What is ping? Why you use ping?

PING Stands for Packet InterNet Gopher. PING is used for connectivity checking of any network or
any host or device of any or other networks

Routers are always preferrable for routing services. Routers work at which
OSI layers?

Router works at network layer for providing routing services between or among several networks.

A gateway works in which layer?

Transport layer of OSI model.

How can you check the connectivity of any network?

By using ping command.

What is a gateway?

A gateway acts a door for the packet to reach the ‘outside’ of the internal network

What are the differences among router, switch, bridge and hub?

Router, switch, bridge and hub are network devices. Yet there are some differences among them.
The main differences are:

 Router: A layer 3 device, can work on physical, data and network layer.
 Switch: A layer 2 device, can work on data link layer
 Bridge: A layer 2 device, can work on data link layer.
 Hub: A layer 1device, just a multi-port repeater and works on physical layer

What is the range of class A address?

0-127 is the range of class A address

Tell an IP which has class C range. Also tell why that IP is an class C address.

 IP of Class C: 193.1.1.1
 Why this is a class C address: Class C addresses have the range of 192 - 223
Name a device which can operate at physical layer of OSI model.

 Hub.
 Note: Remember, hub is the device that can work only into the physical layer of OSI
model. But switch, router can also be used instead of a hub. So, all the answers hub,
switch or router are all correct.

What is the major differences between a router and a switch?

 A router can divide the broadcast domain and collision domain. But a switch can only divide
the collision domain. Router can communicate among different networks where as the switch
can not communicate different networks.

Hub operates at which layers of OSI model? Is it wise to use a hub for huge
networks? Why or why not?

 Hub  operates at only physical layer of OSI model.

 No, it's not so wise to use hub for a huge network.
 Hubs can't divide the broadcast domain or the collision domain. So, if we use hubs then
there creates huge broadcast domain. When there are huge broadcast, the network gets
problem time to time. So, it's not wise to use hubs to support a huge network

How many layers are in OSI model? Name them

There are seven layers of OSI model. The layers are:

1. Application layer
2. Presentation layer
3. Session layer
4. Transport layer
5. Network layer
6. Data link layer
7. Physical layer

Why do you need to use a router?

Router can easily divide the broadcast domain and collision domain. So, to communicate among
several networks, routers are used.

What is the second layer of OSI model?

Data Link layer.

Name two network devices which can work as layer 2 device.

Switch and router

What is OSI model?

OSI revers for Open System Interconnection Reference Model. It is an abstract model for layered
communications and computer network protocol design. There are seven layers of OSI model which,
from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and
Physical Layers.

OSI model also referred as OSI layered model, OIS layered technology, 7 layer model, OSI
seven layer model, OSI reference model.

What is the data unit of Data Link layer?

Frame

What are the difference between TCP and UDP?

 TCP: Connection oriented protocol, acknowledged one, Point to point communication.

 UDP: Connection less protocol, unreliable, less traffic

What is the port no of DNS and Telnet?

 DNS port no: 53

 Telnet port no: 23

What is the port no of SMTP and POP3?

 SMPT port no: 25

 POP3 port no: 110

What is the functionality of network layer? Name the data unint of network
layer.

 Functionality of network layer: Path determination and logical addressing

 Data unit of network layer: Packet

Which three layers of OSI model is treated as "Media Layers"?

Physical layer, data link layer and network layer are treated as "Media Layers".
What is deadlock?

Deadlock is a situation when two or more processes are waiting indefinitely for an event that can be
caused by only one of the waiting processes. The implementation of a semaphore with a waiting
queue may result in this situation.

Mention the advantages and disadvantages of a router.

Advantages:

 Router can limit the collision domain and broadcast domain

 Router can function both on LAN & WAN.
 Different media & architectures can be connected among themselves through router.
 Router can determine best path/route for data to reach
 the destination.
 Router can filter the broadcasts.
 For communicating different networks, routers must be used.

Disadvantage:

 Router is more expensive than any other networking devices like Hub, Bridge & Switch.
 Router only work with routable protocols.
 Routing updates consume some bandwidth.
 Increase latency due to greater degree of packet
 filtering.
 Routers function as software based and so it's slower compared to switch.

Mention the private IP address rannge of class B and C.

 For Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

 For Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

What is the IP range of class C IP address?

240.0.0.0      255.255.255.255

What is the default subnet mask of class C IP address?

255.255.255.0
Why do you need subnet mask?

Subnet mask is required to divide a large network into several small networks.

Tell the full name: DNS, FTP

 DNS: Domain Name System

 FTP: File Transfer Protocol

What is the functionality or ARP?

ARP refers to Address Resolution Protocol. ARP is a computer networking protocol for determining a
network host's link layer or hardware address when only its Internet Layer (IP) or Network Layer
address is known.

Which one is reliable: TCP or UDP?

TCP is reliable and UDP is an unreliable service.

How DHCP works?

DHCP works by four-steps: (1) IP request, (2) IP offer (3) IP selection and (d) Acknowledgement.

What is POP3? Why you require POP3?

POP stands for Post Office Protocol. This is used to describe how e-mail clients interact with mail
servers. The POP3 Server is a type of mail server used for incoming mail. POP is only used to
receive messages.

What is the difference between Layer 2 Switch and Layer 3 Switch?

Layer 2 switch is based on MAC addresses which operates on Data Link Layer of OSI mode. And
Layer 3 switching is based on network topology table populated and works on Network layer.

Default Port Numbers

   Service            Port No.

 FTP     --------   20,21

 SSH    --------    22
 telnet   --------    23
  SMTP  --------   25
 DNS    --------    53
 DHCP --------    67,68
 TFTP   --------    69
 HTTP   --------    80
 POP3   --------   110
 NNTP   --------   119
 NTP      --------   123
 IMAP4  --------   143
 LDAP   --------   389
 HTTPS --------    443
 IMAPS --------    993
 RADIUS--------  1812
 AIM       --------     5190

Public IP address ranges

Every computer in the Internet has an IP address. There are five types of IP address. In the following
table, you will find all the classes of IP address and the class name:

Class    Start address Finish Address

 A         0.0.0.0      127.255.255.255
 B      128.0.0.0      191.255.255.255
 C      192.0.0.0      223.255.255.255
 D      224.0.0.0      239.255.255.255
 E      240.0.0.0      255.255.255.255

Default subnet mask

In the following section, you will see the default subnet mask of each class:

 For Class A: 255.0.0.0

 For Class B: 255.255.0.0
 For Class C: 255.255.255.0

Private IP address ranges

Public IP address is not so much. That's why the concept of private IP arises. In the following, you
will find all the private IP address ranges of all classes.

 For Class A:      10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255

  For Class B:   172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
 For Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

Host layers and media layers

 Host layers: The upper four layers are known as Host layers. The layers of host layers
includes : Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer and Transport layer.
 Media layers: The lower three layers are known as Media layers. The layers of media layers
are : Network layer, Data link layer and Physical layer..

What is "Segment"?

"Segment" is a PDU (Protocol Data Unit) of Transport layer of OSI model.

What is the PDU of "Network layer" and "Data link layer".

PDU for Network Layer is: "Packet" and PDU for Data Link Layer is :"Frame"

You have one IP: 192.168.10.29. In which layere this IP works?

Network layer

You are in home. But you need to access the office server router. How can you
do that?

By using "Telnet"

DNS uses which protocol? Why?

DNS uses both TCP or UDP or both. UDP can handle only 512bytes. If data size is withing 512
bytes UDP is used, otherwise, TCP is used.

Which layer is closer to the user?

Upper layer i.e. Application layer is closer to the user.

Differentiate between forward lookup and reverse lookup in DNS?

 Forward lookup is: name-to-address,

 Reverse lookup is: address-to-name.

what are the difference between TCP and UDP?

  TCP: Connection oriented protocol, acknowledged one, Point to point communication.
 UDP: Connection less protocol, unreliable, less traffic.

What is IPSec?

IPSec is "Internet Protocol Security". It is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol(IP)
communications.

What is the way to establish a TCP connection?

By using acknowledgement.

What is the difference between flow control and error control?

 Flow control: adjust and confirm data flow rate for successful transmission.
 Error Control: a way to recover corrupted data .

Mark one of the most important difference between TCP and UDP.

TCP is a connection-oriented and UDP is a connection-less protocol

Mention one real place to use TCP/IP.

LAN cards

What is the responsibilities of Network Layer?

 Logical addressing
 Best effort delivery

Data link layer is sub-divide into how many groups?

 2 sub-divided groups: MAC Layer and LLC layer

 MAC: Media Access Control/Medium Access Control
 LLC: Logical Link Control

What is the port number of Telnet and DNS?

Telnet = 23 and DNS = 53

What is the port number of ftp(data) and ftp?

ftp(data) = 20 and ftp=21

ARP resolves what? Address or IP?

ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the hardware address or MAC address
when IP address is known.

Which layer of OSI is responsible for end-to-end communication?

Transport layer.

Why we have to use router?

To communicate several networks, routers are used. Routers have both broadcast domain and
collision domain.

RARP resolves what? Address or IP?

RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the IP address when physical
or hardware or MAC address is known.

What is OSI model?

OSI model is a reference model containing 7 layers such as physical layer, data link layer, network
layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer.

What is TCP/IP model?

TCP/IP model is an implementation of OSI reference model. It has five layers. They are: Network
layer, Internet layer, Transport layer and Application layer.

What is the full form of OSI and TCP/IP model?

 OSI stands for = Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model

 TCP/IP stands for = Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

What are the differences between OSI and TCP/IP model?

Important differences are:

OSI is a reference model and TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.

OSI has 7 layers whereas TCP/IP has only 4 layers The upper 3 layers of the OSI model is
combined on the TCP/IP model.
OSI has: physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation
layer and application layer TCP/IP has : Network layer, Internet layer, transport layer and application
layer.

What are the differences among router, switch, bridge and hub?

All of them are devices and are used in network. Their differences are:

 Router: Layer 3 device, can work on physical, data and network layer.
 Switch: Layer 2 device, can work on data link layer
 Bridge: Layer 2 device, can work on data link layer.
 Hub: Layer 1device, just a multi-port repeater and works on physical layer