An accent is a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual,

location, or nation. An accent may identify the locality in which its speakers
reside (a geographical or regional accent), the socio-economic status of its
speakers, their ethnicity, their caste or social class, their first
language (when the language in which the accent is heard is not their native
language), and so on. Accents typically differ in quality of voice,
pronunciation of vowels and consonants, stress, and prosody; although
grammar, semantics, vocabulary, and other language characteristics often
vary concurrently with accent, the word 'accent' refers specifically to the
differences in pronunciation and the word 'dialect' encompasses the broader
set of linguistic differences; often 'accent' is a subset of 'dialect'.

In linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain

syllables in a word. The term is also used for similar patterns of phonetic
prominence inside syllables.
The realization of stress in English:

In English, the three ways to make a syllable more prominent are to make
it:
 • louder
• longer
• higher pitched (usually)
In many languages, changing which syllable is stressed can
change the meaning of a word.
TYPES OF STRESS:
The ways stress manifests itself in the speech stream are highly language
dependent. In some languages, stressed syllables have a higher or lower
pitch than non-stressed syllables — so-called pitch accent (or musical
accent). In other languages, they may bear either higher or lower pitch than
surrounding syllables (a pitch excursion), depending on the sentence type.
There are also dynamic accent (loudness), qualitative accent (full vowels)
and quantitative accent (length). Stress may be characterized by more than
one of these characteristics. Further, stress may be realized to varying
degrees on different words in a sentence; sometimes the difference between
the acoustic signals of stressed and unstressed syllables may be minimal.
In English, stress is most dramatically realized on focussed or accented
words. For instance, consider the dialogue
• "Is it brunch tomorrow?"
• "No, it's dinner tomorrow."
In it, the stress-related acoustic differences between the syllables
of "tomorrow" would be small compared to the differences between the
syllables of "dinner", the emphasized word. In these emphasized words,
stressed syllables such as "din" in "dinner" are louder and longer. They may
also have a different fundamental frequency, or other properties. Unstressed
syllables typically have a vowel which is closer to a neutral position, while
stressed vowels are more fully realized.
Stressed syllables are often perceived as being more forceful than
non-stressed syllables. Research has shown, however, that although dynamic
stress is accompanied by greater respiratory force, it does not mean a more
forceful articulation in the vocal tract.
Rules of Word Stress in English
There are two very simple rules about word stress:
• One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If
you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be
one word. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some
words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main [primary]
stress, and is only used in long words.)
• We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
INTONATION:

In linguistics, intonation is the variation of pitch when speaking. Intonation

and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody. Intonation is the
"music" of a language, and is perhaps the most important element of a good
accent. Often we hear someone speaking with perfect grammar, and perfect
formation of the sounds of English but with a little something that gives them
away as not being a native speaker.
Intonation – the rise and fall of pitch in our voices – plays a crucial role in
how we express meaning.

PHRASING

It refers to the manner in which the sentences are divided into smaller units
and marked by rhythm pauses. It is sometimes called the oral punctuation
because in the oral speech, sentences are divided into logical units that
reinforce the meaning of the most important parts within sentences.

BLENDING

It is a process of combining related words in order to produce smooth flow of

speech.

Submitted by:

De Leon, Karla Camille C.

BSN III-1

An accent is a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual,

location, or nation. An accent may identify the locality in which its speakers
reside (a geographical or regional accent), the socio-economic status of its
speakers, their ethnicity, their caste or social class, their first
language (when the language in which the accent is heard is not their native
language), and so on. Accents typically differ in quality of voice,
pronunciation of vowels and consonants, stress, and prosody; although
grammar, semantics, vocabulary, and other language characteristics often
vary concurrently with accent, the word 'accent' refers specifically to the
differences in pronunciation and the word 'dialect' encompasses the broader
set of linguistic differences; often 'accent' is a subset of 'dialect'.

In linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain

syllables in a word. The term is also used for similar patterns of phonetic
prominence inside syllables.
The realization of stress in English:

In English, the three ways to make a syllable more prominent are to make
it:
 • louder
• longer
• higher pitched (usually)
In many languages, changing which syllable is stressed can
change the meaning of a word.
TYPES OF STRESS:
The ways stress manifests itself in the speech stream are highly language
dependent. In some languages, stressed syllables have a higher or lower
pitch than non-stressed syllables — so-called pitch accent (or musical
accent). In other languages, they may bear either higher or lower pitch than
surrounding syllables (a pitch excursion), depending on the sentence type.
There are also dynamic accent (loudness), qualitative accent (full vowels)
and quantitative accent (length). Stress may be characterized by more than
one of these characteristics. Further, stress may be realized to varying
degrees on different words in a sentence; sometimes the difference between
the acoustic signals of stressed and unstressed syllables may be minimal.
In English, stress is most dramatically realized on focussed or accented
words. For instance, consider the dialogue
• "Is it brunch tomorrow?"
• "No, it's dinner tomorrow."
In it, the stress-related acoustic differences between the syllables
of "tomorrow" would be small compared to the differences between the
syllables of "dinner", the emphasized word. In these emphasized words,
stressed syllables such as "din" in "dinner" are louder and longer. They may
also have a different fundamental frequency, or other properties. Unstressed
syllables typically have a vowel which is closer to a neutral position, while
stressed vowels are more fully realized.
Stressed syllables are often perceived as being more forceful than
non-stressed syllables. Research has shown, however, that although dynamic
stress is accompanied by greater respiratory force, it does not mean a more
forceful articulation in the vocal tract.
Rules of Word Stress in English
There are two very simple rules about word stress:
• One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If
you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be
one word. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some
words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main [primary]
stress, and is only used in long words.)
• We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
INTONATION:

In linguistics, intonation is the variation of pitch when speaking. Intonation

and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody. Intonation is the
"music" of a language, and is perhaps the most important element of a good
accent. Often we hear someone speaking with perfect grammar, and perfect
formation of the sounds of English but with a little something that gives them
away as not being a native speaker.
Intonation – the rise and fall of pitch in our voices – plays a crucial role in
how we express meaning.

PHRASING

It refers to the manner in which the sentences are divided into smaller units
and marked by rhythm pauses. It is sometimes called the oral punctuation
because in the oral speech, sentences are divided into logical units that
reinforce the meaning of the most important parts within sentences.

BLENDING

It is a process of combining related words in order to produce smooth flow of

speech.

Submitted by:

Liwag, Jan Paolo R.

BSN III-1