10/27/2020 Covid: Antibodies 'fall rapidly after infection' - BBC News

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Covid: Antibodies 'fall rapidly aer

infection'
By James Gallagher
Health and science correspondent

1 hour ago

Coronavirus pandemic

GETTY IMAGES

Levels of protective antibodies in people wane "quite rapidly" aer

coronavirus infection, say researchers.

Antibodies are a key part of our immune defences and stop the virus from
getting inside the body's cells.

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10/27/2020 Covid: Antibodies 'fall rapidly after infection' - BBC News

The Imperial College London team found the number of people testing
positive for antibodies has fallen by 26% between June and September.

They say immunity appears to be fading and there is a risk of catching the
virus multiple times.

More than 350,000 people in England have taken an antibody test as part of
the REACT-2 study so far.

In the first round of testing, at the end of June and the beginning of July,
about 60 in 1,000 people had detectable antibodies.

But in the latest set of tests, in September, only 44 per 1,000 people were
positive.

It suggests the number of people with antibodies fell by more than a quarter
between summer and autumn.

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"Immunity is waning quite rapidly, we're only three months aer our first
[round of tests] and we're already showing a 26% decline in antibodies," said
Prof Helen Ward, one of the researchers.

The fall was greater in those over 65, compared with younger age groups, and
in those without symptoms compared with those with full-blown Covid-19.

The number of healthcare workers with antibodies remained relatively high,

which the researchers suggest may be due to regular exposure to the virus.

GETTY IMAGES

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10/27/2020 Covid: Antibodies 'fall rapidly after infection' - BBC News

Y-shaped antibodies stick to the surface of viruses to stop them infecting the body's cells

Antibodies stick to the surface of the coronavirus to stop it invading our body's
cells, and attract the rest of the immune system.

Exactly what the antibody drop means for immunity is still uncertain. There
are other parts of the immune system, such as T-cells, which may also play a
role, directly killing infected host cells and calling to other immune cells to
help out.

However, the researchers warn antibodies tend to be highly predictive of who

is protected.

Prof Wendy Barclay said: "We can see the antibodies and we can see them
declining and we know antibodies on their own are quite protective.

"On the balance of evidence, I would say it would look as if immunity declines
away at the same rate as antibodies decline away, and that this is an indication
of waning immunity."

There are four other human coronaviruses, which we catch multiple times in
our lives. They cause common cold symptoms and we can be reinfected every
six to 12 months.

There have been very few confirmed cases of people getting Covid twice.
However, the researchers warn this may be due to immunity only just starting
to fade since the peak infection rates of March and April.

The hope is the second infection will be milder than the first, even if immunity
does decline, as the body should have an "immune memory" of the first
encounter and know how to fight back.

The researchers say their findings do not scupper hopes of a vaccine, which
may prove more effective than a real infection.

One of the researchers, Prof Graham Cooke, said: "The big picture is aer the
first wave, the great majority of the country didn't have evidence of protective
immunity.

"The need for a vaccine is still very large, the data doesn't change that."

Professor Paul Elliott, director of the REACT-2 study, said it would be wrong to
draw firm conclusions from the study about the impact of a vaccine.

He said: "The vaccine response may behave differently to the response to

natural infection."

But he said it was possible that some people might need follow-up booster
doses of any vaccine that became available to top up fading immunity over
time.
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10/27/2020 Covid: Antibodies 'fall rapidly after infection' - BBC News

What do I need to know about the coronavirus?

THE VIRUS: Why is it such a threat?

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LONG COVID: Why are some people not recovering?

SYMPTOMS: What are they and how to guard against them?

Commenting on the findings, Prof Jonathan Ball from the University of

Nottingham said: "This study confirms suspicions that antibody responses -
especially in vulnerable elderly populations - decrease over time."

However, he said it was still important to get a better overall view of "what
protective immunity looks like".

Prof Eleanor Riley, from the University of Edinburgh, said it would be

"premature" to assume immunity did not last, but "the data do lend weight to
the concern that antibodies induced by natural infection may be short-lived, as
is the case for other seasonal coronaviruses."

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