Multivector Review and Training Center

MACHINERY FOUNDATION

Machinery Foundation – a built up structure regardless of shape or size,

supporting a downward or side pressure and designed to support and maintain in
correct relation a given machine.

Bearing Power of the sub-soil – may be fulfilled by providing a bearing area

which is large enough to reduce to safe value the bearing pressure on the
underlying material.

Settlement – movement of a structure due to the lateral movement or compression

of the soil beneath the structure.

Types of Foundation
1. Single or isolated footing
ex. Square base, rectangular, tapered

Load foundation

2. Combined footing
ex. Rectangular, trapezoid

foundation
Load 1 Load 2

3. Pile foundation – foundation which will be used whenever soil bearing

pressure is not available at a reasonable depth.
Piles – are structured members with small cross-sectional areas compared to
their lengths which are driven into the ground by impact driving or
vibration.
Timber Piles
Wh
Drop Hammer , P
s1

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Wh
Steam Hammer , P
s  0.1

Load
Pile Cap

pile
Concrete Piles
Wh
Drop Hammer , P
Wp
s
W
Wh
Steam Hammer , P
 Wp 
s  0.1 

 W 

where: P = safe load capacity of pile in lbs.

W = weight of hammer in lbs
H = effective fall of hammer in ft.
s = average penetration for the last 5 – 10 blows in inches
WP = weight of piles including the head in lbs.

4. Mat foundation – foundation that will cover the entire area beneath a
structure used whenever soil bearing pressure is so small
as to use individual footing will be more expensive.

Structure

Foundation

5. Strap or cantilever foundation – modified form of the combined footing.

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foundation
Load Load

Selection of Working Factor of Safety

This may be secured by designing the foundations so that the resultant of the
vertical loads passes through the center of gravity of the foundation.

Functions of Machine Foundation

1. To support the weight of the machine or engine.
2. To maintain in correct alignment and proper elevation a given machine.
3. To minimize vibration and to prevent its transmission to bodies externally
connected to the machine.

Factors to be Considered in Constructing Machinery Foundation

1. Type of machine
2. Weight of machine
3. Weight of foundation
4. Base area of the foundation
5. Weight of material
6. Safe bearing capacity (power) of soil
7. Volume of concrete
8. Concrete ratio or mixture

Requirements of a Good Machine Foundation

1. The foundation must not sink. Fv

Condition :
Wm WT S.B.C.S

Ab s.f .
where :
WT  WF  WE  FV

WF
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2. The foundation must not tilt or incline.

Condition: The resultant of vertical loads must pass through the center of
gravity of the foundation.
Fv

Wm

WF
3. The foundation must not be lifted-up.

Condition :  M A  0

WF rF  Wm rm  FV rV  FH rH  0

 Wm rm  FV rV  FH rH
WF 
rF

Fv

FH

Wm

I. A

WF

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4. The foundation must not topple.

Condition:
 M B  0

FV rV  FH rH  WF rF  Wm rm  0

FV rV  FH rH  Wm rm
WF 
rF
Fv

FH

Wm

WF
5. The foundation must not slide, and must not be rotated about its vertical
axis.
Condition:
Fy  0  (  ) Fx  0  (  )
N  Wm  WF  FV  0 FH  Ff  0
WF  N  Wm  FV  eqn. 1

Ff
But 
N
Ff FH
N 
 
Substitute to Equation 1
FH
WF   Wm  WV


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Fv
FH

Wm

Ff
WF N

where: WT = total weight or total load

WF = weight of the foundation
Wm = weight of the machine
Ab = base area of the foundation
Fv = any vertical external force
FH = any horizontal external force
S.B.C.S. = safe bearing capacity (power) of soil

Different Values of Frictional Coefficients

1. For gravel,  = 0.25
2. For sand,  = 0.15
3. For clay,  = 0.30

External Forces Normally Occasioned by Machine Operation

A. Belt-Pull
Tight or tant side

rotation
Feff
TT
r
FB Loose or slack side

TS
Driving pulley

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2NT
From Hp  but T  Feff x r
33,000

At full Load, TT = 2 TS
FB = TT + TS = 2TS + TS
FB = 3TS
Feff = TT – Ts = 2TS – TS = TS
2 Feff r N  Feff ( 2r ) N
HP  
33,000 33,000
 D Feff N
HP 
33,000
F
Feff  TS  B
3
33,000 HP FB
Feff  
DN 3
99,000 HP
FB  in lbs
π D N

B. Gear-Thrust
10,500
FG  in lbs
DG N G
where: D = diameter of pulley in ft.
DG = pitch diameter of the gear (excluding tooth)
N = speed of pulley in rpm
NG = speed of gear in rpm

Safe Bearing Pressure (Capacity) of Soil

*Tons/ft2
1. Native Rock 200 – up
2. Ashlar masonry 25 – 30
3. Best brick masonry 15 – 20
4. Common brick masonry 5 – 20
5. Clay, compact 5–8
6. Clay, soft 1 –2
7. Gravel and Sand 8 – 10
8. Sand 2–6
9. Quicksand, loam etc. ½–1

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Note: Safe bearing pressure (capacity) of soils for machinery foundations are
quarter to a half of this given values above, due to safety factor.

Safety Factor – it is the ratio of the ultimate stress to the working stress of a
material
ultimate stress or strength
s.f .  ; s.f .  1
working stress

Minimum weight of foundation to absorb vibration.

WF  C WE N

where: WF = weight of foundation

N = specified speed of engine in rpm
C = a coefficient (0.11 to 0.32)
WE = weight of engine

Weight of Machine Foundation per Brake Hp of the Engine

Engine Single cylinder Multi-cylinder

1. Gas Engine --------------- 2500 lbs/Hp------------------- 1600 lbs/Hp
2. Diesel Engine------------- 2000 lbs/Hp------------------- 1250 lbs/Hp
3. Steam Engine------------- 700 lbs/Hp-------------------- 500 lbs/Hp

Classification of Concrete
Mix Proportion
Class Cement : Sand : Gravel
AAA 1:1:2
AA 1:1½:2
Special A 1: 2: 3
A for machine 1:2:4
B foundation 1:2½:4
C 1:3:6
D 1:3½:7

Philippine Standard
1 Bag of Cement
mass = 40 kg
volume = 0.0283 m3 (1 ft3)

Water – cement ratio: 4 – 9 gallons of water per bag of cement

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Unit weight of concrete

1. reinforced concrete = 150 lbs/ft3
2. plain concrete = 146 to 148 lbs/ft3
Curing of Concrete = 28 days

Note: short ton = 2000 lbs

1 Metric tons = 2,205 lbs
1 long ton = 2,200 lbs

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