0024igee - Computers Made Easy

INSTRUCTOR’S EDITION
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Computers
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Made Easy
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Computers Made Easy
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Instructor's
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Computers Made Easy
0024IGEE
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Course number:
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A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
Project Team
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Acquisition Editor: Ann M. DeVries · Curriculum Developer and Technical Writer: Kathleen M. Donovan · Technical
Reviewer: Stephen French · Technical Editor: Ellen M. Fike · Composition Specialists: Gerald J. DAmico, Heather K.
Ferrin, Kristen L. Kaib, Kristy L. Jones, and Marie C. Boyers · Layout Specialists: Edith M. Cornish, William J. Sherwood,
and Martina Smith · Quality Control Specialist: Kathleen M. Blasi
Administration
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Associate Publisher: Dino Ferrare · Manager of Acquisitions: Caryl Bahner-Guhin · Manager of Curriculum Development
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and Technical Writing: Brian S. Wilson · Manager of Editing and Quality Control: Elizabeth A. Zivanov · Manager of
Composition and Layout: Stacy A. Dobles · Publishing Technical Specialists: James W. Renner, Gail E. Toor · Production
Supervisor: Michael J. Peter IC

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D I S C L A I M E R
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Trademark Notices: Element K Content LLC, ZDU, FirstEdition, Element K Journals and the corresponding logos are trademarks and
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CONTENTS
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Introduction
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About this course.................................................................................... iii
Course setup information ........................................................................ iv
Lesson 1: Getting started

A. Orientation to personal computers.................................................... 1-2
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B. The system unit............................................................................... 1-11
C. Connecting the components ............................................................. 1-16
D. Starting the computer ...................................................................... 1-22
Wrap-up for Lesson 1 ............................................................................. 1-27
Lesson 2: Input devices
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A. The keyboard .................................................................................. 2-2
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B. The mouse ...................................................................................... 2-11
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C. Other input devices ......................................................................... 2-18
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Lesson 3: Processing
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A. The CPU ......................................................................................... 3-2
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B. Memory .......................................................................................... 3-6

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Lesson 4: Storage
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A. An overview of storage devices ........................................................ 4-2

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B. The floppy-disk drive....................................................................... 4-6

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C. The hard-disk drive ......................................................................... 4-16

D. Other storage devices ...................................................................... 4-19
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Lesson 5: Output devices
A. Monitors ......................................................................................... 5-2
B. Printers ........................................................................................... 5-9
C. Modems .......................................................................................... 5-15
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D. Sound boards................................................................................... 5-20
Lesson 6: The operating system

A. An introduction to the operating system ........................................... 6-2
B. File-management concepts ............................................................... 6-4
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Lesson 7: DOS survival guide

A. Using the command prompt ............................................................. 7-2
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Lesson 8: Windows survival guide

A. The Windows Desktop..................................................................... 8-2
B. The Program Manager ..................................................................... 8-5
C. Organizing the Desktop.................................................................... 8-11
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D. The File Manager ............................................................................ 8-18
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Lesson 9: Application software
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Using application software ............................................................... 9-2
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Appendix A: Networking .............................................................................. A-1

A. An introduction to networking ......................................................... A-2
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Reference section
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Glossary................................................................................................. R-20
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Index ......................................................................................................... I-1

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INTRODUCTION
About this course
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Who will benefit most from this course
Students will probably get the most out of this course if they are new to
computers. If students are experienced computer users, they may also
benefit from this course if they want to increase their understanding of
the basics of personal computers.
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This course may be helpful to students who are thinking about buying a
PC. This course will help them know what to look for.
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Course objectives
After students complete this course, they will be able to do the following:
· Identify and connect the parts of a computer.
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· Use input devices, including the keyboard and mouse.
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· Describe how the CPU and computer memory process information.
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· Identify the purposes of storage devices, and distinguish between types
of storage devices.
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· Identify several output devices and describe their uses.
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· Apply file-management concepts to create and evaluate file-

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management schemes.
· Use common DOS commands.

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· Perform common Windows techniques.

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· Determine the type of application software to use for a given task.

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Course prerequisites
This course is intended for new computer users. No prior knowledge of

the personal computer is assumed.
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Course setup information
Hardware and software requirements
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You will need a minimum of 1 megabyte (MB) of Random Access
Memory (RAM) to use Windows 3.1. See your reference manual for
hardware considerations that apply to your specific hardware setup.
You will need at least 9 MB of free hard-disk space to run Windows 3.1
in Standard mode.
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In order to run this course, you will need:
· A minimum of 1 MB of RAM (4 MB or more is recommended).
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· At least 9 MB of free hard-disk space.
· An IBM-compatible computer with at least an 80386 processor.
· A VGA/SVGA monitor and graphics adapter.
· A mouse.
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· DOS 6.0 or higher.
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· Microsoft Windows 3.1 or higher.
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Course specifications
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This course is designed to run using the following specifications:

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· Microsoft Windows 3.1 has been installed on the hard disk in the
C:\WINDOWS directory.
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· The following settings are active in Microsoft Windows:

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Program Manager is the only window that opens when Microsoft

Windows is loaded.
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The root directory of the hard drive is displayed when File Manager is
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started.
Options, Save Settings is not checked in File Manager or in Program

Manager.
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· Throughout the Student Manual, the data drive is referred to as the A:

drive.
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Introduction
Note: Figures and exhibits in the Student Manual were created with a
PostScript printer using a portrait orientation as the default. If you are

using a different printer, then your printouts, print previews, and screen
display might be different.
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Before you teach this class for the FIRST time
Before you teach this course for the first time, you must perform certain
procedures in order for the class to run properly. The procedures are
described below.
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1. Complete a full installation of DOS 6.0 or higher.
2. Complete a full installation of Windows 3.1 or higher.
3. Ensure that Windows is included in the PATH statement in the
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AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
4. Ensure that Program Manager is the only window that opens when you
run Windows. (Run Windows. Close any other open windows. Check
Options, Save Settings on Exit, and exit Windows.)
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5. Ensure that the root directory of the hard disk is displayed when you
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run File Manager. (Run File Manager. Open the root directory of the
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hard disk. Check Options, Save Settings on Exit, and exit File
Manager.)
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6. Ensure that students machines boot to DOS (rather than to Windows).
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Before EVERY class

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The steps above need to be done only once. The steps below must be
done before every class.
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1. Bring equipment to your classroom that you can use to demonstrate or

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discuss concepts to help meet the goals of the course. A partial list
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follows: an exposed system unit; power-protection devices; cleaning

cloths; joystick; an old or broken hard-disk component; a variety of
floppy-disk types; a tape backup unit; a CD-ROM drive; a modem; a
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sound board; a network interface card; and cabling. These items are
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optional, but the inclusion of any or all of them will enhance the
classroom experience for students.
2. Prepare acetate overhead transparencies or use the electronic

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overheads to augment your delivery. This course is concept-heavy;

visual stimulation is critical to help keep students alert and engaged in
their learning.
3. Ensure that the Program Manager is the only window that opens when
you run Windows.
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4. Ensure that Options, Save Settings on Exit is unchecked in Program
Manager and in File Manager.
5. Ensure that the root directory of the hard disk is displayed when you
run File Manager, and that the directory window is restored to its
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original size.
6. Disconnect the component parts of students computers. You can

position all equipment so that it is ready to be attached with the cables,
or in random order. (Students connect the composed parts in Lesson 1,
Task C-3.)
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L E S S O N 1
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Getting started
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Suggested teaching time 65-75 minutes
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Lesson objectives
To understand basic personal computer
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principles, you will:
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a
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Define personal computer and describe

several tasks that can be performed using a
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personal computer.
b Identify the major parts of the computer and

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what each part does.

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c
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Connect the component parts of the

computer.
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Start the computer.

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1-1
a Orientation to personal computers
Concepts > A computer is a fast operating, versatile machine that can be used for
home- and business-related tasks to enhance productivity. In simple
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This global topic
terms, a computer is a collection of electronic parts, or hardware, that

introduces the basic
have a set of electronic instructions called software. All computers

computer. The topic
covers a lot of
perform the same basic functions; they enable you to store and
information and
manipulate information.
provides a blueprint
for the rest of the

The personal computer defined
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day.
Types of
computers
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Stress that a
computer is a piece of
equipment, much like
any other equipment
students are
accustomed to using,
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such as a VCR or
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stereo. Try to minimize
Mainframe Minicomputer Personal
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the intimidation factor
computer computer
for students. (PC)
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This section begins to
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Figure 1-1: Types of computers.
narrow in on the
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personal computer by
ruling out other types

Personal computers, or microcomputers, are often called PCs. That is
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of computers.
because PCs often stand alone on your desk, complete with all the
equipment you need to perform your daily tasks. However, personal
computers do not have to stand alone; they can be linked by a network in
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If students will be
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working in a networked
order to share information and equipment with other users.
environment, then you
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may want to
After IBM introduced its first personal computer, the IBM PC, other
incorporate the
companies began making and selling computers that looked and worked
concepts found in
similar to the PC. These copies are called IBM-compatible, PC-compatible,
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or clone systems. Many people use the term PC to refer specifically to

Appendix A sometime
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IBM and compatible personal computers, as opposed to Apples,

during the day.
Macintoshes, and Commodores.
In contrast to PCs, there are other general types of computers. The

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Mainframe computers
made by IBM, distinction between these different types of computers is subjective, but
Burroughs, and Univac in general you might think of them as follows:
are typical of this
type. · A mainframe is a large computer that might serve an entire large

organization. Users access the mainframe through terminals. A
terminal is typically a typewriter-style keyboard and video display.
1-2
· A minicomputer is a small free-standing computer that might serve a

single office or department.
Types of personal computers
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In this course, desktop PCs are addressed; these are the types of
computer that you usually see on a desk. However, other types of
personal computers work similarly:
· Laptop computers weigh only about 10 pounds. They are battery-

operated computers with built-in screens. They are designed to be
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Digital Equipment
carried and used in locations without electrical outlets.

Company's VAX
minicomputer is
· Notebook computers are similar to laptop computers, but notebook

typical of this type.
computers are smaller. They weigh only about six or seven pounds.
IBM AS400s are also
Similar to a laptop, a notebook computer includes a full keyboard,
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very common.
hard drive, floppy drive, and built-in screen.
· Palmtop computers are the smallest model. They often feature built-in
applications, such as a simple word processor. Typing on the smaller
keyboard can be difficult.
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Desktop Laptop
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Types of personal
computers
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Palmtop
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Notebook
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Figure 1-2: Label the four types of personal computers.

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1-3
Task A-1: Identifying types of computers
What you do Comments/Prompts
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1. In Figure 1-2, identify Choose from: Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, and
each type of computer. Palmtop.
Place the correct word on
the appropriate line
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What can personal computers do?
Tasks performed
using a personal
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computer
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Figure 1-3: Tasks performed by a personal computer.

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Concepts > Among their many capabilities, you can use personal computers to:
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· Write documents, such as memos, letters, reports, and briefs.

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· Budget and perform accounting tasks.
· Analyze numeric information.

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· Search through lists or reports for specific information.
· Schedule and plan projects.

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· Create illustrations.
· Communicate by using electronic mail.
1-4
Task A-2: Discovering PC uses
q Objective: To discuss the questions below and share your thoughts with
the rest of the class.
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1. Identify several places _________________________________________

Answers will vary, but might include libraries, banks,
where you have seen

_________________________________________
schools, stores, doctor and dentist offices, and other
personal computers
_________________________________________
places of business.
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2. Identify several ways that _________________________________________
Answers will vary, but might include to schedule
you have seen personal

_________________________________________
appointments, play a game, design a home, look up
computers used
_________________________________________
information, create a newsletter, or produce a form
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3. Identify some advantages _________________________________________
Some advantages are: faster, efficient, data storage
of using a personal _________________________________________

purposes.
computer _________________________________________
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PC components
Concepts > IC
A PC is not a single unit. A typical PC consists of several basic parts, or
components, that work together. These physical components of a
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computer system are referred to as hardware. Generally, you can think of
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A computer is like
hardware as any part of the computer that you can see or touch.
Computer systems generally include the following components:
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a stereo. Just as
every stereo system
will have a tuner,

· A system unitcontains disk drives, memory chips, and a
microprocessor chip.
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amplifier, speakers,
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and so on, every
· A and mousefor entering commands and data.

computer system will
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keyboard
have certain parts in
· A monitorso you can see whats going on as you work.

common.
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· A printerfor transferring your work to paper.

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Mention that you
dont need a printer to
be able to run your The system unit is the central part of the computer. Any devices that are
computer. attached to the system unit are considered peripheral.
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1-5
monitor
The parts of a
typical PC
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printer
system
unit
mouse
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keyboard
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Figure 1-4: The parts of a typical PC.
Task A-3: Identifying PC components
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1. Identify your computers Refer to Figure 1-4 to identify the system unit
system unit and other hardware items. Your hardware might
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look slightly different from the hardware shown.
Your instructor will help you in this task as
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necessary.
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2. Identify your monitor (It resembles a television screen.) Numbers, text,

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and pictures appear on the display screen.
3. Identify your keyboard You use the keyboard to enter information into
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the computer.
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4. Identify your mouse You use the mouse to give commands and select
items on the display screen.
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5. Identify your printer You use the printer to print copies of documents
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that you create using the computer.

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1-6
How computers work: input, processing, output, and storage
The computer works with information called data. Data refers to any information that
is entered in the computer. For example, data can be the text of a letter, numbers in a
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spreadsheet, or a graphic image.
The information
C:\ _
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processing cycle
memory chip
Monthly Report
Last months sales were
microprocessor chip up by one million per-
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cent. Although this is
beep
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Input Processing Output Storage
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Figure 1-5: The information processing cycle.
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You use your computers hardware and software to perform a cycle of
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four basic activities.

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· Inputis information, or data, that flows into the computer. Input

Example:
devices accept information and convert it to a format the
If you give a
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computer a command
microprocessor chip can recognize.

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to add two plus two,

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each numeral two is
· The computer then processes the data. The microprocessor chip

considered input. The
answer is considered
interprets and executes instructions. While information is being
output. The computer
processed, it is temporarily stored in memory chips.
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uses input to produce
output.
· Output is information that flows out of the computer after the
computer has done something to it. Information processed by the
microprocessor chip is sent to an output device or storage device.
Output devices convert the computer language into a format you can
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work with, for example, a printout or a picture on a screen.
· Storage is another basic function of the computer system. Information

that will be used later can be transferred to a storage device, such as a
disk drive.
1-7
Task A-4: Identifying what each PC component does
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1. In which category do the Use Figure 1-5 as a guide. Choose from: Input,
following components fit? Processing, Output, or Storage.
· mouse ______________________________
Input
· microprocessor chip ______________________________

Processing
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· monitor ______________________________
Output
· keyboard ______________________________
Input
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· printer ______________________________
Output
· disk drives ______________________________

Storage
· memory chips ______________________________

Processing
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Hardware and software
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Software is a set
of instructions
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to
How to Become a Wordpad
How
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Bec
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d pad
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aW
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Figure 1-6: Software is a set of instructions.
1-8
Concepts > To perform any computer task, you need two things: a computer and
instructions that enable the computer to perform a task. The computer is
the hardware. The instructions are the software.
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You cannot see or touch software, although you can see the packages that
Computer
contain the software. Software is typically distributed on a floppy disk or
hardware without
CD-ROM disc, and is installed on a computers hard disk. Installing the
software is like an
software enables you to copy the program onto the computers hard
airplane without a
drive.
pilot.
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Software falls into two categories: operating systems and applications.
Software
Operating system
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Figure 1-7: Types of software.
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Operating system software generally works in the background to create a
working environment for your personal computer. The operating system
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sets the rules for how the computer and application programs work
together. PCs commonly use one of two operating systems: DOS or OS/2.
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In addition, you can run Microsoft Windows on top of DOS to make it
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easier to use.
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The terms
Application software consists of programs that perform specific tasks, such
application and
as writing a letter, tracking payroll information, producing a chart,
drawing a picture, or playing a game. The applications you purchase are
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program are used

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interchangeably and created for use with a specific operating system environment, for
example, DOS, Windows, or OS/2.
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sometimes in
combination as
application program.
Software is a broader software

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hardware
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term; it can be broken
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down into operating
system software and
application software.
You may want to

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clarify so that
students are not
confused.
Figure 1-8: Hardware and software, with labels missing.
1-9
Task A-5: Distinguishing between hardware and software
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1. In the diagram in Figure Choose from: hardware or software.
1-8, place the correct
word on the appropriate
line
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Concepts > There are many different subcategories of application software. The
following chart describes some of the more commonly used categories of
application software.
Application software
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is covered in a
separate lesson.
Application Purpose
However, it may be
helpful to introduce
Word processing Creating letters, memos, reports, labels, and other typed
the broad types of

documents.
software at this time.
Spreadsheet Managing, calculating, and analyzing tables of numbers.

It is likely that you will
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use these terms, if
Database Managing lists of information.
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only loosely, as you
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Drawing and painting Creating graphic illustrations.
describe hardware
components and
Desktop publishing Composing publications.
operating systems.
Presentation graphics
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Composing text-based and graphical representations of
numbers in the form of 35mm slides and transparencies.

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Accounting Managing an accounting system.

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Task A-6: Considering categories of software

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1. Match the software

category with the
comparison
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SOFTWARE COMPARISON
A. word processing ___
C ledger paper
B. database B
___ address book
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C. spreadsheet D
___ drafting board
D. drawing and painting A

___ typewriter
E. presentation graphics E
___ slideshow projector
1 - 10
b The system unit

Concepts > The single most important part of a computer is the PCs main box, or
system unit. It is called the system unit because it contains all of the key
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This topic focuses on
components of the computer system. The system unit contains the

the system unit as
the main part of the

electronic chip called the microprocessor, or the central processing unit
computer. Students
(CPU), that does the bulk of the computing for the PC.
begin by investigating
the outside of the box.

The system unit case
Then, if possible,
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remove the cover so The case or cabinet that encloses the system unit protects the computer's
students can examine internal components from damage, shields those components so that
the inside.
electromagnetic radiation generated by them does not interfere with
television and radio broadcasts, andof courseconceals the computers
insides within a visually appealing package.
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Computer case styles
There are two main types of computer cases: desktop and tower. Desktop
computers have been in use longer, and are more popular and cost less
than tower computers. Tower computers are most often used in heavy-
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duty business settings. They can be expanded and serviced easily.
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Figure 1-9: Desktop versus tower computer cases.

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Task B-1: Examining the case style

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1. Identify whether the PC ____________________________________________

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To follow up, you may
provided by your ____________________________________________

want to ask students
instructor is a desktop or ____________________________________________

why they would prefer
to have either a
tower computer case
desktop or tower
computer case for
their work settings.
1 - 11
The front panel
Concepts > The front of the system unit has buttons and switches that you use to
control the computer. In general, the front panel may include any or all
of the following:
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Tip: Advise students
to check the
documentation that
· Keylockto lock the keyboard to prevent unauthorized use, or, in
comes with their some computers, to prevent unauthorized opening of the system unit
computers if they have case.
trouble identifying
what is on the system · Power switchto turn on the system unit.
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unit front panel.
· Power lightto show that the computer is on.
· Reset buttonto restart the computer without turning it off.
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· Turbo buttonto switch the computer between two speeds.
· Turbo lightto indicate that the turbo button is pressed in and the
computer is running at its fastest speed.
· Hard-disk lightto indicate when the hard-disk drive is in use.
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· Floppy-disk lightto indicate when the floppy-disk drive is in use.
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1 - 12
Task B-2: Examining the front panel
q Objective: To identify each of the switches and lights available on the front
panel.
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1. On the computer Computers are not all alike. Your system may
provided by your not have all these features, or may have
instructor, identify and something extra.
check off each component
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q Keylock
q Power switch
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q Power light
q Reset button
q Turbo button
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q Turbo light
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q Hard-disk light
q Floppy-disk light
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Inside the system unit
expansion
Inside the system
boards
on
unit power
supply
motherboard
hard-disk
CPU
drive
CPU
memory
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chips
floppy-disk
drive
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Figure 1-10: Inside the system unit.
Concepts > The computer case houses all the major components of the computer. The
following devices are typically contained within the system unit:
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· Power supplyconverts electricity from the plug in the wall into lower
The system unit
voltages that are suitable for the computer. It also has a fan that helps
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is like an orchestra
pit, filled with

keep the parts cool.
musicians playing
different instruments.
The user is like the

· Motherboard IC
or system boardthe PCs main circuit board. The
motherboard is the largest green circuit board inside the system unit.
It usually lays flat in the bottom of the case. Most of the electronic
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conductor. All the
components that process information are mounted on the

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musicians in the
orchestra work motherboard. Motherboards contain spaces where additional chips,

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together to convert boards, and cards can be placed to improve and expand the
the directions (input) capabilities of your system.
into a masterpiece
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(output). Each · CPU or Central Processing Unitthe microprocessor chip that resides
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musician has an on the motherboard. The CPU determines the speed and capabilities
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important instrument
of your computer. You might think of the CPU as the "brain" of the
and depends on other
computer; it processes and computes data.
instruments to help
· Memory chipswhere information is held for processing. Memory

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perform the
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masterpiece.
chips are tiny electronic circuits specially designed for storing data.
· Floppy-disk driveused by the computer to store information for later

retrieval. The floppy drive is usually used to copy information
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between computers and install new software.
1 - 14
· Hard-disk driveused by the computer to store information for later

retrieval. In particular, it is used to store the operating system
software and different programs that you use to perform computing
tasks.
on
· Expansion boardsextends the capabilities of the basic computer, such
as a sound board or internal modem.
Task B-3: Exploring the inside of the system unit (Optional)
q
This task can be
iti
completed in a number
Objective: To become familiar with the typical appearance and location of
of ways. You can open
personal computer components within the system unit.
a computer or use an
exposed box (one
with the cover off). Or,

Ed
you can use a box of
parts in show and 1. Take the cover off the On the typical system unit, unscrew the screws
tell fashion to system unit on the back of the computer and slide the cover
showcase each part
toward the front of the computer. After you slide
and its function.
the cover all the way forward, lift it vertically
off the system.
E
Opening the box is
strongly encouraged;
2. On the computer
AT
it is a positive way to
or
show students that a
provided by your
computer is not all
instructor, identify the
that mysterious.
following. Check off each IC
component after youve
identified it
PL
ct
As students proceed
q Power supply
DU
with this task, keep in
mind that this should
serve as an overview.
q Motherboard
Students will become
q
ru
CPU
T
acquainted with the
q
parts now, but learn
NO
more about each part

Memory chips
q
in later lessons.
Hard-disk drive
st
q
DO
Floppy-disk drive
q Expansion boards
In
1 - 15
c Connecting the components
Choosing a good location for your PC
>
on
Concepts Careful planning of the PCs location makes your work more productive
and also protects the PC. What are some of the things that you need to
Now that students
consider?
are familiar with the
main box, the next

Appropriate location: It is a good idea to choose a place for your PC that is
step is to connect the
out of the main traffic lane. This will decrease the likelihood of mishaps,
iti
peripheral parts. Some
such as people knocking plugs out of outlets or loosening cables.
ideas about location
and ergonomics are

Furniture: For the system unit, choose a sturdy table or desk. If you have
presented. These are
a printer, its wise to have a separate printer stand. Place the printer in a
necessary
convenient location where it is easy to load paper. If you have a mouse,
Ed
set it to the right or left of your chair, depending on whether you are left-
considerations that
or right-handed.
occur prior to setting
up a computer.
This topic is included

Cables and wires:Youll need to plan how youll route the cables for your
to help students system. You have at least two power cords, as well as a cable from the
overcome a common computer to the printer. If your system includes a modem, you need to
E
fear of setting up the consider the proximity to a phone jack. All the cables and wires should be
placed behind the desk where they wont be kicked, tripped over, or
AT
computer. Stress
or
that students have
pulled.
nothing to fear when
setting up a
Air: Both the system unit and the monitor are electronic devices that need
IC
computer. Reassure
air to cool them. Try to leave three inches of space around both
students that it is
components. The fan inside the power supply, within the system unit,
PL
difficult to physically
depends on air outside the box to circulate the air inside the computer
ct
case. This prevents internal components from overheating. The monitor

harm the computer.
relies on the slots around it to cool the electronics. Leaving space around
DU
the components makes it easier to keep dust from blocking the vents.
Choosing a good
Lighting: Avoid placing your PC where light will shine on the screen and
ru
location
T
cause glare. Task lighting, such as a small lamp above the computer and
desk, illuminates your paperwork, but not the screen.
NO
st
DO
In
1 - 16
Task C-1: Choosing a good location
on
Decide whether or not
each of the following
scenarios represents a
good location and explain
why
1. You can take advantage of ____________________________________________
iti
This is not a good location. The shock of opening and
an existing file cabinet by ____________________________________________

closing the file drawers can cause the internal
placing the system unit on ____________________________________________

components undo wear and tear.
it
Ed
2. You decide to use a ____________________________________________
This is not a good location. The vibration from moving the
wheeled table for your PC ____________________________________________

computer can loosen or damage the components.
until you figure out the

ideal spot
3. You decide to place your ____________________________________________

This is not a good location. The intense light of the sun
E
computer near a window ____________________________________________
can cause glare on the screen. An open window may
so that there is good ____________________________________________
AT
expose your PC to moisture.
or
ventilation
4. Your desk has more room ____________________________________________

IC
This is not a good location. The mouse needs to be
on the left. Although you ____________________________________________

placed on the left if you are left-handed, or on the right
are right-handed, you ____________________________________________

if you are right-handed.
PL
place your mouse on the
ct
left side of the keyboard

DU
5. You locate your computer ____________________________________________

This is a good location. It decreases the chances of
out of the way of the ____________________________________________

mishaps.
ru
main traffic paths

T
NO
st
Ergonomics of computing
DO
Concepts > An ergonomic work environment is important. Ergonomics is concerned

To avoid students
with products and practices that help you work comfortably and avoid
worrying and adding
injury. Because you may be using a computer for most of each day, it is
In
stress to their lives,

important to take a few precautions, so that your health does not suffer.
and employers
overloaded with
People who use computers for a living are prone to a disorder called
students fears,
Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI). The most common repetitive strain injury is
stress awareness, called Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS).

good work habits, and
prevention.
1 - 17
CTS is a painful nerve disorder caused by a buildup of tissue in the nerve
channels of the hands and wrists.
on
Task C-2: Understanding the ergonomics of computing
q Objective: To identify solutions to common ergonomic-related problems.
1. The table below identifies
iti
some common computer-
related problems. With
the class, discuss some
possible solutions. For
each of the examples
Ed
below, write a possible
solution
Problem Possible Solution

The keyboard should be at elbow level.
The desktop is not the right
E
Sliding keyboard trays are available. They
height for comfortable typing
pull out from under the desk.
AT
or
You rest your wrists on the desk Special pads are available to help keep your
as you type wrists at a proper angle.
You experience back pain as the

IC
Use a chair that is fully adjustable and
offers lower back support. It should have

PL
result of a lengthy typing
the option of removing the armrests.
ct
session
Place the monitor at eye level and at a

DU
You experience back pain from
distance of 9 to 12 inches from your face.

arching your neck to view the
monitor
ru
T
Take breaks every hour. Move around to

You spend too much time sitting
circulate the blood. Exercise your hands
NO
at the computer
and fingers.
Light should come from the ceiling or the

The area around the computer
sides of the monitor. Use an appropriate
does not have proper lighting
st
light source. Consider using an anti-glare

DO
device to cover your screen, if necessary.

In
1 - 18
Preparing to hook up peripherals
Concepts > Unpacking can be the most critical step in the setup process. You want to
make sure that you dont damage any parts while unpacking them, and
that you get everything out of the boxes. Use the following guidelines:
on
· Pull each part out of its box and set it on a sturdy surface.
· Make sure you remove everything from each box. Some boxes have
compartments that hold cables, documentation, or other small items.
iti
· Collect the receipts, packing slips, and documentation and place them
in a box or envelope.
· Save the boxes and packing material.
Ed
To hook up a computer, you need the necessary tools: a small Phillips
ä
screwdriver; a small standard screwdriver; and a pair of long-nosed
pliers.
% Hooking it all up; cables and ports
E
After you know where you want to place everything, you are ready to
Computer ports
start connecting the parts with the cables. The cables have cable
are like shipping ports.
AT
or
Ships pick up and
connectors at each end for attaching your peripherals to the system unit.
deliver cargo through
shipping ports;
The outlets at the back of the computer are called ports. These ports
IC
information enters
and leaves the system

enable your computer to send and receive information to and from the
peripheral devices you are using. Most ports are marked; look for words
PL
unit through computer
or pictures on the back of the system unit. If you dont see any pictures,
ct
ports.
try to match the cables with their ports. Look at the overall shape of the
DU
port and see if it has pins or sockets and how many of each. Its like
You may want to
solving a puzzle: everything fits in only the right place, or a place where
distinguish between
it wont do any damage.

ru
two types of ports:

T
serial and parallel. In
To attach cables, align them with the port and push in the cable
most cases, parallel
NO
devices attach to
connector. You may need to tighten the cable using either a small
parallel ports, which
screwdriver or thumbscrews.
are long and thin.
st
Serial devices attach

DO
to serial ports, which
are shorter. An
example of a parallel
device is a printer,
In
while an example of a
serial device is a
mouse or modem.
1 - 19
Some monitors get Some mice and
Power cord power from this unit printers use this port
Everything needs to be
connected nice and
tight to avoid the
on
possibility of causing
damage.
AC INPUT AC OUTPUT
iti
Mouse Keyboard Printer Modem Monitor
Ed
Figure 1-11: The back of the system unit.
Students usually enjoy

Task C-3: Connecting component parts
E
the following task. To
AT
complete the task, the
or
computers in your
classroom are not 1. Place everything where Position all equipment so that it is ready to be
connected.
you think youll want it attached with the cables.
IC
2. Attach the power cord to Do not plug the power cord into the wall.
PL
the system unit
ct
3. Attach the power cord to Do not plug the power cord into the wall.
DU
the monitor Monitors and computers usually have the same

kind of power cord.
ru
T
4. Connect the keyboard to The keyboard port may be labeled with the word
NO
the system unit keyboard, or a picture of a keyboard. Align the

pins in the plug with the holes in the socket. The
keyboard has only one cable.
st
DO
5. Connect the mouse to the If the mouse port resembles the keyboard port,
system unit the mouse port may be labeled with the word
mouse, or a picture of a mouse. Align the pins
in the plug with the holes in the socket.
In
You may have a serial mouse that connects to a

serial port. In that case, look for a 9-pin
connector on the PC that matches the 9-pin
connector at the end of the mouses tail.
1 - 20
6. Connect the monitor to On the back of the computer is a video port. Use
the system unit the monitor cable to attach the monitor to this
on
port. Tighten the screws, if necessary.
7. Attach the printer to the The printer cable is usually heavy, gray, and
system unit approximately six feet long. One end has a d-
shaped connector with 25 pins. This will go into
the PCs parallel port. (This port is sometimes
referred to as LPT1.) The other end attaches to
iti
the printer. It is secured by two clips that snap
into place.
Ed
E
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
1 - 21
d Starting the computer
Power devices
>
on
Concepts The system unit, monitor, and printer all require power. You have
several choices regarding power use:
Power devices
· You can plug these cables into the wall separately.
· You can plug all of the cables into a power strip. The function of the
iti
power strip is to give you more power outlets. It also makes it
convenient to turn everything on and off at once.
· You can use a surge and spike protector. The power strip does not
provide protection against power surges, which are large fluctuations in
Ed
power, or power spikes, which are sudden short bursts of electricity. A
surge and spike protector provides more outlets; however, it also
prevents computer damage from sudden fluctuations in power.
· If the power fails, the surge and spike protector will be of no value.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is a power protection device
E
with a battery that stores electrical power. The UPS depends on the
power stored in the battery to run the computer for a short time, in
AT
spite of the power failure. This enables the user to save files and shut
or
down the system properly.
IC
Computers and peripherals, such as printers, should be unplugged during
electrical storms, even if you have a surge suppresser.
PL
ct
Powering up
DU
Before you turn on the computer or any part of the computer, you should
make sure everything is plugged in and the power strip is turned on. The
power strip will turn on everything at once. If you are not using a power
ru
T
strip, you will need to turn on the parts in order:

NO
1. Turn on the monitor first. This enables you to see any messages that
are displayed during startup.
st
DO
2. Turn on the printer (if you are planning to use it). If you will not be
using the printer, you do not need to turn it on.
3. Turn on the system unit.

In
Then you can turn on the remaining peripherals, which use less power.
Powering up in this order can prolong your computers life. When the
system unit is on, powering up another device sends a surge to the
system unit. Repeated power surges may eventually cause damage to
smaller units in the system unit.
1 - 22
Task D-1: Plugging in the parts
q Objective: To prepare to turn on the computer.
on
1. Plug in the power cords The power strip should remain off.
Tip: Dont plug your from the system unit,
computer into an
monitor, and printer to a
outlet shared by
power strip or wall outlet
iti
another major
appliance, like a
2. If everything is plugged This is all you need to do.
refrigerator or air
into a power strip, make
sure the power strip is
conditioner. These
plugged in
appliances can create
Ed
power surges, which
may harm your PC.
3. Flip the power switch or Follow your instructors directions. The power
press the button on the switch can be located on the back, side, or front
monitor to turn on the of the monitor. The screen remains blank until
computer you turn on the system unit.
4. Flip the power switch or
E
press the button on the
AT
printer to turn on the
or
printer
5. Confirm that the printer

IC
The light next to the On Line button should be
is set to On Line lit (not flashing). If the light is flashing, check to
PL
see that the printer has paper, and then press the
ct
On Line button.
DU
ru
T
NO
Booting a PC
Concepts > Your computer has a small program that remains in memory, even when
the power is turned off. When you first turn on the computer, this
st
program runs. The computer performs a series of self-tests to verify that

DO
everything is in working order, and then retrieves DOS from one of the
The boot process disk drives.
This process is known as booting the computer, because the computer

In
starts with just enough instructions to pick itself up by its own

bootstraps and load the additional instructions necessary for it to run.
1 - 23
When you boot your computer, you will hear the floppy-disk drive grind
and see drive lights turn on and off. The monitor will display text. During
this time, the computer loads device drivers, which tell the computer how
to work devices, such as the printer or mouse. What you see after that
on
depends on how your computer is set up.
You may want to

Task D-2: Turning on the computer
mention the non-
iti
system disk or disk
error message that
may appear on the

1. If everything is plugged You may need to flip the switch on the power
screen during the
into a power strip, turn strip to turn it on. Some power strips have a
booting process. This
on the power strip light that indicates when the strip is turned on.
Ed
happens if you have a
This is all you need to do.

floppy disk in drive A
R
when you turn on the
2. Flip the power switch or

computer. Advise
students to remove
press the power button on

the disk and press
the system unit to turn it

to boot from
on
E
the hard disk. (If this
AT
doesnt work, the
or
computer may require
a cold boot to
recover from the
error.)
IC
The opening screen
PL
>
ct
Concepts Once the system completes the self-tests, the operating system is loaded.
%
The operating system is often thought of as the computers master control
DU
The operating
program, because its job is to keep everything flowing smoothly.
system is like a traffic
Depending on which operating system you are using, you may see any
ru
cop. It enforces basic
one of the following:

T
rules that all other

NO
programs must follow.
· The DOS prompt.
If the monitor is blank · The Microsoft Windows desktop.

st
at startup, advise
DO
students to first
· The OS/2 desktop.
check to see that the
monitor is on; and

· A customized menu system or another screen that makes your
then have them adjust
computer easier to use.
In
the brightness control.
1 - 24
The DOS prompt
C:\>
on
Figure 1-12: The DOS prompt startup screen.
iti
MS-DOS is the most popular personal computer operating system. The
DOS prompt is easy to recognize, as shown in Figure 1-12. The prompt
indicates that you can type commands to run applications or perform
tasks.
Ed
The Microsoft Windows desktop
E
%
AT
or
DOS is like a
comfortable old couch;
Windows is like a
IC
slipcover on a couch.
PL
The slipcover makes
ct
the couch look better,
but it is still the same

DU
couch. Windows makes
DOS look better, but it
is still the same DOS.

ru
T
NO
Figure 1-13: Microsoft Windows startup screen.

st
DO
Some computers are set up to avoid the DOS prompt. The computer runs
Microsoft Windows, an operating environment that runs on top of DOS
and makes the computer easier to use. Windows is a graphical user
interface (GUI pronounced goo-ey); this type of interface uses pictures of
In
familiar objects to make computing user friendly. Windows adds

powerful features that are not available in MS-DOS.
1 - 25
The OS/2 desktop
on
iti
Ed
E
Figure 1-14: OS/2 desktop startup screen.
AT
or
OS/2 is an operating system that is more powerful than Windows. OS/2
features a graphical appearance called the Workplace Shell.
IC
PL
ct
Task D-3: Recognizing the startup screen

Use this activity as a
DU
follow-up to this
lesson. Provide What you do Comments/Prompts

students with a short
1. Compare your startup

ru
break. After they leave

____________________________________________
T
the room, disrupt their

screen to those shown in
____________________________________________
Figures 1-12, 1-13 , and
NO
computers by creating
common faults:
1-14. Determine which ____________________________________________
remove power cables,
startup screen you are ____________________________________________
looking at. Write the ____________________________________________
keyboard cables, and
st
name of the startup

DO
monitor signal cables
____________________________________________
screen in the space
on random computers.
Have the students ____________________________________________

provided
debug the problem to
get started again.

In
1 - 26
) Wrap-up for Lesson 1
a Which of the following tasks can be performed using a PC?
on
Use the wrap-up qü Write a letter q Mop the floor
qü qü
activity to check
students Prepare a budget Keep track of addresses
qü q
comprehension of the
Play a game Walk the dog
iti
concepts covered in
qü qü
this lesson. If
students do not Send electronic mail Create a graph

remember the details
of a concept,
Identify the four basic activities that are part of the information
Ed
encourage them to
use their manuals as processing cycle.

a reference.
Input Processing
Storage Output
E
b Match each component with its function:
AT
or
A. Printer D
___ Enables you to enter
commands and data

IC
PL
B. Monitor B
___ Enables you to see what
ct
is going on as you work

DU
C. System unit A
___ Transfers your work to
paper
D. Keyboard and mouse C

___ Contains the disk drives,
ru
T
memory, and CPU

NO
c List several things that youll need to consider before

st
connecting your computer.

DO
(Answers will vary and relate to choosing a location and ergonomic

issues.)
In
1 - 27
Using Figure 1-15, draw lines to show where each peripheral
device may be connected.
Some Some mice
monitors get and printers
n
Power cord
power from use this
this unit port
io
AC INPUT AC OUTPUT
it
Ed
Mouse Keyboard Printer Modem Monitor
Figure 1-15: Back of the computer.
E
AT
or
d To start a computer, you need to complete a set of steps, which
IC
are listed below. Place the steps in the appropriate order.
PL
As you complete the
lesson, point out the

ct
Glossary, which is Order Step

DU
included in the
___
3 Turn on the system unit
Reference section
near the end of the

___
2 Turn on the printer
ru
manual. Identify terms
4
___ Turn on the remaining
T
that were presented in
peripherals
the lesson. Have
NO
students glance
1
___ Turn on the monitor
through the terms
and discuss those

st
that they have

DO
questions about.
In
1 - 28
L E S S O N 2
on
iti
Ed
Input devices
E
AT
or
Lesson objectives
IC
To learn how to use basic input devices, you
will:
PL
a
ct
Identify the types of keys on the keyboard

and describe when each is used.
DU
b Demonstrate correct positioning and

handling of the mouse.
ru
T
c Identify additional input devices and

NO
describe how they are used.

st
DO
In
2-1
a The keyboard
Overview of input devices

>
on
Concepts Input devices provide a means to get information from you to the
computer. You use input devices to talk to the computer. The two most
In this lesson,
common input devices are the keyboard and mouse. Keyboard and mouse
students often use
skills are essential in both the operating system environment and in
DOS as a context for
applications.
typing at the
keyboard, and
iti
Information that you input is displayed on the monitor. Whether the
Windows as a context
monitor displays a screen, prompt, or menu, you will usually see the
for investigating the
mouse. Throughout cursor. The cursor indicates where text or graphics will be inserted or
the lesson, focus on erased on the screen.
the input devices;
Ed
avoid too much
explanation of the
C:\>_
operating system
environments.
% Input devices are
E
like the eyes and ears Cursor
AT
of the computer.
or
%
Figure 2-1: The cursor.
A cursor acts like

IC
the tip of your pencil; The keyboard
PL
anything you type
ct
appears at the cursor. The computer keyboard is more than just a typewriter. It contains all of
the keys required for typing letters and numbers, plus keys for entering
DU
commands and moving around on the screen. Figure 2-2 shows a typical
computer keyboard. The computer keyboard is divided into several main
areas.
ru
T
NO
A typical computer
keyboard
st
DO
In
Figure 2-2: A typical computer keyboard.
2-2
Keyboards have evolved over the years. The enhanced 101-key keyboard
is now the standard keyboard on all new IBM personal computers and
most compatibles. Some compatibles, especially laptops, have different
keyboards. There are two types of keyboards. Regular keyboards click
on
when you press them. Soft touch keyboards use soft keys that are
almost silent when you push on them.
You may want to point

out the bumps on
some of the keys. They
Alphanumeric keys
will be either on the D Many of the keys on the computers keyboard look and act much like
and K or F and J keys. typewriter keys. The standard computer keys are called alphanumeric
iti
These bumps help keys. If you hold down a typewriter key, it will automatically begin to
touch-typists quickly repeat, as on an electric typewriter.
position their fingers
on the keyboard In the alphanumeric keys area, you will find letters and numbers and also
without looking.
Ed
the following keys:
S Shift keys: Similar to the Shift keys on a typewriter, these keys have no
effect by themselves. They are used to shift the keyboard to uppercase
letters and special characters, such as the dollar sign.
c Caps Lock key: When Caps Lock is turned on, any characters you type
E
appear as capital letters. The Caps Lock indicator lights when this
AT
switch is turned on. The Caps Lock key has no effect on numbers or
or
R
punctuation marks.
IC
Enter (or Return) key: Similar to the Return key on a typewriter, this key
s
marks the end of a line.
PL
ct
Spacebar: Similar to the Spacebar key on a typewriter, this key creates a
T
space character.
DU
Tab key: Similar to the Tab key on a typewriter, this key indents to the
next tab stop.
B
ru
T
Backspace key: Similar to the Backspace key on a typewriter with a

NO
correctable ribbon, this key erases the last character you typed. Use it to
back up and make corrections as you type.
st
DO
Task A-1: Locating and identifying typewriter keys

In
1. In the rectangles above, Use words or pictures as necessary.

draw the symbols for For example, the Enter key includes a bent
each key based on your arrow and the word Enter.
keyboard
2-3
press R
Tell students not to
during
this task. Students
work from the DOS
Task A-2: Using alphanumeric keys
ü Before you begin: Students must be at the DOS prompt.
on
prompt as a place to
experiment with some
1. Type your name in all Use the spacebar as necessary.
of the alphanumeric
B
lowercase letters
keys.
2. Use to erase your
iti
name
3. Type your name using Use the Shift key as necessary to create a mix of
uppercase and lowercase uppercase and lowercase letters.
B
letters as appropriate
Ed
c
name
5. Press This key toggles on and off.
E
6. Observe the Caps Lock
indicator
AT
or
7. Type your name in all
c
uppercase letters
IC
B
8. Press again To turn Caps Lock off.
PL
ct

DU
name
ru
T
NO
The numeric keypad

Concepts > In addition to the standard set of keys, there is a numeric keypad. The
st
numeric keypad works like a 10-key calculator or adding machine. The +

DO
and - keys are the same as those on a calculator. The only difference is
that the multiply key is * instead of x, and the division key is / instead of
÷.
In
2-4
Num Caps Scroll

Lock Lock Lock
Num
/ * -
Lock
on
7 8 9
Home Pg Up
+
4 5 6 Numeric
1 2 3
keypad
End Pg Dn
Enter
0 .
Insert Del
iti
Figure 2-3: The numeric keypad.
The numeric keypad provides a quick and convenient way to enter long
You may want to point
Ed
out the bump and/or lists of numbers. This is particularly handy if you work with numbers
indent on the 5 key of frequently.
the numeric keypad.

This key is like the In the upper-left corner of the numeric keypad, there is a key labeled
home base for the Num Lock. If Num Lock is turned on, which is indicated by a light on or
middle finger. above the Num Lock key, you use the keys to type numbers. When Num
E
Lock is turned off, you use the numeric keys to move around on screen.
AT
or
Task A-3: Locating and using the numeric keypad
IC
PL
ct
1. Locate the numeric
n
DU
keypad on your keyboard
2. Observe
ru
T
3. Observe the Num Lock
n
NO
indicator light
4. Press The key switches the numeric keypad on and
n
off.
st
DO
5. Press again It toggles on and off.
6. Set Num Lock to on

In
B
7. Type some numbers
8. Use to erase the

numbers
2-5
The computer keys
Concepts > The computer keyboard also features a group of keys that are unique to
computers. Most of these keys are located between the regular
on
typewriting keys and the numeric keypad. The way these keys work
depends on the software you are using.
The text editing keys are a set of unique computer keys. They are used
mostly in word processing programs to help you quickly move around in
a document, and control how text is inserted into a document.
iti
I
Mention that these Key Use
are examples of how
the text editing keys Switches between Insert and Overtype modes. Insert
are typically used. The mode typically enables you to insert or add letters
actual use is specific
Ed
D
between existing characters. Overtype mode replaces
to the software. characters as you type.
h
e
Deletes the character to the right of the cursor.
Moves to the beginning of a line.
u Moves to the end of a line.
E
d
Moves one page up towards the beginning of the
AT
document.
or
Moves one page down towards the end of the
document.
IC
PL
Task A-4: Selecting a text editing key
ct
DU
1. For each of the following

ru
examples, identify which

T
text editing key listed at

NO
the right is most useful.

Match the situation with
the appropriate key
st
h
DO
Situation Key
A. Move to the end of the line E
d
u
e
B. Move from page 2 to page 1 C
C. Move from page 2 to page 3 B

In
D
D. Remove the word to the right of A
the cursor
E. Move to the beginning of the line D
2-6
There are other keys that have words on them. The following table shows
Vp
Some PCs in DOS their common uses.
mode require you to
use + to
p
Key Use
send the screen image
on
o
to the printer. Sends the screen image to the printer.
P C
Stops the screen from scrolling.
k
Stops the screen from scrolling (when used with ,
n
stops a DOS command).
E E
Switches the numeric keypad on and off.
iti
Usually cancels a command. In many programs,
returns you to the previous menu screen or exits the
program.
Ed
Task A-5: Locating other computer keys
E
1. Identify the following
computer keys on the
AT
or
keyboard in front of you.
Check off each one as you
find it IC
q Print Screen
PL
q
ct
Scroll Lock
DU
q Pause/Break
q
ru
Num Lock
T
q
NO
Esc
st
DO
In
2-7
The arrow keys
Concepts > There are two groups of keys on the keyboard that help you move the
cursor around. The first set of cursor keys is to the bottom right of the
on
regular keys. Each of these keys is marked with an arrow that shows
which way the cursor moves when you press that key.
The numeric keypad also has a set of arrow keys that you can use to
move the cursor. To use them, you need to make sure that the Num Lock
key is off. The Num Lock light indicates whether the numeric lock is
turned on or off.
iti
Num Caps Scroll
Lock Lock Lock
Ed
Num
Lock / * -
7 8 9
Home Pg Up
+
4 5 6 Numeric
1 2 3
keypad
End Pg Dn
Enter
0 .
Insert Del
E
AT
or
Arrow keys
Figure 2-4: The cursor keys and the numeric keypad. IC

PL
ct
Task A-6: Examining the arrow keys

DU
1. Locate the cursor keys on

ru
T
your keyboard
NO
2. For each of the following

examples, identify the
direction in which the
st
cursor would move

DO
b down
________
l left
________
In
r right
________
t up
________
2-8
The function keys

Concepts > Another group of keys is called the function keys. They are marked F1, F2,
F3, and so on. The F on these keys stands for function. The way the
on
function keys work depends on the program you are running. Often they
are designated as shortcuts for common tasks. Although designers of
computer programs can designate the use of each function key, some uses
have become almost standard. For example, in most programs, you can
press F1 to get help.
iti
Task A-7: Examining the function keys
Ed
1. Locate the function keys This set of keys may be across the top of the
on your keyboard keyboard or along the left.
E
The Ctrl and Alt keys
AT
or
Concepts > The Ctrl key (pronounced Control) and the Alt key (pronounced Alt)
IC
do nothing when pressed alone. These keys are used in combination with
Although the mouse is other keys (such as a letter key or a function key) to give commands to
PL
considered easier to programs. Pressing these keys in combination with other keys causes the
ct
use, and many other keys to produce a different result than they usually do; therefore,
programs rely heavily they provide additional options.

DU
on the mouse, there
C A
are times when using
and makes
When you must press two or more keys at the same time to enter a
command, press the Ctrl or Alt key first. With the first key still pressed,
ru
the keyboard more tap the other designated key. Then release both keys.
T
efficient. For instance,

NO
its handy to use

keyboard techniques Rebooting
and shortcuts so you There is a special key combination that takes advantage of the Ctrl and
dont have to remove
st
Alt keys.
DO
your fingers from the

keyboard to issue
As you are working on your computer, it may freeze up. You press keys
commands if you are
or move the mouse, and get no response. Sometimes this happens
in the middle of typing
because the computer is too busy to respond. You may want to wait a few
something or entering
In
minutes and then try again. If the computer remains locked up, you can
some data.
warm boot the computer, using a key combination. (Turning off the power
and then turning the machine back on is called a cold boot.)
2-9
A warm boot causes the computer to reread the operating system
You may want to tell instructions without turning the computer on and off, therefore, jolting
students that if the the electrical components. A warm boot is faster than a cold boot because
warm boot does not the operating system does not check all of its hardware devices and
work, to try the Reset
on
memory.
button. Reset, like a
warm boot forces the
computer to reread
the operating system
instructions without Task A-8: Examining the Ctrl and Alt keys; using a key combination to warm
turning off the power boot the computer
supply and jolting the
iti
electrical components. What you do Comments/Prompts
As a last resort, you
can turn the system
C
A
1. Press and release Nothing happens.
unit off, wait two
minutes or longer, and
Ed
C
2. Press and release Nothing happens.
turn it back on.
This is sometimes
3.
A
Press and hold down
A DC
and
referred to as the
3-finger salute. 4. While pressing + This warm boots the computer.
E
, tap
Reinforce the idea of
AT
not holding down a key
or
that repeats. Many
new users press for IC
too long a time.
Using the keyboard
PL
>
ct
Concepts Every operating system and every application contains commands.

DU
Commands enable you to perform various tasks, such as saving and

printing files, changing the appearance of text, or using tools.
To enter a command from DOS, type the command at the prompt, and
ru
T
then press the Enter key.

NO
Students experiment
with basic DOS
commands. This
illustrates that when Task A-9: Using the keyboard to input commands
st
DO
you provide keyboard

input, the operating What you do Comments/Prompts
system does
cls
R
1. Type The Cls command clears the screen. (Case does
something in
not matter.)
response. In addition,
In
this task moves Press
students into the win

R
2. Type The Win command runs the Windows operating
Windows environment, environment.
which is ultimately the Press
transition to the next
topic.
2 - 10
b The mouse
Concepts > Many programs sold today are designed to work with a mouse. For
operating systems, such as Windows and OS/2, a mouse is essential.
on
A mouse is a pointing device that enables you to quickly move around on-
screen, and to select commands from menus rather than type the
commands. A mouse is useful because it allows you to point at items on-
screen and click a button to select the item. You can think of the mouse
as an extension of your own hand.
iti
The mouse is connected to the computer by a cable (or tail). The cable
attaches to either a serial port or a special mouse port. Under the mouse
is a ball, which senses the movement of the mouse. On top of the mouse
are buttons. Usually there are two; but sometimes there are three. You
Ed
use the buttons to activate objects on the screen.
E
Tail
AT
or
buttons
IC
PL
ct
DU
tracking
ru
T
NO
st
Figure 2-5: The topside and underside of a mouse.

DO
In
2 - 11
Holding the mouse
It is easier to use the mouse with your dominant hand. Hold the mouse as
You may want to shown in Figure 2-6. Lay your hand loosely on top of the mouse. Place
mention that many you index finger on the left mouse button, and your middle finger on the
on
left-handed people right mouse button. This enables the thumb and the rightmost two fingers
learn to use the to guide the mouse. There is no need to grip the mouse hard; your hand
mouse with their right should rest comfortably on the mouses back.
hands.
iti
Ed
E
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
Figure 2-6: Holding the mouse.

ru
T
Task B-1: Holding the mouse

NO

st
DO
1. Hold the mouse as shown Or as demonstrated by your instructor.

in Figure 2-6
In
2 - 12
% Learning to use
the mouse is like
Using the mouse
The mouse is rolled on a flat clean surface near the computer. A mouse
pad is a small mat made of soft rubber or rough plastic. You put the
learning to drive a car.
mouse pad under the mouse for better track ball action. The mouse will
on
Both seem difficult at
be more responsive to your movements, and it will help keep the rollers
first, but they become
easier with practice. inside the mouse clean.
As you move the mouse, the computer responds by moving a mouse
% Compare a mouse
pointer on the display screen. To move the mouse pointer to the left side
of the screen, roll the mouse toward the left side of your mouse pad. To
iti
pad to pavement. move the mouse pointer to the top of the screen, roll the mouse to the
Just as tires work right side of the mouse pad. Move the mouse in other directions, and the
better on pavement mouse pointer responds accordingly.
than on ice, a mouse
works better on a If you run out of room to move the mouse on your desktop or mouse pad,
Ed
somewhat rough pick up the mouse and reposition it somewhere else. Picking up the
surface than on a mouse doesnt move the mouse pointer, but it does give you more room
smooth desktop that to move around.
is most likely coated
with a thin layer of
dirt, grease, polish, or
dust.
E
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
ru
T
NO
Figure 2-7: Pointing with the mouse.

st
DO
You press and release the mouse button to communicate with the
computer. The leftmost mouse button is used in most circumstances. The
other button is used occasionally. If a mouse has three buttons, then only
two of them will be used. If you are left-handed, then the computer can
In
be set up to use the rightmost button as the primary button.
2 - 13
Task B-2: Rolling the mouse
Before beginning the
task, you may want to q Objective: Students roll the mouse around to get the feel of it.
have students pick up
the mouse and
on
examine the track ball What you do Comments/Prompts
that controls the
movement of the 1. Place the mouse on the The tail (cord) should always point away from
mouse pointer. mouse pad you.
2. Observe the arrow on the You will use this arrow, called the mouse
iti
screen pointer, to select commands and other items
You may want to
that appear on the screen. The tip of the arrow
mention that the
is the activating portion.
shape of the mouse
pointer can change to
3. Roll the mouse on the
indicate different
Ed
capabilities. surface next to the
keyboard
Observe the mouse The mouse pointer moves in relation to the

pointer movement of the mouse.
E
4. Roll the mouse up, down, If you run out of room on the mousepad as
left, and right you are moving the mouse, you can pick up the
AT
or
mouse and move it to the other end of the
mouse pad. Then you can continue moving the
mouse. IC
5. Roll the mouse until the The sensitive part of the mouse pointer is the
PL
tip is over something blue tip.
ct
on the screen
DU
ru
T
Mouse actions
NO
Concepts > There are four general operations that you will perform with the mouse
to accomplish a wide variety of tasks. Keep in mind that there is no need
st
DO
to be tense with the mouse; that will create a jerkiness on the screen.
Keep your hand still when clicking. Be quick with the double-click. Two
clicks does not necessarily make a double-click. If you click twice slowly,
you will select an item twice.
In
2 - 14
Action Explanation/Effect
Point Position the tip of the mouse pointer over an item.
on
Click Hold the mouse still; then press and release the mouse
button. Unless a program states otherwise, use the left
mouse button.
Double-click Press and release the mouse button twice in rapid
succession.
iti
Drag Hold down the mouse button while moving the mouse
pointer.
Ed
Task B-3: Completing the Windows Tutorial mouse lesson
Emphasize that the 1. Position the mouse The menu is at the top of the screen. Help is one
tip of the mouse pointer on Help in the of the options on the menu.
pointer is the sensitive
E
Windows menu
part.
AT
or
2. Press and release the left The Help menu opens.
mouse button
3. Point to the Windows

IC
PL
Tutorial option
ct
4. Press and release the left The Tutorial begins.

DU
mouse button
m
R
You can have 5. Type To choose the mouse lesson.
ru
students complete all

T
or part of the Tutorial, Press

NO
at your discretion. If
students complete 6. Follow the prompts Use the Escape key to exit the tutorial.
the entire Tutorial, within the tutorial
encourage them to
st
DO
focus on the screen,

rather than the
terminology
associated with
Windows. Windows
In
Desktop elements are

introduced in a later
lesson.
2 - 15
Customizing mouse settings
Concepts > You can customize the way you use your mouse. For example, you might
want to slow down the speed of a double-click, or switch the functions of
At your discretion, you
on
the left and right mouse buttons. The Control Panel is a Windows
may want to lead application that enables you to change some of your computer systems
students through the hardware and software options.
task of setting the
mouse click speed to To run the Control Panel:
slow in the Control
Panel. You may want 1. Open the Main group.
iti
to show students how
to change the default 2. Double-click on the Control Panel icon (picture). The Control Panel
mouse settings to window displays icons that represent the settings you can change.
customize the way the
mouse responds to To customize mouse settings:
Ed
your actions. You can
switch the functions 1. Double-click on the Mouse icon in the Control Panel window.
of the left and right
mouse buttons, 2. Change the settings as desired.
change the speed of
the double-click, or 3. Click on OK.
change the speed at
E
which the mouse
Shutting down
AT
pointer moves.
or
Students will get
If you are using Windows, and you are finished with a work session, you
practice, and it will
make the rest of the
mouse training easier. to perform necessary housekeeping activities.
IC
should exit Windows before turning off the power. This enables Windows
PL
ct
Instructor
demonstration: One Task B-4: Using the mouse to exit Windows
DU
way to improve new

mouse skills is by
playing Solitaire, a
ru
game included in the

T
Games program 1. Choose _File_ Prompt: This will end your Windows session.
_Exit_Windows_
NO
group. You can start

Solitaire and
demonstrate some of 2. Click on OK To exit the Windows program and return to the
the mouse actions

st
DOS prompt.
DO
that are needed to

play the game.
Encourage students
to try this game if
time permits.
In
Removing the mouse ball

Concepts > It is a good idea to remove and clean the mouse ball occasionally. The
biggest trouble for mice is the dust and debris that gather on the roller
ball inside them.
2 - 16
You may detect when it is time to clean it if, after extended use, the
Students complete mouse pointer does not move smoothly.
this task to bring
closure to this topic
and lesson. Students
on
do not have further
Task B-5: Removing the mouse ball
hands-on Windows
practice until later in
the course. For now,
q Objective: Remove the tracking ball cover and the ball in preparation for
cleaning the mouse.
students need to be
back in the DOS
environment. What you do Comments/Prompts
iti
1. Turn the mouse upside
Task B-5 is optional down
and can be done by
students or as an
Ed
2. Remove the tracking ball You may need to twist the plastic retaining plate
instructor cover that holds it in place counterclockwise. Or, with
demonstration. some brands, slide the retaining plate down.
Realistically, it is
advisable to shut 3. Tip the mouse rightside
down the computer
up so that the tracking
and disconnect the
ball falls out
E
mouse to clean it.
AT
4. If possible, use a damp, Your instructor may have some damp wipes on
or
You might mention soft cloth to clean the ball hand. Let the ball dry.
that you can clean the
keyboard in much the IC
5. Examine the roller cavity This area collects dust and grime. It can be
same way. With the
cleaned by blowing compressed air through the
computer off and the
PL
cavity.
keyboard
ct
disconnected, run a
soft, barely damp 6. Examine the rollers that The rollers can be cleaned with a cotton swab
DU
cloth along the the ball rolls against dipped in rubbing alcohol. Be sure to follow
keytops and the your manufacturers instructions for cleaning.
plastic between the

ru
keys. If the dirt is

T
7. When the roller ball is

thick, you can use a dry, reassemble the
NO
small amount of mouse

rubbing alcohol on the
cloth to cut through
st
the oils your skin

DO
leaves behind. All other

household cleaners
are not recommended
by keyboard
In
manufacturers. Use a
cotton swab to get
between the keys and
in hard-to-reach
areas.
2 - 17
c Other input devices
on
Other input devices trackball on a
portable computer
joystick
iti
touch screen Enter Report Save
Shift Insert Quitt
1 2 3
Figure 2-8: Other input devices.
Ed
E
Joysticks
AT
or
Joysticks attach to A joystick is a pointing device commonly used in games. A joystick
the computer using a provides greater control in most game software; the control is more
cable connected to a
game port. Most
IC
realistic than a keyboard or mouse provides. You move the handle to
provide information to the computer. Most joysticks come with one or
computers come with

PL
two buttons used for special game functions. Joysticks are not used for
one game port.
ct
business applications, such as word processing, spreadsheets, or

databases.
DU
Trackballs
ru
A trackball is a pointing device that is often used with laptop computers.

T
It works like an upside-down mouse. A trackball requires less disk space

NO
than a mouse. Instead of rolling it around the desk, you roll it in place to
move the pointer.
st
Input devices for special needs

DO
Some users have learning or physical disabilities that require alternate

ways of communicating with the computer, such as:
In
· alternative keyboards · touch screens
· modified joystick · speech-recognition technology
2 - 18
Task C-1: Choosing an input device
on
Complete the statements Choose from: joystick, trackball, touch screen.
below with the best
answer from the word list
1. You purchased a flight

simulator program. You
joystick
iti
need a _________________
as your input device
2. Users who cannot hold or

click a mouse may decide
Ed
to use a touch screen for
__________
input
3. You purchased a laptop

computer. For input, you
expect to use a
E
trackball
_____________
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
2 - 19
What are input devices used for?
on
Input devices are the way you talk to the computer; they provide a
means to get information from you to the computer.
a Match the set of keys listed on the left to the descriptions on the
iti
right.
Keys Description
Ed
1. function keys 2 A set of keys used to move the cursor around
2. arrow keys
4 A separate keypad used to enter numbers
3. text editing keys 5 A set of letters and numbers
4. numeric keypad 1 A set of keys labeled F1, F2, and so on. The way
these keys work depends on the program you are
E
using
AT
3
or
5. alphanumeric keys A set of keys used in word-processing programs
to move quickly around a document and control
the way text is inserted into the document

IC
PL
b
ct
How do you move the mouse pointer on the screen?

DU
Roll the mouse on the mousepad.

ru
T
List the 4 actions you can perform with the mouse.

NO
Point
____________
Click
____________
Double-click
st
____________
DO
Drag
____________
c
In
Besides the mouse and keyboard, what are some other types of
input devices?
joystick, trackball, touch screen, alternative joystick, modified
keyboard
2 - 20
L E S S O N 3
on
iti
Ed
Processing
E
AT
or
Lesson objectives
To understand basic personal computer
IC
processing principles, you will:
PL
a
ct
Describe the job of the CPU and identify

factors that affect CPU performance.
DU
b Describe the way memory works, and use

memory terms.
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
3-1
a The CPU
Concepts > The central processing unit (CPU) is a tiny electronic chip within the
system unit. It is installed on the main circuit board of the computer, the
on
Most computers
motherboard. The CPU is often referred to as the microprocessor or
manufactured now are
processor. The CPU, as its name implies, is where information is
486s and Pentiums,
and some Power PC
processed within the computer. In this regard, you might think of the
601s. The goal of this processor as the "brain" of the computer.
topic is to acquaint
students with some of Information constantly flows back and forth between the CPU and all the
other parts of the PC. The CPU is in the middle controlling the flow of
iti
the buzzwords, so
that they can be information. The CPU handles the program instructions and the
adept in conversation commands you enter. The CPU also calculates numbers when required.
and make wise buying
decisions.
Ed
% Like a cars
engine, the CPU
Data to
monitor
determines the
computers overall
E
power. printer
AT
Da ta
or
CPU
The CPU is like an
air traffic controller IC
PL
hard disk
ct
Da ta
DU
ru
T
Figure 3-1: The CPU is like an air traffic controller.

NO
If you think of the inside of the system unit as an airport, then the CPU
functions as the air traffic controller. The CPU receives all incoming data
and instructions and directs information upon departure. Departing data
st
DO
goes to destinations such as a file on the hard disk, a monitor, or a

printer. The amount of data that a chip receives at one time, and the
amount of data that leaves the chip, is a measurement of the chips
processing capability. In addition to receiving and sending data, chips
internally process data.
In
3-2
CPU performance
Much of a computer's processing capabilities and performance are
determined by the processor. Most computers that run the MS-DOS
operating system use processors manufactured by Intel, or processors that
on
were designed to imitate Intel processors.
CPU performance
Intel manufacturer
iti
486 DX type
model
Ed
speed
Figure 3-2: CPU performance.
E
CPU performance determines the overall power of the computer. CPU
AT
or
performance depends on several factors: model, type, and speed.
Model IC
Intel named all but their newest CPU with model numbers. The most
PL
common processors are the 80386, 80486, and Pentium. Because the first
ct
two numbers are usually 80, people generally leave those numbers off
DU
when describing a CPU. For example, a 80486 is often referred to as a

486.
ru
The Pentium microprocessor is the successor to the 80486. The Pentiums

T
enhancements are geared mainly toward increasing processing speed. The

NO
Pentium runs at speeds that are nearly double those of the 80486.
The newest chip, the PowerPC, has made its way into Apple computers
and is soon to reach PCs. The Power PC is the result of two companies,
st
DO
Apple and IBM, working together to create a chip that Apple and IBM
machines can use to run each others software. The chip is made by
Motorola.
In general, the higher the number, the more powerful the CPU.
In
3-3
Task A-1: Understanding CPU model numbers as a factor of CPU performance
on
At your discretion, you
1. On the lines on the right, Choose from: Pentium, 80286, 80486, 80386.
may decide to
update this task to
write the CPU models in
include more current
order from least to most _____________________
80286 (Least)
examples of chips. powerful
_____________________
80386
_____________________
iti
80486
Students are often _____________________

Pentium
(Most)
interested in what it
takes to upgrade one
computer to another;
Ed
for instance, to
upgrade a 386 to a
486, or a 486 to a
Pentium. Explain that
Type
sometimesConcepts
it is > A CPU model may have a number of types, or versions. The type you
possible to replace a choose depends on how you intend to use your computer. For instance,
E
CPU chip with a chip
the 486 generation of CPU is available in either the SX, DX, or DX2 type.
that operates at a
The 486DX is the deluxe model; it contains a math coprocessor to
AT
or
faster speed. The
perform calculations. The DX model can operate with twice as much
price will vary by model
information as the 486SX. Therefore the 486DX is suitable for business,
and the desired
speed.
but the 486SX may work well at home. IC
The SL type of 486 chip is intended for laptop computers. It is a low-
PL
Explain that selecting power consumption version designed to extend the battery life of a laptop
ct
the type is similar to computer.

DU
selecting the model of

a car. Just as you
would choose between Speed
ru
a basic, deluxe, or
Speed directly affects the performance of a CPU. The CPUs speed is
T
luxury model for a car,

measured in Megahertz (Mhz), or millions of cycles per second. The
so it is with CPUs. Tell
NO
students to think of
speed tells you how fast the chip operates in processing information. The
the SX as the
higher the value, the better the performance and, generally, the more
compact model, the expensive.
st
DX as the sedan,
DO
and the DX2 as the While CPUs differ in speed, there are other factors, such as the
limousine of the communication links within the computer, that affect the overall speed of
series. the computer.
In
3-4
Task A-2: Understanding type and speed as a factor of CPU performance
q Objective: Compare speeds between chips that have the same numbers.
on
In this task, the What you do Comments/Prompts
computer model is
consistent (such as
CPUs are sold by model
486DX2 or Pentium).
and speed. Examine the
Students may wonder
following CPU
how the speed comes
specifications and rank
into play when the
them in order, with the
iti
models differ. For
instance, is a 20-Mhz
fastest at the top
80486 faster or
slower than a 33-Mhz 1. 486DX2/50 486dx2/66
80386? In general,
Ed
each new model type 486DX2/66 486dx2/50
is inherently faster
and offers new
features and 2. Pentium/60 Mhz Pentium/90 Mhz
functions. Therefore, a
20-Mhz 80486 is Pentium/75 Mhz Pentium/75 Mhz
faster than a 33-Mhz
E
80386.
Pentium/90 Mhz
AT
Pentium/60 Mhz
or
You may want to
IC
data bus
PL
discuss the
and its relationship to
ct
speed. The data bus

DU
transmits data to
and from the CPU and
connects it with the
ru
other system
T
components. The
faster the data bus,
NO
the more information

the CPU can move at
once, and therefore,
st
the faster the CPU.

DO
In
3-5
b Memory
Concepts > Before, while, and after information is processed, it is held in computer
memory, or Random Access Memory (RAM). Computer memory is like
on
the top of your desk.
The focus of this topic
is on memory
These ideas are similar in a few ways:
concepts and terms.
Students are not
· Just as you have to take letters and reports out of desk drawers or
expected to memorize
filing cabinets and put them on the desktop to use them, so it is with
memory
computer memory. You cant work with things that are in storage;
iti
measurements. The
they must be on the desktop.
goal is to be familiar
with general concepts.
· The bigger the desktop, the more documents you can spread out at
once. Similarly, the more memory in your computer, the more
Ed
information the computer can handle.
% Computer
memory is like an
· You clear your desk by putting away documents you no longer need
to work with. This way, you prepare for your next project. This too is
electronic blackboard how computer memory works; it shuffles the information that it
that is constantly needs for a task.
written on, erased,
E
and written on again.
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
ru
T
NO
Figure 3-3: Computer memory is like your desktop.

st
DO
In
3-6
The contents of memory
on
em
st
sy
g rt)
Contents of
at i n a m nt p o
memory e r g r m e r re
op pro cu r o
a do tte
a (le
It may be helpful to
compare this loading
iti
into memory process
to the human brain.
When you need
memory
information that is
not in your memory,
Ed
you might read a book
or article to get the data being
information you need. typed
The information is
then stored in your
memory, where you Figure 3-4: Contents of memory.
E
can use it when you
need it.
To use instructions or data, your computer must copy them into memory.
AT
or
This is called loading something into memory.
· When you turn on the computer, the operating system is loaded into
IC
memory.
PL
· When you are ready to use a program, your computer must copy it
ct
into memory.
DU
· When you want to work with a letter or report, the document must
also be loaded into memory.
ru
T
· When you type information into your computer, it is temporarily

stored in memory.
NO
How memory works

st
DO
While the CPU is fast and efficient, it cant remember anything by itself.
It often refers to the memory in your computer for software instructions
and to remember what it is working on.
The terms RAM and memory are often used interchangeably. RAM
In
stands for Random Access Memory and refers to the way the CPU
searches through memory to get to the information it needs.
3-7
operating returns
system
How memory works
on
a program
memory CPU
a document,
such as a letter
or a report
iti
data being process
typed
Figure 3-5: How memory works.
Ed
The discussion of RAM Information is stored in memory chips. The CPU can get information
may trigger questions faster from RAM than it can from a disk. A computer, then, reads
about ROM, another information or instructions from disks and stores the information in
type of computer RAM, where it can get the information quickly. The CPU processes the
memory. ROM stands information and then returns it to RAM.
E
for Read Only Memory.
AT
You may want to
Memory is temporary
or
explain that every
computer has a ROM
An important thing to know about memory is that it is electronic;
IC
chip. The ROM chip
memory chips need electricity to hold information. Because memory is
contains the
dependent on electricity, it stores information temporarily. If the power is
PL
instructions to start
interrupted, information in memory is lost forever.
ct
the computer and run

startup tests when
DU
you turn on the power.

The ROM chip is
installed at the Task B-1: Describing RAM
q
ru
factory; students will

Objective: To define computer memory, or RAM, by selecting only true
T
probably never need to

statements from a list of statements.
NO
be concerned with it.

st
DO
Identify whether the

following statements
describing computer
memory are true or false
In
1. The more RAM in your q✔ True q False

computer, the more
information your
computer can work with
3-8
2. Information remains in q True q✔ False

RAM permanently
on
3. As you type, draw, or q✔ True q False
perform some other
computer tasks, your
work is stored in RAM
4. If you turn off the q✔ True q False
iti
computer or experience a
power outage, RAM is
erased
Concepts >
Measuring memory
Ed
The more memory you have, in general, the more each program can do.
E
Memory is measured in small groups of data called bytes. Each byte
You may want to
consists of eight bits. The byte is the basis for all measures dealing with
AT
or
discuss the binary
the computer.
system in greater
depth. One way to
convey the concept is
IC
A computer is powered by electrical impulses; it can recognize on or off
signals. On and off are represented as the numbers 1 and 0, respectively.
to turn the light
A bit of data, as processed or stored by your computer, equals either a 1
PL
switch on and off.
or a 0. By putting eight zeros or ones together, you can represent any
ct
Suggest that this is

similar to the way a
character or number the computer needs. For example 01000001 is a byte
DU
computer works with

that represents an uppercase A. Each 1 or 0 is a bit.
bits and bytes.
Because each byte is very tiny, other terms are often used to measure
ru
larger amounts of memory.

T
Memory terms
NO
The values of kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes are rounded off for
convenience. A kilobyte is 1,024 bytes; a megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes.
In addition to
measuring temporary Term Meaning
st
DO
memory, these terms

Byte One character (letter, number, space, or
are also used to
measure how much punctuation mark)
information can be
Kilo Metric for one thousand
used by storage
In
devices (permanent Mega Metric for one million
memory).
Giga Metric for one billion
3-9
It is helpful to describe Term Meaning
how each abbreviation
is used and Kilobyte (K) One thousand bytes
on
pronounced. For
Megabyte (MB, Meg, or M) One million bytes
instance, 360K is
pronounced three- Gigabyte (GB) One billion bytes
sixty K, 1.2M is

pronounced one point
two meg, and 4GB is
pronounced four gig. Task B-2: Using memory terms
iti
q Objective: To be able to convert a series of memory measurements.
Ed
1. Complete the following Refer to the table above to convert from number
statements: of characters (bytes) to either kilobytes or
megabytes.
1,000 bytes = _____K
1
1,000,000 bytes =
E
_____MB
1
AT
or
2. Complete the following Refer to the table above to convert from number
statements: of kilobytes or megabytes to the number of
characters: IC
PL
ct
_________bytes
16 MB = 16,000,000
DU
720K = __________
720,00 bytes
1.4M = __________
1,400,000 bytes
ru
T
3. Complete the following If you know the number of kilobytes, you can
NO
statements: determine the number of megabytes by rounding

off and dividing by one thousand.
st
DO
4096K = ________MB
4
8192K = ________MB
8
In
3 - 10
Available memory
Concepts > When you first turn on a computer, it checks to see if its memory is
working properly. Most computers have an internal diagnostic procedure
that confirms the memory installed on the computer. Most computers
on
Students may wonder
how much RAM is come with four to 16 megabytes of RAM. With more RAM, a computer
desirable. 8MB or can run more applications at one time.
more is useful to run
todays programs with Memory can be an elusive element in your computer; unlike a keyboard
ease. 4MB is or a printer, you cant see it. DOS has a built-in command that gives you
acceptable. 16MB is a complete report of the memory in your computer. The MEM command
iti
the most that provides this report.
Windows and some
DOS programs can
use. Total Memory
Ed
E
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
Figure 3-6: An example of a MEM report.

ru
T
Task B-3: Checking available memory

NO
q Objective: Use the MEM command to determine how much memory there
is on a computer.
ü
st
DO
Before you begin: You must be at the DOS prompt.
R
In
1. Type mem
Press
2. Examine the report on Refer to Figure 3-6 for an example of what the
screen screen looks like.
3 - 11
3. Find the number for the This is the first number next to total memory.
total memory installed
on
4. Round off the number to For example, 16,384K would be rounded to 16.
the nearest million
Responses may range

5. In the space provided, Total Memory:
from 4 MB to 16 MB.
record how much
memory is installed on
iti
the computer
Ed
Types of memory
Concepts > Computer memory is categorized into a set of names. Memory is stacked
like the floors in a high-rise building, as illustrated in Figure 3-7.
E
AT
Types of memory
or
Extended
memory
1M
IC
System ROM
PL
memory upper
ct
reserved for memory

384K Hard Disk ROM
the computer
Video ROM
DU
640K
ru
Available
T
conventional
memory RAM
NO
DOS
0K
st
DO
Figure 3-7: Types of memory.
Conventional memory: The first 640K of RAM is called conventional

In
memory. In the early days of computing, this area was reserved for the
operating system, applications, and data. At the time, 640K was an ample
amount of memory for the processor, but it no longer is enough.
Conventional memory, however, dates back to that time.
3 - 12
Upper memory: The next 384K is called upper memory. This memory is
reserved for the computers use.
Conventional memory (640K) and upper memory (384K) account for 1M

of memory (1,024 K). Anything after that is called extended memory.
on
Extended memory:Todays more complex programs require more memory.
Any memory installed over 1M is classified as extended memory; it is
extended beyond conventional memory. Processors such as the 386, 486,
and Pentium use extended memory. The 386SX processors can access up
to 16MB of memory; the 386DX and 486 processors can access up to 4GB
iti
of memory. Windows and OS/2 both depend on extended memory.
Having enough memory

Different operating systems require different amounts of memory to run
Ed
properly. In addition, the types of application software, or programs, that
you use and the number you use at the same time influence your memory
needs. In general, applications that are designed for Windows use more
memory than similar applications designed for DOS.
It is hard to
anticipate how much
Adding memory
E
memory software
programs require.
AT
You can add memory to a computer by inserting memory cards into
or
Some manufacturers
dont provide accurate memory expansion slots. Often, advertising includes such phrases as
numbers. Windows expandable to 16 MB. This means that you can add to the original
programs tend to use
IC
memory of the computer by placing additional RAM cards or modules on
extended memory until the motherboard.
PL
the machine crashes.
ct
Memory cards are designed to hold memory chips. Cards come in 256K,
1MB, 4MB, 8MB, or 16MB, for instance. Memory cards should only be
DU
On the board, list and

inserted or removed by computer technicians.
discuss some of the
problems related to
ru
not having enough

T
memory. For instance:

NO
· The disk activity

light is always on.
· The computer runs

st
DO
slower when running

more than one
application at a
time in Windows or
OS/2.
In
· A program loading
from the hard drive
suddenly quits.
3 - 13
Which components of the computer are associated with processing?
on
CPU and memory
a Describe the job of the CPU.
iti
It processes information within the computer.
List three factors that affect CPU performance.
Ed
____________________________
model
____________________________
type
____________________________
speed
E
b
AT
What information is stored in memory?
or
instructions and data
IC
What is the relationship between memory and electricity?
PL
ct
Memory depends on electricity. If electricity is interrupted, memory

DU
fails.
Match the memory term with its meaning.

ru
T
NO
a. Kilobyte __
c One million bytes
b. Gigabyte __
a One thousand bytes
st
DO
c. Megabyte __
b One billion bytes
Which DOS command can you use to find out how much
In
memory is available on your computer?
The MEM command.
3 - 14
L E S S O N 4
on
iti
Ed
Storage
E
AT
or
Lesson objectives
To understand basic personal computer storage
IC
PL
a
ct
Identify the purposes of storage devices.
b
DU
Explain how a floppy-disk drive works,

identify its advantages, and select an
appropriate floppy disk.
ru
T
c Explain how a hard-disk drive works and

NO
identify its advantages.
d Name additional storage devices and

st
describe their uses.

DO
In
4-1
a An overview of storage devices
Concepts > Computers are used to move information into memory, change the
information, and then move it out of memory. Computer memory is like
on
An effective way to a persons memory; it can hold only a specific amount of information.
supplement this Just as people write down information to store it, a computer places
lesson is to have information on a disk to store it for later use.
students examine a
hard-disk unit and
assorted disks. This
strategy can help
iti
remove some of the
mystery about
computing.
Ed
Memory and
storage
Transition into this

lesson by discussing
E
memory and how it
AT
works. Emphasize the
or
difference between
memory and storage.
Remind students that
information in memory
IC
is vulnerable because Figure 4-1: Memory and storage.
PL
memory is short term
ct
and dependent on
electric power.
DU
Storage devices are used to save and retrieve data

Point out that
Storage devices are a place for permanent storage. Large amounts of data
programs do not run
can be saved (or written) to a storage device for future use. Or,
ru
on disks; they are

information previously saved to a storage device can be retrieved (or read)
T
stored on disks and

into computer memory.
NO
run in computer
memory. Computers
do not have 200 mb
of memory; however,
st
DO
they can have 200 mb

of hard-disk storage.
In
4-2
Lesson 4: Storage
Introduce the four Types of storage devices

types of storage
Disks are the most commonly used type of storage. Two forms of disk
devices that are
storage are floppy-disk drives and hard-disk drives. In general, floppy-disk
covered in this lesson.
drives and hard-disk drives are similar in their construction and
on
Remember that the
operation. The most obvious difference between the two types is that the
goal is only to
acquaint students
floppy-disk drive is visible; the hard-disk drive is not. The floppy-disk
with the terms; they
drive is designed to accept a removable floppy disk. The hard-disk drive
will explore each term consists of several inflexible metal platters that stay within the housing.
in detail later. You Hard disks can store much more information than floppy disks; they can
may want to list the also retrieve information faster. Because of this difference, hard drives
iti
four types on the and floppy drives are used in different ways. You might think of the
board so students floppy drive as the computers shipping and receiving department. The
can see the direction disks are like packages that deliver information to the computer and then
of this lesson: carry information away. You might think of the hard disk as the
· information warehouse.
Ed
floppy-disk drives.
· hard-disk drives.
· CD-ROM drives. DATA

· tape backup units.
E
AT
or
Storage devices
memory
move data hard disk: warehouse
IC
PL
floppy disk:
ct
shipping and receiving

DU
ru
Figure 4-2: Storage devices move data.

T
NO
In addition, other types of storage devices are becoming commonplace,

including CD-ROM drives and tape backup units.
st
DO
In
4-3
Task A-1: Identifying storage devices; determining how they are used
on
For each of the following
examples, identify the
type of storage device
being used and whether
the device is being used
to save or retrieve
iti
information:
1. You need to create a Type of storage device:_______________________

hard-disk drive
business letter; you

decide to store the letter The device is being used to:
Ed
on your hard-disk drive
for later use üq Save information q Retrieve information
2. You have created a Type of storage device:_______________________
floppy-disk drive
picture onscreen, and you

want to store the picture The device is being used to:
E
on a floppy disk so that
you can share it with üq Save information q Retrieve information
AT
or
others in your department
3. A co-worker created a Type of storage device:_______________________

IC floppy-disk drive
spreadsheet and placed it

on a floppy disk; he has The device is being used to:
PL
Compare disk storage
passed it to you to review
q Save information qü Retrieve information
ct
to the process of
recording and playing it
DU
back a videotape; it
works the same way, 4. You decide to check the Type of storage device:_______________________
CD-ROM drive
but you store the Book of Quotes stored

ru
information you type on CD-ROM for an The device is being used to:
T
on magnetic or laser
upcoming presentation
disks instead of
q Save information qü Retrieve information
NO
tapes. Like a VCR, an

external disk drive has
a slot to insert tapes;
st
the computer has

DO
slots called disk drives

to insert disks.
How data is stored on disks
Concepts > In general, all types of disk storage devices share common elements. On
In
all disks, physical differences in the surface of the disk are used to
represent data. On floppy and hard disks, magnetism is used to encode
data as a series of 0s and 1s. On CD-ROM, variations in how the disk
surface reflects light are used to encode data.
4-4
Lesson 4: Storage
Storage device names
You can divide, or

PCs use a simple method for designating disk drives; the drives are
partition, some hard-
named after letters of the alphabet. On most PCs, the drives are
configured as follows:
on
disk drives into
smaller logical drives.
This makes the · Drive A is usually the top or leftmost floppy-disk drive on the front of
enormous storage the system unit.
capacity more
manageable. For · Drive B is also a floppy-disk drive, which is usually positioned below
example, you can or to the right of drive A. Many computers have only one floppy-disk
iti
divide a 200 drive (drive A), in which case there is no drive B.
megabyte hard disk
into a 75 megabyte · Drive C is the hard-disk drive, which is usually inside the system
drive C, a 75 megabyte unit. Some computers have an external hard drive that sits outside the
drive D, and a 50 system unit.
Ed
megabyte drive E.
· Subsequent disk drives of any type are given the next letter. For
example, drive D on newer computers is commonly the CD-ROM
drive.
E
Task A-2: Using letters to refer to storage devices
AT
q
or
Objective: To learn the alphabetical name typically associated with each
storage device.
IC
PL
ct
1. In Figure 4-3, place the Use letters to refer to the various disk drives.
DU
correct letter (A, B, or C)

on the correct line
ru
T
C
NO
Typical storage
device names
st
DO
A
In
Figure 4-3: Typical storage device names, not labeled.
4-5
b The floppy-disk drive
Concepts > Floppy-disk drives store programs and data on removable material, or
media, known as floppy disks. To the user, floppy disks (or diskettes, as
on
they are sometimes called) appear to be neither a disk nor floppy.
You may want to
demonstrate that you
However, hidden inside the square outer sheath of the floppy disk is a
can slide the shutter
circular sheet made of a flexible (or "floppy") magnetic material upon
back to expose the which data is recorded.
media inside the
floppy-disk case. You Floppy-disk drives store information on both sides of the disk. These
disks are called double-sided disks. Earlier computers stored information
iti
may even want to
break open a floppy on only a single side of a disk. Those disks were called single-sided
disk that is of no disks.
value, so that
students can see the Floppy disks are commonly used for:
Ed
inner contents.
· Portabilityto transfer information from one computer to another.
The focus in this
· Insuranceto make a backup, or duplicate, of a program or disk.
manual is on the 3.5-
inch drive and disk.
Then, by storing the backup copy in a safe place, you have the data if
You can supplement
anything happens to your original files.
E
the discussion of
floppy disks by bringing
· Securityyou can lock the data disk in a desk.
AT
or
in samples of older
disks and describing
their uses. Early floppy
disks had an 8-inch Task B-1: Examining floppy-disk drives
IC
diameter and a soft
q Objective: To become familiar with the physical characteristics of the
PL
vinyl cover. The 5.25-
floppy-disk drive.
ct
inch format was

essentially the same
DU
as the 8-inch format, What you do Comments/Prompts

only smaller. Mention
that despite the trend
1. In the space provided, Number of floppy-disk drives:
ru
toward smaller disks,

T
write down how many

the storage
floppy-disk drives you
NO
capacities of floppy
have on the computer
disks have increased
provided by your
dramatically over
instructor
st
time.
DO
2. In the space provided, Size of the floppy-disk drives:

Student responses will write down the size of the
vary depending on the floppy-disk drive(s) on
equipment that is your classroom computer
In
provided by your You can tell the size of the disk drive by the
training center. Point width of the slot (3.5 or 5.25) and by whether
out the differences
or not the slot has a lever. 5.25-inch disks are
among computers.
being phased out. Many companies are now
producing computers without 5.25-inch drives.
4-6
Lesson 4: Storage
3. Locate the drive light On the front of the drive. This turns on when
the computer accesses the floppy-disk drive.
on
4. Locate the drive slot
5. Locate the eject button
iti
Disk density
Concepts > The disk drive and disks that are used must match. Disks differ in density
Ed
and capacity. Like disks, drives are set up as either low or high density.
At this point students Disk densityrefers to how much information can be stored on a disk.
begin to explore some There are different types of disk density; for instance, double density,
of the properties of high density, and extra-high density. High density disks can store more
disks. Eventually, they information than double-density disks.
E
will return their
When you have a box of disks, high-density disks are labeled HD on the
AT
attention to the disk
or
drive to see what its box; double-density disks are labeled DD. If you buy disks in bulk, and
properties are. you do not have a box, you can distinguish between a double-density disk
and a high-density disk by examining one of the disks. A high-density
IC
disk has a hole in the upper-left corner. In addition, many high-density
disks have an HD stamped in one corner.
PL
ct
DU
Due to cost
differences, many
ru
companies often use

T
DD rather than HD
NO
disks.
st
DO
In
Figure 4-4: A high-density disk and a double-density disk.
4-7
Task B-2: Determining disk density
q Objective: To differentiate between a double-density disk and a high-

density disk based on visual inspection.
on
1. Locate the data disk In the back of the Student Manual.
% Disks are like

2. Look at the front of the
disk
The round silver hub is on the bottom of the
disk.
iti
cassette tapes; they
have varying 3. Examine the disks upper- Refer to Figure 4-4.
capacities. On a left corner
cassette tape, you
can have songs on 4. Compare the disk to
Ed
both sides. The Figure 4-4
number of songs the
tape can hold depends 5. In the space provided, The disk included with the Student Manual is:
on the capacity of the check the disk density
tape. For instance, a that matches your disk q Double-density disk
q High-density disk
tape can be 30, 60, and explain how you
E
or 90 minutes long. A
determined its density
file is like one song on
AT
a tape. The number of
or
files the disk can hold
depends on the
capacity of the disk.
IC
PL
ct
Disk capacity
DU
Concepts > Because disks vary in density, the maximum amounts of information they
can hold, known as the disks capacity, can be different. Disk capacity is
ru
measured in kilobytes or megabytes. For example, a high-capacity (3.5)

T
disk can hold about 1.4 million bytes, or more than 1 megabyte, of
NO
information.
st
DO
In
4-8
Lesson 4: Storage
% High-density
disks can hold more
Task B-3: Determining disk capacity
q Objective: To prove that the density of the disk controls the disks
information in the
capacity.
on
same amount of
space than a double-
density disk. This is
much like soft-sided
1. As your instructor
luggage, which allows
presents information
more items to fit than
about disk capacity, fill in
does hard-shell
the missing values in the
iti
luggage.
table below
Disk size Type Capacity
Ed
3.5 Double density 720K
3.5 High density 1.44M
E
AT
Learning about your disk drives
or
Concepts > The disks you use depend on the density of your disk drive. A high-
Most newer
IC
density drive can use any size disk. A double-density drive cannot use
high-density disks, as illustrated in the following table.
computers have high-
PL
density drives which
Type of drive Can use
ct
< <
can read both high-
DU
and double-density
disks. Double-density High-density
; ü
ru
;
Double-density
T
NO
High-density ü ü
st
Disk drives are not labeled with their densities. However, you can get
DO
information about your PC by running a program called Microsoft

Diagnostics, which is part of the DOS operating system.
In
4-9
on
iti
Ed
Figure 4-5: The Microsoft Diagnostics window.
In this task, focus on Task B-4: Determining properties of a floppy-disk drive; deciding which
the properties of the
disks to use
E
q
floppy-disk drive.
Objective: To use the MSD program to determine the density of the floppy-
AT
Students will revisit
or
this area later in the disk drive, and decide which disks can be used.
ü
lesson to examine the
properties of the Before you begin: The PC should be running; the DOS prompt is onscreen.
IC
hard-disk drive.
PL
Most floppy-disk What you do Comments/Prompts
R
ct
drives are currently

manufactured as high- 1. At the DOS prompt, type
DU
density. This task msd
gives students an
opportunity to 2. Press The Microsoft Diagnostics window appears.
ru
investigate the
T
equipment they are

3. Examine the disk drives Available disk drives are listed.
NO
using.
listed next to the Disk
Drives option
st
4. In the space provided,

DO
Available drives:
write down the drives

that are available
Tip: Before visiting
your computer store
In
or requesting disks in
5. Type d Type the highlighted letter in an items name to
your office, it is a good
view more information about the item. For
idea to write down the
specifications for the
example, D provides information about Disk
disks you require.
Drives.
4 - 10
Lesson 4: Storage
6. Examine the information

onscreen
on
7. In the space provided, Size and capacity:
Answers will vary write down the size and

depending on the capacity of your floppy Drive A:
disk drive(s)
R3
equipment students
are using. Each Drive B:
student will need to
iti
determine which types You may have one or two floppy-disk drives.
of disks can be used.
Take time to clarify 8. Press
questions to avoid
confusion. 9. Press To quit the Microsoft Diagnostics program.
Ed
As a follow-up to this 10. Based on the information Refer to the table above, if necessary.
task, ask students you have learned,
determine which types of
q
which types of disks Drive A:
they prefer to use. disks can be used with Double-density disks

Students should each drive q High-density disks
E
conclude that if it is
AT
possible to use high-
q
Drive B:
or
density disks, it is Double-density disks
more efficient. High-
density disks enable
q High-density disks
IC
you to store more
PL
information in one
ct
place. However, they

are usually more
DU
expensive.
Formatting
ru
>
T
Concepts The capacity of an individual disk is determined when the disk is

NO
formatted. Formatting prepares the disks surface to hold information.

When you format a disk, the disk drive divides the surface area of the
Formatting is
disk into concentric tracks and wedge-shaped sectors. Tracks form rings
introduced here as an
st
around the magnetic disk. These tracks are split into pie-shaped sections,
DO
awareness to
students that disk
or sectors. These types of storage units make it easier for the computer to
preparation is
locate files.
necessary when using
non-formatted disks.
In
Later in the course,

you can demonstrate
disk formatting, when
students learn basic
Windows skills.
4 - 11
track
Tracks and sectors
read/write head
on
sector
% Tracks are like

grooves on a record.
Grooves on a record Figure 4-6: Tracks and sectors diagram.
hold music; tracks on
iti
a disk hold computer
You can buy unformatted disks or disks that are already formatted. The
information.
advantage of using unformatted disks is that you can use the operating
system to format the disk, so that it will work with that particular
operating system.
Ed
Task B-5: Demonstrating an understanding of formatting
You might want to q Objective: To combine the disk formatting concepts you have learned and
have students work create an analogy for the formatting process.
E
together in small
groups. This can
AT
provide a pleasant
or
change of pace for
Choose one of the Your instructor will review the analogy
students. At your
discretion, have
students explain one
following analogies (or
create your own), and
IC
explanations with you.
describe what the analogy

PL
or more of the
means:
ct
analogies included in
this task.
1. Formatting a disk is like
DU
Library shelves are organized by category and number,
creating library shelves

so books can be easily found. The drive locates data
ru
by using the tracks and sectors on a disk.

T
2. An unformatted disk is
NO
Lines divide the paper into usable areas and guide you
like unlined paper

so that your words are straight across the page.
When you format a disk, you add lines to the disk

st
that divide the space for storage. These lines serve as

DO
guides for information.

In
4 - 12
Lesson 4: Storage
3. Formatting a disk is like If there are not lines on the pavement in the parking
painting lines in a parking lot, people do not know where to park their cars.
on
lot
Likewise, without formatting, your computer does not
know where to place files.
Floppy-disk
iti
handling
Taking care of disks
Concepts > The 3.5-inch disk includes a stiff, sturdy plastic case and a metal covering
to protect the media from finger marks, scratches, and dust. However,
Ed
Students usually enjoy you still need to take precautions when handling disks, for example:
and can benefit from
stories of mishandled · Store disks in a disk file box to protect them from dust.
disks. For instance, a
disk held in place with · Store disks in a cool, dry place to avoid exposing disks to water, direct
a magnet, a disk sunlight, or heat from a vent.
E
tacked to the
refrigerator with a · It is not necessary to keep a disk in its plastic bag.
AT
magnet, or a disk that
or
is left on a cars · Never insert or remove a disk from the drive when the drives light is
dashboard in the on.
direct sun.
IC
· Keep disks away from magnets. Magnets can erase data from a disk.
PL
This includes paper clip dispensers and some electronic devices, such
ct
Discuss computer
as telephones, TVs, and speakers.
viruses. A computer
DU
virus is a program
· Do not send disks through the metal detector at airport security gates.
that attaches itself
This can affect floppy disks. Request that they be inspected manually.
to files that you copy
ru
to your hard disk,

Before you can run a program from a disk or use a file from a disk, you
T
usually from a floppy

must insert the disk in a disk drive. Hold the disk with the label side up,
NO
disk. A virus typically

and insert the disk (metal shutter first). Push the disk gently into the disk
performs operations
that are annoying or
drive. Most drives will make a click sound when the disk is fully
damaging; for
inserted. The eject button is used to prompt the disk out of the drive.
st
DO
instance, a virus can

delete program files,
corrupt existing data
files, or control the
computers operating
In
system. Tell students

how they can minimize
their chances of
getting a computer
virus.
4 - 13
% Disks can be
inserted and removed
on
from a disk drive in
much the same way a
cassette tape is
inserted and removed
from a tape player.
iti
Ed
Figure 4-7: Inserting a disk in the drive.
Task B-6: Inserting a disk; ejecting a disk
E
AT
or
1. Grasp the end of the disk, Remove the disk from its paper sleeve or plastic
IC
so that the label is facing bag, if necessary.
up
PL
ct
The metal shutter must be Refer to Figure 4-7.

inserted first
DU
2. Insert the disk into the Most drives will make a click sound when the
drive, and push it until it diskette is fully inserted.
ru
T
clicks in place
NO
3. Make sure the disk drive Never insert or remove a diskette when the disk
light is off activity light is on.
st
DO
4. Press the eject button The disk will pop out. Store the disk in a clean
dry place.
In
4 - 14
Lesson 4: Storage
Write-protecting a floppy disk
Concepts > To prevent the contents of a disk from being accidentally erased or
modified, you can write-protect the disk. This allows the computer to
% read data from the disk, but not change it. You can turn a disks write-
on
Write-protected protection on and off as many times as you like. Most software programs
disks are like are on write-protected disks when you purchase them.
prerecorded movie
videotapes. You 3.5-inch disks have built-in write-protect tabs. Slide the write-protect tab
cannot erase what is so you can see through the little hole near the tab. This is referred to as
already there. Blank the write-protect position.
iti
tapes enable you to
use, erase, and reuse
their space.
Ed
E
AT
or
Figure 4-8: The write-protect tab.
IC
PL
ct
DU
In this task, students Task B-7: Write-protecting a 3.5-inch disk

experiment with the
write-protect tab on What you do Comments/Prompts
ru
the student data disk.

T
1. Turn the disk over Face the disk away from you. You should see
NO
the round silver hub in the center.
2. Slide the black write- When the black switch is pushed up, there is a
st
protect tab up little hole near the tab. You should be able to see
DO
through it; this means write-protection is turned

on.
3. Move the tab back so the When the black switch is pushed down to cover
In
disk is no longer in the the hole, the write-protection is off.

write-protect position
4 - 15
c The hard-disk drive
Concepts > To the user, hard disks are generally not visible because hard-disk drives
are usually enclosed within the system unit. Typically, only a "disk-drive
on
Tell students not to light" or a plastic faceplate is visible to indicate the existence of a hard-
bump or move the disk drive.
computer when the
hard-drive activity Unlike floppy disks, hard disks are generally not removable. Hark-disk
light is on. This means drives are also known as fixed-disk drives. Data is stored magnetically
the computer is busy inside the hard drive on hard metal platters, not flexible disks. The
reading and writing to platters are rigid and a little thicker than the magnetic disk inside a floppy
iti
the disk.
disk. There can be as few as two and as many as eight platters stacked in
one hard-disk drive.
If you have physical
examples of hard
Ed
disks, have students
examine them as you
platter
describe hard-disk
construction.
Examining an old,
read/write head
broken hard disk with
E
the cover removed
helps students to
AT
understand how hard
or
disks work. Describe
the internal
mechanisms and how
IC
they work: the spindle,
PL
spinning platters, Figure 4-9: Inside a hard-disk drive.
ct
read/write heads, and

so on.
DU
Hard-disk drives are capable of storing much more data than floppy disks, and they
Inside a hard-disk tend to store and retrieve data much more quickly than floppy disks.
ru
drive
T
NO
Compare a hard disk

to a record player.
Although the two are
similar, the hard disk
st
DO
runs faster, can hold

more information, and
doesnt make the
tracks visible.
In
4 - 16
Lesson 4: Storage
on
%
iti
A hard disk is like
a walk-in closet; a
floppy disk is like a box
on a high shelf in the
Ed
closet. You keep
things that you want
accessible on a lower
shelf in a walk-in
closet. Your hard disk
is much the same; it
E
Figure 4-10: Comparison of floppy-disk and hard-disk storage.
stores objects that
you use everyday. You
AT
or
use floppy disks to Because of these characteristics, hard disks are well-suited for storing
store data for later
files that:
use, backups, or
sharing. You might not
· are large;
IC
use a floppy disk
PL
everyday.
· must always be available to the computer, such as operating system
ct
files or applications; and

DU
Introduce the term · require quick access.

access time, which
ru
refers to how long it

The size and capacity of the hard-disk drive
T
takes the drive to

NO
locate a piece of data Hard disks come in several sizes. The size of the hard drive is measured
on the disk, and deliver
in terms of the size of the platter. There are several different sizes of hard
the data to the
drives available (2.5, 3.5, 5.25, and 8 to name a few) A 2.5-inch disk,
computer for
for instance, is designed specifically for a small computer.
st
DO
processing: Access
time is measured in
The number of programs and the amount of data that a hard drive can
milliseconds. The lower
store is measured in megabytes. The capacity of the drive is the single
the access time, the
most important consideration in its selection. There are no standard
faster the drive.
In
capacity sizes for hard-disk drives; they typically hold from 80 MB to 2G

of data. A good rule of thumb is to purchase a hard drive that is one and
one-half times the size youll need for your programs.
4 - 17
Task C-1: Determining properties of a hard-disk drive
q Objective: Use the MSD program to determine how much storage is

available on the hard drive.
on
Before you begin: The DOS prompt is onscreen.
1. At the DOS prompt, type
iti
msd
2. Press Available disk drives are listed next to the Disk

Drives option.
Ed
3. Type d
4. Examine the screen

Student responses will
vary depending on the
5. In the space provided,
equipment provided by write down the storage
capability of the hard-disk
E
your training center.
R
Take time to point out drive
AT
or
differences and
3
compare equipment. 6. Press
Because a hard disk

7. Press
IC
To quit the Microsoft Diagnostics program.
PL
can hold so much
ct
information, it is
necessary to organize
DU
your hard disk, so

that you can
conveniently locate
ru
information that is
T
stored on it.
NO
st
DO
In
4 - 18
Lesson 4: Storage
d Other storage devices
CD-ROM drives
>
on
Concepts CD-ROM drives read programs and data that is stored on removable CD-
ROM discs. CD-ROM drives can be internal (installed inside the computer
case) or external drives. If you have limited workspace on your desk, an
internal drive may be convenient. The drawback, however, is that an
internal drive usually takes up a floppy-disk drive slot. An external CD-
ROM drive has the advantage of not using a floppy-drive slot, and it is
iti
easier to move from one system to another.
Most CD-ROM drives include the basics, such as an eject button for the
motorized load-eject tray, volume control, and a headphone jack. CD-
ROMs can also have additional controls.
q
Ed
Task D-1: Identifying features of a CD-ROM drive
Objective: To examine a diagram of the front panel of a CD-ROM drive

and locate features that are typically included.
E
AT
or
1. Label the following in the

diagram below:
IC
Your instructor will guide you through this
activity. Keep in mind that equipment will vary
from one computer to another.
PL
· activity light
ct
· volume control
DU
· headphone jack
· eject button
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
4 - 19
Front panel of an
external CD-ROM drive
on
activity light
eject button
headphone jack
Emphasize that you
iti
can only read from volume control
(not write to) a CD-

ROM disc.
Figure 4-11: Front panel of an external CD-ROM drive.
Ed
CD-ROM discs
Concepts > CD-ROM discs are hard, plastic, silver-colored discs. CD-ROM is an
acronym for Compact Disc Read Only Memory. As the acronym implies,
CD-ROM drives are
CD-ROM discs can only be read. You cannot change or overwrite the
E
available as double-
contents of a CD-ROM disc. To store information on a CD-ROM disc,
speed or quad-speed
AT
manufacturers use expensive machinery to stamp information into the
or
drives. Quad-speed
disc. Until an affordable means of storing information on a CD-ROM disc
drives can potentially
is found, users will not be able to create their own discs or save their own
transfer data to your
computer twice as
files on a CD-ROM disc. IC
fast as double-speed
PL
drives (at a rate of
CD-ROM discs provide tremendous storage capacities. A single CD-ROM
ct
600 kilobytes per

disc can store up to 680 MB of information, sound, and video. This is
second). Quad-speed equivalent to about 170,000 pages or 300 large books (1,000 pages) or
DU
drives cost more and, 1,000 regular books (300 pages).

for best results,
should be used with a
ru
high-speed computer
T
(at least a 50 Mhz

NO
486 PC with a fast

graphics accelerator
board).
st
DO
In
Figure 4-12: CD-ROM disc storage.
4 - 20
Lesson 4: Storage
How a CD-ROM disc stores data

Can audio and
computer CDs be used Like a magnetic floppy or hard disk, information is stored on a compact
interchangeably? disc by using a series of 1s and 0s. 0s are represented on the disk by
(Some computers can using flat surfaces, and 1s are represented by pits in the surface. The
on
read and play an audio surface of the disk is covered by a protective coating. To read information
CD, depending on the
on the disc, the CD-ROM drive uses a laser beam to reflect light off the
equipment. However,
disc surface. The pitted areas of the disc reflect light differently than the
audio equipment
level areas, which let the drive differentiate between 1s and 0s. Although
cannot read and play
the discs are designed to last indefinitely, fingermarks or scratches can
data stored on a
damage the surface of the disc.
computer CD.)
iti
How a CD-ROM
drive works
Ed
E
AT
or
Figure 4-13: How a CD-ROM drive works.
CD-ROM uses
IC
PL
There is a growing number of CD-ROM software packages available on
ct
the market. CD-ROM discs are appropriate for the following uses:
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
Figure 4-14: CD-ROM uses.
4 - 21
MultimediaMultimedia is the combination of several forms of media
A multimedia PC has (text, sound, video, and graphics) to present information. Because these
all of the additional types of data typically take up a lot of storage space, CD-ROM is a
hardware to support
practical way to deliver data.
these various media,
on
including a CD-ROM
ReferenceEntire collections of reference material are available on disc,
drive, sound board,
including encyclopedias, catalogs, telephone listings, magazines, and
and speakers.
periodicals.
StorageCompany records, product catalogs, technical reference

As you conclude this
discussion of CD- information, databases of phone numbers and marketing leads, and other
iti
ROMs, show students large files can be accessed quickly and at low cost.
a CD-ROM disc. Have
students consider
Tape backup units
whether a CD-ROM
drive is useful to them Backing up or making copies of your work is an important process. Both
Ed
in their work. The floppy and hard disks are vulnerable to damage and can fail.
awareness that CD-
ROM is read-only Because hard disks are hidden, they do not show visible signs of wear
storage may change
like floppy disks do. Despite this, hard disks inevitably wear out. A hard-
students perceptions
disk disaster can be a single corrupted file or the complete crashing and
of needing this
failure of the entire drive. For this reason, regularly backing up hard-disk
E
equipment. Have
data is strongly recommended.
students share their
AT
or
responses.
Tape backup units provide a quick, convenient way to back up a hard
drive. A tape backup unit allows you to copy files from your hard disk to
Files or groups of files

IC
a cassette tape for protection. If anything happens to the data or programs
on your hard disk, you can restore them from the tape.
PL
can be backed up to a
ct
floppy disk. For large To make a backup, you insert a tape cartridge into the tape drive. Tapes
files, larger groups of must be formatted before you can use them. (To save time, you can buy
DU
files, or the entire

tape cartridges already formatted.) Be sure to use a tape cartridge that is
hard drive, it is more
large enough to store more information than you are backing up. In this
convenient to use a
way, you can avoid having to exchange cartridges during the backup
ru
tape backup unit.

process.
T
NO
If you have equipment

available, perform the
following task. (You Task D-2: Examining a tape backup unit and tapes
st
might have a portable

DO
tape drive that

attaches to the
parallel port.)
1. Examine the tape backup Answers will vary. Overall, it is similar in many ways
Demonstrate this to
unit provided by your
In
help take some of the to other storage devices.
mystery out of the

instructor
concept of storage.
List your observations
4 - 22
Lesson 4: Storage
2. Examine the backup tapes Answers will vary. Overall, the storage tape is similar
provided by your to audio cassette tapes.
on
instructor
List your observations
iti
Backup strategies
Concepts > You will want to use a backup schedule to be sure you do not lose vital
computer information. A good rule of thumb is to back up information
Ed
according to how much work you can afford to lose. A daily backup
ensures that you do not lose more than one days worth of work. A
weekly backup ensures that you do not lose more than one weeks worth
of work, which may be acceptable if you do not modify your files often
during the week.
E
AT
or
Task D-3: Considering backup routines
What you do Comments/Prompts IC

Use this task as a
PL
springboard for In the space provided,
ct
discussion. answer the following

questions:
DU
1. Do you have a tape Answers will vary.
backup unit in your work

ru
setting?
T
NO
2. Will you or someone else Answers will vary.
be using the tape backup

unit?
st
DO
3. How often do you think it Answers will vary. A good rule of thumb is to back up
is necessary to back up information according to how much work you can

your data?
In
afford to lose.
4 - 23
What are storage devices used for?
on
saving and retrieving data
a For each description below, identify the storage device.
iti
Storage device Description
hard disk
A storage device made up of hard metal platters that
magnetically store information. It operates much faster
Ed
than a floppy-disk drive and holds more information.
CD-ROM A storage device that uses a laser disk drive to read
information. It is used to store large quantities of
information that do not need to be changed.
E
floppy disk A storage device that stores programs and data onto
AT
removable media. It operates slower and has less capacity
or
than hard-disk drives.
tape back up unit

IC
A storage device used to create copies of information
PL
stored in the computers hard drive.
ct
DU
b Suppose you need to purchase floppy disks. Given the following

diagram, what can you tell about the disks?
ru
T
Physical size: _______________

3.5
NO
yes
Formatted: _________________
st
DO
Double-sided or single-sided: ___________________

DS or 2S - double-sided
Density: _______________
HD
In
4 - 24
Lesson 4: Storage
c Complete the table below:
Type of disk drive Advantages
on
portability
Floppy-disk drive 1.
2. insurance, or security
Hard-disk drive 1. large amount of storage
2. increased speed
iti
d Is this statement true or false? You can read from a CD-ROM
disk, but you cannot write to a CD-ROM disc.
Ed
True (unless you have the equipment used by manufacturers to write
to a CD-ROM disk).
E
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
4 - 25
In
Your Notes:
st
ru
DO
ct
NO
or
T
DU Ed
PL
IC
AT
iti
E on
L E S S O N 5
on
iti
Output devices
Ed 35-45 minutes
E
Suggested teaching time
AT
or
Lesson objectives
To understand basic personal computer output
IC
PL
a Identify characteristics of the monitor that
ct
affect overall monitor performance.

DU
b Identify and compare three major types of

printers.
ru
T
c Identify several ways that modems can be

useful.
NO
d Describe several capabilities enabled by a

sound board.
st
DO
In
5-1
a Monitors
Concepts > The is a device that enables the computer to show you whats
monitor
going on. The monitor is also referred to as the or
screen . It is the
display
main source for output of information from the computer.
on
Mention that the
monitor functions
As you type, text is displayed on the monitor. When you enter a
much like a TV. It
command, the screen changes to show the effects of that command.
displays what is going
Messages displayed on the screen let you know whether or not a
on.
command was successful.
iti
How graphics are displayed
Ed
How graphics are
displayed
E
CPU video adapter card monitor
AT
or
Figure 5-1: How graphics are displayed.
IC
The monitor cant follow commands. It relies on the computer for its
% display. To display computer information visually, there are two
PL
The CPU, video
important pieces of hardware: a video adapter card and a monitor. The
ct
adapter card, and

monitor are similar to video adapter card (sometimes called the graphics adapter card) can be
built into the motherboard. Usually, it is an expansion card (or board)
DU
a cable television
provider, the cable box, that plugs into one of the expansion slots.
and the television,
To display graphics, the computer follows a sequence:

ru
respectively. They
T
produce an image in
1. Programs place data into computer memory. Information processed

NO
much the same way.
by the CPU that needs to be visually displayed is sent to the video

Explain that the video
adapter.
2. The video adapter, in turn, converts information from the format used
st
adapter must be the

DO
same type as the

by the CPU into a format used by the monitor. It is the adapters job
monitor you select.
Students learn more to drive the monitor.
3. The monitor displays information sent to it by the video adapter.
about this as the
In
topic progresses.
5-2
Task A-1: Understanding how graphics are displayed
q Objective: To show the relationship among the CPU, video adapter card,
and monitor.
on
1. With the class, compare

the video adapter card to The CPU speaks one language and the monitor speaks
a translator a different language. The video adapter card converts the
information from one language to another.
iti
2. Describe, in your own
words, how you think the Programs send new information to the CPU, which
image on the monitor changes the contents of the video adapter card. The
changes video adapter card displays a change on the monitor.
Factors affecting
monitor performance Monitor performance
Ed
> Characteristics of the video adapter card and monitor determine how the
E
Concepts
picture on the monitor looks.
AT
or
Resolution IC
You can distinguish a monitor by its . Resolution refers to the
Boardwork: Explain
that when a monitors resolution
sharpness and clarity of the images displayed.
PL
resolution is
ct
expressed as 640 x
480, it means that it A monitor consists of thousands of tiny dots called picture elements, or
more commonly called . The dots are illuminated in various patterns
DU
has 640 pixels per line pixels

on the horizontal axis, to produce text and graphic images. The total number of horizontal and
and 480 pixels per line vertical pixels that a monitor can display defines the resolution of the
screen. The more pixels you have on your screen, the higher the
ru
on the vertical axis. On

T
the board, multiply

resolution and the sharper and more detailed the image.
NO
640 times 480. The

answer represents the
Manufacturers also describe resolution by using dot pitch,which refers to
total number of pixels
the distance, measured in millimeters, between the dots onscreen. The
on the screen. (In this
smaller the dot pitch, the closer the dots and the sharper the picture.
st
DO
case 307,200.)
In
5-3
Resolutions of
common monitors 640 1024
on
480 768
VGA SuperVGA
iti
The emergence of VGA Figure 5-2: Resolutions of common monitors.
and SVGA resolution
has made earlier
The most common resolution is VGA (Video Graphics Array), which
Ed
graphics standards,
displays graphics with a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels. Super VGA (or
such as EGA and
SVGA) monitors can display graphics with a resolution of 1,024 x 768
pixels. Some monitors go beyond the SVGA standard.
CGA, obsolete.
A multisync monitor These common resolutions are also called . Standards refer to
standards
has the advantage of
the graphics board and the monitors that work with them. For everything
E
being able to work with
to work correctly, the monitor and the video adapter card must match.
When you buy a new computer system, it is already configured with a
AT
any type of graphics
or
card.
matching video adapter card and monitor.
Most computers
Colors
IC
today have color
Another characteristic that controls the quality of the screen display is the
PL
monitors. Monochrome
number of colors that can be shown at one time on the screen. To show
ct
monitors display text

against either a black
detailed, realistic graphics, a 256 color video adapter card is
DU
or white background.
recommended. Many graphics programs, including games, now require
256 color adapters and drivers.
ru
Some video adapters and monitors are capable of displaying 16.7 million
256 colors replaced
T
colors. This many colors is useful for professional use; for instance,
the standard 16
NO
colors.
drafting applications (called CAD/CAM) or color desktop publishing.
Increasing the number
Memory
st
of colors adds stress

DO
to the video adapter

The video adapter card has its own memory, which is separate from the
computers built-in memory. That way the video adapter card can build
card and the amount
graphical images without using computer memory needed by the system

of information it must
and programs.
process. A video
In
adapter card needs to

be extremely fast to
display 16.7 million
colors at high
resolution.
5-4
The amount of memory installed on the video adapter card determines

the number of colors that can be displayed at a given resolution. In
general, the greater the resolution and the more colors displayed, the
more memory needed to build the image. Video cards should carry at
least 1 MB of memory.
on
Speed
Different adapter cards work at different speeds. A slow adapter card
Tip: If students are
takes a long time to draw and display visual information. Fast adapter
cards generate images quickly. A is a video adapter card
using a graphical
video accelerator
replacement that speeds up a computers graphics.
iti
operating system,
such as Windows or
OS/2, a fast adapter
card is necessary.
Task A-2: Reviewing characteristics of the monitor and video adapter card
Ed
As students complete
this task, suggest that affect monitor performance
that each of the
factors that affect What you do Comments/Prompts
monitor performance
is associated with Fill in the blanks to
complete the general
E
cost. Usually, the best
overall monitor statements below:
AT
or
performance is
accompanied with a 1. The _____________ pixels,
the better the resolution.
more
higher price.
IC
2. The _____________ colors,
the more detail in the
more
PL
picture.
ct
3. The _____________
DU
memory, the better the

more
quality of the image.

ru
T
4. The _________________
the video adapter card,
faster
NO
the faster graphic images

are generated.
st
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In
Monitor features Monitor features
Concepts > Monitors represent an important part of your system; after all, you will
be staring at the monitor whenever you use your computer. The better
the quality of the screen, the longer you can look at it before your eyes
get tired.
5-5
Tell students that
What are some of the features that vary among monitors?
· SizeSize is measured in inches diagonally across the screen.
they should not be
fooled by the
Common sizes include 14, 15, 17, 19, and 21 inches. The majority of
distinction between
computers are sold with 14-inch monitors. They are economical and
on
16-inch and 17-inch
the size is adequate for most uses. However, for more serious
monitors. The sizes
applications, large monitors have certain advantages: they provide
more room for icons, tool palettes and windows. Although the cost of
display the same
a larger monitor is still quite high, a 17-inch monitor has about 30%
picture size. Some
more room vertically and horizontally than a 14-inch monitor.

vendors list the entire
screen measurement,
while others include
· Anti-glareReflections from light sources can make viewing the
iti
only the area that
displays the image. screen difficult. Some monitors have coated glass to reduce
reflections.
· Flat or roundedA regular monitor has a round screen that causes
Ed
some image distortion. Flat-screen monitors are more expensive, but
they cause less image distortion.
· StandsSome monitors have tilt and swivel stands that make viewing
easier.
· ControlsIdeally, adjustment controls are grouped together, well
E
labeled, and easy to reach.
AT
or
Task A-3: Observing and adjusting the monitor
IC
Advise students
PL
against overdriving
ct
the monitor What you do Comments/Prompts

adjustments (turning
1. Examine your monitor Your instructor may need to help you estimate.
DU
the knob too far to

the right or left in a
non-gradual way). This In the space provided on _____________________________
the right, write down the
ru
Monitor size:
may end up in
T
distortion or too much

size of the monitor
NO
brightness. Tell
students to keep in
2. Does the monitor include
mind that this is an
a stand?
st
ergonomic issue, as
DO
well.
3. Locate the monitor This set of controls is often on the front of the
adjustment controls computer. Accessing the controls may require
that you push to open a hatch door.
Pop open the door, if
necessary
In
4. Adjust your monitors Until it suits you.

brightness
5-6
5. Adjust your monitors Until it suits you.

contrast
on
6. Experiment with the
other monitor controls
iti
Screen savers
Concepts > On older computer monitors, when the same image is displayed on a
monitor for a long period of time, it leaves a shadow or screen burn on
your screen. To prevent this from happening, screen saver programs were
Ed
developed. These programs decrease the wear on a monitor that is turned
on, but not in use. A is a moving pattern that appears on the
screen saver
screen if the computer is running, and you have not used the computer
for a specified period of time.
On new models, screen savers are not necessary any more for the
E
protection of monitors. However, they are fun, and therefore remain
AT
popular. In addition, using a screen saver provides the advantage of using
or
a password on the screen, and leaving messages on the screen. However,
screen savers also use up memory. IC
PL
ct
Depending on time and Instructor Demonstration Task A-4: Using a screen saver
DU
student interest, you

q Objective: To demonstrate the built-in screen savers that the Windows
may want to perform
the following
operating system provides.
ru
demonstration tasks.
T

NO
1. Run Windows
2. Open the Main group
st
DO
3. Run Control Panel
4. Double-click on the
icon
In
Desktop
5. Open the Name list in the This is a drop-down list box that lists the
Screen Saver area available built-in screen savers in Windows.
6. Select a screen saver
5-7
7. Click on Test
8. Move your mouse Move your mouse or press any key on the
on
keyboard to return to the Windows screen.
9. Experiment with other
options
Return to the Control
Panel window
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10. Exit Windows
Ed
E
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
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st
DO
In
5-8
b Printers
Concepts > After a document is created on the computer, you can send it to a printer
for a printout, or hard copy. take data from its electronic form
Printers
and print it onto paper. There are three common types of printers: laser,
on
inkjet, and dot-matrix. In addition, some printers offer special features,
such as color and large page formats.
Like photocopiers, Laser printers
laser printers have
Laser printers are expensive; they produce high-quality printouts quietly
iti
trays to hold blank
paper to print on.
and quickly.
Some printers have
Laser printers are similar to copy machines. Instead of supplying a page
large trays and are
to be copied, the computer sends the laser printer a computerized copy of
ideal for busy office
the image. A laser beam is aimed by using a moving mirror to create an
Ed
electrical charge on a rotating drum. The electrical charge attracts a dry
environments.
ink substance called The toner is melted onto the page to leave a
toner.
Explain that because
the toner runs
permanent, high-quality image.
together when it is
melted, it makes the
E
characters edges
AT
smoother.
or
mirror laser
How a laser printer

beam IC
works
PL
electrical rotating
ct
charge drum
DU
toner heating
ru
the paper
T
Students may have

heard the term
NO
PostScript. Explain
that laser printers
use two basic
st
computer languages
DO
Figure 5-3: How a laser printer works.

to convert the data
displayed on your
Laser printer speeds are often rated in pages per minute, or ppm.
computer monitor to
Typically, the higher the value, the faster the speed. Most printers output
the printed page. The
four to eight pages per minute; faster printers can produce twelve pages
In
per minute or more. These are the top speeds at which the printer can
languages are PCL
print. The complexity of the pages you are printing determines how fast
and PostScript. The
the printer prints.

translation occurs
through software
called a printer driver.
5-9
Laser printers use the measure of dots per inch (dpi) to determine print
quality. Laser printers vary, generally ranging from 300 to 600 dpi.
Inkjet printers
Inkjet printers are less expensive than laser printers, and they produce
on
high-quality printouts quietly; however, they are slow. Inkjet printers are
appropriate when you need sharp laser-quality text. However, to print
graphics, inkjet printers cant produce the same quality output as laser
printers.
Inkjet printers are portable. Sleek, streamlined inkjet printers were
iti
developed to be used with notebook computers. In addition, inkjet
printers are the best option if you want a good resolution color printer.
paper
Ed
E
ink nozzles
jets
AT
or
printhead
How an inkjet
printer works
IC
PL
Because these
ct
printers use liquid ink,

the older generation of
Figure 5-4: How an inkjet printer works.
DU
printers suffered from
Inkjet printers spray jets of fast-drying ink onto the page. The printhead
ink smears on the
page, internal clogging,
has a series of holes called . Each nozzle heats up the liquid ink,
ru
and fading. nozzles

which bubbles and, when the bubbles burst, droplets of ink are sprayed
T
Manufacturers have
made great strides onto the page. If you use paper with a semi-gloss finish, rather than
NO
toward correcting porous paper, the results are very good.

these problems.
Inkjet printers offer two modes: draft mode (which is faster) and high-
quality mode.
st
DO
Printer memory
Both laser and inkjet printers must prepare an image before printing.
In
Therefore, these printers contain electronic memory. The amount of

Laser printers should
memory determines the complexity the printer can handle. If a printer
have a minimum of
starts printing a page and then suddenly quits, it probably requires more
2MB of memory (4 MB
is recommended). memory.
5 - 10
Dot-matrix printers
Dot-matrix printers are generally the least expensive and the most
versatile; however, they are slow and noisy. The print quality is lower
Bring samples of than laser or inkjet printers. Dot-matrix printers are the only printers that
on
sheets and can handle multipart forms, such as invoices and carbons. This is because
continuous fan-folded
of the impact technology, where the pins actually strike the paper. Dot-
paper to class for
matrix printers can use a sheet feeder, a tractor feeder, or both. Sheet
students to view.
feeders work with standard office stationary. Tractor feeders use
continuous fan-folded paper, appropriate for lengthy printouts.
iti
How a dot matrix Characters are
Ed
printer works created using dots
E
9 12 18 36
AT
or
12 24 24 24
IC
Nine-Pin Draft Nine-Pin NLQ 24-Pin Draft 24-Pin NLQ
PL
ct
Figure 5-5: How a dot matrix printer works.

DU
Dot-matrix printers create graphics and characters as a collection of tiny

The impact process is
dots. This type of printer works by impact; tiny pins inside the print head
much like that of a
hit the printer ribbon against the paper, forming the characters and
ru
T
pictures.
typewriter and ribbon;
the pins hit the page
NO
The resolution of a dot matrix printer is determined by how closely the

to create a physical
dots are spaced. Because each character is created using dots, the output
representation of a
can sometimes seem ragged as tiny gaps exist between dots. The original
character.
st
dot matrix printer had nine pins. By adding more pins, manufacturers
DO
DPI is a printing
were able to improve the printers resolution. Dot-matrix printers,
expression that
therefore, typically come in two choices of quality: 9-pin and 24-pin. The
means dots per inch.
term print mode describes which way you are printing. Choices may
The higher the number
include draft, letter quality, or near-letter quality.
In
of dots, the higher the

quality, or resolution,
of the printer.
5 - 11
Printer costs
Cost per page (CPP) refers to the cost of , or the cost of print
consumables
supplies that must be periodically replaced. For dot-matrix printers, the
print ribbon, which is inexpensive, is the consumable. The ink cartridges
on
used in an inkjet printer are consumable and more expensive.
Consumables on the laser printer consist of the toner and drum. The cost
of consumables on a color printer is much higher than on a black and
white printer.
iti
Task B-1: Distinguishing between printer types
Tell students to
provide general and q Objective: To summarize the similarities and differences among printer
brief answers in this types.
Ed
task. There are no
right or wrong
answers; the table is What you do Comments/Prompts
1. In the table below, write For each printer type, fill in the missing
used to provide an
area to organize notes
and compare printer down characteristics that information.
concepts. differentiate the types of
printers
E
AT
or
Printer types
Laser
IC
Inkjet Dot matrix
PL
Non-impact: sprays a fine Impact: uses a
ct
Method
Non-impact: uses laser
beams to melt toner quick-drying ink onto the page combination of pins to
DU
onto a page from several small nozzles strike an inked ribbon
Initial cost Expensive

Reasonable Least expensive
ru
T
Cost per page High High Low

NO
Quality High Very good Acceptable

st
Speed
DO
Fast Slow Slow
Noise Quiet Quiet Noisy

In
Ideal for color printing. Also, Can print on carbon and
Special notes
Overall, fast high-quality
can be used as a portable carbonless forms; can

and quiet printing.
printer for laptop computers. print wide or lengthy
printouts.
5 - 12
Choosing a printer
Concepts > Everyones needs are different and each type of printing technology has
something to offer. Depending on your situation, you may need a laser,
Choosing a printer
inkjet, or dot-matrix printer.
on
Choosing the right printer involves the following considerations:
· What quality does your printing require?
Suggest that it is
impossible to say that
· How fast do you need your printing?

one technology is
better than another.
· What type of paper do you have to print on?
iti
That is like saying
that one type of
athletic shoe is best · How much printing do you intend to do?
· Is cost an issue (including the expense of consumables)?

for everyone and every
sport.
% Selecting a
printer is like selecting
a vehicle. You consider
Task B-2: Choosing a printer
What you do
Ed Comments/Prompts
E
whether it should be
For each of the following Choose dot-matrix, laser, or inkjet.
examples, identify which
AT
fancy or economical, a
or
workhorse or a race
type of printer (listed at
car, and if it should be
suited for special
the right) to use: IC
needs. You might think
1. You need to print reports
and forms that are very
Dot-matrix
PL
about many miles you
will be driving and how
wide, more than the size
ct
much you will be

of a single page
DU
hauling along the way.

It is much the same
2. You need to print high-
quality graphics on a
Laser
with a printer.
regular basis
ru
T
3. You need to print

NO
invoices and service

Dot-matrix
orders on two-, three-, or

four-part carbon and
st
carbonless forms
DO
4. You need to print

inventory lists on a
Dot-matrix
regular basis, but overall

In
quality is not important

5. You want color printing
at a reasonable price
Inkjet
5 - 13
Common printing problems
If most or all of your
students will be You can avoid some printing problems before you print:
working with a laser
printer, you may · Make sure the printer is connected and turned on.
on
decide to take some
time to provide a few
ideas on how to
· Make sure the printer has enough paper to complete the print job.
prevent and · Make sure the printers on-line light is on, and not blinking. When the
troubleshoot printer
on-line light is on, the printer has paper, is turned on, and is ready to
problems from a user
perspective. If
print.
iti
possible, demonstrate
how to load paper,
clean the printer,
protect the drum,
care for toner
Ed
cartridges, and set
print density.
E
AT
or
IC
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ct
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st
DO
In
5 - 14
c Modems
Concepts > A modem enables your computer to talk on the telephone with another
computer. Both computers need a compatible modem. With a modem, a
computer, and the required software, you can connect with other
on
computers all over the country and the world.
How does a modem work?
iti
Ed
If I have only one
telephone line, can I
still hook up a modem
to my PC? (Yes. A
E
second telephone line
for a modem is not
AT
necessary.)
or
Figure 5-6: How a modem works.
IC
Modem stands for MOdulator/DEModulator. To send information, the
modem translates (or modulates) the computer data into a form that it can
PL
Tip: Before you
send through the telephone lines. To receive information, the modem

ct
purchase an external
translates the incoming information from the telephone line to a format

modem, make sure
DU
the computer can understand.

there is a vacant COM
port on the back of
Many computers have a built-in (internal) modem. Internal modems are

the system unit.
ru
generally less expensive, take up less desk space, and require only one
T
connection. An external modem hooks up to the back of your PC.

NO
st
DO
In
5 - 15
Modem uses
Modem uses
on
iti
Fax services On-line services File transfers
FAX
Ed
FAX bulletin
Internet $
access boards news
banking
mail
shopping reference
E
Figure 5-7: Modem uses.
Mention that on-line
AT
or
services include
CompuServe, Prodigy, Modems are used for on-line services
You can subscribe to on-line services, which are commercial services

and America Online.
IC
provided by a number of companies. To access an on-line service, you
Information sources
do not become out of
must first buy a startup kit. These kits often include the communication
PL
date, because they
software package for that service. This type of software provides the
ct
are constantly revised

to reflect information instructions your computer needs to communicate with a modem.
DU
changes.
On-line services provide a diverse range of features, but they differ in the
variety and depth of services that they offer. With most services, you can
send and receive electronic mail, or e-mail, to other members by
ru
%
T
sending messages over the telephone lines. Most services also enable you
to receive news, sports, and weather reports; shop and bank at home;
NO
Using an on-line
service is much like
make travel plans and reservations; perform research; and take college
strolling through your
courses. On-line services also provide educational and reference
town or city. Many of
resources and games.
st
DO
the same activities

are available
When subscribing to an on-line service, you usually pay a flat monthly
electronically, for
fee or an hourly rate, depending on the service. A is the time you
session
spend when you are connected to a service through the modem.
instance, stopping at
Connecting for a session on-line through your modem is referred to as

the post office, visiting
In
. When you log on, you direct the modem to call the services
the newsstand,
stopping at the logging on
library, or chatting computer and then you enter your personal password to gain access.
with people passing by. Connect time is the time you spend connected to an on-line service.
5 - 16
An electronic bulletin
board is like a physical Additional on-line features
bulletin board.
Some on-line services enable you to connect to bulletin boards. This is an
Professional bulletin
area where you can post messages for other users, and read their
boards help you
responses. Electronic bulletin boards are often broken into specific
on
exchange information
with colleagues,
forums, or segments, each addressing a particular topic.
search for jobs, and
Some on-line services offer connections to large national networks, such
find contractors to
as Internet The
. Internet is a network of networks, including the networks
of several large corporations and universities. The various networks are
help you complete your
connected using telephone cables and satellite signals. Unlike commercial

projects. Non-
services, there is no central organizing structure, and the commands you

professional bulletin
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boards offer games,
trivia, and other use can be complex; however, the Internet offers many on-line resources.
entertaining activities.
This type of exchange Modems are used for file transfers
Copying files and programs from another computer to your computer is
Ed
is also referred to as
real time. You can
called .
downloading Uploading a file means you are copying a file from
type messages that
your computer to another computer. Modems allow programs and data to
be transmitted locally or around the world through telephone lines. You
appear simultaneously
can download files from another computer or on-line service to your PC.
on the recipients
screen (as opposed to
· Downloading from another computer: with the appropriate software,

electronic mail, where
E
messages are stored
you can do by connecting your home computer to
AT
in a mailbox and remote computing
your work computer.
or
retrieved later).
· Downloading from an on-line service: one of the most popular parts of

IC
any on-line service is the file library area. This is where you can find
Students might have
pictures, articles, or programs that you can download directly to your
PL
heard of the World
computer.
ct
Wide Web (WWW).

Explain that it is a set
DU
of Internet computers
Modems are used for fax services
and services that
provide an easy-to- A fax modem enables you to use your computer to send and receive faxes
through a fax machine, or another computer thats equipped with a fax
ru
use system for finding
modem. To send or receive faxes, you need fax software.

T
information. WWW
NO
services allow users to

jump between on-
screen documents by Modem speed
Modems are available in different speeds, which determine how long it

st
selecting highlighted
takes to transfer information. The speed of the modem is commonly rated

DO
keywords. WWW can be

explored through
in bits per second (bps). The higher the bps, the faster data can be
software tools, such
transmitted between computers. Naturally, faster modems are more
as Cello, Mosaic, and
expensive than slower modems.
In
Lynx.
5 - 17
2400 bps modems are inexpensive, but slow. Most on-line services offer
Explain that sending a
9600 bps service, so youll need a 9600 bps modem (or faster) to use their
file by modem takes
services. At least 9600 bps is recommended if you do a lot of
the place of mailing a
downloading. For business applications, 14,400 bps modems are a good
diskette that
choice. A modem with a speed of 28,800 bps is practical, if you expect to
on
work heavily with graphics.
contains the file.
A faster modem
transmits data Data compression
faster. By spending
Computer information can be compressed in size to increase transmission
less time on-line, you
speed. Compression programs reduce the information when it is sent, and
return it to its original state when received. Compressed information uses
iti
can avoid some of the
connection cost.
50% to 75% less space; therefore, compressed information takes 50% to
75% less time.
However, a faster
modem is more
expensive.
Ed
% Compressed data
Task C-1: Using modem-related terminology
is like dehydrated
food. Redundant and
q Objective: To match modem-related buzzwords to their meanings.
non-essential
E
characters are
removed, and then
Match the phrase on the Choose Internet, download, modem, bulletin
AT
added back in.
or
left with the word on the board, electronic mail, and on-line service.
right: IC
1. A device that allows the modem
transfer of data between

PL
your computer and other

ct
computers
DU
2. An area where you can bulletin board
post messages for other

ru
users, and read their

T
responses
NO
3. A network of networks, Internet
including the networks of

several large corporations
st
DO
and universities
4. Copying files from download
another computer or on-

In
line service to your PC
5 - 18
5. A feature that enables you electronic mail
to exchange mail with

other computer users
on
electronically over regular
telephone lines
6. Commercial on-line service
communication services
that enable you to gain
access to massive
iti
information and resources
Ed
E
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or
IC
PL
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st
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In
5 - 19
d Sound boards
Concepts > A sound boardis a hardware board. Sound boards are installed in one of
the expansion slots inside the system unit. A sound board enables the
computer to output high-quality sounds and music. Sound boards replace
on
the simple beeps and other noises generated by the computers internal
Because computers
have built-in speakers,
you can generate speaker. Users commonly purchase sound boards to hear the sounds of a
sound, and use sound game, or to play sounds from a multimedia CD. Special sound effects add
in a limited way. The to the excitement and realism of games. Some sounds boards are capable
CPU has the burden of of recording sounds, music, and voice messages.
iti
generating the sound.
The sound board Although sound boards differ, most provide an output line for speakers,
contains electronics
input lines for mono or stereo recording, and a MIDI (pronounced me-de)
that enable it to
generate sound for
interface for electronic instruments.
Ed
the CPU, so that the
CPU can perform other stereo amplifier
tasks while sounds
play in the background. input jack
output jack
microphone
volume control
There are no official
E
sound board
AT
standards, but the CD
or
popular Sound Blaster player
card is close to being
MIDI
the standard. port IC
PL
speakers
ct
A sound board headphones

DU
Figure 5-8: A sound board.

ru
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a standard that enables

T
you to connect your computer to a wide variety of musical synthesizers

NO
and instruments. When most users hear the term MIDI, they often think
only of an electronic keyboard. However, you can have MIDI
saxophones, clarinets, and even drums.
st
DO
In
5 - 20
Task D-1: Exploring sound board uses
1. List some ways that a
on
sound board outputs
You can send computer output, such as sound or music,
information from a PC to speakers, headphones, or an amplifier. You can also
use the MIDI interface to output to electronic instruments.
2. List some ways that a

sound board inputs
You can record music, voice, or other sounds from CD
information to a PC
iti
players, microphones, TV, or the stereo. You can also use
the MIDI interface to input from electronic instruments.
Ed
E
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or
IC
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In
5 - 21
What are output devices used for?
on
Output devices are how the computer talks to you; they provide the
means for the computer to get information back to you. Output
devices include monitors, printers, and speakers.
a Identify the four broad characteristics of the monitor and video
iti
card adapter that affect the overall monitor performance.
_____________________________
Resolution
Ed
_____________________________
Colors
_____________________________
Memory
_____________________________
E
Speed
AT
or
b List the three major types of printers. IC
_____________________________
PL
Laser printer
ct
_____________________________
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Inkjet printer
_____________________________
Dot-matrix printer
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T
NO
c What are some of the ways that modems can be used?

For on-line services, file transfer, and exchanging faxes.
st
DO
d What are some things that are made possible by sound boards?
From a business perspective, what can be gained by a sound
board?
In
Sound boards enable you to record and play high-quality sounds and
music. With a sound board, you can add sound effects to a business
presentation, and add voice notes to your programs or files.
5 - 22
L E S S O N 6
on
iti
The operating system
Ed
E
AT
or
Lesson objectives
IC
To understand basic operating system
PL
a
ct
Describe the main functions of the operating

system.
DU
b Create and evaluate file-management

schemes based on universal file-
ru
T
management concepts.
NO
st
DO
In
6-1
a An introduction to the operating system
Concepts > An operating system is the most fundamental program that runs on the
personal computer. It is a collection of programs that provides the
on
working environment for the personal computer.
The jobs of an
EEv ntss EEv
operating system veen
ntsts EEvveent veen
ntst
Prog
s
m
ra
ram
og
m
gra
Pr
Pro
iti
Structure your
presentation of
concepts around the
three jobs of an
operating system.
Middle Manager Ed
Program Manager File Manager
E
AT
or
Figure 6-1: The jobs of an operating system.
Simply put, you talk

The operating system has several important jobs. IC
to the operating
·
PL
Middle Manager. A middle manager serves as a communication link
system, and the
ct
between various levels of staff. Likewise, the operating system serves

operating system
as a communication link between the user and the hardware; it
talks to the
DU
coordinates the operation of all parts of the computer system and

machinery. The
maintains the flow of events.
operating system
directs the computer
ru
to interpret input, · Program Manager. The operating system runs software programs and
T
process data, and controls how a software program interacts with you. The operating
NO
produce output. system presents an interface for users to communicate with the
computer.
·
st
File Manager. The operating system gives you tools to manage your
DO
disks and files.

In
6-2
Task A-1: Examining the tasks of an operating system
on
Each of the following Major jobs of an operating system:
tasks are performed by an
operating system. Using Middle Manager
the jobs listed at the right, Program Manager
identify which job the File Manager
task is associated with.
iti
1. Interprets your keyboard Middle Manager
and mouse input
2. Provides tools to organize File Manager
Ed
files
3. Displays information on Middle Manager

the computers monitor
4. Manages the Program Manager
E
communication between
your software program
AT
or
and your computer
5. Provides tools to format a

disk
File Manager IC
PL
6. Uses colorful graphics Program Manager
ct
called icons to make

DU
programs easier to learn

and use
Boardwork: List the

ru
common operating
T
systems on the board

NO
as you introduce each:
Common operating systems

DOS, OS/2, and Unix.
>
st
Concepts
DO
There are a number of common operating systems. While they all

perform similar functions, they work differently. Some examples of
common operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Unix. In addition to
Briefly describe each
operating systems, there are shells, which provide a graphical user
operating system and
interface to create an easy and convenient means for entering and using
In
shell. Students will

operating system commands. An operating system and its shell are
investigate DOS and
designed to work together. The DOS Shell and Windows are two shells
Windows later.
that can be used with DOS.
6-3
b File-management concepts
Concepts > Using a computer, you can store a vast amount of electronic information.
Managing information in an orderly fashion is the major job of any
on
In this topic,
operating system. It enables you to be efficient and quickly find the
transition students
information you need. There are many similarities in the ways operating
from a broad overview
systems manage information. The approach that operating systems use, in
of operating systems
to the file- general, is one that reflects how information is managed in a paper
management concepts environment. In an office environment, people create, edit, review, and
that are universal organize paper documents. These documents are stored in folders, which
iti
across operating in turn are placed in filing cabinets.
systems. Emphasize
that file management
is an important
function of the
Ed
operating system.
A computer filing
system is like an office
filing system
E
AT
or
Figure 6-2: A computer filing system is like an office filing system.
IC
Throughout this topic, A file is like a paper document
PL
stress that just as a
ct
good filing system for Instead of paper documents, the computer holds files. A file is a collection
of information (or data) that is treated as a unit and stored under a single
DU
paper is essential for

a productive office name. A file can be a single report or another document.
environment, good
electronic file- Your computer uses two types of files: data files and program files. Data
ru
T
management files are the files you create and save. Program files are the files you get
techniques are when you purchase a program.
NO
essential for a
productive computer Each file has a unique name; for the documents you create, you get to
environment. decide what the name should be. Each operating system has its own rules
st
for file naming. For instance, DOS (and therefore Windows) uses the 8.3
DO
rule. This means that the file name consists of a base name that is no
An effective way to
more than 8 characters long and an optional extension that is no more
supplement your
than 3 characters long.
discussion of file
In
management is to use
a file box, with several
hanging folders, and
pieces of paper to
represent directories,
subdirectories, and
files.
6-4
Task B-1: Identifying a file

The 8.3 rule is a
limitation of DOS, not
OS/2 or Unix. Mention
that most DOS and
on
Windows software Identify whether or not
applications the following items are

automatically add a considered computer
period and a three- files:
letter extension to the
file name. For example,
a word processing
1. A business letter üq Yes q No
iti
package might add
the extension .DOC,
2. An expense report üq Yes q No
and a spreadsheet
package might add
3. A programming code that üq Yes q No
starts a game
Ed
the extension .XLS.
4. A brochure üq Yes q No
5. A list of customer names üq Yes q No
E
AT
or
A directory is like a folder
Concepts > IC
Hard disks can store thousands of files; when you have many files on a
disk, its hard to find what youre looking for. In an office filing system,
Real-world example:
PL
people store files in labeled folders in a filing cabinet. On a computer,
All of your work has
ct
you create directories and subdirectories to organize your files.

been dumped into a
DU
filing cabinet; and

thousands of sheets
A directory is like a file folder in your filing cabinet that holds several documents or
of paper are strewn
other folders. Within a directory, you can store files, programs, and other directories.
ru
about without any

T
organization. A directory that contains other directories is like a hanging folder that contains
Searching through manila folders. Directories that are located in other directories are called
NO
unorganized work is subdirectories.

time-consuming and
frustrating. Suggest
st
that when you work

DO
with computer files, an

organizational scheme
helps you work more
efficiently. Stress
In
that directories make

life simpler.
Figure 6-3: Directories and subdirectories.
6-5
In an office filing system, when you have many folders, you need to put
Tell students not to
names on the folders so you can tell them apart. Likewise, each computer
worry about the terms
directory should have a unique, descriptive name.
directory and
subdirectory. In
on
most cases, you can
use these terms
interchangeably, Task B-2: Using directories
because a
subdirectory is also a
q Objective: Given a group of files, to organize files into directories and
name the directories.
directory. A
subdirectory can hold
iti
files as well as other What you do Comments/Prompts
directories.
Use the set of files listed Marys letter

on the right to answer the
Ed
questions below: Marys budget
Many computer users

Toms letter
do not create
111
directories on their
Toms budget
data disks; instead,
they place files on the
Sues letter
E
disk in the root
directory, which is the
AT
main directory. 1. How can you organize the
or
Emphasize that the files into folders for each
file-management user?
techniques that
students learn can be
Mary IC Tom Sue
Marys letter
___________ Toms letter
_____________ Sues letter
____________
PL
applied to both hard
11
ct
disks and floppy disks. Marys budget

___________ Toms budget
_____________ ____________
DU
As you review the

solutions, you may
want to use the board 2. How can you organize the
ru
T
to draw diagrams like files into folders for each

those in the Student type of document?
NO
Letters Budgets
Manual.
Marys letter
_____________ _____________
Marys budget
st
Toms letter
_____________ Toms budget
_____________
DO
Sues letter
_____________ _____________
In
6-6
The root directory is like a drawer

Concepts > In a paper office system, all related folders are stored in a drawer. This
constitutes a multilevel filing system: paper documents, folders, hanging
on
folders, and drawers.
Likewise, the computers directory structure is a multilevel system for

storing and retrieving files. Each disk, whether hard or floppy, starts with
one directory. This is the main directory called the root directory. The
directory structure grows from the root directory as you add
subdirectories. The root can hold programs, data files, and information
iti
about other directories. Because the root has no name, the operating
system uses a character to represent it; for instance, the backslash is used
in DOS.
Directories and subdirectories form a structure that looks like an upside-
Ed
down tree.
A sample directory
Root directory
tree
%
Directory Directory Directory
E
A directory tree
AT
or
is like a family tree.
Subdirectory Subdirectory Subdirectory
The directory tree,
however, is upside
down, with the root at
IC
the top. The root
PL
directory is the parent Figure 6-4: A sample directory tree.
ct
of the directories.
Each directory, or
DU
child, can in turn

become a parent to
another generation; Task B-3: Determining how a disk is organized
ru
these children are

q
T
Objective: Given a generic tree diagram, to determine how it is organized.

called
NO
subdirectories. A
parent directory can What you do Comments/Prompts
have many child
st
subdirectories. Each
1. Examine Figure 6-4 Located above.
DO
child subdirectory can

be traced to only one
2. What is the main The root directory
parent directory. (In
directory called?
the directory
In
hierarchy, a
subdirectorys parent
is the directory just
above it.)
6-7
3. With the class, discuss From the root directory, there are three directories. Each
how the directory
of the directories is organized differently. The first
on
structure is organized
directory contains two subdirectories, and each
subdirectory has several files. The second directory
contains two files; there are no subdirectories. The third
directory contains two files and one subdirectory, which
holds three files.
iti
Deciding on a directory structure
Ed
Concepts > How you organize your computer files is largely a matter of personal
preference, but there are some guidelines that can help you set up a
practical directory tree.
E
Keep your directory tree shallow. For ease of access, create only a few
levels of subdirectories. A deep directory tree can be difficult to specify
AT
for the location of a file.
or
As you discuss Figure Root directory
6-5, compare it to
IC
having multiple paper
PL
folders nested within
directory
ct
directory
other folders, making
it difficult to put your
DU
finger on a single piece

of paper. Subdirectory Subdirectory
ru
T
Subdirectory Subdirectory
NO
st
DO
Figure 6-5: A deep directory tree.

In
When a program is installed (or copied to the hard disk), it typically sets
up its own directory. Rather than saving documents within the program
directory, the recommended method is to isolate data from programs.
Using different directories makes it more convenient to back up your
data.
6-8
Root directory
Separating data files
from program files,
particularly when
backing up data, SS Program WP Program Data
on
eliminates the need to
dig for programs
through directories SS Data WW Data
that are established.
Budgets Schedules Letters Reports
iti
File organization
Figure 6-6: Keeping data and programs separate.
strategies
You can organize your files by file type (separate directories for your
Ed
Use this overhead as
students complete word processing, graphics, spreadsheet, and database files), file content
Tasks B-4 and B-5. (separate directories for specific departments, accounts, or fiscal years),
As an alternative to or file owner if your computer is shared (separate directories for each
Tasks B-4 and B-5, user).
you can use the
overhead and You can also combine organizational schemes. For example, if your
E
elaborate on the computer is shared by several users, you might have separate directories
AT
strategies provided. for each user. Within each user's directory, subdirectories might exist for
or
the various accounts that each user manages.
This task is critical to

evaluate students
understanding of file
IC
Task B-4: Creating a directory tree structure
PL
management.
q
ct
It is not unusual for Objective: To apply the concepts related to files and directories to real-life
DU
new computer users scenarios.

to put all their files in
the root or program
directory. As a result,
ru

T
those users are often

unable to find their
NO
files. This can be an Choose one of the
exhausting mystery to following examples. Draw
users, who assume a tree-structure diagram

st
that the program of the directory:

DO
knows where to put

the data and the user 1. You have a home-based The resulting diagram depicts an application-
has no control. It is business in which you use based directory structure:

difficult to convince your computer for word
Root directory
In
new users that they processing, spreadsheet,

can set up and and database-management
WP SS DB DATA
organize data tasks. Within each
according to their application, you create
business needs. WP SS DB
many business and
personal data files
Bus Pers Bus Pers Bus Pers
6-9
In place of, or in
2. You share your computer The resulting diagram depicts a user-based
addition to, these
steps, you can have
with Bill, Nancy, and directory structure:
on
students create a Tom. You want to
Root directory
directory tree diagram establish a directory for
that is pertinent to each user. Within each
their own work setting. user directory, there Bill Nancy Tom
should be subdirectories
for word processing, WP SS DB WP SS DB
spreadsheet, and database
iti
WP SS DB
files
Ed
A directory structure is flexible
Concepts > Over time you will need to maintain the organization of the directory
structure. All operating systems provide tools that you can use to work
Example: Return to
with your directories and files.
E
the file cabinet
analogy. Ask students
AT
Creating and removing directories. If you no longer use a directory, and you
what they would do if
or
will never again need the files it contains, you can delete the directory to
they had a folder for a
free up disk space.
loan account that had
been paid off years
ago. Students might
IC
Copying and moving files. As you organize files on a disk, or share files
PL
suggest that they with another person, you will want to copy and move files.
ct
would remove the

folder and its Basic reasons for copying and moving files:
DU
contents, or they
might select any · To organize work (for example, combining files from several
documents worth subdirectories into one).

ru
keeping and combine

T
them with another · To share work, such as documents, graphics, or spreadsheets, with
NO
folder. coworkers.
· To duplicate a file so that you can edit the copy without changing the
original.
st
DO
· To take the file to another location (for example, to work at home or

at another location).
In
Deleting files. It is advisable to remove files when documents are out of

date or no longer needed.
6 - 10
Continue to use a Task B-5: Determining how to reorganize a directory tree structure
visual aid to
demonstrate file-
q Objective: Given a realistic tree diagram and typical scenarios, to decide
what changes you would make to the existing directory structure.
management
on
techniques. For
example, if you are What you do Comments/Prompts
using a physical box
with folders, explain Examine Figure 6-7. In The diagram represents a department-based
erasing a file by the space provided, directory structure. There are separate
removing it from the
describe how you might directories for each department in the company.
folder. When you move
accommodate the
iti
a file, physically
following situations:
change the location of
the corresponding
1. You want to create a
Make a new directory under the root directory and name
paper.
directory to store
it ADM. (The name of the directory will vary based on
Ed
documents for the newly
% A computer disk
is like a home; they
formed Administration
department
preference.)
both need occasional 2. You want to organize a

Make a new subdirectory under the MKT directory and
housekeeping. One way number of files related to
name it Sales. Move the appropriate files into it. (The
to clean up your hard sales data that the
E
disks and floppy disks Marketing department has
name of the directory will vary based on preference.)
AT
is by deleting files
compiled
or
that you no longer
need. 3. You want to organize a Make a new subdirectory under each department
number of miscellaneous
word processing files,
IC
directory and name each WP. Move the appropriate files
into each WP directory. (The name of the directory will

PL
such as letters and
ct
reports, which belong to vary based on preference.)
the Marketing and

DU
Engineering departments
ru
T
NO
Root directory
A directory tree
st
structure that needs MKT data ENG data

DO
to be reorganized
Budgets Customers Budgets Schedules

In
word processing sales files

files
word processing
files
Figure 6-7: A directory tree structure that needs to be reorganized.
6 - 11
File specifications
Concepts > In a paper office setting, to retrieve a specific document, you must
identify it by location (cabinet and folder) and then by name.
on
Computers work the same way. During the process of saving a file, you
must tell the computer the drive (cabinet) and directory (folder) where
you want to save the file. The same is true of retrieving a file.
You specify a file by describing its drive, directory path, file name, and
extension. This notation is called a file specification or path.
iti
C:\ DATA\REPORTS\ MYFILE .DOC
File specification
Drive Directories Filename Extension
Ed
Figure 6-8: File specification.
A file specification is a chain of directions that the operating system uses

Compare the file
to guide itself through the file system to find the information you want.
specifications to a
E
road map to reach a
· Drivetells the computer which drive the file is on.
AT
specific destination.
or
The two ideas are
· Directoriestells the computer the path through the directory
similar.
structure to get to the directory that contains the file.
IC
· File nameindicates the specific file requested.
PL
ct
· Extensionan optional three characters often used to further define

the file type.
DU
The file specification uses the backslash character (\) to separate items in
the path. The backslash following C: represents the root directory of drive
ru
T
C:, from which the path to MYFILE.DOC begins.

NO
C:\
st
DO
Bill Nancy
Tom
Oldaccts Newaccts Newaccts

In
ja my.do c orchd.do c
sha rp.do c mdnr.doc
ae ro .doc bdo n.do c kelly .doc nswp.doc
Figure 6-9: A directory structure with many paths.
6 - 12
Task B-6: Creating a file specification
q Objective: Given a specific file, to use the drive, directory, file name, and
extension to describe its location in the file structure.
on
For each of the files listed

below, identify the file
specification in the space
iti
provided:
1. kelly.doc C:\tom\kelly.doc
2. bdon.doc C:\nancy\bdon.doc
Ed
3. sharp.doc C:\bill\newaccts\sharp.doc
4. orchd.doc C:\bill\oldaccts\orchd.doc
E
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
6 - 13
on
What are the three main jobs of an operating system?
Middle Manager
___________________________
Program Manager
___________________________
iti
File Manager
___________________________
b In the diagram below, label the following: subdirectory, file,
Ed
directory, root directory.
Root directory
E
AT
or
Directory Directory Directory
IC
Subdirectory
PL
ct
DU
files
Figure 6-10: A sample directory tree.

ru
T
In the space provided, write down a few guidelines that you

NO
will try to use when managing files in your own work. Be

prepared to share your responses and explain why you chose
them.
st
DO
Responses may include:
· Maintain an organized and orderly system.
· Use names for files and directories that are logical and
In
meaningful.
· Dont create a directory structure that is too deep.
· Store data in a separate subdirectory from the application
software.
· Organize it or take a chance of losing it.
6 - 14
L E S S O N 7
on
iti
DOS survival guide
Ed
E
AT
or
Lesson objectives
IC
To learn how to navigate in DOS, you will:
a
PL
Use the DOS command prompt to enter
ct
common commands.
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
7-1
a Using the command prompt
Concepts > The display of the DOS prompt on the screen indicates that DOS is
waiting for commands. To command DOS to do something, you type the
on
command and then press Enter. When you enter a command, DOS
This lesson is modular;
responds by performing the specific action that is associated with the
which enables you to
command that you typed. DOS also responds to some commands by
use the lesson to suit
displaying a message that indicates the progress or outcome of the
your students needs.
command. Using DOS commands is like using a different language; there
You can choose to
omit this lesson from

is a specific structure (or syntax) that must be used.
iti
the course if you do
not expect that your
students will ever need

Command Purpose
to work in the DOS
date Reports the system date (date on the computers
environment.
Ed
internal clock/calendar) and enables you to change the
system date.
time Reports the system time and enables you to change the
Explain that DOS has
system time.
a language of its own.
One way you can give cls Clears the screen and displays the prompt in the upper-
instructions to the left corner.
E
system is in the form
ver Displays the number for the DOS version that you are
AT
of commands.
or
using, which consists of the major version number, a
period, and the minor version number.
dir IC
Displays the names of the files and directories on a
specified disk.
PL
cd Changes the current directory.
ct
tree Shows the structure of the directory tree on the disk you
DU
specify.
help Provides on-line Help for command formats.

ru
The commands that DOS recognizes, and the precise behavior of those
T
commands, have been enhanced many times since the first version of
NO
DOS was released. Many versions of DOS are in common use.

st
DO
Tell students not to Task A-1: Experimenting with common commands

worry about
capitalization.
However, spaces and
In
punctuation marks are

1. Examine the command The prompt indicates your current drive and
important when
prompt directory.
working with DOS
commands.
7-2
R
Advise students to
2. Type date The computer does not respond to the command
enter the correct date
until you press Enter.
on
and time information
so that the correct

Press Prompt: Current date is (todays date).
date and time will be
Enter new date (mm-dd-yy).
R
attached to any files
they create or change

3. Type (todays date) Type a new date, or press Enter to leave the
during a work session.
current date unchanged.
This information is
iti
helpful for identifying
files and keeping

Press mm is the month (1 through 12), dd is the day (1
records. The Time

through 31) and yy is the year.
command is helpful
You can separate the day, month, and year with
R
when the time
Ed
changes during hyphens, slashes, or periods.
Daylight Saving Time.
4. Type time
Emphasize that errors
students may make Prompt: Current time is (current time).

Press
Enter new time (hr-min-sec).
R
entering the date and
time are easily
E
corrected. 5. Type the correct time Type a new time, or press Enter to leave the
current time unchanged.
AT
or
Explain that computer Press hh is the hour (1 through 24 or 1 through 12, am
software usually has a
two-digit version
IC
or pm), mm is the minutes (0 through 59). hh
and mm are separated by a colon.
number. The digit
R
PL
before the decimal
ss specifies seconds (0 through 59). If you dont
ct
point indicates a
specify ss, DOS assumes 0.
major software
DU
release which is
6. Type cls The CLS command clears the screen. This
typically a complete
Press command is useful when the screen is filled
R
overhaul. The digit
ru
with commands and responses, and you want a

T
after the decimal

blank screen to continue with your work.
point indicates a
NO
minor software
7. Type ver The VER command reports the version of DOS

revision.
Press that your computer is using.

st
DO
In
7-3
Changing disk drives
Concepts > Each disk drive has a letter. To select a disk drive, you must give DOS
the drive letter. The active drive is often called the default drive; this is the
on
drive the computer turns to first. When you start the computer, the
default drive is usually C, the hard drive. You can find the name of the
default drive by looking at the command prompt. Before you change to a
disk drive, make sure the drive contains a formatted disk. If you change
to a drive that does not contain a formatted disk, the following error
message appears:
iti
Not ready reading drive A
Abort, Retry, or Fail?
That is DOS way of telling you the drive is not ready. You can put a disk
Ed
in the drive and type R for Retry or type F to allow the command to fail.
You can demonstrate

Task A-2: Changing disk drives
this common error.
E
Otherwise, it can seem
disastrous and What you do Comments/Prompts
AT
confusing to new
or
1. Examine the command C is the default drive.
R
computer users.
prompt
2. Type a:
IC
This is the letter of the drive, followed by a
PL
Make sure students
colon. If you do not type the colon after the
ct
have placed the data

Press drive letter, DOS will respond with an error
disk in drive A.
message.
DU
3. Examine the DOS prompt The DOS prompt changes to display the letter of
the active drive.
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
7-4
4. Type
R
c: To change the disk drive back to drive C.
on
Press
Viewing a directory list
iti
Concepts
Mention that if you do > To view the contents of a disk, use the DIR command. This displays the
not want to view all names of all the files and directories on the disk.
the files in a directory,
you can view a When you give your computer a DOS command that has something to do
Ed
particular group of with files or directories, DOS applies that command to the default drive.
files by using wildcard The exception to this rule is if you include a different drive name as part
characters. of the command. For example, the DOS command DIR A: shows you the
directory of drive A, regardless of what the default drive is.
E
Task A-3: Using the DIR command to view a directory
AT
or
q Objective: To view the contents of drive C.
IC
R
PL
ct
You may want to

1. Type dir
introduce the /P
A list of all the files and directories on the hard
DU
switch for times when

Press
the list is too long to
disk is displayed. The list may scroll too fast for
fit on one screen. Tell

you to read.
R
ru
students to type
T
dir/p. Explain that the 2. Select drive A (Type a: at the DOS prompt.)
NO
/P stands for Pause.
You can press any key 3. Type dir
to see the next

A list of all the files and directories on the
screenful of names.
Press
floppy disk is displayed.
st
DO
In
Changing directories
Concepts > When you select a disk drive, DOS automatically looks for files in the
first directory of the disk, the root directory. If the files you need are in a
different directory (such as those you need to run an application
7-5
program), you must change to that directory. To change directories, you
can use the CD (Change Directory) command.
If you use the CD command to move around within the directory
on
structure, youll need to know how to get back out and close all the open
folders.
CD.. means step backwards one directory at a time. The CD

command is followed by two periods.
CD\ means go back to the root directory. The CD command is
iti
used with a backslash (not a forward slash)
Task A-4: Using the CD command to change directories
Ed
Compare steps 1 and
ü Before you begin: Drive A is active.
2 to moving down
R
the directory tree.
Step 3 is like climbing
up one directory in

1. Type cd people To change to the People subdirectory.
E
the tree.
R AT
Press
or
2. Type dir To view the contents of the People subdirectory
IC
on drive A. There are three files in this
R
Press subdirectory.
PL
ct
3. Type cd.. To move up one directory in the directory tree;

in this case, to the root directory.
R
DU
Press
4. Type cd places To change to the Places subdirectory.

ru
T
Press
NO
5. Type dir To view the contents of the Places subdirectory

on drive A. There are four files in this
st
subdirectory.
DO
6. Type CD\ To return to the root directory.

In
7-6
The Tree command
Concepts > The Tree command shows you the structure of the directory tree on the
disk you specify.
on
iti
Figure 7-1: Results of the Tree command.
Ed
Task A-5: Using the Tree command
q Objective: To examine the directory tree structure for drives A and C.
ü Before you begin: You should be at the root directory of drive A.
E
AT
or
You may want to
1. Type tree
introduce the /F
switch, which can be

2. Examine the tree
IC
PL
used to show the
directory for drive A
names of the files in
ct
each directory, as
3. Type c: To select drive C.
DU
part of the tree
diagram.
4. Type tree
ru
5. Examine the tree

T
directory for drive C

NO
st
DO
In
7-7
Command-driven
Commands and command-line errors
interfaces, such as
There are many other DOS commands that can be used with a single file
DOS, dont require as
or group of files.
much memory or
on
processing power as
Command Purpose
other types of
interfaces, such as md The Make Directory command creates a new
Windows. Therefore, subdirectory.
DOS can be used on

rd The Remove Directory command removes a subdirectory.
low-end and high-end
PCs alike. The ren The Rename command changes the name of a file or set
iti
drawback, however, is
of files.
that the commands
del The Delete command erases a file or set of files.

may seem complicated
to new users,
copy The Copy command copies from a device to a file or
especially if the users
Ed
different device.
dont have a list of the
diskcopy The Diskcopy command makes a complete copy of a disk.

commands and their
definitions.
format The Format command prepares a disk for use by DOS.
In addition, there are commands that run programs. To run a program

As you introduce each
E
DOS command, you
from the DOS prompt, change to the drive and directory that contains the
programs files. Type the command to run the program (such as wp for
AT
may want to provide
or
realistic examples on the WordPerfect program), and press Enter.
the board.
IC
If you get an error message, check for the following problems:
· incorrect command format;

PL
The purpose of the
ct
table is to expose
· typographical errors in the command; or
students to additional
DU
commands and to
· wrong disk drive or directory.
illustrate that the
command syntax can

ru
be quite complex,
T
depending on what you

Task A-6: Examining command-line errors
NO
q
want to accomplish.
Objective: To incorrectly type a DOS command to see how the system

responds.
st
DO
R
1. Type DUR (Intentional mistake.) As opposed to DIR.

In
Press
2. Examine the message Error message: Bad command or file name.
7-8
3. Type
R
Dir
on
Press This time DOS carries out the command.
Getting Help
iti
Concepts > You can get on-line Help for all available DOS commands.
This is most likely the
first time students
Ed
have used any Help
Task A-7: Accessing the Help system
system. Compare on-
line Help to a
ü Before you begin: You should be at the DOS prompt.
reference manual. On-
R
line Help is
advantageous
E
because it is more
convenient. 1. Type help
R AT
or
Press
This task is written
with DOS 6.0 as a

2. Tab to the dir command
IC
requirement. If you do
PL
3. Press To view information about the dir command.
not have DOS 6.0
ct
loaded on students
4. Using the table below,

DU
machines, you may
need to modify the

follow your instructors
task. This task is direction to explore the
included to show Help system

ru
T
students that Help
will be available to
Keystroke Reason
NO
them when they work
on their own.
Tab Move from one command to another.
st
PgDn To view information that is off the screen.

DO
Enter To view information about a selected command.
Alt + F, then type X Exit the screen.
A
In
5. Press + F To exit the on-line Help system.
Type X
7-9
on
Match each command below to its meaning:
cd Lists the contents of the directory
iti
dir Reports the system date
date Reports the version of DOS that your computer

is using
time
Ed
Reports the system time
E
ver Clears the screen
AT
or
help Changes the directory
IC
PL
cls Provides on-line Help
ct
cd - Changes the directory

DU
dir - Lists the contents of the directory
date - Reports the system date

ru
time - Reports the system time

T
ver - Reports the version of DOS that your computer is using

NO
help - Provides on-line Help
cls - Clears the screen

st
DO
In
7 - 10
L E S S O N 8
on
iti
Windows survival
Ed guide
E
AT
or
Suggested teaching time
IC 35-45 minutes
Lesson objectives
PL
ct
To learn how to get around in Windows, you
will:
DU
a Identify parts of the Windows screen.

ru
b
T
Manipulate windows in the Program

NO
Manager.
c Organize the Windows Desktop.

st
d
DO
Examine directory structure in the File
Manager.
In
8-1
a The Windows Desktop
This lessonConcepts
is intended > The Microsoft Windows program is a graphical environment that enables
to provide a brief
you to run other programs and perform file-management tasks.
on
orientation to the
Windows environment.
Windows has several advantages:
A quick tour cannot
fully demonstrate all
of the features of the Menu system: The interface is designed to be easy to use, with options to
Windows environment. choose from rather than having to remember commands.
You can suggest to
iti
students that they
Multitasking: Windows can run more than one program at a time. For
come back for a full
example, while your letter is printing, you can be working in a different
day of skills training in
the Windows 3.1: program. The ability to run several programs at the same time is called
Desktop. multitasking. (The number of applications that you can run at once
Ed
depends on how much memory you have in your computer.)
GUI (pronounced gooey) environment: Windows works visually, the
way humans do. Your programs and any commands or options you need
are all represented visually on the screen.
E
Similar applications: All Windows programs implement key features the
AT
same way. Most Windows applications look the same, and your choices
or
are displayed in a consistent way. This means that after you have learned
how to use one Windows application, you can quickly learn how to use
other Windows applications. IC

PL
Dynamic Data Exchange: This feature enables programs to communicate
ct
with one another and share data automatically.

DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
8-2
Task A-1: Starting Windows
Explain that Windows

is not an operating
R
system; it is a shell.
on
win
DOS and Windows are
designed to work 1. Type To run the Windows program.
together. Tell
students that they 2. Press An hour glass appears on the screen, indicating
can use DOS
that you should wait for the computer to finish
programs in Windows.
processing information.
Explain that DOS can
iti
run without Windows,
but Windows cannot
run without DOS.
Ed
Windows terminology
This course was
designed assuming
that Windows is the
only program installed
Maximize
on students buton
computers. If that is
E
the case, students Control-menu title bar Minimize
screens will resemble box buton
AT
the figures in the
or
Student Manual. If
additional programs
have been installed to
run in Windows, then
IC
students screens will
PL
be different. If you menu bar
ct
need to clarify this,

tell students what the
DU
extra icons represent

and why they are
there. Mention that
ru
the position and

T
status of icons might

NO
vary depending on the

programs installed on
the computers.
st
DO
The Program
Manager window
group icon
Figure 8-1: The Program Manager window.

In
8-3
Task A-2: Orientation to the Windows screen
Once Windows is
running, the Desktop
is displayed. Several
icons (small pictures)
on
appear within the
Program Manager 1. Examine the Desktop This environment is called the Desktop
window. This because it enables you to arrange several
environment is called
different items in windows on the screen, like
the Desktop because
arranging a stack of papers on your desk.
it enables you to
arrange several
iti
different items (icons 2. Examine the windows The boxes that you see on the Windows screen
and windows) in are called windows. Everything in Windows
windows on the screen
happens inside a window.
(like arranging a stack
of papers on your
desk). 3. Examine the icons The small pictures are called icons. They
Ed
represent groups of programs.
% The windows on
your screen are like
4. Observe the title bar The horizontal bar at the top of the window. The
title bar displays the name of the window.
the windows in your

house. They are 5. Observe the menu bar Located below the title bar, it lists the menu
E
available in a variety of names for the current application.
AT
sizes, shapes, and
or
purposes. When you
6. Observe the Control- In the top-left corner of the window. It opens the
look through a window,
you can see what is menu box Control menu.
inside.
IC
7. Observe the Maximize The box with the up arrow to the right of the
PL
button title bar. The Maximize button is used to enlarge
ct
Windows provides an
On-line Tutorial that the window.
DU
covers many of the

techniques that are 8. Observe the Minimize The box with the down arrow to the right of the
included in the next
button title bar. The Minimize button can be used to
two topics. The
ru
reduce a window to an icon.

T
Tutorial can be used in

place of, or in addition
NO
to, the next two

topics at your
discretion.
st
DO
In
8-4
b The Program Manager
Concepts > The Program Manager is always the first application (or program) you see
when you start Windows. The Program Manager is perhaps the least
on
The terms complicated program that you will use. It simply shows you what
application and
programs are available on your system. You use the Program Manager to
program are used
set up, maintain, or start other programs.
interchangeably.
The Program Manager contains several types of icons, which can be
opened or closed. When you restore or open an icon, a window on the
iti
Desktop also opens.
The icons that you see when the Program Manager is first displayed are
group icons. By opening a group icon, you display the programs in that
Ed
group.
To restore a group icon to a window:
1. Point to an icon.
E
2. Double-click the mouse button.
AT
or
The double-click When a group icon is restored to a window, you see program-item icons.
shortcuts are used in The program-item icons represent programs. Programs are instructions
this lesson. You may
wish to demonstrate
IC
that enable you to perform specific tasks, such as typing letters, using
accounting worksheets, and creating pictures. Windows automatically

alternate ways.
PL
gives you programs divided up into the following groups: Main,
ct
Accessories, Games, Startup, and Applications.

DU
When the icon for a program is visible in the group window, you can run
the program by double-clicking on the icon.
%
ru
T
Program Manager
Windows accessories
is like a library with
NO
separate rooms for

Included with Windows are several application programs called
various categories of
books. To find a accessories. These programs enable you to perform many tasks without
st
specific book in a purchasing additional programs. Programs such as Calculator, Clock,

DO
library, you look in a

Calendar, and Notepad relate to office tools that you may already have
specific room.
used. For instance, Notepad is a basic word processing program that
Similarly, Program
Managers different enables you to create and edit unformatted text documents. Calculator is
groups are like rooms
In
Windows version of a desk calculator. Calendar is Windows version of

where the programs
an appointment scheduler.
are stored. To use a
program, you open its
group, and double-click Running a program means starting the program. Each application runs in
on the right icon to its own window.

start the program.
8-5
Task B-1: Opening a group icon to a window; running a program
on
1. Point to the Accessories
icon
2. Double-click the mouse (Click twice quickly.) This is one way to restore
button an icon to a window.
iti
3. Observe the screen The Accessories icon is now a large rectangle
called a window. The Accessories window
contains several icons, which represent
Ed
programs that you can run.
Notepad icon
To open the Notepad program.
E
You may want to
customize the mouse
AT
or
settings for students
who are having
difficulty double-
clicking.
The application program window
IC
PL
Concepts >
ct
Windows provides a common appearance and a set of commands for your
programs. This makes it easy for you to perform similar tasks in all of
DU
You might prefer to

your programs.
have students open a
different program,
such as Paintbrush.
ru
T
NO
Software is a set
of instructions
st
DO
In
8-6
Task B-2: Observing the application program window
% The Notepad What you do Comments/Prompts
on
program works like a
typewriter. Both tools 1. Observe the screen The application program window contains many
enable you to compose
of the same elements as the Program Manager
text for a memo,
letter, or any other window.
type of document.
2. Observe the title bar The name of the program and the file are
iti
displayed in the title bar.
You can demonstrate

3. Observe the menu bar The menu bar contains the menus for the
how the menu bar
Notepad program.
works by clicking on
one of the options.
Ed
Explain that a menu 4. Observe the insertion The blinking vertical bar in the typing area
drops down from the point indicates where text will be inserted when you
word, showing you a
start typing.
list of commands you
can give the program.
You close the menu by 5. Observe the scroll bars Located along the right side and the bottom of
clicking on the same the window; they are used to view a document.
E
command you used to
AT
open the menu.
or
IC
Maximize and Restore buttons
PL
>
ct
Concepts When an application window is first opened, it does not necessarily fill
DU
the Desktop. You can use the Maximize button to make the window fill a
larger area of the Desktop. That way, you can use the full screen for your
workspace. The Maximize button appears as an upward-pointing arrow in

ru
the upper-right corner of the window.

T
NO
To maximize a window, click on the Maximize button in the upper-right
corner of the window. Maximizing a window does not close other open
windows; the other windows are behind the maximized window.

st
DO
By changing the size

of the windows, you After a window has been maximized, you no longer need the Maximize
can control the space button. Therefore, the Maximize button is replaced by a Restore button.
on the Desktop. To
The Restore button appears as an up- and down-pointing arrow in the
make it easier to work
upper-right corner of the window. The Restore button returns a window
In
with a window, you can

maximize it to cover to its original size when you click on it.
the entire Desktop. To
make more room on
the Desktop, you can
minimize a window
that you are not
using.
8-7
Task B-3: Using the Maximize and Restore buttons
on
1. Click on the Maximize
button
To enlarge the window to its maximum size.
2. Observe the Notepad The Maximize button has been replaced by a
iti
window Restore button.
3. Click on the Restore

button
To return the window to its previous size.
The Minimize button Ed

E
>
AT
Concepts You can temporarily set aside a program that you are not using by
or
reducing its window to an icon. This can help remove clutter from the
%
Windows Desktop, particularly if you have several program windows
Minimizing a
open.
IC
PL
window is like placing
The Minimize button appears as a down-pointing arrow next to either the
ct
your phone on the

corner of your desk Restore button or the Maximize button. You can click on the Minimize
DU
until you need to make button to reduce the application window to an icon. The icon will appear
a call; more desktop
in the lower portion of the screen.
space is available for
you to work.
ru
When you minimize an application window, the application is still

T
running. You can keep the application as an icon on your Desktop until
NO
you are ready to use it again. To quickly restore the icon to a window,
double-click on the icon.

st
To minimize an application window to an icon, click on the Minimize

DO
button in the upper-right corner of the window.
Minimizing the Program Manager

In
The Program Manager is like any other window; it can be reduced to an
icon. When you reduce all windows to icons, all that will appear on the
Desktop are the program icons at the bottom of the screen. It will appear
as if there is nothing open on the Desktop.
8-8
Task B-4: Using the Minimize button

Minimizing the
ü
Notepad is like setting
aside a pad of note Before you begin: Complete Task B-3.
paper on your desk. It
on
is still available, but it
is no longer in the way.
1. Observe the Notepad The Minimize button appears as a down-pointing
window arrow next to the Maximize button.
In this task, students

2. Click on the Minimize
iti
minimize the Notepad
and the Program button
Manager programs.
You can omit the 3. Observe the screen The Notepad window has been minimized to an
steps for minimizing
icon that appears in the lower portion of the
and restoring the
Ed
screen.
Program Manager;
however, these steps
are encouraged. When When you minimize the application window, the
working on their own, Notepad is still running. This is like setting a
students might
pad of note paper aside on your desk.
minimize the Program
Manager window and
E
fear they have lost 4. Observe the Program Like other windows, the Program Manager can
AT
everything. Suggest Manager window also be minimized to an icon.
or
that this is like
clearing your desk and
5. In the Program Manager
putting everything
aside. window, click on the
IC
M
Minimize button
PL
ct
After a program 6. Observe the screen All of the programs that are running appear as
is started and
DU
icons.
minimized to an icon,
the program continues
7. Double-click on the To restore the Program Manager icon to a
to run in the
ru
background. Students Program Manager icon window.

T
who do not
NO
understand this might 8. Double-click on the The minimized Notepad icon is located in the
inadvertently open
minimized Notepad icon bottom-left corner of the screen.
several copies of the
same program.
st
To restore the Notepad icon to a window.

DO
In
Tip: You may want to

Exiting a program; closing a window
introduce the
alternate method for
restoring an icon to a When you finish using a program, you need to put it away. This is called
window: click once on closing or exiting a program.
the icon and choose
Restore.
8-9
Each window has a Control-menu box. You can double-click on the
Tip: Alternately, you
can display the Control-menu box to close any type of window.
Control menu (click on

the Control-menu box)
on
and choose Close.
Task B-5: Exiting a program; closing a window
This task brings

closure to the topic. What you do Comments/Prompts
Emphasize that when
students exit a
1. In the Notepad
iti
program, they remove
application window,
it only from computer
memory; the program double-click on the To exit the Notepad program and close the
remains intact on the Control-menu box Notepad window.
hard disk.
Ed
2. Observe the screen The Notepad window is closed, and the
Accessories window is visible again. Although
the Accessories window was still on the Desktop
when you were running Notepad, it was hidden

Tip: When you finish
behind the Notepad window.
using a program, you
E
should exit it and
close its window to 3. In the Accessories
AT
save memory and window, double-click on
or
reduce clutter on the the Control-menu box To reduce the Accessories window to an icon.
screen.
IC
PL
ct
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
8 - 10
c Organizing the Desktop
Concepts > Windows is powerful for two basic reasons:
on
Windows are like · Windows organizes your computer visually. Things are displayed in
papers stacked on their own windows, and you can see everything that is going on.
your desk. As you work
on different projects,
· Windows enables you to work on several things at the same time.
you place the paper(s)
associated with that
project on top of the One of the problems that this can create is that the screen can become
iti
stack. When you select confusing. Windows provides some techniques for managing windows
or open a window, that
and, therefore, organizing the Desktop.
window moves to the
top so that you can
examine its contents.
Ed
Windows can overlap
on the screen, like Task C-1: Exploring Windows accessories
pieces of paper
scattered on a desk.
Closing a window is like
q Objective: To open two accessories to experiment with multiple open
windows.
putting aside a piece
of paper.
E
AT
or
1. Double-click on the To restore the Accessories program group to a
Accessories icon window.

You may want to IC
introduce the term
multitasking. This 2. Run the Calculator
PL
means running more
ct
than one program at a (Double-click on the Calculator icon.)

time. Within Windows,
DU
you can start as

3. Observe the Calculator It looks like a pocket calculator. If you have
many programs as
your computers window used a pocket calculator, this tool will seem
ru
memory can hold. But familiar.

T
only one program can

NO
be active at a time.
4. Minimize the Calculator
5. Run the Calendar

st
DO
Why isnt there a

Maximize button in the (Double-click on the Calendar icon.)
Calculator window?
(You cannot enlarge
In
6. Observe the Calendar The Calendar is an accessory program that

this application; it is
window functions as a daytimer. It keeps track of
at its full size.)
schedules and events. Within the calendar, you
can set alarms.
8 - 11
7. Restore the minimized
Calculator icon to a
on
window
8. Observe the Desktop The program windows overlap. The Calculator
window is the active window.
iti
Selecting a window
>
Ed
Concepts You can have several windows open at one time. In order to work in a
window, you must first activate that window.
Windows often overlap. The window that is on top is the active window.
Another way to determine which window is active is by observing the
title bar. The title bar of an active window is a different color or shade
E
than the title bar of an inactive window.
AT
or
To activate a window by using the mouse, click on the window. (Be sure
not to click on the Maximize or Minimize buttons, or the Control-menu
box.)
IC
PL
ct
Task List
DU
There may be times when you need to activate a window that is hidden
behind another window. You can use the Task List to activate the
window. The Task List displays all programs that are currently running.
ru
T
To activate a window by using the Task List:

NO
1. Press Ctrl + Esc to display the Task List.

st
DO
2. Select the program that you want to activate.
3. Click on Switch To.

In
8 - 12
Task C-2: Opening windows
ü Before you begin: Complete Task C-1. The Calculator and Calendar should
be open windows.
on
1. Point to the Calendar
window title bar
iti
2. Click on the Calendar (Click on its title bar or in a blank area of the
window workspace. Do not click on the Maximize
button, Minimize button, or Control-menu box.)
To make the Calendar window the active
Ed
window.
The Calendar window conceals all or part of the
C E
Calculator window.
3. Press + To access the Task List. The Task List displays
E
% all programs that are currently running.
AT
The windows on
or
your desktop are like a 4. Select Calculator The Calculator window is brought to the front.
deck of cards. You can You can use the Task List to access programs
stack them so that
only the top one is
Click on Switch To
IC
that are running, but are hidden behind other
windows.
PL
visible, or you can
arrange them so that
ct
part of each window is

showing.
DU
ru
Moving windows
T
>
NO
Concepts You can organize the Windows Desktop by moving a window to a
different location on the Desktop. To move a window, point to the title
bar of the window and drag it to its new location.

In this task, students
st
DO
learn to move windows

in order to view their
contents. This is
helpful when multiple Task C-3: Moving a window
programs are running
In
at the same time.

1. Point to the title bar in It is currently the active window.
the Calculator window
8 - 13
2. Press and hold the left
mouse button
on
Because this might be
3. Drag the Calculator When you drag, an outline of the window
the first time that
students have window to the upper-right appears. Drag the outline into position.
dragged, you may portion of the screen

want to demonstrate;
then have them try it
4. Release the mouse button When you release the mouse button, the
on their own. Stress
iti
window moves into position.
that you must press
and hold the mouse
button while moving
the mouse pointer. Practice Task
Ed
Drag the Calendar
window to the lower-left
corner of the Desktop.
E
AT
or
Sizing windows
Concepts >
IC
You can also organize the Desktop by changing the size and shape of the
PL
windows on the Desktop. This makes it easier to work with more than
ct
Students change the

one window at a time.
size of a window by
DU
dragging a border of
The different parts of a windows border enable you to change the
the window. This
technique is useful window in different ways. When you drag the left or right window
because it enables you border, you change the width of the window. When you drag the top or
ru
to size the window to

T
bottom border, you change the height of the window. When you drag a
the exact dimensions
NO
border corner, you change the windows width and height

that you want.
Compare this with simultaneously.
maximizing and
restoring the window, To resize a window:
st
DO
which provides two

distinct size options:
1. Activate the window you want to resize.
the window can either
fill the entire screen or
resume its original 2. Place the mouse pointer on any border or corner of the window.
In
dimensions. Sizing lets

you customize the 3. When the mouse pointer becomes a two-headed arrow, drag the
dimensions. outline of the window.
4. Release the mouse button. The window is resized.
8 - 14
Task C-4: Sizing a window
on
1. Place the mouse pointer When the mouse pointer is on the window
on the left edge of the border, it becomes a two-headed arrow.
Calendar window (the
Tell students not to window border)

worry if they cant see
something in a resized
iti
2. Press and hold the mouse Do not release the mouse button.
window. When you
button
resize a window, youre
just changing the
appearance of the 3. Move the mouse pointer An outline of the window edge follows the
window. You are not to the right mouse pointer.
Ed
deleting things from
your computer.
Move the mouse until the
outline is in the middle of
the window
When you release the mouse button, the
E
Release the mouse button
window is resized.
AT
or
Review the dragging
4. Resize the Calendar
technique: press and
window to its previous
hold the mouse button
while moving the size
IC
mouse pointer.
PL
ct
DU
Scrolling in a window
ru
>
T
Concepts Scroll bars are displayed in any window that has information that goes
%
NO
beyond the borders of the window. Scroll bars enable you to see
Scrolling is like information that does not fit in a window. You can use the scroll bars to
rolling a piece of paper.
view different portions of the window. To adjust the view up and down,
Only portions of the
st
you can use the vertical scroll bar. To adjust the view to the left or right,
DO
paper are displayed at

one time. Nonetheless, you can use the horizontal scroll bar.
the entire file is intact

and can be accessed
by scrolling, or rolling
In
the paper, in the

proper direction.
8 - 15
% The scroll bar is
like an elevator shaft.
Task C-5: Scrolling through a window
The box represents

the elevator. As you
on
scroll through the
document, the box 1. Close the Calendar Double-click on the Control-menu box.
moves to indicate window
which portion of the
document is displayed.
2. Close the Calculator
window
iti
Students size the 3. Size the Accessories Drag the window border in the bottom-right
Accessories window so
window to match the corner of the window.
that only six icons are
picture on the right
visible. Students then
use the scroll bar to
Ed
move around in the
Accessories window.
After students
complete step 3, their
screens may vary. If
that is the case, it
may be helpful to walk
E
4. Use the chart below to
students through
view different parts of the
AT
step 3.
or
window
Encourage students
To scroll Do this
to think of the
Up or down one line at a
IC
Click on the up or down scroll arrow.
information in a
PL
time
window as something
ct
they view through a

To view any part of a Drag the scroll box to the top, bottom, or center of the
window. This makes it
window vertical scroll bar, and to the left, right, or center of the
DU
easier to understand
horizontal scroll bar.
the concept of
scrolling. Continuously Press and hold on one of the scroll arrows at either end
ru
of the horizontal or vertical scroll bars until the window

T
displays the information needed; then release the mouse

NO
button.
Up or down one screen at Click in the shaded area above or below the scroll box on
a time the vertical scroll bar, and to the left or right of the scroll
st
box in the horizontal scroll bar.

DO
5. Adjust the window to
match the picture on the

In
right
8 - 16
Practice Task
Close the Accessories
on
window
iti
Ed
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AT
or
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DO
In
8 - 17
d The File Manager
Concepts > File Manager is a program that enables you to organize your files and
% directories. By using the File Manager, you can see all of the files stored
on
Using the File in your computer. This makes it easy to select files, directories, and disks
Manager is like having so that you can work with them. The File Manager program is in the
your own personal file
Main program group.
clerk or administrative
assistant.
iti
Task D-1: Running the File Manager
ü Before you begin: The only window open is the Program Manager.
Ed
1. Open the Main program
group
E
The Main program group contains icons for
AT
programs that enable you to organize your files,
or
change the appearance of your Desktop, access
the DOS prompt, and set up non-Windows

IC
applications in Windows.
File Manager
PL
2. Run the
ct
Double-click on the icon.

DU
3. Observe the drive: C Icons represent disk drives. The hard-disk drive
Directory window (C:) is selected. Directories on drive C are shown

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T
as folders.
NO
4. Maximize the C:\*.* When the File Manager program is maximized,
window its window fills the Desktop. The Program
Manager and its contents, while not visible, are

st
DO
still available.
In
8 - 18
Viewing the directory structure and contents
Concepts > The key to working in File Manager is being able to navigate and select
items.
on
The File Manager window is split into two parts:
The directory tree, on the left side of the screen, displays the directories
contained on a disk.
iti
· Each folder in the left portion of the window represents a directory.
· Each directory can have nested directories within it.
· Everything begins at the top of the directory list with the root
Ed
directory.
The contents list, on the right side of the screen, displays the files and
folders contained in the selected directory.
The ability to view the directory structure and its contents is the key to
E
None of these specific
useful file-and disk-management techniques, including:
techniques are
AT
introduced in this
or
lesson. However, at · Copying a file or group of files.
your discretion, you

may want to
demonstrate some of
· Moving a file or group of files. IC
PL
them. If so, prepare a
· Deleting a file or group of files.
sample data disk
ct
before class, with

dummy files you can
· Searching for a file or group of files.
DU
use for experimenting.

· Formatting a disk.
ru
· Copying a disk.
T
NO
Task D-2: Examining the directory tree on the data disk

st
DO
1. Observe the disk-drive Near the top of the File Manager window. The
In
icons active drive is surrounded by a rectangle.
You can click on these icons to switch from one
drive to another. The drive window will change
to show the files and directories on the disk.
8 - 19
2. Click on the drive A icon
on
3. Observe the left side of There is a column of folder icons with names
the window next to them. Each folder represents a directory
on your disk.
People folder
iti
To open a folder and look inside, double-click on
its icon. Notice how the folder opens.
5. Observe the right side of When a folder is open, the files and directories
Ed
the window inside the folder appear as names and icons on
the right side of the window.
6. Close the File Manager Use the File, Exit command (or double-click on
the Control-menu box for the application
window, not on the drive C window).
E
AT
7. Close the Main program
or
group
IC
PL
ct
Exiting Windows
DU
Concepts > When you have finished using Windows, you should exit the Windows
program. This enables Windows to perform housekeeping activities,

ru
Before exiting
T
Windows, if time such as saving window sizes and locations and deleting temporary files
NO
allows, you may want from your hard disk.

to demonstrate how
you can adjust
The Windows menu system lets you control the operating system through
Windows settings by
a series of pull-down menus located at the top of the screen. You can use
st
using the Control

DO
Panel. For instance, the mouse to click on the command you want the operating system to
you can change the perform. For example, you can choose the Exit Windows command from
screen colors,
the Program Managers File menu.
wallpaper the desktop,
or add a screen saver.
In
8 - 20
% Windows menus
are like restaurant
Windows sometimes presents dialog boxes. Dialog boxes often contain
important messages, or empty spaces for you to type extra information
that Windows needs to complete a command successfully. The Exit

menus. You choose
commands from Windows dialog box, for instance, asks you if you are sure you want to
on
Windows menus just exit Windows.
as you choose items
from a restaurant
menu. You use these
commands to tell the
application what you
Task D-3: Exiting Windows
want it to do next.
iti
1. Choose _File_ _Exit_ Prompt: This will end your Windows session.
_Windows..._
Ed
2. Click on OK To exit the Windows program and return to the
M
DOS prompt.
When students 3. Turn off the computer
finish using their
E
computers, they
should perform a
AT
shutdown before
or
they turn off the
power so that
Windows can perform
its built-in
IC
PL
housekeeping
procedures.
ct
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
8 - 21
on
Label the parts of the Windows screen below.
Maximize
button
Control-menu title Minimize
iti
box bar button
Ed
menu
bar
E
AT
or
IC
PL
group
ct
icon
DU
Figure 8-2: The Program Manager window.

ru
T
b
NO
What window is displayed when you first run the Windows
program, and what is its function?

st
The Program Manager window. It shows you the programs that are
DO
available on your computer system.
c
In
What are some ways that you can organize windows on the
Desktop?
You can open and close windows, maximize windows, or reduce
windows to icons. You can also size or move windows.
8 - 22
d Describe the File Manager and its purpose.
It is a program that enables you to organize your files and
directories.
on
iti
Ed
E
AT
or
IC
PL
ct
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
8 - 23
In
Your Notes:
st
ru
DO
ct
NO
or
T
DU Ed
PL
IC
AT
iti
E on
L E S S O N 9
on
iti
Application software
Ed
E
AT
or
Lesson objectives
IC
To learn about application software, you will:
a
PL
Examine broad categories of application
ct
software and discuss how each is used.

DU
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NO
st
DO
In
9-1
a Using application software
Concepts > For many tasks, a computer depends on application software. Every
users software needs are different. What you need depends on the tasks
on
This lesson is an youre trying to accomplish on your computer.
orientation to the
various application What is word processing?
types. Students
Word processing is the use of computers to create, revise, and save
should develop an
awareness of what
documents for later printing and editing. Because typing text is a separate
task from printing, word processing programs enable you to change text
iti
each type of
application can do, without retyping an entire document. Words, sentences, and entire
rather than paragraphs can be moved, inserted, and deleted with a few keystrokes.
concentrating on the
specific features of a When the text is the way you want it, you can check your document for
spelling and then print it. If you are not satisfied with the word
Ed
certain package. You
can suggest that processing file, called a document, you can change the document and
students come back print it again.

for skills training in
any of the application
areas covered in this
lesson.
E
graphics
AT
lines
or
You may want to
mention a few of the
popular word
processing packages,
IC
such as WordPerfect,
PL
Microsoft Word, or
ct
multi-column
Ami Pro.
layout
DU
A sample word
ru
T
processing document
NO
fonts and
font sizes
st
DO
tables
In
Figure 9-1: A sample word processing document.
9-2
Word processing features

Editing a document: You select the set of text you want to work with. That
text is then treated as a single entity that can be deleted, copied, moved,
or centered, for instance. You can search through a word processing
on
document to find a specific set of characters, and then replace those
characters with others.
Checking a document: Word processors include tools for checking and

improving a document. Often, there is a spelling checker, thesaurus, and
perhaps a grammar checker.
iti
Formatting characters in a document: You can format a document to
enhance it. Examples of character formatting include applying boldface
type, changing the font, or increasing the font size of the text.
Ed
Formatting a page in a document: Using a word processor, you can affect
As you conclude the
how the information appears on a page. Examples of page formatting
introduction to word
include line spacing, margins, headers and footers, footnotes and
processing, ask
endnotes, and page numbers.
students what they
might use a word
Special features: Many word processing programs provide features that
processing package
E
enable you to produce professional-looking documents. For instance, you
for at their offices.
can create tables, add graphics, use columns, and apply styles.
AT
Ask students for job-
or
related situations.
To provide hands-on
Using a word processing application
experience with word
IC
Here is a partial list of some of the items that you can create with a word
processing, you can
PL
processing application:
have students use
ct
the Write program in · letters · newsletters

Windows for the
DU
process of creating a · mailing lists · brochures and fliers

simple document.
· ·
ru
manuals reports
T
· ·
NO
labels business cards and greeting cards
What is a spreadsheet?
st
DO
A spreadsheet, also called a worksheet, is an application program that

Using a piece of
manages numeric data. A spreadsheet is an electronic version of a ledger
bookkeeping ledger
sheet. When you use a ledger sheet, you decide how many columns and
paper, ask students
about the structure rows you need for your numbers, and you add labels to identify what the
In
and uses of this type numbers mean. The key advantage of spreadsheet programs is the ease in
of paper. which you can change information.
As in a manual ledger sheet, you enter numbers into columns and rows in
a spreadsheet, and you use labels to identify what the numbers mean.
9-3
A B C D E F columns
1
2 FensterGlass, Inc. -- Sales Analysis
3 cell
on
4
5
6 Month # Month Bow Windows Bay Windows Total
7 1 Jan 3,000 65 3,065
8 2 Feb 550 70 620
9 3 Mar 440 95 535
10 4 Apr 355 145 500
A sample
11 5 May 235 195 430
spreadsheet
iti
12 6 Jun 150 285 435
13 7 Jul 110 302 412
14 8 Aug 105 304 409
15 9 Sep 98 265 363
16 10 Oct 64 220 284
17 11 Nov 55 130 185
Ed
18 12 Dec 43 98 141
19 Totals for Year 5,205 2,174 7,379
formulas at work
rows
Figure 9-2: A sample spreadsheet.
E
Spreadsheet features
AT
or
Formulas: To perform a calculation, you create a formula that contains
instructions for specific calculations, which will be performed on specific
Describe some
IC
numbers. By using a formula, you can perform calculations, such as
adding or subtracting values in the spreadsheet.
PL
advantages of
creating
ct
spreadsheets that Functions: Spreadsheet programs have formulas built into the spreadsheet
that perform common calculations, such as SUM, AVERAGE, and
DU
use what-if analysis.

This analysis depends MAXIMUM.
on automatic
Automatic recalculation: If the formula is written properly, it automatically
ru
recalculation. By
T
substituting sample produces the correct results without further direction each time you
values, you can see change any numbers in the formula.
NO
overall results as
soon as a new entry Formatting a spreadsheet: To enhance the appearance of the spreadsheet,
is made. many programs allow you to format numbers, align text, use different
st
DO
fonts, and add borders, shading, and color.
Creating graphs: Most spreadsheet programs enable you to create a graph

directly from the data in the spreadsheet.
In
9-4
Using a spreadsheet application

Here is a partial list of some of the items you can create and manage with
a spreadsheet application:
on
You may want to
· financial statements or reports · cost analyses
mention some of the
popular spreadsheet
· depreciation tables · investment tracking
programs, including
Lotus 1-2-3,
· balancing a checkbook · tax filing
Microsoft Excel, and
Quattro Pro.
iti
· budgets · graphs or charts to show statistics
What is a database?
As you conclude the
Ed
introduction to A database is a collection of related information. Phone books, employee
spreadsheets, ask files, and inventory-tracking systems are all examples of databases. The
students what they benefits of an electronic database-management system are the large
might use a amounts of information you can store in them, and the speed at which
spreadsheet package
information can be rearranged and extracted.
for at their offices.
Ask students for job-
E
related situations.
AT
or
To give students
hands-on experience
with spreadsheets,
you can have
IC
students design a
PL
paper spreadsheet.
ct
Describe a
hypothetical home or
DU
business situation
that would require the
use of a spreadsheet
ru
package. For
T
instance:
NO
· To track data
related to the
Figure 9-3: A computer database is like rotary file cards.
employee coffee
st
fund.
DO
A database stores information in a structured way. A database table is

· To track the
made up of a collection of records. A record is an individual unit of
season bowling or
golf scores for the information, such as one persons listing in a phone book or information
company team. on a single client. Each piece of data is stored in a field.

In
· To track a
household budget.
9-5
Emp-Id Address City St Zip Phone Dept
Mention some of the EN01 34 Fields Street Walworth NY 14568 898-5931 MK
popular database
on
EN03 82 East Avenue Adams Basin NY 14410 855-0037 ES
programs, including
EN04 450 N. Madison St. Holley NY 14470 855-8265 MK
dBASE, Access, and
Paradox. In some EN05 10 Cory Drive Hulberton NY 14473 852-4703 MS
programs, a EN07 12 East Avenue Leicester NY 14481 898-3966 ES
database is referred
EN08 21 Stonecreek Rd. Shortsville NY 14548 898-5664 EE
to as a table. The
EN10 50 Smart Drive Knowlesville NY 14479 821-7474 EE
terms are
iti
interchangeable. EN11 50 Dallas Street Shouth Byron NY 14557 855-0856 EE
EN12 32 Ash Lane Perkinsville NY 14529 876-4367 CE
EN13 23 Lakeside Avenue Pultneyville NY 14538 887-2208 SA
A sample database
EN14 50 Dallas Street South Byron NY 14556 855-0856 SS
Ed
Ask students to Figure 9-4: A sample database.
identify examples of
common paper
databases. Database features
Responses may
Because the information is organized, it is easy for the computer to
include telephone
E
books, address books, perform many tasks. Database programs provide tools for working with
AT
dictionaries, recipe stored information.
or
cards, baseball cards,
and TV guides. · You can classify and organize information.
As you conclude the

·
IC
You can quickly manipulate information in the database. You can
edit, find, sort, and rearrange information.
PL
introduction to
ct
databases, ask
· You can print reports of the information you want to find or sort.
students what they
DU
might use a database

· You can create mailing lists based on the information stored in a
package for at their
database.
offices. Ask students
ru
for job-related
T
situations.
Using a database application
NO
To provide students
Here is a partial list of some of the items you can keep track of in a
with hands-on
database application:
experience in
st
database structure,
DO
have students select · business contacts · real estate listings
one of the database

· employee information · product catalog information
uses above and
create the database · equipment inventory lists · payments and shipments
In
structure on paper.
· rosters of clubs and · voters, contributors, and
Have them label the
organizations supporters for a political
database with
campaign
important terms
(field, field name,
record).
9-6
Other applications
What does it mean to Additional software can be grouped into many categories. Below is a
upgrade software? partial list of categories of software available for the PC.
(If you already own a
on
program and the
manufacturer has
Category Use
produced a new
Presentation graphics Enables you to create and modify charts and
version with changes
graphs that are visually appealing and easily
that you want to use,
understood.
you can buy the
upgrade version. This
iti
Desktop publishing Enables you to design a page layout on-screen, and
enables you to use a produce documents that include both text and
newer version of the graphics.
same program.)
Information managers Enables you to organize and prioritize your work.
Ed
Project management Enables you to track several tasks that make up
an entire job.
Overhead IE box:
Categories of Utility Enables you to efficiently organize and maintain
software applications your data and programs.
Drafting Enables you to work efficiently with design jobs
E
that require precision, such as designing a building,
machine parts, or a car.
AT
or
Custom applications Designed for specific applications to help
automate procedures for specific tasks.
IC
Integrated packages and suites
PL
ct
A software suite often includes at least these programs: word processing,

Most suite packages
database, spreadsheet, and presentation graphics. Suite programs are
offer two options: a
DU
designed to work together; they transfer and share information easily. All
standard suite and a
professional version of the programs in a suite are supported by the same vendor.
(which typically
ru
includes more An integrated package can be less expensive than a suite and requires less
T
software). Identify disk space. The programs in an integrated package usually dont have as
NO
some of the suites on many features as the high-end programs provided in a suite. Integrated
the market, such as packages may be most useful for home users and small-business owners.
Microsoft Office,
st
Lotus SmartSuite,
DO
and Novells
PerfectOffice.
In
9-7
Task A-1: Choosing the right application for a job
on
For each of the following Choose from: word processing, database, and
situations, identify the spreadsheet.
type of software
application on the right
that best meets the need
described
iti
1. You need a standard word processing
letter that you will later
customize for each client
spreadsheet
Ed
2. You need to keep track of
each salespersons
monthly sales and
cumulative total to date,
as well as the total of all
sales for each month
E
3. You need to record and database
AT
maintain a list of
or
employees names, dates
of hire, departments, and
supervisors
IC
PL
4. You need to print a database
ct
departmental equipment
inventory list to distribute
DU
to managers for checking

and updating
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5. You need to create a chart spreadsheet

T
from a set of sales figures

NO
so that you can compare

them
st
DO
In
9-8
Installing software
Concepts > Installing a program is the method by which you copy the program onto
the hard drive. During the installation process, you set up the program to
Example: You will be
on
work with your computer.
asked about your
monitor and printer Before you install a program on your computer, read the installation
styles and models. guide provided with the program. Some software-installation programs
The installation automatically create a program directory on your computer. Some
program then copies programs depend on files being located in certain directories; it is not
only the information it wise to override the program's assumptions. In many cases, you will
iti
will need to
need to know specific information about your computer, such as:
successfully
communicate with
· The type of display adapter (VGA, SVGA, and so forth) that your
your hardware.
computer uses.
Ed
· The type of keyboard that is attached to your computer.
You may want to · The types of printers that are connected to your computer, and to
demonstrate how to which ports they are connected.
install a Windows
application. Have · The type of network system used, if the software directly supports a
E
students observe the network.
projection screen as
AT
or
you walk through the
steps beginning with
the File, Run command
from the Program
IC
Manager window.
PL
ct
Additional related
discussion topics:
DU
registration cards,
readme files, deleting
a program, and copy
ru
protection legalities.
T
NO
st
DO
In
9-9
on
What types of projects do you need to create and manage at
work?
Responses will reflect each students particular needs, but may
include creating letters, newsletters, or mailing labels; keeping track
of customers, inventory, or employees; creating presentations;
analyzing sales data; and playing games.
iti
What types of application programs do you think you might use
at work? Give specific examples of how you would use them.
Ed
Answers will vary.
E
AT
or
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In
9 - 10
A P P E N D I X A
on
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Networking
Ed
E
AT
or
a An introduction to networking
IC
PL
ct
DU
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DO
In
A-1
a An introduction to networking
Concepts > A computer network is a collection of hardware and software that enables
a group of computers to communicate. A network is formed when two or
on
You may want to
incorporate the more computers are physically linked together.
concepts in this
Appendix during the Computers and other devices that communicate with each other in a
training day, computer network are called nodes, or stations. Nodes can be mainframe
particularly if your computers, minicomputers, or personal computers. Or they can be
students will be devices, such as data-entry terminals. Network traffic is the data that is
iti
working with a sent through the network.
networked
environment.
Emphasize the
Basic network components
importance of
Ed
students learning the
broad concepts. Network software
Mention that
networks can cover a
E
small geographic area,
Network cable
AT
such as one office or
Network adapter
or
building, or a large
geographic area, such
as several cities. Node NodeIC

PL
Figure A-1: Basic network components.
ct
When you establish

DU
communication links Computer networks have the following fundamental components:
between two or more
networks, you create · Two or more nodes.

ru
an internetwork. An
T
internetwork, then, is · Network software that enables network nodes to communicate. This
software is called the network operating system (NOS); it organizes
NO
a network of networks.
and controls the computers attached to the network.
· Network adapters (or network interface cards), which are expansion

st
DO
cards that transfer information to and from the network. Like other
expansion cards, network adapters are installed inside the system unit.
· Cabling or some other medium through which network nodes can

communicate. A cable connector extends out the back of the PC and
In
connects to the network cabling.
List the network uses
on the board as they What are networks used for?

are discussed.
There are two important reasons for using a network: shared information
and shared resources.
A-2
Appendix A: Networking
% A shared
directory is like a
Shared information: Networks enable you to easily share information with
public library; both other users.
provide access to
information. A public · Electronic mail (E-mail): E-mail systems enable co-workers to send
on
library contains memos and computer files to each other. E-mail can accelerate the
volumes that can be distribution of company information.
shared by
cardholders. A shared Shared resources: Networks enable you to access other resources, such as
directory contains files, applications, or hardware.
files that can be
shared by members of · Files: Files that are stored on one computer can be shared with other
iti
a workgroup. users through the network. Sharing files among users on a network
saves disk space. (Passwords and other security measures ensure that
only authorized personnel have access to shared files.)
The most common
multiuser application
· Application programs: Multiuser application programs enable more
Ed
programs are
than one person to work with the same application simultaneously.
accounting programs.
Using multiuser software, you can exchange or update programs and
Data files can be
data through a network.
continuously accessed
by many people.
· Hardware: Networks enable everyone in an office to utilize the

maximum amount of available equipment. For instance, by sharing
E
A network makes it one printer among several computers, you can reduce costs. If you
AT
easier for a companys have different types of computers in a work setting, networking
or
technical support
enables more people to capitalize on each computers strengths.
staff to update and
manage the
distribution of General types of networks

IC
software. It is
PL
Client-server networks are built around specialized computers, called
updated and managed
ct
servers, that run a network operating system. Servers perform a service on

from only one location.
behalf of other network devices; they contain information or computing
DU
resources that are shared.

A file server provides
other network nodes Once the servers are set up, the workstations, or clients, running under
ru
with access to normal PC operating systems, access either information stored on the
T
network storage server or resources attached to the server. These resources might be disk
NO
devices. A print server

space, shared files, printers, modems, or other specialized hardware. In a
provides other network
client-server network, all of the workstations share the resources of the
nodes with access to
server.
st
a printer.
DO
In
A-3
Some advantages of Printing Server
this type of network
Servers provide
are that it is usually
clients with
on
faster, more secure, access to:
and better suited for •Shared printers.
multiuser applications. •Network storage. Storage
•Network security
features.
•Other network
resources.
iti
Client Client
Security
Communications
Ed
Figure A-2: A client-server network.
On a peer-to-peer network, all of the computers perform similar functions;

Example: NetWare,
produced by Novell,
therefore, they are called peers. All of the computers run a network
operating system (rather than a PC operating system). All of the
E
Inc., is the leading
network operating computers then have the ability to share their information and resources
AT
with other computers on the network. Shared resources, in this case, are
or
system software used
by servers. usually printers and disk space.
IC
Peer-to-peer networks are flexible. Users can share any part of their
Example: Popular systems with other users on the network. However, peer-to-peer
PL
examples of peer-to- networks can be difficult to manage and control, because the resources
ct
peer networks are are spread out and not central to one server.
Windows for
DU
Workgroups and
LANtastic. Communication channel

ru
•Sharing printers.
T
•Sharing storage.
NO
Optional Activity: Ask •Network security

students to use the Printing features.
back, inside cover of
the Student Manual Peer Peer

st
DO
to illustrate the
Storage Storage
network in their
workplaces. Tell them
to use the figures in
this appendix for

In
Figure A-3: A peer-to-peer network.

reference.
A-4
R E F E R E N C E
on
iti
Ed
Reference section
E
AT
Contents
or
IC
To help you review the basic concepts of
Personal Computers, the following reference
materials are provided :
PL
ct
Glossary
DU
R - 2
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
R-1
G L O S S A R Y
on
application Software that is designed for a computer memory A power-dependent area
specific kind of work (such as word processing or within the computer that temporarily stores
graphics). The application provides instructions to information. It is also referred to as Random
iti
the computer. Access Memory (RAM).
backup A duplicate copy of data that can be used cursor The point on a computers monitor that
in case the original is lost or damaged. indicates where text or graphics will be inserted or
Ed
erased.
bit The smallest unit of information in a computer
system. Bit is short for binary digit; either a 1 or 0. data Information that you enter into the
computer; for example, a memo (document),
boot The process of starting or restarting your payroll information (database), or a budget analysis
computer by loading the MS-DOS operating (spreadsheet).
system, generally from your hard disk.
E
database A collection of related information, for
AT
byte A unit of computer storage equal to example, phone books, restaurant menus, and
or
approximately one character. employee records.
CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory) A
permanent storage device that uses a laser disk

IC
Desktop The background on which windows,
icons, and dialog boxes are displayed.

PL
drive to read the information.
ct
directory A way to organize files on a disk. Files

Central Processing Unit (CPU) The main are stored in a directory. It can also contain other
DU
computer chip that interprets and executes directories (subdirectories). This structure is
instructions. The CPU is also called a referred to as a directory tree.
microprocessor.
ru
directory listing A list of files and related

T
click To rapidly press and release the mouse information (such as the size of the files).
NO
button.
directory tree A graphical representation of the

clone Another name for an IBM-compatible directory structure of a disk. A directory tree
computer. It is generally used to mean any contains directories that branch out, resembling
st
DO
computer that is not an IBM but acts like one. branches on a tree.
command An instruction that tells the software disk A place to store your computer files. The
what to do. information remains on a disk even when you turn
off the computer. There are two types of disks:

In
compression A means of storing or transmitting hard disks and floppy disks.

data by eliminating information. It allows the same
amount of data to be stored in a smaller space. disk drive A device that is used to store computer
files. A disk drive is sometimes referred to as a
storage device.
R-2
Glossary
Disk Operating System (DOS) An operating gigabyte (GB or g) A unit of measurement for
system for personal computers; a collection of computer memory or storage equivalent to
programs that controls the flow of information in a approximately one billion bytes.
computer.
on
hard disk The fixed disk contained within the
document A word processing file. computer, which is used to permanently store
information. Hard disks generally store large
dot-matrix An impact printer that uses a pattern amounts of information.
of dots arranged in rows and columns to print text
or graphics. hardware Parts of the computer, or machinery,
including the disk drives, monitor, keyboard,
iti
double-click To press and release the mouse mouse, and printer.
button twice in rapid succession.
icons Graphical representations of Windows

drag To hold down the mouse button while you elements, such as applications, disk drives, and
move the mouse pointer. documents.
Ed
driver A software program that allows the inkjet A type of printer that uses streams of ink to
operating system to work with a specific hardware create an image on the paper.
device, such as a printer, mouse, or trackball.
input Data (information) that you enter.

E-mail Sends messages to another person. E-mail
E
stands for electronic mail. integrated software A software program that
packs several applications into one package.
AT
expansion card A piece of hardware that plugs
or
into your computer to expand its capabilities. joystick A pointing device used in computer
games.
expansion slot The area on the motherboard of

IC
the computer where the expansion card plugs in. keyboard A device used for data input; its layout
PL
and operation are similar to that of a typewriter.
ct
file Information that has been compiled into a
document, assigned a name, and saved to a disk. It kilobyte (KB, kb, or k) A unit of measurement
DU
can also refer to program files which are sets of for computer memory or storage equivalent to
instructions. approximately one thousand bytes (1,024 bytes).

ru
file extension A files last name. Extensions laptop A small, portable computer that usually
T
enable you to group files by general type, and may runs on batteries.
NO
contain from 1 to 3 characters.
laser printer A printer that uses a laser beam to
file name The name that is given to a file. create an image on paper.
st
DO
floppy disk A disk that generally stores much mainframe A multiuser computer with a main
less information than a hard disk; floppy disks can central processor that has many terminals
be removed from the floppy-disk drive and attached.
transported.
In
Maximize button A small box located in the top-
format To prepare a disk for use in an operating right corner of the title bar that contains an up
system. If the disk contains any data from previous arrow. When you click on the Maximize button,
use, that data is permanently erased when you the window expands to its largest possible size.
format the disk.
R-3
megabyte (M, MB, or mb) A unit of operating system Software that is considered
measurement for computer memory or storage the master-control program for the computer. An
equal to approximately one million bytes operating system manages the computers internal
(1,048,576 bytes). functions and provides a means to control the
on
computers operations.
Minimize button A small box located in the top-
right corner of the title bar that contains a down OS/2 An operating system for personal
arrow. Clicking on the Minimize button reduces a computers.
window to an icon.
output The result of input. Output is what you
modem A piece of computer hardware that see displayed on a screen or printed by a printer.
iti
allows computers to communicate with other
computers that also have modems attached, path The location of a file within the directory
through telephone lines. tree.
monitor A television-like device used for data Pentium The fifth generation of microprocessors.
Ed
output; it displays program instructions and your The Pentium is two to three times faster than the
work. 80486.
motherboard The main circuit board of a peripheral device A device, such as a printer or
computer, which carries electrical signals to and monitor, which is connected to and controlled by a
from various parts of the computer. computer, and external to the computers system
E
unit.
mouse A hand-held device used for data input.
AT
or
The mouse is rolled on a flat surface next to the personal computer (PC) A self-contained tool
computer, and buttons on it are clicked or pressed for computing. The personal computer (or PC) fits
to indicate the areas of the screen or the on a desk and can increase productivity by
commands you want to work with.

IC
manipulating documents, storing data, calculating,
and communicating.
PL
mouse pointer The indicator on the screen that
ct
moves in response to the movements of the mouse. pixel The smallest dot the computer can control
on the screen. Pixel stands for picture element.

DU
multimedia The presentation of information on a
computer using a combination of text, graphics, presentation graphics An application package
sound, animation, and video. designed to create and enhance charts and graphs
ru
T
so that they are visually appealing and easily
network A series of personal computers linked understood.

NO
together by cables within a limited area so users
can exchange information or share expensive printer A device used for data output. Printers
peripheral equipment. can record screen contents, reports, or documents

st
on paper.
DO
notebook A type of small, portable computer
that usually runs on batteries. program Instructions to the computer that make
it run (instructions in an operating system) or make
on-line service A dial-up service that provides it perform a certain job (such as word processing).
In
news, information, and discussion forums for users
with modem-equipped computers. RAM see computer memory.
R-4
Glossary
Restore button A button, located at the top- tape backup unit A device used to create copies
right corner of the title bar, that contains an up and of information stored in the computers hard drive.
down arrow. You can use the Restore button to
return a window to its original size. The Restore trackball A device or an input device that
on
button is available only after you have maximized looks like an upside-down mouse. Unlike a mouse,
a window. a trackball remains stationary on your desk. As you
move the sphere in the center with your fingers or
root directory The main level in a directory. The palm, sensors detect movement and cause the on-
root directory is created automatically when you screen cursor to move.
format a disk. In DOS, the backslash (\) signifies
the root, or main, directory. video adapter The piece of hardware that
iti
controls the monitor. It is built into the computers
save To copy the contents of computer memory motherboard or installed as an expansion card.
to a floppy or hard disk for permanent storage.
window A rectangular area of the screen.
screen A computer output area. Most entries
Ed
typed on the keyboard (input) are displayed on the Windows A shell program that can be used with
screen (output). DOS to create a graphical operating system
environment.
screen saver A Windows option that displays a
pattern or moving picture on your computer screen word processing The use of computers to
until you move the mouse or press a key. create, revise, and save documents for later editing
E
and printing.
scroll bar The bar located along the right side
AT
or
and bottom of a window whose contents are not write-protect A method of protecting data on a
completely visible. disk from being accidentally written over.
scrolling Using the scroll bars to view different

IC
portions of a document or window.
PL
ct
software A set of instructions (programs) that
enable the computer to work. The two major types

DU
of software are operating systems, such as DOS,
and applications, such as spreadsheet, word
processing, or graphics.
ru
T
sound board A hardware board that enables the

NO
computer to output high-quality sound and music.
spreadsheet A tool for numeric or financial

st
analysis. A spreadsheet is also called a

DO
worksheet.
storage device A piece of hardware that
permanently stores information. Unlike electronic

In
memory, a storage device retains information
when the power is turned off.
subdirectory A directory that is contained
within another directory.
R-5
In
Your Notes:
st
ru
DO
ct
NO
or
T
DU Ed
PL
IC
AT
iti
E on
I NDEX
on
tree, 7-2, 7-7
ver, 7-2
A Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), 4-20
iti
computer, 1-2, 2-16
case styles, 1-11

accessories, 8-5
memory, 4-2
air, 1-16
types of, 1-2
Alt key, 2-9
connect time, 5-16
application software, 1-9, 9-2
Control Panel
arrow keys, 2-8
Ed
running, 2-16
Control-menu box, 8-10
B copy, 7-8
Ctrl key, 2-9
cursor, 2-2
bits, 3-9
booting, 1-23, 2-9
bytes, 3-9
D
E
C data, 1-7
AT
compression, 5-18
or
database, 9-5
cables, 1-16
features, 9-6
attaching, 1-19
uses, 9-6
Calendar, 8-5
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS), 1-17

date, 7-2
del, 7-8
IC
CD command, 7-6
PL
Desktop, organizing, 8-11
CD-ROM
device drivers, 1-24
ct
discs, 4-20
devices, 1-5, 2-11
drives, 4-19
dialog box, 8-21
DU
uses, 4-21
DIR command, 7-5
central processing unit (CPU), 1-11, 1-14, 3-2, 3-4
directory, 6-5
model, 3-3
changing in DOS, 7-5
performance, 3-3
contents list, 8-19
ru
client-server, 65-3
creating and removing, 6-10
T
clone system, 1-2

structure, 6-8
cls command, 7-2
NO
tree, 6-7, 8-19

cold boot, 2-9
viewing contents in DOS, 7-5
command prompt, 7-2
viewing structure and contents in Windows, 8-19
command-line errors, 7-8
disk, 4-3
commands, 2-10
capacity, 4-8
st
cd, 7-6
DO
density, 4-7
cls, 7-2
diskcopy command, 7-8
copy, 7-8
display, 5-2
date, 7-2
DOS
del, 7-8
command prompt, 7-2
dir, 7-2, 7-5
on-line Help, 7-9
In
diskcopy, 7-8
prompt, 1-24
format, 7-8
typing commands, 2-10
help, 7-2
dot pitch, 5-3
md, 7-8
dots per inch, 5-10
mem, 3-11
double-sided disks, 4-6
rd, 7-8
downloading, 5-17
ren, 7-8
time, 7-2
I-1
drive
A, 4-5 J
B, 4-5
joystick, 2-18
C, 4-5
changing, 7-4
on
default, 7-4
Dynamic Data Exchange, 8-2
keyboard, 1-5, 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-8, 2-9
E alphanumeric keys, 2-3
enhanced 101-key, 2-3
using, 2-10
ergonomics, 1-17
kilobytes, 4-8
error messages, 7-8
expansion boards, 1-15
iti
L
extension, 6-12
F laptop computer, 1-3
lighting, 1-16
loading, 3-7
Ed
file, 6-4
location, 1-16
copying and moving, 6-10
logging on, 5-16
data, 6-4
deleting, 6-10
M
name, 6-12
program file, 6-4
specifications, 6-12
File Manager, 6-2, 8-18 magnetism, 4-4
mainframe, 1-2
E
file-management concepts, 6-4
fixed-disk drives, 4-16 Maximize button, 8-7
AT
floppy disk, write-protecting, 4-15 md command, 7-8
or
floppy-disk drive, 1-14, 4-3, 4-6 megabytes, 4-8
format, 7-8 memory, 3-6
formatting disks, 4-11 adding, 3-13
front panel, 1-12
function keys, 2-9

available, 3-11
chips, 1-14
IC
furniture, 1-16 conventional, 3-12
PL
extended, 3-13
ct
how it works, 3-7
G measuring, 3-9
DU
types of, 3-12
upper, 3-13
graphical user interface (GUI), 1-25, 8-2
microprocessor, 3-2
graphics adapter card, 5-2
Microsoft Diagnostics, 4-9
group icon, restoring to a window, 8-5
ru
Microsoft Windows, 1-25

T
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), 5-20
H
minicomputer, 1-3
NO
Minimize button, 8-8
model, 3-3
hard-disk drive, 1-15, 4-3, 4-16 modem, 5-15
size and capacity, 4-17 fax, 5-17
st
hardware, 1-2, 1-5 speed, 5-17

DO
help, 7-2 monitor, 1-5, 5-2

on-line (DOS), 7-9 color, 5-4
features, 5-5
I
motherboard, 1-14
mouse, 1-5, 2-2, 2-11

In
actions, 2-14
IBM-compatible, 1-2 customizing settings, 2-16
icons holding, 2-12
program-item, 8-5 removing ball, 2-16
input, 1-7, 2-2, 2-11, 2-18 using, 2-13
devices, 2-2 mouse pad, 2-13
devices for special needs, 2-18 multitasking, 8-2
I-2
Index
N R
network, 65-2 Random Access Memory (RAM), 3-7
client-server, 65-3 rd command, 7-8
components, 65-2 rebooting, 2-9
on
nodes, 65-2 remote computing, 5-17
peer-to-peer, 65-4 ren command, 7-8
stations, 65-2 Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI), 1-17
traffic, 65-2 resolution, 5-3
types of, 65-3 Restore button, 8-7
uses, 65-2 root directory, 6-7
nodes, 65-2
notebook computer, 1-3
iti
Notepad, 8-5
nozzles, 5-10
numeric keypad, 2-4

screen, 5-2
savers, 5-7
O
sectors, 4-11
session, 5-16
Ed
shutting down, 2-16
on-line features, 5-17 software, 1-2, 1-9
bulletin boards, 5-17 additional categories, 9-7
Internet, 5-17 application, 1-9, 9-2
operating systems, 1-24, 6-2 database, 9-5
common, 6-3 installing, 9-9
software, 1-9 integrated package, 9-7
output, 1-7 operating system, 1-9
E
spreadsheet, 9-3
suite, 9-7
AT
word processing, 9-2
or
sound board, 5-20
speed, 3-4
palmtop computer, 1-3
spreadsheet, 9-3
PC-compatible, 1-2
Pentium microprocessor, 3-3
peripheral, 1-5
features, 9-4
uses, 9-5
IC
standards, 5-4
PL
personal computer (PC)
stations, 65-2
ct
components, 1-5
storage, 1-7
considerations, 1-16
storage device, 4-2
defined, 1-2
DU
names, 4-5
uses, 1-4
subdirectories, 6-5
pixels, 5-3
surge and spike protector, 1-22
pointing device, 2-11
system board, 1-14
ports, 1-19
ru
system unit, 1-5, 1-12, 1-14

power
T
case, 1-11
spikes, 1-22
NO
strip, 1-22
T
supply, 1-14
surges, 1-22
powering up, 1-22
PowerPC, 3-3 tape backup units, 4-22

st
DO
print mode, 5-11 Task List, 8-12
printers, 1-5, 5-9 terminal, 1-2
choosing a, 5-13 text editing keys, 2-6
consumables, 5-12 time, 7-2
costs, 5-12 toner, 5-9
dot-matrix, 5-11 trackball, 2-18

In
laser, 5-9 tracks, 4-11
memory, 5-10 tree, 7-2
processor, 3-2 Tree command, 7-7
Program Manager, 6-2, 8-5
minimizing, 8-8
program-item icons, 8-5
I-3
U
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), 1-22
uploading, 5-17
on
V
ver command, 7-2
VGA (Video Graphics Array), 5-4
video accelerator, 5-5
video adapter card, 5-2
memory, 5-4
iti
W
warm boot, 2-9
window
Ed
activating, 8-12
application program, 8-6
closing, 8-9
maximizing, 8-7
minimizing, 8-8
restoring, 8-7
scrolling in, 8-15
Windows, 1-25
E
accessories, 8-5
advantages, 8-2
AT
Calendar, 8-5
or
Desktop, 8-2
exiting, 8-20
moving, 8-13
Notepad, 8-5
sizing, 8-14
IC
PL
wires, 1-16
ct
word processing, 9-2
features, 9-3
uses, 9-3
DU
ru
T
NO
st
DO
In
I-4
In
st
ru
DO
ct
NO
or
T
DU Ed
PL
IC
AT
iti
E on
In
st
ru
DO
ct
NO
or
T
DU Ed
PL
IC
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E on

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INSTRUCTOR’S EDITION

and Martina Smith · Quality Control Specialist: Kathleen M. Blasi

Supervisor: Michael J. Peter IC

Lesson 1: Getting started

Lesson 2: Input devices

B. Memory .......................................................................................... 3-6

Wrap-up for Lesson 3 ............................................................................. 3-14

A. An overview of storage devices ........................................................ 4-2

B. The floppy-disk drive....................................................................... 4-6

C. The hard-disk drive ......................................................................... 4-16

Lesson 6: The operating system

Lesson 7: DOS survival guide

Lesson 8: Windows survival guide

Appendix A: Networking .............................................................................. A-1

Index ......................................................................................................... I-1

· Identify and connect the parts of a computer.

· Apply file-management concepts to create and evaluate file-

· Use common DOS commands.

· Perform common Windows techniques.

· Determine the type of application software to use for a given task.

This course is intended for new computer users. No prior knowledge of

· A minimum of 1 MB of RAM (4 MB or more is recommended).

· An IBM-compatible computer with at least an 80386 processor.

· A VGA/SVGA monitor and graphics adapter.

This course is designed to run using the following specifications:

· The following settings are active in Microsoft Windows:

Program Manager is the only window that opens when Microsoft

Options, Save Settings is not checked in File Manager or in Program

· Throughout the Student Manual, the data drive is referred to as the A:

PostScript printer using a portrait orientation as the default. If you are

2. Complete a full installation of Windows 3.1 or higher.

3. Ensure that Windows is included in the PATH statement in the

Before EVERY class

1. Bring equipment to your classroom that you can use to demonstrate or

follows: an exposed system unit; power-protection devices; cleaning

2. Prepare acetate overhead transparencies or use the electronic

overheads to augment your delivery. This course is concept-heavy;

6. Disconnect the component parts of students computers. You can

Define personal computer and describe

b Identify the major parts of the computer and

what each part does.

Connect the component parts of the

Start the computer.

terms, a computer is a collection of electronic parts, or hardware, that

have a set of electronic instructions called software. All computers

for the rest of the

equipment, much like

any other equipment

ruling out other types

or clone systems. Many people use the term PC to refer specifically to

IBM and compatible personal computers, as opposed to Apples,

Macintoshes, and Commodores.

In contrast to PCs, there are other general types of computers. The

type. · A mainframe is a large computer that might serve an entire large

· A minicomputer is a small free-standing computer that might serve a

Types of personal computers

· Laptop computers weigh only about 10 pounds. They are battery-

carried and used in locations without electrical outlets.

· Notebook computers are similar to laptop computers, but notebook

Similar to a laptop, a notebook computer includes a full keyboard,

hard drive, floppy drive, and built-in screen.

Figure 1-2: Label the four types of personal computers.

6. Disconnect the component parts of students computers. You can

Define personal computer and describe

· A and mousefor entering commands and data.

· A monitorso you can see whats going on as you work.

· A printerfor transferring your work to paper.

dont need a printer to

each numeral two is

program are used

system software and