.
2
tions focuses on maintenance cost as
the fraction,of labor involved in chang-
ing and replacing parts, retipping worn
elements, cleaning out jammed shredders,
and preventive maintenance.
Dust, explosions, and projectiles are
discussed in the section on health and
safety. Causes, problems, and controls
areexamined. The manual includes tables
on the economics of size reduction and
an example for cost estimates, including
costs of size reduction and hammer
maintenance.
Shredder selection is addressed by
assessing the criteria for selecting any
piece of electro-mechanical processing
equipment. In addition, the manual con-
tains a description of vertical-shaft versus
horizontal-shaft shredders. Also included
are explanations of advantages, disadvan-
tages, and relationships between machine
components, operational alternatives,
establishment of specifications, energy
requirements, maintenance, and other
more specific aspects of shredder selec-
tion.
Performance i n the field is evaluated
through comparisons of size reduction
alternativesandtwodifferent test methods
for shredder performance evaluation.
Six appendices are also included i n the
manual: Refuse Size Reduction Litera-
ture Reviews; Size Reduction Devices
Used i n Solid Waste Processing Facil-
ities; Partial List of MSWShredderManufac-
turers; Utilization of Selection and Break-
age Functions in Shredder Analysis;
Shredder Rotor Mass Movement of Inertia;
and Deviation of Governing Equations
for Motor Power in Terms of Motor
Characteristics.
The full report was submitted in fulfill-
ment of Contract No. 68-03-2972 by Cal
Recovery Systems, Inc., under the spon-
sorshipof the U.S. Environmental Protrec-
tion Agency.
 I
G. M. Savage, D. J. Lafrenz, D. B. Jones, and J. C. Glaub are with Cal Recovery
Systems, lnc., Richmond, CA 94804;the EPA authors lhor Melnyk and C. C.
Wiles (also the EPA Project Officer, see below) are with the Municipal Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
The complete report, entitled “‘Engineering Design Manual for Solid Waste Size
Reduction Equipment, *‘ (Order No. PB 83-139 493; Cost: $16.00,subject to
change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22 16 7
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
I

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