Geotechnical Earthquake

Introduction Earthquake Induced Landslides Evaluation of slope stability Summary
Seismic Geotechnical Engineering

Seismic Slope Stability
Cristian Soriano Camelo1

1 Department of Civil Engineering
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)
September 25th, 2017
Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Earthquake Induced Landslides

Types
Earthquake Induced Landslide Activity
3 Evaluation of slope stability

Static Slope Stability Analysis
Seismic Slope Stability Analysis

Outline
1 Introduction

Types


Introduction
- Landslides occur on a regular basis throughout the world as

part of the ongoing evolution of landscapes.
- Many slides occur in natural slopes, but slides occur in

man-made slopes from time to time.
-When an earthquake occurs, the effects of earthquake-induced

ground shaking is often sufficient to cause failure of slopes that
were marginally to moderately stable before the earthquake.

Types
Outline
1 Introduction

Types


Types
Types of Earthquake-Induced Landslides
Example of Rock Falls, Pitilakis and Roumelioti, (2013)

High internal disruption - Water content from dry to saturated-Extremely
rapid - Shallow

Types
Example of Rock Slides, Internet source

Translational sliding or basal shear surface - High internal disruption -
Rapid to extremely rapid - Water content from dry to saturated.

Types
Example of Rock Avalanche, Internet source

Complex movement involving sliding and/or flow - Very high internal
disruption- Extremely rapid - Deep - Water content from dry to saturated.

Types
Example of Soil Avalanche, Atacama Desert in Chile Internet source

Translational sliding with subsidiary flow - Very high disruption - Water
content: saturated-Very rapid to extremely rapid - Shallow or deep.

Types
Example of Soil Lateral Spreads, emanating from the eastern

escarpment of Crowleys Ridge in eastern Arkansas and southeastern
Missouri Internet source
Triggered by liquefaction of cohesionless soils at some depth below the
ground causing large chunks of land to move laterally towards natural
depressions, usually river channels.
Types
Example of a Submarine Landslide, caused by either a local or distant

earthquake Internet source
On the upper part of the continental margin near the shallow continental
shelf, shaking from the earthquake dislodges loose sediment, which flows
downhill, becoming more fluid and more turbulent.
Outline
1 Introduction

Types


It is logical to expect that the extent of earthquake-induced landslide

activity should increase with increasing earthquake magnitude and that
there could be a minimum magnitude below earthquake-induced landslides
would rarely occur.
ML Description
4,0 Rock falls, rock slides, soil falls, disrupted soil slides
4,5 Soil block slides, soil slumps
5,0 Rock block slides, slow earth flows, soil lateral spreads, rapid soil flows
6,0 Rock avalanches
6,5 Soil avalanches
Estimates of the smallest earthquakes likely to cause - After Keefer (1984)

Maximum epicentral distance for

different types of landslides. Dashed
line is for disrupted falls and slides,
dashed-dot lone is for coherent slides
and solid line is for lateral spreads
and flows. (After Keefer, 1984).

Area affected by landslides for

earthquakes off different magnitude.
The area over which

earthquake-induced landsliding can
be expected also increases with
increasing earthquake magnitude.

Outline
1 Introduction

Types


Evaluation of slope stability
Slopes become unstable when shear stresses required to

maintain equilibrium reach or exceed the available shearing
resistance on some potential failure surface.
The most commonly used methods of static slope stability

analysis are limit equilibrium analyses and stress-deformation
analyses

Limit Equilibrium Analysis
- Consideration of force and/or moment equilibrium of a mass

of soil (assumed to be rigid) above a potential failure surface.
- Slope Stability is usually expressed in terms of the factor of

safety.
available shear strength∗

F.S = shear stress required to maintain equilibrium
* Mobilized at the same rate at all points on the potential

failure surface.


- Different methods of Limit Equilibrium have been developed
to analyze the static stability of slope depending on the shape
of the failure surface.
Common failure surface geometries: a) Planar - Culmann method (Taylor,

1948); b)Multiplanar - Perloff and Baron (1976); c) Circular - Felleinius
(1972) or Bishop (1955); d) Non-circular - Morgenstern and Price (1965).


Progressive failure is a strong possibility in the case of excavated slopes in
overconsolidated clays and dense granular soils. Through this process the
peak strength is not mobilized simultaneously at all points of the slip
surface.
Mechanism of progressive failure in over consolidated clay (Duncan and

Wright, 2005).
Stress-Deformation Analyses
- Allow the consideration of the stress-strain behaviour of soil

and rock and are most commonly performed using the Finite
Element Method.
- When applied to slopes, stress-deformation analyses can

predict the magnitudes and patterns of stresses, movements and
pore pressures in slopes during construction/deposition.

Stress-Deformation Analyses
- Strength Reduction Technique does not require any

assumptions about the shape or location of the failure surface
and will automatically determine the most critical failure mode
and the corresponding safety factor.
Example of Finite Element Slope Stability Rocscience

Outline
1 Introduction

Types


Seismic slope stability analysis
Seismic slope stability analysis may be grouped into two

categories on the basis of their effects in a given slope.
-Inertial instabilities: the shear strength of the soil remains

constant, but slope deformations are produced by temporary
exceedances of the strength by dynamic earthquake stresses.
-Weakening instabilities: are those in which the earthquake

serves to weaken the soil that it cannot remain under
earthquake-induced stresses (e.g., flow liquefaction).

Pseudostatic analysis
Pseudostatic analyses represent the effects of earthquake

shaking by pseudostatic accelerations that produce inertial
forces, Fh and Fv which act through the centroid of the failure
mass:
ah W
Fh = g = kh W
av W
Fv = g = kv W
Where ah and av are horizontal and vertical pseudostatic accelerations, kh

and kv are dimensionless horizontal and vertical pseudostatic coefficients
and W is the weight of the failure mass.

Resolving forces on the potential failure mass in a direction
parallel to the failure surface:
Resisting f orce clab +[(W −Fv )cosβ−Fh sinβ]tanφ

FS = Driving f orce = (W −Fv )sinβ+Fh cosβ
Where c and φ are the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters that describe

the shear strength in the failure plane and lab is the length of the failure
plane.
Example: non-homogeneous, three layer slope with material properties
shown in the following table. In the problem there is a comparison of the
Safety Factor calculated with a horizontal seismically induced acceleration
of 0.15 g and the static condition.

Morgenstern/Price method, FS=0,989, kh = 0.15

Morgenstern/Price method, FS=1,374, kh = 0.0 (Static)

Selection of Pseudostatic Coefficient: is the most

important and most difficult aspect of a pseudostatic analysis.
Terzaghi (1950) originally suggested the use of k h = 0, 1 for

severe earthquakes, kh = 0, 2 for violent, destructive
earthquakes, kh = 0, 5 for catastrophic earthquakes.
Hynes-Griffin and Franklin (1984) concluded that earth dams

with pseudostatic factors of safety greater than 1,0 using
kh = 0, 5amax /g would not develop ”dangerously large
deformations”.

Experience has shown that pseudostatic analyses can be

unreliable for soils that build up large pore pressures or show
more than about 15% degradation of strength due to
earthquake shaking.
Effect of
Dam kh FS
Earthquake
Sheffeld Dam 0,10 1,2 Complete failure
Lower San Fernando Dam 0,15 1,3 Upstream slope failure
Downstream shell,
Upper San Fernando Dam 0,15 2,0-2,5 including crest slipped
about 6 ft downstream
Failure of dam without
Tailings Dam (Japan) 0,20 1,3
release of tailings
After Seed (1979)

The Brazil Tailings Dam Failure

The report on the Brazil dam collapse says three minor
earthquakes with an intensity of just 2.2Mw, 2.6Mw and 1.8Mw
which occurred 90 minutes before the dam breach were a
triggering mechanism for a liquefaction flow slide”.

Newmark Sliding Block Analysis
- Since the serviceability of a slope after an earthquake is

controlled by deformations, analyses that predict slope
displacements provide a more useful indication of seismic slope
stability.
- Newmark (1965) considered the behavior of a slope in which

the inertial forces acting on the potential failure mass become
large enough that the total diving forces exceed the available
resistance forces (Factor of Safety drop below 1,0).

Analogy of a block resting on an inclined plane
available resisting f orce Rs W cosβtanφ tanφ

F Sstatic = static driving f orce = Ds = W sinβ = tanβ
available resisting f orce Rd (t) (cosβ−kh (t)sinβ)tanφ

F Sd (t) = pseudostatic driving f orce = Dd(t) = sinβ+kh (t)cosβ


The coefficient, termed the yield coefficient, ky , corresponds to the yield
acceleration, ay = ky g. The yield acceleration is the minimum pseudostatic
acceleration to produce instability of the block.
ky = tan(φ − β)
Variation of pseudostatic factor of safety with horizontal pseudostatic

coefficient for a block on a plane inclined at 20 deg.

Block subjected to a pulse of acceleration that exceeds the yield
acceleration.
drel (t1 ) = 21 (A − ay )∆t2 aAy
The displacement depends strongly on both the amount and the length of
time by which the yield acceleration is exceeded. Therefore, there is a
relationship with the amplitude ans frequency content of the pulse.


Example of an earthquake motion
Development of permanent slope

displacements for actual earthquake
ground motion (After Wilson and
Keefer, 1985).
- An earthquake motion van exceed

yield acceleration a number of times
and produce a number of
increments of displacement.

Example: For the same model (three-layer slope) it was performed a

Critical Seismic Coefficient Analysis (computing different pseudostatic
analysis with different values of kh until reach a Factor of Safety FS=1,0),
giving a critical seismic coefficient ky = 0, 145.
- The Newmark displacement analysis is performed by using the software

SLAMMER
Reference: Jibson, R.W., Rathje, E.M., Jibson, M.W., and Lee, Y.W.,
2013, SLAMMER Seismic Landslide Movement Modeled using Earthquake
Records (ver.1.1, November 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and
Methods, book 12, chap. B1, unpaged.


- Step 1, select records: which earthquake strong motions will be used in an
analysis. For the example it was choosen Mammoth Lakes-1 1980, record
name CVK-090.
Magnitude 6,1; PGA* 0.416.

* amplitude of the largest absolute acceleration recorded on an
accelerogram at a site during a particular earthquake
Mammoth Lake Earthquake record, Source: DEEPSOIL

- Step 2, select analyses: Input of the critical (yield) acceleration ky ,

assuming a ”constant” value to guarantee a constant critical acceleration
througout the analysis. The type of analysis is known as Rigid Block,
conducted to allow only downslope displacement.
- Step 3, perform analyses and view results.

According to the results, the critical slip surface displacement is about 4,5
cm.
This example used the same data of the Tutorial 28 example performed in
the software SLIDE
Summary
The pesudostatic method of analysis, like all limit

equilibrium methods, provides an index of stability but no
information on deformations associated with slope failure.
The accuracy of a sliding block analysis depends on the
accuracy of the input motion applied to the inclined plane..
The standard sliding block analysis is based on the
assumption of rigid-perfectly plastic stress-strain behavior
in a planar failure surface.

Appendix
For Further Reading
For Further Reading I
Steven L. Kramer.
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering.
Prentice Hall, 1996.
J. Michael Duncan and Stephen G. Wright.
Soil Strength and Slope Stability.
Wiley, 2005.
SLAMMER Seismic Landslide Movement Modeled using
Earthquake Records - https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/12b1/


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Introduction Earthquake Induced Landslides Evaluation of slope stability Summary

Seismic Geotechnical Engineering

Cristian Soriano Camelo1

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)

September 25th, 2017

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

2 Earthquake Induced Landslides

3 Evaluation of slope stability

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Seismic Slope Stability

2 Earthquake Induced Landslides

3 Evaluation of slope stability

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Seismic Slope Stability

- Landslides occur on a regular basis throughout the world as

- Many slides occur in natural slopes, but slides occur in

-When an earthquake occurs, the effects of earthquake-induced

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

2 Earthquake Induced Landslides

3 Evaluation of slope stability

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Types of Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Example of Rock Falls, Pitilakis and Roumelioti, (2013)

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Types of Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Example of Rock Slides, Internet source

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Types of Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Example of Rock Avalanche, Internet source

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Types of Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Example of Soil Avalanche, Atacama Desert in Chile Internet source

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Types of Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Example of Soil Lateral Spreads, emanating from the eastern

Types of Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Example of a Submarine Landslide, caused by either a local or distant

Earthquake Induced Landslide Activity

2 Earthquake Induced Landslides

3 Evaluation of slope stability

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Earthquake Induced Landslide Activity

Earthquake Induced Landslide Activity

It is logical to expect that the extent of earthquake-induced landslide

Estimates of the smallest earthquakes likely to cause - After Keefer (1984)

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Earthquake Induced Landslide Activity

Earthquake Induced Landslide Activity

Maximum epicentral distance for

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Earthquake Induced Landslide Activity

Earthquake Induced Landslide Activity

Area affected by landslides for

The area over which

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Static Slope Stability Analysis

2 Earthquake Induced Landslides

3 Evaluation of slope stability

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Static Slope Stability Analysis

Evaluation of slope stability

Slopes become unstable when shear stresses required to

The most commonly used methods of static slope stability

Cristian Soriano Camelo Federal University of Rio de Janeiro