04 | 2012
Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment
04 | 2012
HOUSINg SOCIALE
Rivista della Società Italiana della Tecnologia dell’Architettura
social housing
TECHNE
FIRENZE
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
Issue 4
Year 2
Director
Roberto Palumbo
Scientific Committee
Ezio Andreta, Gabriella Caterina, Pier Angiolo Cetica,
Romano Del Nord, Stephen Emmitt, Gianfranco Dioguardi,
Paolo Felli, Rosario Giuffrè, Milica Jovanović-Popović,
Lorenzo Matteoli, Achim Menges
Editor in Chief
Maria Chiara Torricelli
Editorial Board
Alfonso Acocella, Andrea Campioli, Giorgio Giallocosta,
Mario Losasso, Rivka Oxman, Gabriella Peretti,
Fabrizio Schiaffonati, Ferdinando Terranova
Assistant Editors
Luigi Alini, Ernesto Antonini, Teresa Villani, Serena Viola
Editorial Assistants
Sara Benzi, Nicoletta Setola, Dario Trabucco
Graphic Design
Veronica Dal Buono
Editorial Office
c/o SITdA onlus,
Via Flaminia, 72 - 00196 Roma, Italy
Email: redazionetechne@tecnologi.net
Publisher
FUP (Firenze University Press)
Phone: (0039) 055 2743051
Email: journals@fupress.com
08 Nota
Roberto Palumbo
11 La formazione dei professionisti impegnati sul fronte delle costruzioni: l’impegno SITdA e l’Accordo con ANCE e AFM Edilizia
Maria Luisa Germanà
16 EDITORIALE
Perché fare ricerca per il futuro dell’abitare
Maria Chiara Torricelli
DOSSIER
18 Presentazione del dossier su «Cultura e strategie politiche del Social Housing»
Ferdinando Terranova
21 Edilizia sociale nell'Unione Europea
Alice Pittini
35 L’edilizia sociale ai tempi della crisi
Anna Pozzo
44 Eco-quartieri e Social Housing nelle esperienze nord europee
Mario Losasso, Valeria D’Ambrosio
53 Social Housing in Gran Bretagna. Brevi riflessioni su un sistema in continua evoluzione
Loredana Giani
61 Tra passato e futuro: il Social Housing in Serbia nel processo di transizione
Francesca Giofré, Ivana Mileticć
saggi
74 Housing Sociale per una nuova morfologia della città
Anna Delera
79 Perchè valorizzare e riqualificare il patrimonio di edilizia residenziale pubblico
Elisabetta Ginelli, Lucia Castiglioni
85 Le politiche regionali per l’Edilizia Sociale Residenziale. L’esperienza della Regione Calabria
Corrado Trombetta, C. Maurizio Diano
92 Il Social Housing: il caso di Parma
Sonia Peron
97 Elementi di nuova mediterraneità nell’abitare contemporaneo. Il caso di Barcellona
Vincenzo P. Bagnato
103 Nuove tendenze nell’evoluzione dell’Housing per gli anziani a Singapore
Ruzica Bozovic Stamenovic
110 Il gestore sociale quale garante della sostenibilità negli interventi di Housing Sociale
Maria Luisa Del Gatto, Giordana Ferri, Angela Silvia Pavesi
118 Il Facility Management nel Social Housing: l’integrazione dei servizi per la gestione delle Residenze Studentesche Universitarie
come opportunità per lo sviluppo dell’offerta in Italia
Alberto Fecchio, Ernesto Casara
132 Il mass customization process per l’Housing Sociale. Potenzialità, nodi critici, linee di ricerca
Michele Di Sivo, Filippo Angelucci
TECHNE 04 2012
RICERCA e SPERIMENTAZIONE
160 La costruzione della città pubblica. Governance dei processi e trasformazioni urbane: il ruolo dell’edilizia sociale
Matteo Gambaro, Andrea Tartaglia
171 Rinnovamento urbano: strategie per la valorizzazione di quartieri ad alta densità residenziale
Andrea Boeri, Danila Longo, Rossella Roversi
179 Tra permanenza e trasformazione. Prime riflessioni sul recupero dei quartieri PEEP di Parma
Alessandra Gravante, Michele Zazzi, Luca Gullì
189 La meteora dei Contratti di Quartiere nell’esperienza del San Siro a Milano
Maria Fianchini
198 Il caso di via Barzoni 11. Progettazione partecipata ‘sartoriale’ per l’edilizia residenziale pubblica
Paolo Carli
207 La rigenerazione architettonica e ambientale dell’edilizia residenziale industrializzata. Il caso del quartiere Selva Cafaro a Napoli
Massimo Perriccioli, Roberto Ruggiero
219 Soluzioni per un abitare sociale nell’area capitolina
Eliana Cangelli
230 Un laboratorio smart per la riqualificazione degli insediamenti A.T.E.R. de L’Aquila
Maria Cristina Forlani
242 La flessibilità per un Social Housing sostenibile: il caso di Preturo (AQ)
Donatella Radogna
251 IU.R Interfacce Urbane Residenziali. Strumenti e strategie per la riqualificazione
Sabrina Borgianni
262 Alloggi e residenze per studenti universitari. L’esperienza del programma 338/2000
Adolfo Baratta, Sandra Carlini
271 Housing universitario di iniziativa privata: scenari di sviluppo e fattori critici di successo
Andrea Ciaramella, Maria Luisa Del Gatto
280 Sostenibilità sociale del progetto dell'accessibilità visiva negli ambienti familiari
Christina Conti, Paola Barcarolo
289 Ambizioni delle politiche energetiche e ripartizione sulle tipologie di investimento
Nico Nieboer, Robert Kroese
298 La riqualificazione energetica dell’edilizia sociale nei contesti italiano e olandese
Deborah Pennestrì
306 Densificare per migliorare: strategie di riqualificazione del parco italiano di edilizia abitativa sociale
Ernesto Antonini, Jacopo Gaspari, Giulia Olivieri
315 Il ruolo dello spazio esterno nel contenimento dei consumi energetici dell’edificio
Michele Lepore, Fabrizio Chella
325 Percorsi di ricerca per le azioni di retrofit energetico e la nuova qualità dell’Housing
Martino Milardi
334 Il Social Housing per il retrofit energetico: una proposta dal Solar Decathlon
Chiara Tonelli
TECHNE 04 2012
Network SITda
374 CONTRIBUTI DALLE SEDI UNIVERSITARIE
375 VIII edizione del Seminario estivo dei DdR della rete OSDOTTA. Sul costruito/sul costruibile. Teorie e sperimentalismo per la ricerca
in Tecnologia dell’Architettura. Il ruolo della sperimentazione progettuale nella definizione dell'ambiente costruito
Federica Ottone, Massimo Perriccioli
Università di Firenze, Facoltà di Architettura, Dipartimento di Tecnologie dell’Architettura e Design “P. Spadolini” (TAD)
Università di Roma "Sapienza", Facoltà di Architettura, Dipartimento Design Tecnologia dell'Architettura Territorio e Ambiente (DATA)
381 La sfida per alloggi di qualità: a basso impatto ambientale, a contenuto costo di esercizio
Adriana Scarlet Sferra
Università di Roma Tre, Facoltà di Architettura, Dipartimento di Progettazione e Studio dell'Architettura (DIPSA)
SIT d A
Società Italiana della Tecnologia
dell’Architettura
04 2012
SOCIAL HOUSING TECHNE
08 NotE
Roberto Palumbo
11 Training for professionals engaged on the construction front: the SITdA commitment and the Agreement with ANCE and AFM Edilizia
Maria Luisa Germanà
EDITORIAL
16 Why do research on the future of Housing
Maria Chiara Torricelli
Dossier
18 Introduction to the articles on «Culture and political strategies of Social Housing»
Ferdinando Terranova
21 Social Housing in the European Union
Alice Pittini
35 Social Housing in times of crisis
Anna Pozzo
44 Eco-Districts and Social Housing in Northern Europe
Mario Losasso, Valeria D’Ambrosio
53 Social Housing in Great Britain. Brief reflections on an evolving system
Loredana Giani
61 Between past and future: Social Housing in Serbia in the transitional process
Giofré Francesca, Ivana Mileticć
essays
74 Social Housing for a new morphology of the city
Anna Delera
79 Why enhance and upgrade the public housing assets
Elisabetta Ginelli, Lucia Castiglioni
85 Regional Policies for Social Housing. An experience in Regione Calabria
Corrado Trombetta, C. Maurizio Diano
92 Social Housing: the case of Parma
Sonia Peron
97 New mediterranean elements in contemporary Housing. The case of Barcelona
Vincenzo P. Bagnato
103 New issues in Singapore Public Housing from Elderly Perspective: case study
Ruzica Bozovic Stamenovic
110 The social manager as the guarantor of sustainability in Social Housing interventions
Maria Luisa Del Gatto, Giordana Ferri, Angela Silvia Pavesi
118 Facility Management in Social Housing: integration of Services for Management of College Student Housing as an
opportunity for Supply Development in Italy
Alberto Fecchio, Ernesto Casara
TECHNE 04 2012
325 Search paths for the actions of energy retrofit and new quality of housing
Martino Milardi
334 Energy retrofit via Social Housing: a proposal from Solar Decathlon
Chiara Tonelli
343 Experimentation on Social Housing between energy-environmental efficiency and low cost
Alessandra Battisti, Thomas Herzog, Fabrizio Tucci
355 Industrialised constructive systems for residential buildings: the CCCabita system
Paolo Civiero
366 Solar retrofitting in Social Housing: a case study in Savona
Andrea Giachetta
Network SITda
374 Contributors from the Universities
SIT d A
Società Italiana della Tecnologia
dell’Architettura
NOTA SITdA: 2007 una felice intuizione; 2012 una oggettiva necessità
– L’attuale congiuntura economica, con l’emergenza «crescita ed
occupazione», obbliga ad una maggiore competitività, e quindi
Roberto Palumbo, Presidente SITdA
produttività, che si ottengono solo attraverso una marcata innovazione;
roberto.palumbo@uniroma1.it
da qui l’importanza del know-how e del fare ricerca.
Necessitano ancora più approfondite ed articolate competenze: in
questo una Società Scientifica può svolgere, per lo sviluppo, un ruolo
decisivo nel rendere competitiva l’industria delle costruzioni sul
mercato nazionale e su quelli esteri.
– To make their role more effective adequate synergies with similar scientific communities
must be found by expanding the horizon also to the European ones in order to strengthen
the international dimension.
– The methods of collaboration and contributions offered should be much more effective;
this will probably imply a revision of the Statute.
– Just as previously mentioned, each issue of Techne addresses a topic of current political
and particular scientific relevance: in this case regarding Social Housing; presented in Milan
at the 2012 Expo, confirming a particular emphasis on the country’s production factor; in
fact, during a conference organized in partnership with ANCE in Rome last April, a framework
agreement was signed with ANCE and AFM Construction, followed by a review by M. L. Germanà,
to train to operate in strong synergy with the provincial organizations of ANCE within their
specific local contexts.
A dossier introduces the topic also through contributions given by actors outside the academic
world with the objective of outlining a mainly economic and social frame of reference enhancing
and stressing the contributions (essays, projects, research results, opinions) presented by scholars
and members; the Network section – reports considerations, feedback, experiences in progress
and initiatives related to the specificities of local contexts yielding an overall clear picture of the
professional skill provided by the SITdA network across national territory, serving as clear evidence
of the level of expertise made available by its Members.
– In conclusion, there are many commitments to be faced in the immediate to clearly focus on
the necessary know-how or professional skills required to interpret the community’s needs and
to support the growth of domestic economy, this is the time to pull the strings together, and try
to avoid breaks and gaps in order to be ready to open up in a compact manner to respond to the
demands of contemporary society; what we risk, in case of lack of a compact unity, is to fall back
within four walls.
A conclusione del Convegno Valorizzazione ed alienazione del patri- di qualità ed efficacia in tutte le fasi processuali degli interventi e
monio immobiliare pubblico: una opportunità per la trasformazione obbligando a considerare la programmazione, la progettazione, l’af-
urbana (Roma, 29 maggio 2012), durante il quale è stato presentato fidamento, la realizzazione, il collaudo e l’esercizio di ciascun bene
il numero 3 di questa rivista, è stato siglato un Accordo Quadro tra edilizio sfaccettature di un’unica realtà, da affrontare con un’ottica
la «Società Italiana di Tecnologia dell’Architettura», l’«Associazione sistemica e processuale.
Nazionale Costruttori Edili» e l’«Associazione Formazione Manage- Il mondo imprenditoriale che punta su una visione etica del lavoro
riale Edilizia»1 finalizzato alla promozione di azioni comuni, mirate a ha maturato la consapevolezza dell’assoluta necessità di avvalersi di
incentivare la formazione di figure professionali attrezzate ad affron- professionalità qualificate, specializzate e dotate di competenze all’al-
tare gli scenari sempre più complessi del mondo delle costruzioni. tezza delle esigenze espresse dagli attuali scenari di riferimento. Una
Dal punto di vista della SITdA, tale Accordo è stato considerato non necessità rafforzata anche dall’istanza governativa della Spending
una formale dichiarazione di intenti, ma uno strumento operativo Review, se si considera che molti degli sprechi pagati dalla colletti-
per concretizzare due importanti punti della missione, focalizzati sin vità, a causa di opere pubbliche incompiute o inefficienti, possono
dall’atto statutario del 2007: «collegare l’università con le professioni ascriversi proprio a responsabilità di professionisti dalla formazione
e le istituzioni e cooperare nella formazione». Per questo motivo, nei inadeguata o non aggiornata.
primi mesi del 2012 il Consiglio Direttivo si è particolarmente im- Trattando di risorse umane, gli auspicati processi di miglioramento
pegnato per una elaborazione congiunta con ANCE e AFM Edilizia. si estendono necessariamente sul medio-lungo termine e richiedo-
no uno sforzo sinergico di tutti i soggetti istituzionali coinvolti. La
Le premesse dell’Accordo L’Accordo di Roma trae premessa SITdA si è proposta come interlocutore sensibile, in grado di com-
da due documenti sottoscritti nel prendere ed accogliere le istanze del mondo imprenditoriale, metten-
2009: il Protocollo d’intesa tra ANCE, AFM Edilizia, CPA (Conferen- dole in relazione con la realtà accademica, anch’essa rapidamente tra-
za dei Presidi delle Facoltà di Architettura) e CoPI (Conferenza dei sformata, e questo grazie al proprio core disciplinare: la «Tecnologia
Presidi delle Facoltà di Ingegneria Italiane) e l’Accordo Quadro tra il dell’Architettura», occupandosi dei processi di formazione, trasfor-
Coordinamento della Rete dei Dottorati di Tecnologia dell’Architet- mazione e mantenimento dell’ambiente costruito, può costituire un
tura OSDOTTA, l’AFM Edilizia e l’ISPREDIL (Istituto Promozionale efficace strumento di consapevolezza e di responsabilità da mettere
per l’Edilizia). a disposizione di operatori privati e di amministrazioni pubbliche,
A tali documenti fa da sfondo la presa d’atto del ruolo esercitato dal allo scopo di governare, nell’interesse comune, alcune tendenze di
settore edilizio nell’economia nazionale (ancora più decisivo nelle cui oggi si apprezza l’incremento: la crescente dominanza delle com-
Regioni carenti in altri settori produttivi, come quelle meridionali) e ponenti immateriali nel settore edilizio; l’avvicinamento procedurale
soprattutto la più recente e talvolta ipertrofica evoluzione del quadro del progetto all’esecuzione; il coinvolgimento nella responsabilità di
legislativo e normativo nel campo delle opere pubbliche. Radicali tra- tutti gli operatori; l’evidenziazione dei nodi critici del processo e la
sformazioni, enfatizzate dalla dimensione globale della competizio- necessità di comprenderne tutte le fasi, all’interno di una visione uni-
ne, hanno introdotto una maggiore complessità, imponendo obiettivi taria che ne consenta la gestione ed il controllo.
11 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2011 Firenze University Pres | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 04 2012
15
Le azioni SITdA sull’asse/formazione nel primo triennio hanno tro- di perseguire effetti ancora più incisivi sul rinnovamento della didat-
vato un momento di sintesi nel forum a margine del workshop pro- tica e sull’apertura alla realtà operativa, a partire dalla presa d’atto
gettuale organizzato da Maria Cristina Forlani a seguito del sisma delle condizioni asfittiche in cui versa l’istituzione universitaria e dal-
che nel 2009 ha interessato l’Abruzzo (Bologna, Caturano, Castagne- la crisi ormai strutturale del settore edilizio, ormai palese dai dati ri-
to, Foti, Germanà, Perriccioli, Ginelli, Davoli, Forlani e Di Sivo, in levati sull’andamento dei finanziamenti nelle costruzioni, denunciati,
Forlani, 2010, p. 383 e segg.). Esse si sono sviluppate attorno ai se- ancora una volta, in occasione dell’assemblea annuale dell’ANCE del
guenti punti: applicazione della riforma universitaria; sviluppo di un 13 luglio 2012 (Figg. 1 e 2).
quadro sinottico delle offerte formative attuali nelle discipline della
Tecnologia dell’Architettura; ruolo della Tecnologia nella formazio-
ne dell’architetto; iniziative per la valorizzazione dell’eccellenza nella
Tecnologia.
Si è constatato (con riferimento alle concrete esigenze espresse dalla
realtà operativa, sia a scala generale che guardando a situazioni spe-
cifiche, come quelle dei territori coinvolti dal sisma aquilano) che le
competenze tecnologiche potrebbero e dovrebbero coprire un ruolo
sempre più strategico e ineludibile. A contrasto con ciò, si è paralle-
lamente riscontrato che, all’interno dell’istituzione universitaria, l’ap-
plicazione della L. n. 240/04 ha compromesso l’apporto della «Tecno-
logia dell’Architettura» in gran parte dei corsi di studio e, soprattutto,
negli Atenei più deboli: drastica riduzione degli insegnamenti; sop-
pressione di percorsi formativi indirizzati su nicchie specialistiche;
progressiva tendenziale estinzione del corpo docente.
La formula del workshop progettuale, compatta nella tempistica e
scevra da vincoli burocratici, è stata molto apprezzabile sul piano
didattico, riuscendo a coinvolgere studenti e docenti di varie sedi e
dimostrando l’utilità di una forma di trasmissione e acquisizione del-
le conoscenze mossa dalla necessità di rispondere con immediatez-
za a circoscritte e urgenti domande. Ma, non secondariamente, tale
formula è risultata importante anche su un piano dimostrativo, riu-
scendo a testimoniare le potenzialità dell’apporto della «Tecnologia
dell’Architettura» nel dialogo con Istituzioni ed Enti impegnati nella
trincea del territorio.
Dopo questa esperienza, era necessario spostare il piano d’intervento
della SITdA su un livello non più occasionale e localistico, allo scopo
Review», if one considers that much of the of dictating certain trends, the growth
wastage burdened on tax-payers, because of of which can today be appreciated: the
unfinished or inefficient public works, can growing dominance of non-material
be ascribed precisely to the responsibility components in the building sector; the
of inadequately-trained, out-dated shortening of procedure-time from project
professionals. to execution; the involvement of all workers
Being a question of human resources, in responsibility; the highlighting of critical
the desired processes of improvement points in the process and the need to
necessarily extend into the medium-long understand all its phases, as part of a unitary
term and demand a synergic effort on the vision that consents overall management
part of all institutional subjects involved. and control.
SITdA has proposed itself as sensitive SITdA actions, as regards the training axis in
interlocutor, capable of understanding the first three-year period, found a moment
and receiving petitioning from the of synthesis in the forum on the fringes of 01, 02 |
Andamento degli investimenti
entrepreneurial world, and relating it to the the project-management workshop held in costruzioni e in abitazioni
academic world, which, thanks especially by Maria Cristina Forlani, following the (Fonte: Osservatorio
to its disciplinary core, is also rapidly earthquake that struck Abruzzo in 2009 congiunturale ANCE, 2012).
changing. «Architectural Technology» deals (Bologna, Caturano, Castagneto, Foti,
Trends of investment in
with processes of training, transformation Perriccioli, Ginelli, Davoli, Forlani and Di
construction and housing
and upkeep of the built environment, and Sivo, in Forlani, 2010, p. 383 ss.). These
(Source: Osservatorio
might constitute an effective instrument for actions developed around the following
congiunturale ANCE,
developing awareness and responsibility; points: application of university reform;
2012).
this could be placed at the disposal of private development of a synoptic framework
operators and public administrations, of existing training proposals in the
with the aim, in the collective interest, disciplines of Architectural Technology;
role of Technology in architects' training; from different areas and demonstrate Contents of the Agreement would be used as a background to orient the
initiatives for the valorization of excellence the utility of a form of transmission and The 2009 Protocollo d’intesa aimed «to protocols to be defined locally (with actions
in Technology. acquisition of knowledge driven by the activate courses and training activity geared of support and stimulation), beginning from
With reference to the concrete requirements need to respond immediately to urgent towards the creation of highly specialized specific local aspects, in terms of needs to
expressed by operational reality, both on localized demand. This formula proved technicians in the field of “building be satisfied and opportunities to be grasped.
the general level and with regard to specific equally important on the demonstrative construction”, considered in its entirety Its formulation, in fact, leaves open the
situations, such as the areas affected by the level, managing to show the potential of the (thus from the project phase to the executive possibility of extending the agreement to
earthquake in L'Aquila, it was observed that contribution of «Architectural Technology» phase in the strict sense)», via the pursuit other situations and/or public or private
technological skills could and should cover in the dialogue with institutions and bodies of the following objectives: preparation of subjects, also with regard to possible
an ever more strategic and inexorable role. operating locally. study-plans for degree courses and master's financing.
At the same time it was discovered that, After this experience it was necessary to degrees, with particular attention for class For more detailed information one can
within the Institution of the university, the move the SITdA intervention plan on to a L/23 «Scienze e tecniche dell'edilizia» consult the definitive version of the
application of law n. 240/04 has impaired level which was no longer occasional and (Sciences and techniques of building); Agreement attached here; however it might
the role of «Architectural Technology» in localized; the aim was to produce even more possibility for teachers to avail themselves be useful to stress certain key aspects
most university courses and above all, in incisive effects on didactic renovation and of figures engaged in the entrepreneurial among the contents. Compared to the
the smaller universities, has brought about on openings to operational reality. The point world; activation of ‘highly professionalized’ Protocol for 2009, several amendments
a drastic reduction in teaching hours, of departure would be recognition of the Masters or training courses, with specific have been made, with a view to greater
cancellation of specialized niche-studies and stifling conditions in which the university attention to procedures involved in public utility and applicability of the agreement:
a progressive trend towards extinction of finds itself allied to what is now a structural competitions; incentive of internships, «management of the building process»
lecturing staff. crisis in the building sector, clearly visible with publication of the relative results, as a has been added to the field of «building
The formula for the project-management from the data gathered regarding trends reward geared towards helping entry into construction» and the positive repercussions
workshop, free of bureaucratic restraints in financing of construction, denounced the job market. have been highlighted; these might
and with compact timetables, was much once again on the occasion of the annual In producing the drafts for the Accordo trigger off joint actions deriving from the
appreciated on the teaching level; it assembly of ANCE, 13th July, 2012 (q.v. Figs. Quadro signed in Rome, SITdA intended to Agreement on Public Administrations, in
managed to involve students and teachers 1 and 2). provide a common general framework; this terms of instruments and skills in support
of the imposed efficiency of this framework, initiatives (repeatable in several centres), the Rome Agreement is the prominence Area Vasta (lit. local training pact for
this support being not only legislative, but and which can find an official place among given to permanent training as a field of businesses over a large area), geared towards
also economic and, not least, moral. the ‘other training activities’ that are application requiring specific attention, in encouraging the growth of construction
As regards the field of application, the Rome awarded course-credits. a sector in which the need for retraining enterprises with retraining for employees
Agreement managed to take advantage of For the third level of education, the is particularly apparent. The shared and training for potential new employees4;
the collective experiences converging in Agreement can be grafted on to an idea commitment focuses on the activation - the agreement between ANCE Calabria
SITdA, in which the transformation of the that has been gestating for some time in of Masters aimed specifically at urgent (Collegio Regionale Costruttori Edili della
university world, in the wake of the latest connection with the OSDOTTA Network and emerging topics for professional Calabria) and the Degree course L/23,
reforms, is beginning to be metabolized. for PhDs in «Architectural Technology», activities, and refresher courses for young activated at the Mediterranean University of
As regards the first and second levels of with regard to the need to provide incentives entrepreneurs or functionaries of the Public Reggio Calabria (today unfortunately fully
university education, bearing in mind the to build up a dialogue between research, Administrations, for whom a teaching booked), about which news is provided by
impossibility of activating entire, specific institutions and businesses2. As well as model that can be reproduced, is envisaged. Massimo Lauria, who has already received
study courses (unsustainable because of lack noting «the availability of ANCE and the approval of the CdF (Consiglio di
of minimum requisites as laid down by the AFM to individuate lines of research on Several initial applications of the 2009 Facoltà) on 14/12/2011 and in the SA
law n. 240/04 and succ.), the Agreement themes of common interest, singled out by Protocol and omens regarding future (Senato Accademico) of 28/02/2012 and
aims at non-curricular teaching activity common accord with SITdA», in particular, prospects who is ready to start;
in study courses for architects; in any case the solution of the «executive PhD student The agreement signed in Rome has been - the involvement of the Fondazione
these should prove useful for achieving the for industry»3 should be mentioned; here pre-empted in a few cases, by certain Almagià of ACER (Associazione Costruttori
objectives of integration with the world of we might add, that this solution must not meritorious local initiatives, which have Edili di Roma e Provincia) in the class
business and all-round training regarding impair the training aspects, in terms of moved to apply the 2009 Protocollo d’intesa. degree course L/23 in Gestione del Processo
fundamentals and specific aspects urgently expected results and skills, typical of the Without claiming to be exhaustive, we might Edilizio (Management of Building Processes)
demanded by the job market. Therefore, third level of university education and mention, in chronological order: at the University La Sapienza in Rome,
this means internships and training periods, shared by the European framework of - the protocol signed in 2010 between the which includes support, via accounts and
but also seminars, workshops and training course-qualifications (EQF). University of Salerno and ANCE Salerno, lectures, for teaching Business economics
events, which materialize from local A further novel element introduced by for a Patto Formativo Locale Imprese in and management, Representation of the
REFERENCES
project under construction, Legislation for and assessment of building processes, management of training, research and scale in order to seize fresh potential, to
competitive public tenders and contracts, technical-administrative management consultancy for entrepreneurs, managers promote new activities, to generate growth
Estimates and techno-economic aspects in of processes of industrial production of and construction company boards, and all and employment. The Protocol reserves
managing a construction site, Maintenance materials and components for construction those working in the building sector» (from particular attention to the study of new
and management of the real estate assets5. and maintenance and security6. the Accordo of 29/05/12). building materials, bio-compatibility and
It is easy to prefigure numerous other Ultimately, the signatures in Rome should 2
Q.v. the proceedings of the OSDOTTA eco-sustainability, but also to saving energy
initiatives being added to these throughout not be seen as a conclusive act, but the summer seminars, published by FUP and on-site security». Q.v. http://www.
the country. The Accordo Quadro with beginning of a joint action between Firenze starting in 2006 and, for an extreme editorialeagire.it/2010/07/02.
regard to training, which SITdA wanted SITdA and ANCE, which needs to find synthesis of the issue, Germanà, 2011, pp. 5
Q.v. http://www.fondazionealmagia.
to carry forward with ANCE and AFM ex ante application, so as to provide 94, 95. it/presentazione-del-corso/, in which
Edilizia, might benefit the initiatives being incentive for new proposals, but one 3
A solution prospected by the agreement orientation day is brought forward
elaborated, by orienting them towards might also hypothesize in itinere and ex of November 2011 between CRUI and for freshers of academic year 2012/13
a more structured contribution from post application, in order to monitor local Confindustria Otto soluzioni misurabili (President of CdL Anna Maria Giovenale).
technological disciplines and offering the initiatives that it is hoped will be numerous per l’università, la ricerca e l’innovazione, 6
The provisional drafting of the Protocol
possibility of basing oneself on the results and concrete. which can be consulted on http://www. envisages the institution of a joint
of stances that have already been studied in crui.it. For the specific measurability committee monitoring the contents of
depth and shared. It is hoped to achieve this NOTES of this solution, one should refer to training programmes that touch on the
in the case of the Protocollo di intesa, which 1
«L'ANCE is the association representing, «Monitoraggio degli sbocchi professionali sphere of public works, and proposing
is being set down between the Faculties at the national level, private entrepreneurs dei dottorandi di ricerca e censimento delle possible integration with the appropriate
of Engineering and Architecture at the of any size and juridical status, which work iniziative condivise Impresa-Università teaching bodies. The Protocol also includes
University of Palermo, ANCE Palermo and in the sectors of public works, housing and la Realizzazione della summer school joint activities to promote internships and
AFM Edilizia; this is geared towards training construction, commercial, managerial and per l’orientamento alla professione di training periods, research projects to be
professional skills with regard to themes of industrial building. The AFM Edilizia is an ricercatore». submitted to financing announcements, and
executive project-management, survey of association founded by ANCE, working 4
«The strongpoint of the project is that of post-graduate education.
areas and edifices, economic management on project-management, promotion and focusing on a training approach on a large-
Why do In 2009, SITdA, together with MADE and sustainable. It is a perspective as well as with illegal or very low-
expo, organised a conference «for that, despite the abuse and rhetoric income economies, and places with
research on the future of cities» and, with the accompanying these terms, represents service supply as well as a lack of
the future vision of Smart Cities, which rely on a ‘weak’ attitude, which accepts security and non-existing sociality.
human and cultural resources to build inadequacy in the face of complexity, Furthermore, the current situation
of housing competences, methodologies and progress, and unpredictability, regarding social housing, and more
integration (Pagani, 2009), wanted without giving up designing skills. specifically the building sector, stands
to propose «a Possible Road Map » This designing skill belonging to the out against the experiences which over
(Matteoli, 2009). A road to be traced technological culture of the Western the last decades have tried to provide
along the interfaces of the borders world, currently having a global and an answer within different European
between knowledge and competence, multicultural outlook, must regain the contexts with new operational
between intervention scales and their ethical/social value of a project in its tools, proposed as a replacement for
related methods and tools, one beyond different forms. traditional planning tools; such as the
the traditional approach of project The reason for a ‘research question’ integrated intervention strategies in
management. With this issue devoted placed upon the issue of social housing Italy from the second half of 1980’s
to Social Housing, TECHNE intends lies within the paradoxical reality of like the Redevelopment Programmes,
to resume that process starting from cities in the global world and of the the District Contracts, and the Urban
the sharing of research experiences, technological connectivity: places Transformation Societies (Mussinelli;
in order to propose a question with resources and social connectivity, Schiaffonati, 2008). Once again it is
regarding a ‘housing’ problem, but also with new marginalisation something concerning the building
which can respond to an emerging and poverty, places with creativity as industry’s capacity of providing
demand within a perspective that, well as cultural consumption, places adequate answers, working within the
in specific terms, we call systemic with innovative informal economies maintenance, redevelopment and new
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costruzioni, a fronte delle esperienze che in questi ultimi decen- attuali: rinnovato approccio esigenziale, progettazione ambienta-
ni hanno tentato di darvi risposta in diversi contesti europei con le e sostenibilità, filiere produttive e gestione dei processi. Quello
nuovi strumenti operativi, proposti come superamento dei tradi- che forse manca alla ricerca attuale sul tema dell’abitare, che con-
zionali strumenti di pianificazione. Strategie di intervento inte- traddistingueva la ricerca degli anni passati, anche se si giustifica
grato quali, in Italia, a partire dalla seconda metà degli anni ‘80, oggi alla luce di quanto sopra si è detto, è la capacita di valorizzare
i Programmi di Recupero, i Contratti di Quartiere, le Società di i risultati necessariamente parziali, facendo rete, più che sistema-
Trasformazione Urbana (Mussinelli; Schiaffonati, 2008). Si pone tizzando modelli e teorie, per arrivare a produrre proposte inno-
ancora come tema che riguarda la capacità dell’industria delle co- vative a fronte dell’emergenza della questione abitativa.
struzioni di fornire risposte adeguate, operando nei settori della
manutenzione, del recupero e delle nuove costruzioni. L’aumento
della informalizzazione nell’industria delle costruzioni può an- References
che tornare a promuovere la riqualificazione della forza lavoro,
Matteoli, L. and Pagani, R. (Eds.) (2009), City Futures. Architettura Design
come non ha saputo fare la prefabbricazione dell’ edilizia (Sassen, Tecnologia per il futuro delle città, Hoepli, Milano.
2006), ma esistono altre vie alla riqualificazione dell’offerta, della
Mussinelli, E. (2008), “Scenari della trasformazione urbana”, in Mussinelli,
forza lavoro e della redditività, in un settore industriale chiamato E., Tartaglia, A. and Gambaro, M. (Eds.), Tecnologia e progetto urbano.
a superare la crisi puntando sulla sostenibilità e la qualità? A que- L’esperienza delle STU, Maggioli editore, Santarcangelo di Romagna (RN),
ste domande cercano di dare risposte le ricerche documentate nei pp. 9-36.
contributi in questo numero. Sassen, S. (2006), “Perché le città sono importanti”, in La Biennale di
C’è poi un problema di metodo, che in particolare l’area delle di- Venezia. 10ª Mostra internazionale di architettura. Città. Architettura e
scipline tecnologiche dell’architettura considera responsabilità Società, vol. 1-2. Catalogo della mostra, Marsilio, Venezia, pp. 27-51.
del progetto, e conseguentemente c’è un problema di metodo del- Schiaffonati, F. (2008), “La tecnologia nelle trasformazioni del territorio”, in
Mussinelli, E., Tartaglia, A. and Gambaro, M. (Eds.), Tecnologia e progetto
la ricerca finalizzata al progetto. Dai contributi pubblicati emerge
urbano. L’esperienza delle STU, Maggioli editore, Santarcangelo di Romagna
la necessità di un approccio integrato e interdisciplinare ai pro- (RN), pp. 37-42.
blemi, la importanza di approcci partecipativi e collaborativi, la
importanza della sperimentazione e della verifica dei risultati. Le
tradizioni di ricerca proprie dell’area tecnologica sui temi dell’abi-
tare (dalle ricerche sul meta progetto, alle ricerche per la norma-
tiva tecnica dell’edilizia residenziale pubblica, alle ricerche sulla
industrializzazione edilizia) sono radici importanti delle ricerche
construction sectors. The increase The contributions published here what was mentioned above, is the
of ‘informalisation’ of the building highlight the need for an integrated capability of enhancing the results
industry can even go back to promote and interdisciplinary approach which are necessarily partial, creating
requalification of the workforce, as towards problems, the importance a network, rather than systematising
building prefabrication was incapable of participatory and collaborative models and theories, in order to
of accomplishing it (Sassen, 2006). approaches, the importance of produce innovative proposals
However, are there any other ways experimentation and feedback confronting the housing emergency.
leading to the requalification of of results. Research traditions
supply, the workforce and profitability belonging to the technological area
in an industrial sector called upon on housing issues (from research
to overcome the crisis by aiming on the meta-project, to research for
at sustainability and quality? The the technical regulation of public
research outlined in the contributions residential housing, to research
to this issue of the journal tries to on building industrialisation) are
answer these questions. important foundations for current
There is also a methodological research: a renewed approach to
problem, particularly in the area needs, environmental planning
of the technological disciplines and sustainability, supply chains
of architecture considered to and process management. What
be the responsibility of the is probably lacking from current
project. Consequently, there is a research on the housing issue, which
methodological problem in the distinguished research over the past
research aimed at the project. years, even if it is justified in light of
INTRODUCTION The extent of the internal migration pay slips of workers and, for a small economic emergency, as we know,
of the 50s and 60s from the South share, indirectly from the employers was generated in 2007 by the crisis of
TO THE ARTICLES to the North of Italy demanded a (deferred salary) and from the citizens subprime loans issued by American
ON «CULTURE response from the authorities to the as such with the integration of the merchant banks in order to give a
social needs of migrants; in particular, national state taxes. home to all those American families
AND POLITICAL housing becomes a ‘national issue’ as Many years have passed since then who did not own one, and by the
STRATEGIES OF well as the right to housing. Through and Italy is today living through a new consequent financial speculation,
the mass struggle, the Fanfani Plan housing emergency, which is sharper which as from 1990 had worked
SOCIAL HOUSING» and later the Gescal partially achieved in the large metropolitan areas. In a undisturbed at a planetary level,
this goal. In these Plans, the interests context affected by an economic and powered by globalisation. A context
of developers and landlords combined social emergency that is proving to in which the deregulation wanted
with the big companies directing be devastating for people with very by the single neo-liberalist thought
from the North of Italy, which were high unemployment and inactivity highlights the complicity of national
attracting labour from the South. rates (never reached before). At the governments with the strategies of
The ideology that dominated the same time, there is a frightful growth multinational corporations or their
operation, however, is that of home of social inequalities, with some inability to counter these strategies.
ownership and not that of the creation people getting lawfully or unlawfully Manufacturing, the mission of real
of a stock of public housing to rent richer than ever before, and a system economy, has been delocalized to
out. Such ideology entails long term of tax levying and social expenditure countries where the exploitation of
indebtedness of families. The funding cutting which is impoverishing labour is not currently restrained
of the Fanfani-Ina Casa Plan and, the majority. Scholars agree on with the consequent breach of
later, of the Gescal, takes place directly declaring that the middle class in Italy individual human, social, trade union
by compulsory drawings from the has definitively disappeared. This and environmental rights. All this
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ricane che non disponevano di un’abitazione di loro proprietà la strada dei mutui subprime dati dalle banche nord-americane
e dal conseguente scatenamento della speculazione finanziaria in maniera irresponsabile.
che dal 1990 opera indisturbata a livello planetario, rafforzata Occorrono, pertanto, programmi di edilizia pubblica e pianifi-
da una globalizzazione ove la deregolamentazione voluta dal cazioni comprensoriali, in quanto è inconcepibile che si conti-
pensiero unico neoliberista evidenzia la complicità dei governi nui la linea d’inzeppare i contenitori ‘città metropolitane’ di altre
nazionali con le strategie delle imprese multinazionali o la loro abitazioni. Su tali questioni si veda il mio saggio pubblicato sul
incapacità di contrasto a tali strategie. La produzione, missione n.1 di TECHNE “Dalle case popolari al social housing. Successi
dell’economia reale, è delocalizzata in Paesi ove lo sfruttamento e miserie delle politiche sociali per la casa in Italia”.
della manodopera non trova attualmente dei limiti in termini di Dopo che si è parlato, scritto e questionato per anni sull’emer-
diritti umani individuali, sociali, sindacali e ambientali. Il tutto genza abitativa, poco si è fatto per affrontarla.
è avvenuto con la complicità dei governi nazionali dei 15 Paesi Un contributo che fa il punto su quel che si può fare nella situa-
dell’eurozona. zione odierna per affrontare parte del problema della domanda
Se la situazione italiana è critica per quanto riguarda le azioni di casa è contenuto nell’articolo di Federcasa.
finora sviluppate per fronteggiare l’emergenza abitativa occorre Gli interventi per la casa prospettati dall’attuale produzione legi-
evidenziare che altri Paesi dell’eurozona sono in situazioni assai slativa sono tutti indiretti e rivolti a persone in grado di fornire
analoghe, ma con politiche abitative meglio definite e attive per ‘garanzie’ bancarie. Nello specifico cambia il regime Iva per le
affrontare quest’emergenza, si vedano a questo proposito il con- locazioni e per le vendite, il bonus per il recupero edilizio passa
tributo del Cecodhas Housing Europe e quello relativo al Regno dal 36 al 50% nonché la semplificazione delle pratiche edilizie
Unito. La situazione si presenta ancora più difficile per un Paese attraverso lo sportello unico. Tutti provvedimenti a favore dei
candidato ad entrare nell’U.E., la Repubblica della Serbia, Paese costruttori e di coloro che dispongono già della proprietà della
della ex Federazione Jugoslava esempio avanzatissimo storica- casa. Nessun cenno ad un Piano nazionale casa per fronteggiare
mente con la Nuova Belgrado di un social housing tuttora ben l’emergenza abitativa.
riuscito frutto di una collaborazione tra governo della federa- Il Decreto crescita ha partorito il Piano Città con una dotazione
zione e università di Belgrado. Si veda a tal proposito l’articolo di 224 mln di Euro. Al di là dell’inconsistenza della somma mes-
sulla storia fino ai nostri giorni del social housing nell’ex Repub- sa a disposizione si ritorna ai programmi complessi per la riqua-
blica Federale Jugoslavia. lificazione urbana, ad ennesime Cabine di regia Stato-Regioni-
La criticità della condizione umana, soprattutto delle nuove ge- Comuni che dovrebbero coordinare tutti i programmi d’edilizia
nerazioni, e la precarietà, come eternizzazione della loro storia settoriale (scuole, strutture sanitarie ed ospedaliere, servizi civi-
lavorativa, pongono già un primo problema rispetto alla filoso- ci, ecc.) operanti su territori contigui. L’offerta si concretizzerà,
fia della proprietà dell’abitazione, salvo che si voglia ripercorrere purtroppo, in tempi storici date le procedure. L’urgenza abitativa
happened with the complicity of government and Belgrade university. Italia” [From council houses to social desk-point. These are all measures in
the national governments of the 15 See on this subject the article on the housing. Successes and miseries of favour of developers and those who
Eurozone countries. history of social housing to date in social housing policies in Italy]. already own their home. No mention
If the Italian situation is critical, as the ex Yugoslav Federal Republic. The housing emergency has been is made to a national Housing Plan to
far as the measures developed so far This new critical human condition, spoken about, written about and address the housing emergency.
to address the housing emergency especially of younger generations, questioned for many years to little The Growth Decree has produced
we need to point out that other and the consequent precariousness of effect. the City Plan with an endowment of
countries of the Eurozone are in very employment, as a permanent feature A contribution that takes stock of 224 million euros. Notwithstanding
similar situations, but have housing of their working lives, constitute what can be done in the current the inconsistency of the amount
policies that are better defined and an obstacle to the satisfaction of situation in order to address part allocated, we are going back to the
more active in order to cope with home ownership, unless one wants of the problem of the demand for complex programmes for urban
this emergency. On this, please, see to go back to subprime loans given housing can be found in the article by regeneration, to yet another State-
the contribution from Cecodhas irresponsibly by North American Federcasa. Regions-Municipalities control room,
Housing Europe and the contribution banks. The measures for housing proposed which should coordinate all the
about UK. The situation is even more We need, therefore, public housing by the current laws are all indirect sectorial building schemes (schools,
difficult for a country who is applying plans and district planning since it and targeted to people who can healthcare and hospital facilities, civil
to join the E.U.: the Serbian Republic, is inconceivable to continue filling supply bank ‘guarantees’. More services, etc.) affecting adjacent areas.
a country from the ex-Yugoslav up ‘metropolitan cities’ as containers specifically, the VAT rate for rents The supply will unfortunately become
Federation, with the New Belgrade is with more dwellings. On these issues, and sales has changed, the so-called a reality over an age-long time given
historically a very advanced example see my essay published on no. 1 of bonus for building redevelopment the procedures required. The housing
of social housing which is still TECHNE “Dalle case popolari al goes from 36 to 50%, and the emergency will continue to be a
successful today, being the result of a social housing. Successi e miserie building application procedures have factor of tension in the large urban
collaboration between the federation delle politiche sociali per la casa in been simplified through a single areas, upsetting all the discourse of
Abstract. L'articolo che segue riassume i risultati del rapporto «2012 Housing tive anziché ai meccanismi di mercato. Inoltre, l’housing munici-
Europe Review» (Pittini and Laino, 2011), pubblicato dallo European Social Hou-
sing Observatory – il dipartimento di ricerca della comunità internazionale non a
pale/pubblico, in alcuni casi, non corrisponde necessariamente ad
scopo di lucro CECODHAS Housing Europe. La ricerca si concentra sull'edilizia alloggi sociali (si veda ad esempio la Svezia e la Repubblica Ceca).
abitativa sociale nell'Unione Europea e si propone di fornire un quadro chiaro del Oltretutto, nei nuovi Stati membri dell'Unione Europea, la defini-
modo in cui sono strutturati i sistemi di edilizia popolare in tutta l'UE, pur indivi-
duando i principali sviluppi recenti nel settore. In questo articolo si prova a fare
zione di alloggio sociale ha subito un cambiamento radicale. Nel
una breve analisi del settore dell'edilizia sociale da diversi punti di vista: la diver- sistema socialista, l’housing pubblico includeva diverse forme di
sità delle definizioni a livello nazionale e le caratteristiche comuni in tutta Europa, conduzione: non solo appartamenti in locazione di proprietà del-
la dimensione del settore, che tipo di attori sono coinvolti nella fornitura di alloggi
sociali, chi può beneficiare di un alloggio sociale nei diversi contesti nazionali,
lo Stato o della comunità locale, ma anche settore cooperativo e
come il settore si finanzia e quali sono le tendenze e le sfide più significative. settore del proprietario-inquilino perché il prezzo, la distribuzio-
ne e le dimensioni delle abitazioni erano stati determinati dall’au-
Parole chiave: Social Housing, Unione Europea, Operatori, Politiche, Modelli
di finanziamento torità pubblica (a livello centrale o locale). Dopo la transizione,
due processi si sono svolti in parallelo: il decentramento delle re-
Introduzione L’edilizia sociale nell'Unione Eu- sponsabilità per le politiche abitative, così come la proprietà del
ropea è caratterizzata dalla di- patrimonio immobiliare pubblico ai Comuni, e la privatizzazione
versità delle situazioni nazionali dell’housing, delle concezioni e del parco a prezzi di saldo. Oggi, in pratica, l’edilizia sociale nei
delle politiche degli Stati membri. Una varietà di approcci sono nuovi Stati membri dell'UE consiste in alloggi in locazione gestiti
implementati in tutta l'UE, in termini di dimensioni, di affittuari, dai Comuni (con l'eccezione della Polonia e, in misura minore,
fornitori, beneficiari e delle modalità di finanziamento all'interno della Slovenia dove, oltre agli alloggi comunali, anche le organiz-
del settore. zazioni non-profit svolgono un certo ruolo). In molti paesi, tutta-
Il tentativo di arrivare a un concetto europeo comune è ulterior- via, i criteri recenti che sostengono la creazione di nuovi alloggi
mente complicato dal fatto che la maggior parte dei paesi non ab- popolari tendono a includere anche i fornitori e/o le cooperati-
biano adottato una definizione ufficiale di «housing sociale», e che ve senza scopo di lucro. Si potrebbe obiettare che, in generale,
questo termine non sia usato ovunque. Invece, troviamo i termini in Europa centrale e orientale le politiche abitative, così come il
come «abitazione ad affitto moderato» in Francia (HLM), «resi- mercato immobiliare, sembrano essere in una fase di transizione
denza condivisa» o «housing senza scopo di lucro» in Danimarca, dal retaggio della cultura del 'vecchio' housing, e che in molti casi
«promozione residenziale» in Germania, «hounsing a profitto li- il risultato è piuttosto frammentato poiché non esiste ancora un
mitato» o «housing popolare» in Austria, «residenza protetta» in quadro normativo stabilito.
Spagna, «alloggio pubblico» in Svezia, ecc. Il termine «edilizia so- Tutti gli elementi di cui sopra contribuiscono a chiarire il moti-
ciale» è spesso usato come una sorta di scorciatoia per i diversi tipi vo per cui è molto difficile accordarsi su una definizione comune
di possibilità di alloggio, che risponde alle procedure amministra- del significato di social housing. Tuttavia, è possibile individuare
Social Housing in the Abstract: The following article sum- the most significant trends and chal- terms such as «Housing at Moderate
marizes the findings of the report lenges. Rent» in France (HLM), «Common
European Union «2012 Housing Europe Review» (Pitti- Keywords: Social Housing, European Housing» or «Not-for-profit housing»
ni and Laino, 2011), published by the Union, Actors involved, Policies, Fi- in Denmark, «Housing Promotion»
European Social Housing Observatory nancing models in Germany, «Limited-Profit Hou-
– the research department of the inter-
sing» or «People’s Housing» in Au-
national not for profit organisation CE-
Introduction stria, «Protected Housing» in Spain,
CODHAS Housing Europe. This Re-
view focuses on social housing in the
Social housing in the European «public utility» housing in Sweden,
European Union and aims at providing Union is characterised by the wide di- etc. The term «social housing» is
a clearer picture of the way social hou- versity of national housing situations, often used as a kind of shortcut for
sing systems are structured across the conceptions and policies across mem- different types of housing provision,
EU, while identifying the main recent ber states. A variety of approaches are which responds to administrative
developments in the sector. In this ar- implemented across the EU, in terms procedures as opposed to market me-
ticle we attempt a brief analysis of the of size, tenures, providers, beneficiari- chanisms. Furthermore, Municipal/
social housing sector from different es, and funding arrangements within Public Housing in some cases does
perspectives: the diversity of defini- this sector. not necessarily correspond to social
tions at the national level and common Trying to get to a common Europe- housing (see for instance Sweden,
characteristics across Europe, the size an concept is further complicated by Czech Republic).
of the sector, which kind of actors are
the fact that most countries have not In addition, in the new EU Member
involved in social housing provision,
who can benefit from a social dwelling
adopted an official definition of «so- States, the definition of social housing
in the different national contexts, how cial housing», and this term is not has undergone radical change. In the
the sector is financed and what are used everywhere. Instead, we find the socialist housing system, state hou-
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alcuni elementi fondamentali di ciò che caratterizza l’'edilizia so- Dimensione e proprietà Sebbene gli alloggi sociali siano
ciale' in tutta l'UE, al fine di arrivare a una definizione operativa forniti principalmente in affitto,
utile. In base alla seconda relazione biennale sui servizi sociali di in molti paesi è possibile anche la vendita delle abitazioni, così
interesse generale (European Commission, 2010), la fornitura di come la costituzione di proprietà intermedie. Quest'ultimo è il
alloggi sociali comprende «lo sviluppo, la locazione/vendita e ma- caso, ad esempio, del Regno Unito, in cui le soluzioni di proprie-
nutenzione di abitazioni a prezzi accessibili e la loro assegnazione tà in comune (in cui gli inquilini acquistano una quota della loro
e gestione, compresa eventualmente la gestione dei complessi re- abitazione e pagano l'affitto per il resto) sono diventate sempre
sidenziali e dei quartieri. Sempre più spesso, la gestione di alloggi più importanti. Inoltre, in alcuni paesi del Mediterraneo come
sociali può comprendere gli aspetti sociali: ad esempio, i servizi la Grecia, la Spagna o Cipro, l'edilizia sociale è fornita solo o
di assistenza sono coinvolti in programmi di edilizia abitativa o di prevalentemente nella forma di alloggi a basso costo, in vendita.
risistemazione dei gruppi specifici o nella gestione del debito per Date le difficoltà di individuare statisticamente l’insieme di al-
le famiglie a basso reddito. Nella maggior parte dei casi, tuttavia, loggi sociali di proprietà (di particolare importanza in paesi
istituti di assistenza specifici ricoprono la principale componente come la Grecia e la Spagna), la dimensione relativa del settore
e collaborano con gli istituti di social housing». L'accessibilità e è di solito illustrata dai dati sul complesso di social housing in
l'esistenza di regole per l'assegnazione di abitazioni (cioè assegna- affitto, in proporzione all’insieme totale di un paese, come indi-
zione per via amministrativa, in contrasto con i meccanismi di cato nel Grafico 1 (vedi anche Fig. 1).
mercato) costituiscono pertanto le funzionalità di base comuni
del social housing nell'UE.
Un’altra importante e fondativa caratteristica del settore dell'edi- 01 | Percentuale degli alloggi sociali in
locazione sul patrimonio abitativo totale.
lizia sociale è il forte legame con le politiche pubbliche a livello
Social rental housing as percentage of total
locale, sia attraverso la fornitura diretta da parte dei Comuni o housing stock.
di fornitori indipendenti in qualità di partner di abitazioni locali,
sia dalle politiche sociali, spesso anche tramite la partecipazione
attiva degli istituti di social housing nella creazione di un adegua-
to mix sociale. La garanzia del contratto è un altro elemento che
caratterizza l’edilizia sociale, al contrario dei contratti di locazione
a breve termine che sono in alcuni casi tipici del settore locativo
privato (Ghekiere, 2007). Inoltre, gli istituti di alloggi sociali han-
no la missione di fornire un alloggio decente, conforme a stan-
dard di qualità sempre più elevati.
sing included several forms of tenu- tend to include also non-profit provi-
re: not only state- or municipal-ow- ders and/or cooperatives. One could
ned rental apartments, but also the argue that, in general, in Central and
cooperative sector and the owner- Eastern European countries housing
occupier sector, because price, allo- policies, as well as the housing market
cation and size of the dwellings were seem to be undergoing a transition
decided by public authorities (state/ phase from the legacy of the ‘old’ hou-
council level). After the transition, sing, and in many cases the result is
two processes took place in parallel: quite fragmented as there is no legal
decentralisation of responsibility for framework in place yet.
housing policies, as well as ownership All the elements mentioned above cla-
of the public housing stock to munici- rify why it is very difficult to agree on
palities, and privatisation of the stock any meaningful common definition of
at give-away prices. Today, in practice, social housing. However, it is possible
social housing in the new EU Member to identify some core elements of what
States is rental housing managed by constitutes ‘social housing’ across the
municipalities (with the exception of EU in order to get to a useful opera-
Poland and to a lesser extent Slovenia tional definition. According to the
where, in addition to municipal hou- Second Biennal Report on social ser-
sing, non-profit organisations play vices of general interest (European
a role as well), although in several Commission, 2010), social housing
countries recent schemes supporting provision encompasses «development,
the creation of new social housing renting/selling and maintenance of
I Paesi Bassi sono il paese con la più alta percentuale di alloggi so- La dimensione del settore dell'edilizia sociale si è ridotto dal 1980
ciali in Europa, pari al 32% del patrimonio edilizio totale, seguito nella maggior parte dei paesi per i quali sono disponibili i dati, con
da Austria (23%) e Danimarca (19%). Il Regno Unito, la Svezia, la poche eccezioni come l'Austria, la Francia e la Danimarca, che han-
Francia e la Finlandia hanno anch’essi un settore relativamente gran- no sostenuto il loro livello di produzione di alloggi sociali.
de dell'edilizia sociale e pubblica. Sul lato opposto di questo spettro, Se guardiamo agli ultimi dieci anni, in diversi paesi il numero di can-
la Grecia rappresenta un caso particolare in cui il social housing didati per l'housing sociale è aumentato, mentre allo stesso tempo la
è previsto solo nella forma di alloggio a basso costo di vendita. La quota relativa di alloggi sociali sul totale del patrimonio complessivo
maggior parte dei paesi dell'Europa centrale e orientale hanno quote è diminuita (Andrews, Caldera Sánchez and Johansson, 2011).
estremamente basse di alloggi in locazione sociale, con l'eccezione In Inghilterra, le liste di attesa per le abitazioni di social housing
della Repubblica Ceca e la Polonia (in parte dovuto al fatto che que- sono aumentate del 57% tra il 2001 e il 2006, arrivando a oltre
sti paesi hanno mantenuto una quota maggiore delle azioni di pro- 1,6 milioni di famiglie1, mentre in Francia sono state registrate
prietà pubblica, anche dopo la transizione ad economie di mercato, 1.200.000 richieste (CECODHAS Housing Europe, 2011). Questa
in contrasto con la maggior parte dei paesi della CEE in cui il patri- tendenza sarà probabilmente aggravata nella fase di attuale reces-
monio immobiliare ex statale è stato quasi interamente privatizzato sione economica. In Irlanda, per esempio, il numero di chi ha bi-
attraverso il trasferimento del diritto di proprietà agli inquilini). sogno di case popolari nella zona di Dublino è aumentato di oltre
dwellings at affordable prices as well the local level, either through the direct (where tenants buy a share in their UK, Sweden, France and Finland also
as their allocation and management, provision by municipalities or by inde- dwelling and pay the rent on the rest have a relatively large social and public
which may also include the manage- pendent providers acting as partners of of it) have become increasingly impor- housing sector. On the opposite end
ment of housing estates and neighbou- local housing and social policies, often tant. Furthermore in some Mediterra- of this spectrum, Greece represents a
rhoods. Increasingly, management of including active participation by social nean countries such as Greece, Spain peculiar case in that social housing is
social housing can encompass social housing providers in creating social and Cyprus, social housing is provided only provided in the form of low-cost
aspects: for example, care services mix. Security of tenure is another ele- only or mainly in the form of low-cost housing for sale. Most Central and Ea-
are involved in housing or rehousing ment which characterises social hou- housing for sale. stern European countries have extre-
programmes for specific groups or sing, as opposed to short term tenancy Given the difficulties in statistically mely low shares of social rental hou-
in debt-management for low-income contracts which are in some cases typi- identifying the stock of ‘social’ home- sing, with the exception of the Czech
households. In most cases, however, cal of the private rental sector (Ghekie- ownership (of particular relevance in Republic and Poland (partly due to the
specific care institutions cover the acre re, 2007). Furthermore, social housing countries such as Greece and Spain), fact that these countries kept a bigger
component and collaborate with social providers have the mission of provi- the relative size of the sector is usual- share of the stock as publicly owned
housing providers». Affordability and ding decent housing, complying with ly illustrated by data on social rental even after the transition to a free mar-
the existence of rules for the allocation increasingly high quality standards. stock as a proportion of the total hou- ket economy, as opposed to most CEE
of dwellings (i.e. allocation by admini- sing stock in a country, as reported in countries where the formerly state-ow-
strative means, as opposed to market Size and tenures Graphic 1 (see also Fig. 1). ned housing stock was almost entirely
mechanisms) therefore constitute the Although social housing is mostly pro- privatised through transfer of owner-
core common features of social hou- vided for rent, in many countries sale The Netherlands is the country with ship rights to sitting tenants).
sing in the EU. of dwellings is also possible, as well as the highest share of social housing The size of the social housing sector
Another important and defining cha- the provision of intermediate tenures. in Europe, accounting for 32% of the has been shrinking since the 1980s
racteristic of the social housing sector The latter is the case for instance in the total housing stock, followed by Au- in the majority of countries where
is the strong link with public policies at UK, where shared ownership solutions stria (23%) and Denmark (19%). The the information is available, with few
exceptions such as Austria, France and On the contrary, according to available industrialisation and urbanisation in of social agencies, albeit with continu-
Denmark which have sustained their figures, between 2000 and 2008 social the early 20th century. Later on, in or- ing large-scale government subsidies
level of social housing production. housing as a share of the total housing der to face the pressing housing needs and financing housing programming
If we look at the past decade, in seve- stock in the EU 15 countries has re- of the post second Word War period, and sector regulation.
ral countries the number of applicants mained constant in Austria, Belgium, many national states across Europe Today in most ‘old member states’ of
for social housing has increased, while Denmark and Finland and diminished took over those private initiatives with the European Union we find a combi-
at the same time the relative share of everywhere else (Dol and Haffner, the aim to generalise them to a wider nation of actors involved, with public
social housing in the overall stock has 2010). scale (although it should be noted that provision (usually by municipalities,
fallen (Andrews, Caldera Sánchez and in some countries such as Denmark either directly or through dedicated
Johansson, 2011). Organisations providing Social and the Netherlands social housing publicly owned companies) often coe-
In England, housing waiting lists in- Housing provision has always remained a pre- xisting with a growing private sector,
creased by 57% between 2001 and It is a very complex task to try and rogative of the private non-profit sec- mainly consisting of specialised non-
2006 to over 1.6 million households1, summarise the different paths which tor and self-help solutions through profit or limited-profit bodies. This is
while in France 1.2 million applicants characterised the history of social hou- cooperatives and associations). The the case for instance in England, where
are registered (CECODHAS Housing sing throughout the EU. As explained 1990s were characterised by a decen- housing associations are nowadays the
Europe, 2011). This trend is most likely in relevant literature (Levy-Vroelant, tralisation of responsibilities to the main providers with 54% of the total
to be exacerbated in the current eco- 2011), the very first social housing ex- regional and local level, paralleled by social housing stock, while local au-
nomic downturn. In Dublin, Ireland, periences were initiated by the private a retreat of public actors from housing thorities still manage 46%. Similarly,
for instance the number of those in sector, namely by philanthropist en- provision. As already pointed out in out of the total social housing stock
need of local authority housing in the trepreneurs concerned with the living the 2007 edition, over the past 20 years in Austria, 60 % is owned by muni-
Dublin area has increased by over 60% conditions of workers in their factori- there has been a trend to come back to cipalities and public companies, but
since 2008, according to figures from es, as a response to the emerging hou- the involvement of private and not-for- municipalities have withdrawn from
the city council2. sing needs brought about by massive profit initiatives through a wide range new construction over the last decade
società pubbliche, ma i Comuni si sono ritirati negli ultimi dieci ti inseriti come possibili beneficiari di sovvenzioni pubbliche in
anni dalla nuova costruzione e il settore principale è attualmente cambio dell'uso di alloggi per scopi sociali (affitti bassi, locazioni
quello a fine di lucro limitato. Gli ultimi quattro anni hanno visto agli inquilini nelle liste di attesa di social housing), di solito per un
questa tendenza al rialzo, con gli enti locali nella maggior parte periodo limitato di tempo. Questo è stato il caso della Germania
dei casi in ritirata dalla produzione di nuovi alloggi sociali, ma fino a quando il settore non profit istituzionale è stato sciolto (nel
che si concentrano invece sulla gestione del complesso edilizio 1989). Il sistema tedesco si basa attualmente sull'assegnazione dei
esistente, lasciando il settore privato come principale responsa- finanziamenti pubblici, in particolare sotto forma di agevolazioni
bile di nuovi sviluppi. fiscali, a qualsiasi tipo di fornitore di alloggi in cambio dell'utilizzo
Diverso è il caso dei paesi europei centrali e orientali dove, con temporaneo di una abitazione a fini sociali. Allo stesso modo in
l'eccezione della Polonia e della Repubblica Ceca, con la privatiz- Spagna tutti i tipi di sviluppatori immobiliari possono accedere a
zazione massiccia dell’housing avvenuta dopo il 1990, ai Comuni prestiti agevolati se le abitazioni si qualificano come ‘case a canone
sono stati lasciati patrimoni di edilizia residenziale pubblica molto calmierato’, e in Italia gli operatori privati possono partecipare ad
piccoli, che in gran parte costituiscono ancora l'unica forma so- alcuni programmi di edilizia sociale, previo accordo con il Comu-
ciale oggi disponibile. Qui non ci sono stati grandi cambiamen- ne. Alcuni Paesi invece hanno solo di recente iniziato a utilizzare
ti in termini di fornitori negli ultimi quattro anni, nonostante in opzioni simili (Czischke and Taffin, 2011).
alcuni casi siano stati creati nuovi
regimi giuridici che consentono la
creazione di un settore non profit di
housing (Polonia, Slovenia).
La tabella 1 illustra la varietà dei
tipi di soggetti incaricati di fornire
alloggi sociali in tutta l'UE.
È interessante notare che gli ulti-
mi anni hanno visto il crescente
coinvolgimento nella realizza-
zione di alloggi sociali di attori
non specializzati (gli sviluppatori
commerciali e i proprietari privati,
in contrasto con fornitori specia-
lizzati ‘approvati’) che sono sta-
TAB 01 |
The German system is currently based out of own funds and therefore need to – grants; riety of exemptions or tax rate reduc-
on the allocation of public funding, borrow through loans and mortgages. – public loans from special public cre- tion to providers, for example income
especially in the form of tax privile- Furthermore, to reduce such costs, dif- dit institutions; and investment deductions, deprecia-
ges to any kind of housing provider in ferent public aid schemes exist which – interest rates subsidies (in case of pri- tion allowances, reduced sales and pro-
exchange for the use of a dwelling for may be open for independent providers vate loans); perty taxes, exemptions from capital
social purposes on a temporary basis. as well as local authorities. Therefore, in – government backed guarantees (in gains tax, and reduced VAT rate (Laino
Similarly in Spain, all sorts of develo- nearly all countries, financing housing case of private loans). and Pittini, June 2011). See Table 2.
pers can access preferential loans if the projects means combining different Furthermore, in cases where social Not all the above-mentioned instru-
dwellings qualify as ‘protected dwel- sources: standard bank loans (mortga- housing is provided directly by local ments can be considered as «finan-
lings’, and in Italy, private providers ges), public grants/loans, own funds of authorities, it makes a difference whe- cing», strictly speaking, but they have
can participate to certain social hou- housing organisations and sometimes ther the financial burden lies entirely an effect on the costs of financing. As
sing schemes upon agreement with also tenants’ contributions. on the municipal budget or there is shown in Table 2 above, the responsibi-
their municipality. Some countries on In most countries, there is financial as- complementary funding, through lity to provide public funding for social
the other hand have only very recently sistance to support the cost of investing transfers from the central budget or housing development can reside at dif-
started using similar options (Czischke in new social housing through public funding from specific schemes. ferent levels, often combined: the cen-
and Taffin, 2011). See Table 1. funds extending loans or grants, and Finally, it should be noted that a further tral state, regions (or federal provinces)
public guarantees, at both national and very important factor in supporting and municipalities. In some countri-
Different financing models regional level. Furthermore, municipa- the provision of social housing is the es, different schemes finance diffe-
Investment cost of financing of deve- lities may also provide additional fun- availability of land at discounted prices rent types of housing provision. Such
lopment/new construction of housing ding and land at reduced price for the (such as for instance in Austria, Italy schemes exist in most EU countries,
is the crucial problem as the cost of con- construction of social housing. Support and Luxemburg), as well as tax privile- but there is no public funding in the
struction, as well as land, is high. Hou- from the public sector can take various ges for social housing providers. With Netherlands (only state guarantees, as
sing providers can only finance so much forms: regards to the latter, they include a va- last resort in a three-level guarantee sy-
stem), or Sweden. In Bulgaria, Latvia, tribute to meeting this need. When de- with to the aim of increasing social to independent social landlords ena-
Lithuania and Romania, social housing velopers agree to make contributions, mix and avoid social and spatial segre- bling investment to be undertaken at
is only publicly owned and financed these are made legally binding con- gation that occurs when social hou- lower cost. In many cases, additional
from the municipal budgets only or in tracts under Section 106 of the Town sing is concentrated in certain areas/ guarantees from either local or central
some cases with limited complementa- & Country Planning Act 1990 as part estates. Nevertheless, they imply that government were provided, to further
ry funding from the state budget. De of the process of gaining planning per- social housing provision is tied to the reduce interest rate costs. However, in
facto, the situation is the same in the mission. Similar mechanisms are in provision of market housing and the- almost all European countries social
Czech Republic. place in many other countries. For in- refore might not be particularly useful housing was very much dependent
Finally, it is interesting to note that it stance in Ireland (statutory 20% are to to increase the availability of afforda- on special circuits of finance where
is an increasingly widespread practice be made available for social housing), ble housing in times of crisis and low costs were significantly below market
to set a minimum percentage of social in Spain (30% of the land must be used levels of construction by private deve- levels. Over the last decades, this spe-
housing in new developments as a for protected housing), in the Belgian lopers. cial treatment has been much reduced.
condition to obtain building permits region of Flanders (20% of each new The other major source of financing Interest rate subsidies have been re-
for private developers. For instance in real estate development consisting new social housing projects is bor- moved and providers have more and
England, the Section 106 Agreement is of over 10 houses/50 apartments) In rowing in the private market, which more been expected to borrow on the
a legally binding agreement between France, the Solidarity and Urban Re- is increasingly playing a role in finan- private market (although often with
the Local Planning Authority and the newal Law (SRU) sets the obligation cing affordable housing. As Whitehead explicit or implicit guarantees in place,
developers, which often requires de- to have at least 20% of social housing points out (Whitehead, 2008), in many as well as the security of rental inco-
velopers to minimise negative impacts in every municipality, which counts European countries the traditional me thanks to housing allowances and
on the local community, and carry out more than 3500 inhabitants. These form of debt finance was either throu- income-related support). Ghekiere
tasks that would provide community types of practices provide for ready gh the public sector, enabling funding (Ghekiere and Laurent, 2009) refers to
benefits. Local planning authorities supply of suitable units to be used as to be provided at ‘risk free’ interest ra- this phenomenon as «trivialisation» of
may require private developers to con- social housing, and have been adopted tes, or through interest rate subsidies social housing financing, i.e. the trend,
pushed politically and economically, new affordable housing at favourable Housing providers can also resort to borrowing elsewhere (Whitehead,
towards suppressing the interme- interest rates, introduced in 1993. using their own resources and surplu- 2008). Selective sale of social housing
diaries and putting the provider in As highlighted by Ghekiere (Ghe- ses. Mature housing organisations can has become a key tool for both sati-
direct contact with the financial mar- kiere, 2009), the financial crisis has leverage their balance sheets, reserves sfying the aspirations of tenants (in
ket actors. Obtaining bank loans gets shown that a key element for the su- and surpluses to invest in additional the case of sale to sitting tenants who
more and more difficult in terms of stainability of any financing model housing. Funds raised may be pooled aim to own their homes and could
decreasing availability and (expected) for social housing is the existence of to support weaker organisations or to not afford it in the free market) and
higher prices of bank funding. Social a system of intermediation, i.e. struc- promote innovation and competition. for generating extra resources for the
housing providers, notably in the UK tures meant to make the link between This is the case for instance in the improvement or new construction of
and the Netherlands, are now looking the market and the providers, super- Netherlands, Denmark and France, social housing (Czischke and Pittini,
for other opportunities in the finan- vised by public authorities and under where the social housing sector has 2007). Nevertheless, it should be no-
cial markets. In some cases, to obtain an obligation to provide funding for established revolving funds which ted that policies supporting indiscri-
good conditions, they are getting ra- social housing. Examples of this type serves as guarantee and, in the case of minately the right to buy social dwel-
ted by international rating agencies to of intermediation are for instance the Denmark, to finance housing renova- lings by sitting tenants have eventually
show the soundness of their economic strong policy framework and support tion. led to sale of the better located and
activities and their governance and in Austria (Bauer, 2009), the protected Over the last twenty years, as finan- better quality part of the stock and a
management reliability. Furthermore, savings circuit represented by Livret cial markets have been deregulated reduction of the overall availability of
providers in different countries are A in France, and the triple guarantee and opportunities for borrowing have social housing. This has been the case
implementing innovative ways of po- system of Dutch housing associations increased, there have also been move- for instance in the UK, to the point
oling risk. One example of this is the (Garnier, 2009). Strong regulation and ments to privatise the existing stock that in the light of the current shor-
Austrian special circuit of capital in- implicit support by the government and thus use the equity capital as col- tage of affordable housing the right
volving the sale of bonds via «Housing to housing association in the UK also lateral for further borrowing either for to buy has been reformed in Scotland
Banks» to channel investment into acted as an indicator of credit strength. housing purposes or to reduce public and Wales.
Furthermore, in order to be able to intermediate tenures to low to middle- for low-income households to pay this mentioned sources of financing for
fulfil their social obligations to provide income households. Nevertheless, in contribution. new construction and renovation, and
homes for the most vulnerable groups, England following the global financial The relative importance of all the ele- the difference between countries are
some social housing organisations are crisis, opportunities to cross subsidise ments mentioned above depends on so significant that it’s impossible to
increasingly diversifying their portfo- new development from the sale of low many different but interactive factors, refer to a one, typical financing model
lios and undertaking so-called non- cost home ownership properties has including the capacity of owners to for social housing.
landlord activities as a means to cross- drastically diminished. borrow on the market; the extent of As regards running costs, which inclu-
subsidise their social dwellings via the Finally, some funding models incor- past capital gains embedded in the de the costs of operation, maintenance
development of profitable activities porate a small tenant equity contri- housing stock; regulatory structures; and renewal, these are mainly covered
(e.g. building of commercial proper- bution (in some cases tenants’ equity instruments to ensure contributions, by rents paid by tenants. Rents in so-
ties). In some countries, such as the is higher and implies right to buy the particularly from landowners; and the cial housing in Europe are set using
UK and the Netherlands, social hou- dwelling). This is the case for instan- extent of government commitment to a wide range of methods. The most
sing providers provide affordable hou- ce in Denmark, Austria and Slovenia. social housing. In almost all countries usual approach is to base rents on the
sing for home ownership or through There might be government assistance we find a mix of several of the above- cost of construction, requiring provi-
ders to break-even or to achieve a tar- directly aimed at reducing the costs is badly needed, and if they are availa- and Germany, while it is set at signi-
get rate of return on assets (whether of new developments. Nevertheless ble also to tenants in the private rental ficantly low levels for instance in Italy.
valued at historic or current cost). there are also demand-side subsidies, market they can end up increasing the Access criteria can also be defined ac-
These financial constraints may ope- mainly in the form of housing be- level of rents. We do not want to enter cording criteria of need (housing con-
rate at the level of the social sector as a nefits to low income tenants to help this debate here, but it is important to ditions at the time of the application:
whole (the Netherlands); the provider them with paying the rent. For several point out that housing allowances are homelessness, unhealthy accommo-
(England); or the estate (Denmark) countries, such as the Netherlands and complementary to financing social dation, over-occupation, forced coha-
(Whitehead, 2008). In some cases, Germany, the supply-demand debate housing supply. They represent a fun- bitation, etc) and even criteria relating
caps apply to ensure that rents are has dominated housing policy since damental source of indirect funding to to the beneficiaries and target groups
held below market values. This is the the mid-1980s (Lawson, 2009). It has the social housing sector as they help (youths, elderly or disabled persons,
case for instance in France, combined led to changes, which generally inclu- ensuring rents are actually paid. families with many children, mentally
with the fact that rent increases when ded a decline in ‘bricks and mortar’ disabled persons, employees of certain
the household’s income increases. In- subsidies and a substantial increase Social housing beneficiaries undertakings, etc).
come related rents (which are applied in demand assistance strategies. The Also in terms of target groups and The eligibility is not always absolutely
in Belgium, Italy, Ireland, Luxemburg most common argument in favour of beneficiaries who can access social restricted. In Denmark, for instance
and Portugal) raise major issues with concentrating government spending housing services we find significant registration on social housing waiting
respect to financial viability, especially on demand-side subsidies is that they differences across countries. The most lists is open to anyone. There are ne-
if the households accommodated are can better target households in need common way to define eligibility to vertheless limits for costs of construc-
particularly concentrated among lo- and that they can quickly be adjusted the allocation of a social dwelling is tion and size of the dwellings, which
wer income groups. to respond to changes in socio-eco- the use of income ceilings. The ma- makes this type of dwellings particu-
Finally, as government spending is nomic conditions. On the other hand, ximum income is set high enough larly suitable for certain groups on low
concerned so far we have mentioned they do not have a direct impact on to permit income mixing in some to middle income. As a result unem-
only supply-side subsidies, i.e. those housing supply, which in some cases countries including France, Austria ployed people, elderly, single parents,
and immigrants are by number largely Furthermore, many member states restricted on the basis of income and of an enforceable right to housing is
overrepresented in the Danish social implement the option of an entity to was virtually open to all citizens. Ho- also to be found in other countries.
housing sector. Similarly, in Sweden in allocate dwellings directly according wever, the system was recently refor- The first to introduce it was Scotland:
the allocation of dwellings from public to its own criteria of priorities. In med – following a decision by the Eu- in 2003, the Homelessness Scotland
housing companies, no income cei- most cases this system of reservation ropean Commission in 2010 – so that Act was adopted, compelling muni-
lings are used. This is a consequence of is normally controlled by the muni- social housing provision is currently cipalities not only to supply simple
the principle of avoiding social segre- cipality, with the overall objective of set to target disadvantaged people or accommodation, but a permanent
gation by providing access to public guaranteeing and accelerating access socially less advantaged groups, as well dwelling for people in need. Currently
dwellings to all segments of society. to social housing for target groups and as to certain categories of key workers, the system works on the basis of prio-
Once registration is completed, crite- emergency cases (homeless people, primarily defined in terms of income. rity needs categories, which are to be
ria of priority are often used to esta- households facing difficulties, low-in- In France, income ceilings to access extended in stages until it applies to
blish the order of allocation to diffe- come persons) in the general context social housing were decreased by all persons in need by 2012. As of that
rent registered applicants. These crite- of the municipality’s social policy and 10.3% in 2009. Furthermore, the Law date, all Scottish citizens who are not
ria aim to guarantee that persons with activities and its legal obligation to on the Right to Housing (commonly adequately housed will be able to file
the greatest needs are served first. provide housing for excluded persons referred to as DALO) introduced in claims in court to obtain permanent
Criteria can also vary according to (Germany, Denmark, Ireland, United 2007, establishes priority access for housing from their local authorities if
the local needs and gaps in local hou- Kingdom, Netherlands, Sweden). homeless people and other disadvan- their application for permanent hou-
sing markets, for instance the need to There is a general trend towards re- taged categories in particularly urgent sing is not dealt with.
attract certain types of key workers stricting the provision of social hou- need. The law allows for people to
or professionals, to provide housing sing by defining stricter categories of seek legal redress vis-a-vis the local Conclusions
for students and young people with beneficiaries. This is notably the case in authority in case their request for an In this article we illustrated the com-
the aim of revitalizing areas with an the Netherlands, where up until recen- accommodation is not answered. A si- plexity and diversity of arrangements
ageing population, etc. tly access to social housing was never milar trend towards the establishment which characterise the social housing
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European Commission, (2010), Second Biennial Report on social services of Housing Europe Observatory, Brussels.
general interest. Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 22.10.2010 Whitehead, C. (2008), “Financing social housing in Europe”, in Scanlon and
SEC (2010) 1284 final. Whitehead, Social housing in Euorpe II – A review of policies and outcomes,
Garnier, S. (2009), “Financing of Dutch social housing”, in Financing social LSE London.
housing after the economic crisis, Proceedings of the CECODHAS Seminar
Brussels, 10 September 2009.
sector in the 27 Member States of of their income on housing. A number strict spending policies or to reverse
the European Union. Nevertheless a of trends point to increased difficulty the trend of state retreat from support
number of common trends and chal- in accessing and maintaining suitable to social housing which has in most
lenges for the sector can be identified accommodation such as an increase cases characterized the past two deca-
today, such as the need to adapt to in levels of homelessness, rent and des and which has led to insufficient
changing socio-demographic con- mortgage arrears, re-possessions, and supply and increasing risk of housing
ditions and to increase quality and in the number of people registered on exclusion for EU citizens.
energy efficiency of the stock. social housing waiting lists.
In general, everywhere in Europe The social housing sector is today fa- NOTES
there is a need for policies which can ced with a double challenge: on the 1
National Housing Federation. Home
adequately respond to the increasing one hand it is called upon to respond Truths. www.housing.org.uk.
demand for social housing and other to increasing housing needs which 2
See http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0920/
affordable housing options, especial- are not satisfied by the market, on housing.html.
ly in the light of the current crisis. In the other hand resources which have
the EU, despite significant differences typically been used to finance the sec-
across countries, all available statistics tor are decreasing – even in countries
point to the fact that housing-related which historically have a large share of
expenditure is absorbing an increa- social dwellings – and in some cases
sing part of households’ financial re- they have undergone dramatic cuts in
sources. Housing costs (including the the framework of fiscal austerity plans.
cost of paying for utilities) are hitting It remain to be seen whether European
hardest the poor, who are currently member states will choose to sacrifice
spending on average as much as 41% the social housing sector to stick to
Abstract. Le conseguenze sul piano sociale della crisi economica stanno por- quelli con il maggior tasso di proprietari della prima casa (Gre-
tando una serie di cambiamenti nei modi di vivere ed abitare. Alcune di que-
ste trasformazioni sono destinate a diventare strutturali e a incidere sul modo
cia, Spagna, Portogallo ed Italia) sono proprio i paesi che soffrono
di progettare le abitazioni, per tenere in considerazione nuovi modelli abitativi, maggiormente gli effetti dell’indebitamento delle famiglie, che si
diversità culturali, i nomadismi legati alla mobilità lavorativa, l’invecchiamento somma all’elevato tasso di indebitamento pubblico. In Italia la crisi,
della popolazione. L’offerta di alloggio sociale deve adeguarsi a queste trasfor-
mazioni della società e rispondere alla sfida ampliando i servizi a disposizione
già in atto da qualche tempo, ha portato, nel periodo dal 2000 al
dei residenti, in un nuovo quadro di relazioni fra settore pubblico e privato. Agli 2010 una riduzione del risparmio familiare del 3 per cento e de-
operatori pubblici si aggiungono nuovi soggetti come le fondazioni, mentre si gli investimenti dell’1,2 per cento1. Le persone a rischio di povertà
tentano nuove forme di supporto all’iniziativa privata che si adegui a coprire una
parte del fabbisogno dei ceti medi, resi più fragili dalla crisi.
sono aumentate raggiungendo il 18,8 per cento nel 20082. Nel 2011
Parole chiave: Alloggio sociale, Crisi economica, Società, Operatori,
il 27,7 per cento delle famiglie italiane è indebitato, per un ammon-
Servizi sociali tare medio di 43.792 euro e l’11,4 per cento dei nuclei deve rimbor-
sare prestiti per l’acquisto o la ristrutturazione di immobili3. Questi
Crisi economica/crisi La fine del primo decennio del dati si aggiungono al parziale blocco del settore finanziario che ha
sociale: effetti contingenti duemila ha segnato per i pa- contribuito anche a ridurre la quota di compravendite nel settore
e cambiamenti strutturali esi industrializzati del blocco immobiliare. Un’indagine della Banca d’Italia ha costatato che fra i
ovest, Europa ed America del motivi della riduzione degli acquisti di casa uno dei più importanti
Effetti della crisi Nord, un punto di svolta nello è la difficoltà nell’accesso al mutuo (61%); questo nonostante il calo
economica sulla domanda sviluppo mettendo in luce tutte dei prezzi sia costante con valori del 10 per cento annuo4. Negli ul-
le contraddizioni di una crescita timi dieci anni si assiste anche all’aumento del numero di annualità
basata sull’esasperazione dei consumi e di un’economia separa- di reddito necessarie alle famiglie in affitto per l’acquisto di un’abi-
ta dalla ricchezza reale. La bolla finanziaria e quella immobilia- tazione, passato da 6 nel 2000 a 10,5 nel 20105. Nonostante la dimi-
re sono esplose portando con sé tutta una serie di false certezze nuzione dei prezzi, il miraggio di acquistare una casa si fa quindi
come la sicurezza del posto di lavoro e della proprietà della casa. sempre più lontano per le famiglie che ancora non la possiedono.
Le prospettive di crescita dei valori immobiliari e di sviluppo sono Dal 2006 al 2009 il mercato delle compravendite ha registrato un
crollate colpendo soprattutto i ceti medi, e coloro che avevano af- calo complessivo del 30 per cento. Calo che pareva essersi parzial-
frontato gli investimenti attingendo a prestiti da rimborsare con i mente arrestato nel 2010-2011, ma ultimamente non si intravedo-
guadagni futuri. In questo quadro, che ha colpito in generale tutti no segnali di ripresa: nei primi tre mesi del 2012, le compravendite
i paesi, sono i paesi che hanno maggiormente investito nell’immo- di abitazioni sono diminuite del 19,6 per cento rispetto allo stesso
biliare con il risparmio privato, in particolare per l’acquisto della periodo dell'anno scorso6, un vero e proprio crollo che si spiega
prima casa, quelli che hanno sofferto più pesantemente gli effetti con l’accumularsi degli effetti di cui abbiamo parlato prima, cui si
della crisi. Se leggiamo i dati dei vari paesi europei, vediamo che aggiunge l’effetto psicologico del carico fiscale accresciuto in parti-
Social Housing Abstract: The consequences of the Economic crisis/social crisis: contin- ral, the countries that made the gre-
economic crisis on a social level are gent effects and structural changes atest investments in real estate with
in times of crisis bringing about a series of changes in The effects of the economic crisis on private savings, in particular for the
how we live and reside. Some of these demand purchase of a first home, have suffered
transformations are destined to beco- For the industrialized countries of the the most from the effects of the crisis.
me structural and affect how housing
western bloc, Europe and North Ame- If we examine the data of the various
is designed, to take into consideration
new housing models, cultural diversity,
rica, the end of the first decade of the European countries, we see that tho-
nomadism linked to working mobility, twenty-first century marked a turning se with the greatest rate of first home
and the ageing of the population.The point in development, highlighting all owners (Greece, Spain, Portugal and
provision of social housing must adapt the contradictions of growth based on Italy) are those that suffer the most
to these transformations in society and the exasperation of consumption and from the effects of household debt,
respond to the challenge by expanding an economy separated from the real which adds to the high level of public
the services available to residents, in a wealth. The financial and real estate debt. In Italy the crisis, which had
new framework of relations between the bubbles exploded, bringing with them already been felt for some time, led to
public and private sectors.Public opera- a whole series of false certainties such a reduction in household spending of
tors are joined by new parties such as as job security and home ownership. 3% and in investments of 1.2% betwe-
foundations while attempting new forms The growth prospects of real estate en 2000 and 20101. Those at risk of po-
of support for the private initiative, which
and development values collapsed verty have increased reaching 18.8%
adapts to cover a part of the require-
primarily affecting the middle classes in 20082. In 2011, 27.7% of Italian fa-
ment of the middle classes made more
fragile by the crisis. and those who had made investments milies were in debt to the average tune
by drawing on loans to be repaid with of around 43,792 euros and 11.4% of
Keywords: Social housing, Economic
crisis, Operators, Social services future earnings. In this framework, households must repay loans for the
which affected all countries in gene- purchase or renovation of a property3.
35 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2011 Firenze University Pres | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 04 2012
43
colare sulla prima casa a causa dell’IMU. In parallelo si nota però sotto standard o da riqualificare, che difficilmente avrebbero tro-
una tendenza alla diminuzione dei prezzi dell’affitto e un aumento vato un compratore italiano. Ma già dal 2010 si registra un calo di
dell’offerta, per la prima volta dopo molti anni. Eppure il settore questo segmento di domanda. La crisi dei mutui ha, infatti, colpito
dell’affitto privato sta sempre più soffrendo del fenomeno della soprattutto gli immigrati, che hanno maggiori difficoltà a trovare
morosità a causa della crescente insostenibilità del costo della casa lavori stabili, comportando fin dalla fine del 2009 una contrazione
nel suo complesso (canone di affitto più spese per l’energia): dei degli acquisti.
65.489 sfratti emessi nel 2010, l’84 per cento è a causa della moro-
sità7. Il patrimonio pubblico a sua volta svolge un ruolo di calmie- Cambiamenti strutturali Il quadro della crisi immobilia-
ratore sempre più limitato, a seguito del processo di vendita che ne re e sociale che abbiamo bre-
ha ridotta la consistenza, portando il numero degli alloggi pubblici vemente descritto non si limiterà a variare le nostre abitudini
sotto i 900.000, a fronte di circa 600.000 domande in attesa. Dal di consumo e il nostro atteggiamento rispetto all’abitazione in
punto di vista sociale l’impatto della crisi sulle famiglie colpisce at- modo temporaneo, ma sicuramente porterà dei cambiamenti
traverso la precarietà del posto di lavoro che comporta spesso e in strutturali destinati a consolidarsi nel medio-lungo periodo. In
particolare per i giovani un’esigenza di mobilità maggiore che nel particolare occorrerà sciogliere due dicotomie che la crisi ha por-
passato: non siamo più di fronte alle migrazioni interne verso le tato in evidenza e tener presente alcune variazioni ormai consoli-
aree industrializzate del paese, ma ugualmente le aree più depres- date cui il mercato dell’offerta di alloggi deve adeguarsi.
se perdono la forza lavoro giovane che cerca maggiori prospettive Dicotomia 1. Ritorno all’affitto/casa come sicurezza per la vecchiaia
altrove, non solo in Italia ma all’estero. D’altra parte, fenomeno La maggior esigenza di mobilità e la precarietà lavorativa, che si
tipico dei paesi del sud, si allunga la permanenza dei giovani in prospettano in aumento nel futuro, porteranno a riconsiderare
famiglia. I dati dell’Istat lo confermano: tra i 20 e i 24 anni l’86 per la scelta della casa in proprietà, da parte delle famiglie, in par-
cento vive con i genitori, il che si spiega normalmente con la dura- ticolare di quelle di nuova formazione. Da parte dell’offerta, la
ta degli studi, ma tra i 30 e i 34 anni ancora il 30 per cento non ha difficoltà di vendita degli alloggi e l’inasprimento della fiscalità
lasciato la famiglia e per il 46 per cento di questi la ragione è legata porteranno ad aumentare l’offerta in affitto e a ridurre i prezzi,
a problemi economici o precarietà della condizione lavorativa. La in linea con la tendenza che si sta configurando in questi ulti-
presenza degli immigrati ha avuto nell’ultimo decennio un ruo- mi due anni. E ancora: la competitività territoriale per attrarre
lo rilevante e crescente nel mercato immobiliare, tanto che a fine gli investimenti industriali che stanno già spostandosi all’estero
2009, secondo Scenari Immobiliari, circa il 20 per cento degli im- si baserà anche sull’offerta di alloggi a basso costo per i lavoratori
migrati aveva acquistato un’abitazione. Fenomeno interessante in (una contropartita alle minori garanzie e protezioni dei contratti
quanto andava a coprire la fascia di offerta più povera, quella delle di lavoro). Un ritorno sotto nuove forme ai metodi della prima
abitazioni nei centri storici degradati o nelle periferie, degli alloggi era industriale che portarono alla creazione dei cosiddetti ‘villaggi
This data adds to the partial paralysis have been no signs of recovery la- role following the sales process which live with their parents, which is usual-
of the financial sector which also tely: in the first three months of 2012 has reduced their number, bringing ly explained by the duration of their
contributed to fewer sales in the real house sales dropped by 19.6 per cent the number of public housing units studies, but 30% of 30-34 year-olds
estate sector. A survey by the Bank of compared to the same period of the to fewer than 900,000 with respect to have still not left the family home and
Italy revealed that one of the most si- previous year6, a real collapse that can around 600,000 pending applications. for 46% of them the reason is linked
gnificant reasons for the reduction in be explained by the accumulation of From the social point of view the im- to financial problems or job insecu-
home purchasing was the difficulty of the effects mentioned above, added pact of the crisis on families comes in rity. In the last decade the presence
getting a mortgage (61%); this despite to which is the psychological effect of the form of job insecurity which often of immigrants has had a significant
the fact that the drop in prices is con- the tax burden that has increased in leads, particularly for young people, and increasing role in the real estate
sistent with values of 10 per cent per particular on first homes due to IMU to a need for greater mobility than market, so much so that at the end of
annum4. In the last decade there has (municipal property tax). In parallel, in the past: we are no longer facing 2009, according to Scenari Immobilia-
also been an increase in the number however, a trend has been noted in internal migration to the industria- ri, an independent research institute,
of years income necessary for families the reduction of rental prices and an lized areas of the country, but all the around 20% of immigrants had pur-
who are renting to purchase a house, increase in supply, for the first time in same the most depressed areas lose chased a home. An interesting pheno-
which went from 6 in 2000 to 10.5 in many years. Yet the private rental sec- the young work force which goes in menon insofar as it covered the poo-
20105. Despite the reduction in prices, tor is still suffering from the pheno- search of better prospects elsewhere, rest range of offers, namely housing in
the dream of purchasing a house has menon of payment arrears due to the not only in Italy but also abroad. On degraded historic centres or suburbs,
become increasingly remote for fa- growing unsustainability of the overall the other hand, a typical phenome- sub-standard housing or housing re-
milies that do not yet own one. From cost of a home (rental fee plus energy non in southern towns, young people quiring redevelopment, for which it
2006 to 2009 the sales market recor- costs): of the 65,489 evictions ordered stay in their family homes for longer. would have been hard to find an Ita-
ded an overall drop of 30 per cent. in 2010, 84% were due to payment ar- Istat (Italian National Institute for lian buyer. But a drop in this segment
A drop that seemed to have come to rears7. Public assets in turn perform Statistics) data confirms this: 86% of of demand had already been already
a partial halt in 2010-2011, but there an increasingly limited price-control people between 20 and 24 years old recorded in 2010. The loans crisis, in
fact, has primarily hit immigrants, who future, will lead families to reconsider ration of the choice of home ownership flexibility of the spaces. Here are another
have greater difficulty in finding stable the choice of house ownership, in parti- which, although no longer so beneficial two trends that can be compared. Until
jobs, resulting in a drop in purchases cular those that are newly formed. With as an investment, in any case is still a very recently people tended to purchase
since the end of 2009. respect to supply, the difficulty of selling guarantee for old age through the pos- a house for life, which took into account
houses and higher taxation will lead to sibility of selling the residual life estate the evolution of the family unit over
Structural changes an increase in the supply of rental pro- or similar opportunities, which almost time and the changing requirements of
The framework of the real estate and perties and a reduction in prices, in line makes it a substitute for a pension fund. the inhabitants, in particular ageing or
social crises that we have briefly descri- with the trend that has been seen over It is difficult to guess which option will the possibilities of working from home.
bed will not limit itself to temporarily the last two years. Furthermore, territo- prevail in this dichotomy, also because This was both as a consequence of the
altering our consumption habits and rial competitiveness to attract industrial we must contend with the ‘brick cul- trend towards stabilization in a ‘fixed
attitude to housing, but it will certainly investments that are already moving ture’ rooted in Italy. Therefore perhaps place’ and the obstacles to purchasing
lead to structural changes that will be- abroad will also be based on the supply it will be necessary to experiment with real estate, perhaps psychological more
come established over the medium- to of low cost housing for workers (com- intermediate solutions between owner- than anything, but still increasingly
long-term. In particular it will be ne- pensation for the lower guarantees and ship and rent, allowing the family to present today due to the stratification
cessary to break down two dichotomies protections of employment contracts). capitalize on part of the economic effort of recent legislation that requires the
highlighted by the crisis and bear in A return under new forms to the me- linked to the use of the house. Without continuous updating of documentation
mind some now consolidated changes thods of the first industrial era that led inventing hot water, there are already relating to the property. The lack of re-
with which the housing supply market to the creation of the so-called ‘workers various attempts and examples of the sources of newly formed family units,
must comply. villages’. But the same phenomena of sale of ‘partnership shares’, rent with job insecurity and mobility will cer-
Dichotomy 1. A return to renting/the insecurity and the lower level of pro- the agreement of future sale, indivisible tainly lead people to consider the idea
house as security for old age. Job inse- tection for pensions, which for many cooperatives etc. which may perhaps of moving house often, in an outlook
curity and the greater need for mobility, young people has become an increasin- resolve this dilemma. of progressive growth proportionate to
which are expected to increase in the gly distant dream, lead to a reconside- Dichotomy 2: Mobility of the residence/ changing family requirements and the
desired increase in available resources. imagine independent areas in the same is that the new inhabitants have settled blic and not left to private speculation.
Therefore, after years of architectural space even if they were interconnected. in the ‘soft’ parts of the urban and peri- An additional change that has accom-
research on the flexibility of housing, There are already some experimental urban territory, accepting living condi- panied the crisis and is spreading pre-
we will perhaps be forced to reconsider answers to these requirements, such as tions that would be unacceptable to our cisely from economic considerations is
this requirement and rather think of the first examples of co-housing, or or- culture, both in terms of the hygiene the growing attention to environmental
offering diversified housing solutions ganizations that offer surveillance and conditions and overcrowding. Is it advi- sustainability, and in particular energy
that meet different requirements. Just first aid devices for elderly people who sable to continue to turn a blind eye to saving, which is causing users to care-
to mention a few examples, have we are alone. Another phenomenon, new these phenomena until they explode fully evaluate the costs of managing a
considered propagating new ways of for Italy but widely studied in other creating fortresses of illegal traffic (like property while choosing it. All these
living among the elderly? The wish to countries such as France and England, the sadly well-known case of Via Anel- changes will have an increasing in-
maintain their housing independence which have provided radically different li in Padua), as in our society physical fluence on the housing market and will
drives old people to forms of cohabiting answers, is the coexistence of different degradation soon turns into social change the way the city of the future is
that are often hampered by the stan- cultural models following the increase degradation, or is it worth addressing designed and constructed.
dard distribution of apartments: think in immigration from countries outside the issue, even at the cost of altering a
about the cohabitation of two single pe- Europe. England responded by provi- part of our consolidated criteria for ha- How the role of the public sector and
ople who are not linked by family ties ding specific housing solutions for the bitability? Or renouncing a part of our that of the private sector changes
but rather the desire to help one ano- various ethnic groups and encouraging hyper-guaranteed safety regulations The crisis of the public sector: econo-
ther and conquer loneliness; or forced their grouping in the same region, whi- which, despite being too much, are mic crisis and a crisis of role
cohabitation between an elderly person le France implemented a forced inte- then often disregarded? This is also a In this framework of changes and re-
and a carer. The size of the accommo- gration policy, even imposing its own path for reflection, which is not an in- duced resources, the role played by the
dations and their layout often depri- housing models. Italy has not stated vitation to build series A and series B public sector also changes, both becau-
ves these people of a certain amount its position at national level, delegating houses, but rather to construct a path of se the contraction in spending makes
of privacy, when it would be easy to these policies to local level. The result gradual integration guided by the pu- it impossible to use public funds to
ensure the basic services, including the to the difficulty in finding a balance in ding assistance to the most vulnerable. therefore had to experiment with diffe-
house, and because there is a significant the roles between the State, which still So the European reference criteria and rent solutions capable of attracting pri-
change to the welfare model. Services has a function of subsidiarity, having European definitions of the SSIEG are vate capital in the social housing sector,
are no longer managed directly by the to ensure a minimum level of servi- imposed, which make it possible to which, as a result of the crisis and the
public sector, but in each area there is ces throughout the territory, and the exempt public intervention from pro- birth of the new poor at risk of poverty,
an increase in the private sector. Local Regional Governments, which must cedures to verify compatibility with the took on a different role. In fact, today
administrations must therefore regain a meet the demand of their citizens. The market and the consequent controls, it is necessary to offer an answer not
policy and control role, as well as find conflict that has arisen has often com- which can lead, as has already occurred only to those ‘absolutely excluded from
the necessary forms to compensate for plicated the implementation of national in Holland, to definitions that are too the market’, but also to new categories
the service performed by the private programmes, such as the District Con- broad or that see social housing as a way of needs linked to the phenomena that
sector. Compensation which, in the tracts, for example, effectively prolon- to control prices on the private market we have described above: the need for
case of social housing, comes in various ging the starting and finishing phases. (which also happened in Sweden) being mobility, racial integration, and the
forms: from town planning leverage to A similar problem arises in relation declared inadmissible. With respect to need to make it possible to form new
fiscal benefits and compensatory mea- to the European Union, which has no these developments the Italian situa- independent family units. Thus social
sures in money. Cuts to the budget in say in national housing policies, but tion presents serious risk factors, as housing that fills the lack of affordable
recent years have affected local authori- which, de facto, influences them throu- the end of the ex Gescal resources and offers on the private market, in particu-
ties in particular, and this has led to the gh transverse policies, such as those constraints on regional budgets have lar as regards the rental and temporary
worsening of an institutional conflict on Social Services of General Interest definitively led to a crisis in the conso- accommodation markets. At the same
that has been going on since 1998, the (SSIEG) and State Aid. As public and lidated public system which, addressing time the public housing sector is great-
period when administrative decentra- social housing is part of an important only the most vulnerable and acting ly reduced in quantitative terms by the
lization actually started. In particular industrial sector, it is necessary to pay in a closed local circuit, did not invol- sales phenomenon which has led to the
the delegation of powers on housing attention not to disrupt smooth market ve impact risks on the private market. sale from 1994 until today of around
to the Regional Governments has led performance through policies of provi- Regional Governments and the State 200,000 accommodations, reducing the
supply managed by the Housing Agen- units. Despite the large scaling down of social housing sector is therefore ideally tors must now be enriched by new skills
cies by over 50,000 units (from 800,000 the role of traditional operators, it will placed at the crossroads of business and that include support and social media-
to 750,000 accommodations) and in be difficult in the future to completely public activities to transfer innovation tion in order to avoid the formation of
equal measure reducing the accommo- leave the public assistance system, but and good practices in both directions new and more serious phenomena of
dations managed directly by the muni- rather we should work towards finding – towards the private enterprise and segregation and tension in the region.
cipalities. On the other hand the impact forms of collaboration and integration towards public services. Some research Here are some examples of the activities
of public aid to families in private rental between operators from different sec- promoted by Cecodhas Housing Europe of social housing operators with respect
properties, which provided a contribu- tors, also starting with the experiences and its associates from various Europe- to three specific sectors.
tion to around 12 per cent of families that are already being outlined. The an countries has found that social hou- – Economic (business and labour).
that rented, has also been greatly scaled social housing sector, due to its size sing operators perform many activities Some strategies can be aimed at de-
down insofar as aid, faced with incre- and activity type, has a potentially huge that go beyond the traditional duties veloping the internal and external di-
ased demand, has reduced from an impact on the possibility of combining of providing social housing and the mensions of economic sustainability,
initial 300 million euros down to zero social, economic and environmental associated services, such as communi- which for example consider the use
in 2012. Yet the scarce supply of pu- objectives. Social housing public bodies ty development and the generation of and development of the real estate he-
blic housing, which annually provides are essentially hybrid organizations employment, training and projects for ritage, innovation to maintain a com-
around 6,000 new accommodations that associate the construction and young people8. These diversification petitive advantage, the long-term de-
and around 10,000 existing accommo- management of a building as an eco- processes bear witness to the growing velopment of the assets, the generation
dations with respect to 600,000 pen- nomic affair with the social objectives awareness that the quality of the house of local work through procurement
ding applications, is the only concrete of supporting families, strengthening goes beyond the quality of the accom- policies and employee hiring strategies
response to situations of need, insofar the community and offsetting social modation in itself, that some people (DELPHIS, 2008).
as the experimental solutions that are disadvantages. They also participate need more than just a home or that they – Social (social investment, social
being hypothesized cannot provide in the promotion of sustainable urban may represent a commercial response cohesion and social sustainability).
more than a few hundred housing development and its management. The to new markets. The job of social opera- Providing good quality, cheap housing
is a consequence of social sustainability of ‘green’ products, which unfold vestments in the social housing sector, the municipalities, now a very rare as-
which is important in itself, but often through biocompatible construction they should contribute to the construc- set, which are offered freely or at a low
social operators take on a much broader works, measures to improve the envi- tion of private assets mainly for rent, a price for the construction of these wor-
role with regard to the society and the ronmental performance of the existing large part of which will be at lower than ks, diverting them from their original
benefits for the community. In this field buildings and the use of renewable market prices. The main instrument for purpose as areas for public building.
the mission starts with providing good energies. The need to develop saving this is the so-called ‘Real Estate Funds Therefore it is not an additional offer,
quality, cheap and affordable housing potential (energy, emissions, pollution for Social Housing’, to which, through but a replacement if anything. The
and works towards social inclusion, and financial) inherent in the social the provisions of the social housing second ‘cost’ lies in the requirements
countering unemployment, neighbou- housing assets has driven many autho- plan promoted by Article 11 of Legisla- linked to the financial plan: in order to
rhood services, education, safety and rities to create organizational models tive Decree 112 of 2008, the State also be able to offer investors an adequate
cohesion and finally services for ageing, (internal or through special purpose contributes through the Cassa Depositi return, although not lucrative, it is ne-
gender equality and ethnic diversity. companies) which also make it possi- e Prestiti. This is an important project cessary to obtain a mix between social
– Environment (environmental su- ble to become the providers of energy because, for the first time after thirty intervention and private speculative
stainability). Another important de- services for residents and in some cases years of oblivion, there is a return to intervention; furthermore, to cover
velopment concerns the issue of en- energy producers (photovoltaic, co- speaking about rental policies, thus at- initial investment costs, the mix must
vironmental sustainability which, for generation, etc.). tempting to reverse the growing trend contain a proportion of housing or
social housing, is also a precondition of home owners which was paralyzing other assets for sale. Unless urban re-
for the improved economic sustaina- The creation of new semi-private entities the country. But is it true? From an ini- qualification works are involved, where
bility of the housing, which is offered Public entities, which as we have seen tial analysis of the projects being star- the construction of this mix also has a
to people with low incomes. Housing are evolving towards new roles, are ted it is clear that the objective of a set social function of rebalancing degra-
is at the centre of the agenda of envi- now joined by a series of new entities, number of rent-controlled apartments ded quarters, there is a risk of having
ronmental sustainability, through the which represent the so-called ‘third has a cost, which threatens to make it to create new areas of expansion, with
development of appropriate construc- sector’. Mainly represented by banking ineffective on various levels. The first the consequent consumption of the
tion technologies and the development Foundations, whose new mission is in- ‘cost’ is that of public areas owned by territory. Furthermore, it is necessary
to consider the crisis in the real estate cognizing the right to housing, which a supranational perspective, under- posal. Consultation instruments exist
market which is paralyzing the sales in Italy is not expressly acknowledged standing how the crisis has heightened and are, at national level, the State/
market. Does this regressive phase of in the Constitution and is only affir- the need for competitiveness in local Regional/Anci (National Association
prices and stagnation favour or rather med as such in some regional by-laws markets. The greater mobility of peo- of Italian Municipalities) Conference,
not hinder the development of this (Abruzzo, Campania, Lazio, Pied- ple and the markets increases compe- and at European level the next steps
new market? Doesn't the risk that the mont, Veneto), would also reinforce titiveness between cities and states to planned between the Commission,
financial plan will fail in the face of de- the power of the State to intervene to attract investments and housing also Parliament and the Council which
lays to sell housing involve investors? ensure uniformity in the treatment of has a role in determining the attracti- characterize the creation of Directives
To summarize: it is a good idea for a citizens, even without acknowledging, veness of an industrial or tourism in- and regulations. Unfortunately in the
time of growth. But is it an adequate as in France and Scotland, the right to vestment. Another element that should definition of the roles of the different
response for a time of crisis? The delay housing enforceable against the State not be undervalued is the state of con- levels of sovereignty there are still too
in starting the first experiences and the (namely the obligation for the State to flict between decision-making levels. many ‘grey areas’ and the housing sec-
need to increase the amount invested provide adequate responses to all citi- As we have said, inter-institutional tor is part of one of these.Finally, a last
by the State in the local funds shows zens). Connected to this requirement conflict often blocks projects in their proposal that may seem marginal, but
that these concerns are well founded. is the need to find new forms of help first phase and risks making them less is instead of fundamental importance.
for the most vulnerable, also learning effective due to the excessive mediation In daily life and in statistics we are used
Perspectives and proposals from the most advanced examples that that arises from negotiations aimed at to considering two different elements in
In conclusion, we shall propose some are being developed at local level (tem- finding a shared solution. A better the cost of housing: the rent or mortga-
fragments of a proposal that we con- porary housing, co-housing etc.) or in division of institutional roles is there- ge on the one hand and the cost of ener-
sider to be a necessary premise for an other European countries, without fore necessary (Europe, State, Region, gy for lighting, electrical appliances and
overhaul of the housing policies and wishing to transfer models detached Municipality, Operators), or better heating on the other. The increased cost
for the development of new national from their contexts, but favouring the greater clarity in their respective roles of energy and climatic changes, which
and local projects. Let us start with a creation of bottom-up solutions. Local and a greater capacity for dialogue and result in increasingly hot summers le-
main requirement: defining and re- initiatives must in any case reacquire reconciliation upstream of each pro- ading us to consider both heating and
Abstract. I nuovi quartieri e le ‘eco-cities’ realizzate fra gli anni ’90 e 2000 nei pa- Regno Unito, oltre che in Germania, Francia e Olanda e in altre
esi scandinavi e nel Regno Unito, oltre che in Germania, Francia, Olanda ed altre
nazioni europee, rappresentano un deciso superamento della fase sperimentale
nazioni europee, rappresentano un deciso superamento della fase
secondo cui l’housing ecologico rappresentava un approccio innovativo ma cir- sperimentale secondo cui l’housing ecologico rappresentava un
coscritto a progetti pilota di piccole dimensioni. In questi quartieri il social housing approccio innovativo ma circoscritto a progetti pilota di piccole
è attuato secondo quote percentuali corrispondenti alle politiche per la casa dei
diversi paesi. Il ruolo delle scelte tecnologiche e delle caratteristiche del processo
dimensioni. Nelle esperienze nord europee i programmi di social
edilizio è stato determinante per la qualità degli interventi, per la riduzione degli housing sono stati inseriti in interventi residenziali in quanto di-
impatti ambientali e per il sostegno a nuovi stili di vita ecologicamente orientati e mostratori di una efficace risposta al problema dell’identità dei
di più ampia inclusione sociale.
nuovi insediamenti e delle politiche ambientali e sociali. In alcu-
Parole chiave: Politiche abitative, Edilizia sociale, Eco-quartieri, Innovazione tec-
nologica, Rendimento energetico
ni paesi europei l’abitazione sociale è considerata una responsa-
bilità pubblica nei confronti dell’intera popolazione e per questo
motivo le politiche dell’alloggio sociale sono integrate all’interno
Nuove politiche Una importante stagione delle azioni di sostegno alle politiche di welfare, mentre in altri
abitative e qualità degli dell’housing europeo ha eviden- interessa categorie ristrette di beneficiari individuabili nelle fasce
insediamenti1 ziato, nel primo decennio degli deboli della popolazione le cui esigenze abitative richiedono di es-
anni 2000, contributi di inte- sere soddisfatte in contesti di mercato attraverso quote riservate
ressante innovazione nella progettazione e nella realizzazione di di attribuzione. Se una maggiore diffusione del social housing si
interventi di nuova edificazione che hanno coniugato i temi della riscontra in Svezia e Danimarca con il coinvolgimento di famiglie
crescita urbana e le politiche per la residenza con gli obiettivi della non solo a basso reddito, nel ‘welfare mediterraneo’ l’edilizia socia-
sostenibilità. L’attuazione di questi programmi nasce anche come le ha ormai un ruolo marginale, mentre nel modello liberale dei
una prima risposta alle grandi sfide dei prossimi decenni. I nuovi paesi anglosassoni è riservata prevalentemente alle classi più po-
assetti urbani dovranno misurarsi con la crescita delle città e con vere (Baldini, 2010). Ciò che accomuna alcune esperienze attuate
l’incremento della popolazione urbanizzata, con i nuovi scenari nei paesi scandinavi e nel Regno Unito è l'impegno di misurarsi
energetici e climatici, con la mobilità e lo sviluppo sostenibile. in maniera innovativa con il tema della grande dimensione nella
Queste sfide richiedono appropriate azioni per la riqualificazio- crescita urbana. L’obiettivo di offrire soluzioni che possano rap-
ne dell’esistente e la nuova edificazione in risposta alla nuova do- presentare un modello per il futuro della città europea attraverso
manda abitativa, nella quale rientrano le tematiche dell’abitazione strategie di rigenerazione urbana e di costruzione di nuove parti
sociale. Secondo vari autori questi obiettivi potranno attuarsi con di città, è stato attuato con significative innovazioni nel campo
una città compatta che prevede un limitato consumo di suolo e del processo edilizio, del progetto urbano e delle tecnologie co-
prevalentemente processi di rigenerazione urbana. struttive. Fra gli esempi più importanti vi sono i quartieri Bo01
I nuovi quartieri e le eco-city realizzati nei paesi scandinavi e nel a Malmö e Hammarby Sjöstad a Stoccolma oltre al Greenwich
Eco-districts and Social Abstract: New districts and ‘eco-cities’ New housing policies and quality of with a compact city that provides a limi-
built between the '90s and 2000s in the settlements1 ted use of land and mainly urban rege-
Housing in Northern Scandinavian countries and the UK, as An important season of European neration processes. The new eco-city di-
well as in Germany, France, the Nether-
Europe lands and in other European countries,
housing has shown, in the first decade stricts constructed in the Scandinavian
of the 2000s, the contributions of inte- countries and in the UK, as well as in
represent a decisive overcoming of the
resting innovation in both design and Germany, France, the Netherlands and
experimental phase where the ecolo-
gical housing was just an innovative
new buildings construction, combining in other European countries, represent a
approach limited to small pilot projects. the issues of urban growth and housing decisive overcoming of the experimental
In these districts the social housing is policies with the objectives of sustaina- phase where the ecological housing was
implemented according to percen- bility. The implementation of these pro- just an innovative approach limited to
tages corresponding to the housing grams was established as a first response small pilot projects. In the Northern Eu-
policies of the different countries. The to the great challenges of the following ropean experience, social housing pro-
role of technological choices and the decades. New urban layouts have to deal grams were placed in residential projects
characteristics of the building process with the growth of cities and the increa- as demonstrators of an effective respon-
have been crucial for building quality to se in urban population, with new energy se to the problem of the identity of new
reduce environmental impacts and to and climate scenarios, mobility and su- settlements and of the environmental
support and promote new ecologically stainable development. These challenges and social policies. In European countri-
oriented lifestyles and a wider social
require appropriate actions for recovery es, social housing is considered a public
inclusion.
of existing buildings and new construc- responsibility towards the entire popu-
Keywords: Housing policy, Social hou-
tions in response to the new demand for lation and for this reason social hou-
sing, Eco-districts, Technological inno-
dwellings that indeed includes the social sing policies are integrated within the
vation, Energy efficiency
housing issues too. According to various actions in support of welfare policies,
authors, these goals can be implemented while others involve key categories of
44 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2011 Firenze University Pres | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 04 2012
52
Millennium Village (GMV) a Londra e Ørestad a Copenhagen, te ricadute nelle normative nazionali con le Direttive UE del 2002
che hanno registrato significative aliquote di residenze sociali2. e del 20104. Gli obiettivi strategici per le proiezioni dei processi di
Mentre a Malmö e ad Hammarby Sjöstad si rileva una prevalenza crescita urbana al 2020 e al 2050 sono individuati nella sosteni-
di appartamenti in diritto di superficie, in affitto e in proprietà bilità sociale e ambientale, nell’innovazione tecnologica, nell’uso
con percentuali di social housing più ridotte rispetto alla media razionale delle risorse e nella drastica riduzione delle emissioni
nazionale (20%), al GMV è stata sviluppata una quota iniziale del climalteranti. L'integrazione di questi aspetti fa emergere risposte
20% di social housing successivamente incrementata a partire dal urbanistiche e architettoniche che, pur con alcune questioni non
20063. risolte, costituiscono esiti convincenti. Sono fornite risposte riso-
In fase di programmazione, il sistema delle azioni messe in cam- lutive rispetto al tema del rapporto centro/periferia, partendo dal
po dai decisori pubblici che hanno avuto un ruolo di promozione presupposto che la questione della marginalità periferica non ri-
e di garanzia per la riuscita degli interventi, si è basato su nuo- guarda né la distanza fisica dal centro città né tanto meno la limi-
ve forme di rapporto pubblico-privato, sul controllo dei processi tatezza del repertorio morfologico e di materiali. La scommessa
decisionali e su processi di partecipazione fortemente connessi parte dalla volontà dimostratrice di realizzare un ‘effetto città’ in
con le scelte strategiche e con le fasi a valle. La governance delle aree non centrali, tale da escludere la perdita di rilevanza rispetto
trasformazioni urbane si è mossa secondo una visione sistemica alla città storica. Secondo un approccio su cui si è a lungo con-
attraverso modelli di management innovativo che hanno tenuto frontata la cultura architettonica europea, si è inteso contrastare la
conto, fra l’altro, della gestione razionale delle risorse materiali, rarefazione e l’assenza degli elementi di organizzazione della vita
energetiche e naturali secondo appropriate condizioni di fattibili- associata, facendo in modo da non generare distretti-dormitorio
tà procedurali, economiche, finanziarie e realizzative, insieme alla e configurando gradualmente la stessa vitalità del centro città
sostenibilità sociale e ambientale degli interventi. L’esperienza dei (Rossi, 1975). Al fine di superare la contrapposizione fra identità
nuovi eco-quartieri si localizza in aree libere oppure in aree di- ed estraneazione dei luoghi urbani, le scelte dei tracciati viari, dei
smesse o sottoutilizzate (i brownfields) come risposta allo sprawl tipi edilizi e degli spazi aperti sono fondate sulla ripetizione, sul-
urbano attraverso insediamenti razionali e compatti, caratteriz- la gerarchia e sull’efficace rapporto fra edilizia seriale ed edilizia
zati da mixité tipo-morfologiche, funzionali e spaziali per la cre- specialistica oltre che fra spazi edificati e spazi aperti. Il ricorso
scita della città contemporanea attraverso parti urbane di gran- a specifici tipi di insediamenti, forme e spazi è stato attuato nel
di dimensioni. Nei contesti esaminati le Amministrazioni locali tentativo di superare dialetticamente la contraddizione della cit-
hanno direzionato e controllato i processi decisionali e costruttivi tà contemporanea in cui caratteri e leggi della realtà confliggono
anche in presenza di forme di partenariato pubblico-privato. Gli con i processi di trasformazione dettati dalle esigenze economi-
interventi rispecchiano gli indirizzi strategici dell’Unione Euro- che di valorizzazione degli investimenti. Le questioni relative al
pea che ha inteso rendere tangibili i temi che hanno avuto concre- superamento delle criticità della città attuale hanno trovato dei
beneficiaries identified in the vulnerable the most important examples are the ses. The governance of urban transfor- Union which aimed to make this issues
population whose housing needs require districts Bo01 in Malmö and Hammar- mations moved according to a systemic tangible, leading to a real impact in na-
to be met in the context of the market. by Sjöstad in Stockholm as well as the vision through innovative management tional legislation with the Directives of
If a greater diffusion of social housing is Greenwich Millennium Village (GMV) models that take into account the ratio- 2002 and 20104. The strategic objectives
found in Sweden and Denmark not only in London and Ørestad in Copenhagen, nal management of material, energy and for the projection in urban growth pro-
with the involvement of low-income which include percentage rates of social natural resources according to appro- cesses for 2020 and 2050 are identified in
families, in the ‘Mediterranean welfare’ housing2. While in Malmö and Ham- priate conditions in procedural, econo- social and environmental sustainability,
social housing has nowadays gained a marby Sjöstad the share of apartments mic, financial and construction feasibili- technological innovation, rational use
marginal role, while the liberal model of in surface rights, for rent and in pro- ty, also with the social and environmen- of resources and the drastic reduction
the Anglo-Saxon countries is restricted perty is higher and the percentage of tal sustainability. New eco-districts are of greenhouse gas emissions. The inte-
mainly to poorer classes (Baldini, 2010). social housing is lower than the national built in free areas, urban wastelands or gration of these aspects leads to urban
Some experiences implemented in the average (20%), the GMV it has been de- underutilized areas (brownfields) as a re- and architectural responses that, despite
Scandinavian countries and in the UK veloped with an initial share of 20% for sponse to urban sprawl through rational some unresolved issues, have convin-
have in common the commitment to the social housing, later increased from and compact settlements, characterized cing results. Decisive answers are given
deal in an innovative way with the ‘lar- 20063. During the planning phase, the by type-morphological, functional and to the theme of the center-periphery
ge dimension’ issue in urban growth. system of actions undertaken by policy spatial mixité for the growth of the con- relationship, assuming that the margi-
The goal of providing solutions that can makers who had the role to promote and temporary city through large dimension nality issue of peripheries does not deal
serve as a model for the future of the Eu- guarantee the success of the interven- urban parts. In the examined contexts, with the physical distance from the city
ropean city through urban regeneration tion, was based on new forms of public- local governments directed and control- center or the limited morphological in-
and building new parts of the city, has private partnership, on the control of led the decision-making and construc- ventory and materials use. The challenge
been carried on with significant innova- decision-making processes and partici- tion processes even through public- starts from the demonstration to create a
tions in the building process, urban de- patory processes strongly linked with the private partnerships. This actions reflect "city environment effect" in non-central
sign and building technologies. Among strategic choices and downstream pha- the strategic direction of the European areas, aimed to avoid any loss of rele-
vance in relationship to the historic city. lopment investments. The issues related ban parts of greater size and complexity Stockholm and Ørestad in Copenha-
According to an approach which was to overcoming the crisis in the city have compared to the experimental districts gen6. The scale of these areas has been a
discussed for a long time in European found positive results in social housing in the ‘90s. Their restrained dimensions significant challenge for the European
architectural culture, the rarefaction purposes that embedded aspects of (around 3000-5000 inhabitants) shows a architectural and urban culture on is-
and the lack of social life-structuring social cohesion, mitigation of social di- condition of advanced sustainability but sues of strategic importance for the futu-
elements were excluded by ensuring to sadvantage in access to public housing, almost of ‘peri-urban’ areas (this is, for re of cities. The design of urban areas
avoid dormitory districts and gradually social subsidiarity, integration between example, the case of the Vauban nei- able to self sustain both economically
configuring the vitality of the city center housing and social policies integrated ghborhood, in Freiburg, Germany). The and energetically, has provided services
(Rossi, 1975). In order to overcome the into large-scale settlements through in- new strategy of public programs for the and equipments to overcome the dicho-
opposition between identity and aliena- novative modes of governance. urban growth in the first decade of the tomy between center and periphery. The
tion of urban places, the choice of paths 2000s was focused on extensive pro- proposal of innovative districts has been
roads, building types and open spaces is Building sustainability: innovations grams of expansion or regeneration of designed to be functional and strategic
based on repetition, hierarchy and the in residential districts5 brownfield sites, planning districts or and with hierarchical relations between
effective relationship between dwellings The common features that characterize urban units of 20,000 to 25,000 inhabi- paths roads, urban elements, buildings,
and specific buildings as well as between the Northern Europe dwelling expe- tants, divided into smaller sub-units. infrastructures and public spaces. In ur-
the built environment and open spaces. riences can be identified in the intention Peculiar examples are the Greenwich ban parts was implemented a program-
The use of specific types of settlements, of public commissions to address the Millennium Village (GMV) in the larger matic choice to obtain functional mixité
forms and spaces was implemented to issue of urban growth correlating the settlement of Greenwich Peninsula in and building types with mixed residen-
overcome the dialectical contradiction principles of sustainability with the con- London or the Bo01 district, part of the tial, commercial and leisure uses. It also
of the contemporary city in which cha- cept of urban parts able to be more cre- Västra Hamnen settlement in Malmö. developed a constant search for plurality
racters and real life conditions conflict dible models for the contemporary city. Other interventions are organically and diversification of the built, with a
with the processes of change imposed Within urban and functional-spatial structured in districts, such as the settle- share of experimental and high quality
by the requirements of economic deve- settlement takes place a transition to ur- ments of Hammarby Sjöstad in architecture buildings. The decision to
positivi riscontri negli obiettivi del social housing che integrano marby Sjöstad a Stoccolma e di Ørestad a Copenhagen6. L’inter-
gli aspetti della coesione sociale, della mitigazione del disagio so- scalarità di questi interventi ha rappresentato una importante sfi-
ciale nell’accesso all’edilizia residenziale pubblica, della sussidia- da di parte della cultura urbanistica e architettonica europea su
rietà, dell’integrazione fra politiche della casa e politiche sociali temi di interesse strategico per il futuro delle città. Sono state con-
integrate all’interno di interventi di grande dimensione attraverso cepite parti urbane capaci di auto sostenersi economicamente ed
modalità di governance innovative. energeticamente, dotate di servizi e attrezzature attraverso cui
fosse evidente il superamento della dicotomia centro-periferia. La
Costruire la sostenibilità: Il tratto comune che caratterizza proposizione di nuove realtà abitative è stata ricercata sia sul pia-
le innovazioni nei le esperienze nord europee è in- no funzionale e strategico che nelle relazioni gerarchiche fra trac-
quartieri residenziali5 dividuabile nell’intenzione delle ciati, elementi urbani, edifici, infrastrutture e spazi pubblici. Nelle
committenze pubbliche di af- parti urbane è stata attuata la scelta programmatica di avere mixité
frontare il tema della crescita urbana correlando i principi della funzionali e di tipologie edilizie con edifici residenziali misti,
sostenibilità con la concezione di parti urbane capaci di costituire commerciali e di loisir. Si è inoltre sviluppata una costante ricerca
modelli più credibili per la città contemporanea. Nell’ambito orga- della pluralità e della diversificazione del costruito, con una quota
nizzativo e funzionale-spaziale degli insediamenti si attua un pas- di edifici di valore sperimentale ed architetture di qualità. La scel-
saggio verso la concezione di parti urbane di maggiore ampiezza ta di inserire architetture residenziali particolarmente caratteriz-
e complessità rispetto ai quartieri sperimentali degli anni ’90. zate ha teso a superare i soli principi di omogeneità tipo-morfolo-
Questi ultimi, di dimensioni contenute nell’ordine dei 3.000-5.000 gica attribuendo ad esse il ruolo di elementi attrattori dei distretti
abitanti, esprimevano una condizione di sostenibilità avanzata ma per il loro significato strategico e catalizzatore. Il valore innovativo
quasi ‘periurbana’ (è, per esempio, il caso del quartiere Vauban a è restituito sia in termini tecnico costruttivi che basandosi sulla
Freiburg in Germania). La nuova strategia dell’intervento pubbli- mixité funzionale (a Malmö la torre Turning Torso di Santiago
co nel primo decennio degli anni 2000 si concentra invece sulla Calatrava assolve funzioni terziarie e residenziali) e tipologica (a
proposizione di programmi di ampliamento o rigenerazione di Ørestad i complessi «8 House» e «VM Houses» progettati rispetti-
aree dismesse attraverso distretti o unità urbane di 20.000-25.000 vamente da BIG e dal gruppo PLOT, ovvero BIG+JDS Architects,
abitanti, a loro volta suddivisi in sub unità di dimensioni minori. evidenziano elevate componenti di sperimentazione progettuale e
Costituiscono esempi in tal senso il Greenwich Millennium Villa- costruttiva per la sostenibilità sociale e ambientale). Nei quartieri
ge (GMV) all’interno del più esteso insediamento di Greenwich individuati, il social housing è attuato secondo quote percentuali
Peninsula a Londra oppure il quartiere Bo01 entro l’insediamento aderenti a quelle previste generalmente nelle politiche per la casa
di Västra Hamnen a Malmö. Altri interventi sono invece organi- dei rispettivi paesi7, ma si concretizza con un più evoluto sviluppo
camente strutturati in distretti, come gli insediamenti di Ham- attento all’inclusione sociale. Le innovazioni del quadro legislativo
02 |
include particularly characterized resi- conscious development, aimed to social technological innovation. New urban tion with collective and private spaces as
dential buildings aimed to overcome the inclusion. Innovations of the legislative parts are designed with transport infra- well as by urban furnishings. New di-
mere principles of morphological ho- framework are related to the adjustment structure design, that is a real strategic stricts are designed as homogenous
mogeneity and assigned them the role of of planning, environmental and energy field in urban regeneration. The Jubilee parts of the city in which there are rele-
attractors elements of districts for their public policies, as well as structural so- Line has been an element of enhance- vant service functions (universities, re-
strategic significance. The innovative va- cio-economic and cultural changes ta- ment and use of Greenwich Millennium search centers, cultural districts, centers
lue is given back in both technical con- king place in society. In this context, so- Village areas, together with the London of entertainment, sport, shopping malls,
structive and functional mixité (the Tur- cial housing transforms its ‘mission’ fo- Transport Interchange for the river tran- conference or exhibition centers). Resi-
ning Torso tower in Malmö by Santiago cusing attention to housing for families sport. In Ørestad, the settlement ‘fol- dential units and districts are characteri-
Calatrava hosts both tertiary and resi- as well as for new users, diversifying its lows’ the town concept of Copenhagen zed by different identities according to
dential functions) and typological range in cost and quality. Social gathe- Metro as main public transport rail. In functions and locations of specialistic
mixité (the «8 House» and «VM Hou- ring is encouraged by appropriate choi- this case, it is interesting the relationship buildings. Residential function is inte-
ses» dwellings in Ørestad designed re- ces of building types and by open spaces, with urban landscape: the subway line is grated by buildings for the production
spectively by BIG and PLOT Group, that common areas, services to support new well placed, it is integrated with built en- of goods and services (business centers,
is BIG + JDS Architects, show relevant users (AA.VV., 2012). Starting from the vironment and public spaces (channels, clusters, logistics centers) in addition to
elements of experimental design and fulfillment of requirements for all cate- green spaces, walking trails), reversing public and private facilities. Envi-
construction for the social and envi- gories of users, dwellings provision is the outcome of the often troubled rela- ronmental design of open spaces repre-
ronmental sustainability). In this se- oriented towards many common key is- tionship between infrastructure and ur- sented another element of innovation
lected quarters, social housing is imple- sues such as morphological and spatial ban space. Roads and pedestrian paths result of the criticism of residential ex-
mented according to the percentage quality, environmental sustainability are connecting systems between resi- perience of 70s and 80s when appropria-
shares generally provided by the hou- and energy efficiency, design of ‘smart’ dential units as well as between urban te design choices have not been integra-
sing policies of the respective countries7, buildings, cost containment and control elements and buildings and the quality ted into the buildings amount and
but it involves a more advanced and and building experimentation related to of public space is defined by its integra- technological innovation, able to give
back quality public spaces characterized marby Sjöstad as for Greenwich Millen- in order to quantify – in form of emis- of rainwater, conveying them with ap-
by identity values and gathering places. nium Village specific building types were sions to soil, air and water – both con- propriate technical solutions to storage
Green spaces and urban parks define ele- chosen in order to define common sumption of water and non-renewable tanks and ponds9. The issue of energy
ments which contribute to improve the courtyards integrated with service facili- energy and emissions of greenhouse gas. efficiency is related to energy indepen-
perception of microclimate and acoustic ties. Strategies of building sustainability The effective reduction of impacts dence and the reduction of fuel con-
comfort. The identification of aggrega- depart from the urban scale of large sy- against set targets of 50%, reached in sumption, especially regarding social
tion forms and spatial organization stems of spaces, functions and infra- operating conditions values of 32-39% housing, in order to avoid costs that
between housing and neighborhood structure coming to design solutions for buildings, building land and air qua- would have an impact on consumers
spaces, but also between paths roads and implemented at the building scale with lity8. Principles of environmental design with low disposable income, thus
urban fabric, have been a response to the building products and materials with en- and technological solutions are adopted counteracting the fuel poverty rising to-
renewed objectives of social housing for vironmental branding, use of renewable to reach the objectives of energy effi- day in Europe. The theme of almost total
a better integration in new urban reali- energy, productivity ‘km 0’, water tre- ciency and comfort conditions, pursued coverage of energy demand is mainly
ties in favor of mix and inclusion of new atment and water recycling, waste through the optimization of facade ope- related to the integrated use programs of
different users. The urban structure of recycling. Design and technical solutions nings for natural lighting and natural several renewable energy sources, with
Bo01, GMV and Hammarby Sjöstad for saving resources and reducing im- ventilation. The attention to the small extensive use of biomass, biogas, geo-
made with squares, streets and pacts represent a fundamental objective water cycle – through the collection, fil- thermal energy. In Bo01 district the
courtyards provides the basis for a positi- in all interventions and are subject to tration and constructed wetlands, per- wind farm produces more than six mil-
ve impact in social behavior, like the gra- environmental and performance moni- meable surfaces, raingardens, facades lion kWh per year, providing up to 99%
duation of open spaces – from public to toring to optimize choices in order of and green roofs – helped to counteract of the energy needed. In Hammarby
private spaces – in order to define a so- completions expected in this decade. For the effects of overheating in summer. In Sjöstad was implemented a program for
cial dimension from needs of privacy to Hammarby Sjöstad was used a model for many contexts the rational use of water self-sufficiency energy through an inte-
common experience in neighborhood the detection of environmental impact resources leads to rebalance local envi- grated waste cycle that allows to obtain
units and urban community. For Ham- that identifies the most relevant activities ronment through the reuse and recycling the 50% of total energy10. Consumption
05a |
NOTE
1
Testo di Mario Losasso.
2
L’individuazione di quattro casi esemplari deriva dalla loro rappresentatività
architettonica, dallo stesso periodo di progettazione, dall’essere indicativi di
una ricorrente tipologia di impianto urbano e di processo edilizio e dall’essere
ancora in fase di completamento.
3
La English Partnerships EP è l’Agenzia Nazionale di Rigenerazione urbana
creata in seguito al Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act del 1993 che
ha tra i principali obiettivi quello di aumentare la quota di abitazioni di social
housing, soprattutto in quelle aree in cui la domanda è alta così come i prezzi.
4
Direttiva 2002/91/CE sul rendimento energetico in edilizia e Direttiva
2010/31/CE sulla prestazione energetica nell'edilizia entrata in vigore dal 9
luglio 2010. Quest’ultima ha abrogato la precedente Direttiva dal 1° febbraio
2012, promuovendo «il miglioramento della prestazione energetica degli edi-
fici all'interno dell'Unione, tenendo conto delle condizioni locali e climatiche
esterne, nonché delle prescrizioni relative al clima degli ambienti interni e
all'efficacia sotto il profilo dei costi».
5
Testo di Valeria D’Ambrosio.
6
A Ørestad sono presenti quattro distretti: Ørestad Nord, Amager Fælled
Kvarteret, Ørestad City e Ørestad Syd. Ad Hammarby Sjöstad la struttura
dell’insediamento, con grandi corti urbane, è organizzata in sei unità urba-
ne: Sickla Kaj, Sikla Udde, Henrichsdalshamnen, Kvarteret Forsen, Lugnet,
Hammarby Gard.
7
Attualmente si stima che il social housing rappresenta approssimativamente
05b |
forecasts have been related to medium- improvement of environmental quality with an estimated completion period xity in size, process management, verifi-
high energy classes, with energy produ- had a particular commitment of the go- between 2015 and 2020. The monitoring cation strategies. Direct observations re-
ced on-site using renewable sources. vernment in education and public infor- and audit actions represent, at this stage, turn a daily life that does not correspond
Because the completion time is estima- mation. Among all, the Bo01 district has an effective feedback in understanding to the conditions launched and promo-
ted around 20 years, the efficiency moni- been a leader, providing web space for the direction, the success or the criticali- ted by real estate marketing. The feeling
toring, the upgrading of technical solu- multiple uses, from online shopping to ty conditions for operations, considering of isolation, anonymity, a few common
tions and the choice of other more effi- the ability to measure, monitor and con- also the compliance of the outcomes experiences and low social inclusion, but
cient solutions provide today useful data trol the energy consumption of each compared to expectations. The comple- also the occasional persistence of a pe-
to adjust future actions. The role of house, aiming to implement a process of xity in this intermediate stage – Ørestad ripheralized perception, counterbalance
technological and process choices has continuous inhabitants awareness. The is emblematic in this sense – have mo- other positive aspects. The development
been crucial to the quality of projects use of materials and building eco-inno- ments of lively and critical debate in lo- of an inclusive sociality still has shadows.
and building works, as well as adherence vative products has been promoted by cal communities for urban policies pro- In this case in less ‘concluded’ districts –
to the objectives of reducing envi- various local governments and, in the moted by governments and municipali- including Ørestad and Malmö – nei-
ronmental impacts and support new case of Malmö, with incentives for buil- ties. For Ørestad has been tested in a ghborly relations and the use of space
ecologically oriented lifestyles. The use ding companies that have implemented controversial manner the assignment of cannot restore a sense of community.
of ICT and the circulation of informa- specific tests of technological and per- the urban role to non public institutions Ordered and well-kept spaces, or even
tion according to a ‘smart’ logic, promo- formance quality, ensuring a continuity buildings. Public buildings are replaced sparse and undefined spaces, are com-
te the environmental and common go- guarantee in the market11. Low envi- by shopping centers or research centers pared with an organization of daily life
ods protection. Some districts are based ronmental impact and recycled mate- for advanced services, which do not find with low permeability degree for new
on collective and centralized manage- rials (with low embodied energy level, the strength to be urban centers and ci- activities, too conditioned by the exi-
ment services (car sharing, electric or eco-labeling, etc.) allowed to achieve an vic polarity stimulus for the social inclu- stence or absence of social routines
hybrid cars, etc.). The communication to 80% rate of recyclable materials. All the sion in the district. In the new districts (Trkulja, 2011, pp. 52, 53). In an asses-
reduce resources consumption and the building works are halfway through, the social reality presents a deep comple- sment still necessarily partial, the Nor-
il 20% del totale delle abitazione in Svezia e Danimarca e circa il 17% nel Re- Brunetti, G. L., Delera, A. and Ronda, E. (2011), Il risparmio energetico nell’e-
gno Unito (cfr. Troche, 2012). dilizia residenziale pubblica, Maggioli Editore, Santarcangelo di Romagna
8
Il profilo di impatto ambientale confronta il progetto con valori di riferi- (RN).
mento ricavati da modelli e tecnologie della prassi costruttiva dei primi anni
Bosio, E., and Sirtori, W. (Ed.) (2010), Abitare. Il progetto della residenza so-
‘90. Lo studio è stato condotto nel 2008 dalla Grontmij AB nelle aree di Sickla
ciale fra tradizione e innovazione, Maggioli Editore, Santarcangelo di Roma-
Udde, Sickla Kaj, Lugnet e Proppen di Hammarby Sjöstad. Il modello con sui
è stata condotta la verifica è stato sviluppato dalla Grontmij AB in collabora- gna (RN).
zione con il Comune di Stoccolma, utilizzando il finanziamento fornito dal Clemente, C. and De Matteis, F. (Eds.) (2010), Housing for Europe. Strategies
Ministero dell'Ambiente tra il 1997 e il 2002. for quality in urban space, excellence in design, performance in building, Dei,
9
Ad Hammarby Sjöstad, attraverso sistemi di raccolta e riuso delle acque me- Roma.
teoriche si è ottenuta una riduzione del fabbisogno di acqua da 200 l/g a 100 Francese, D. and Buoninconti, L. (Eds.) (2010), L’architettura sostenibile e le
l/g procapite.
politiche dell’alloggio sociale, Franco Angeli, Milano.
10
I consumi energetici del quartiere Bo01 sono di 105 kW h/m2 anno mentre
gli interventi di completamento dell’area di Västra Hamnen relativi a Flagghu- Fryxell, S. (2012), “Hammarby Sjöstad, un progetto unico. A Stoccolma”, in
sen (Bo02) e Fullriggaren (Bo03), destinati al terziario e ai servizi, prevedono Bertello, A. and Blanchetti, E. (Eds.), City 2.0 Il futuro delle città. Le sfide delle
consumi energetici rispettivamente di 120 kWh/m2 anno e di 115 kWh/m2a. smart cities tra opportunità e necessità, available at: http://www.festivaldelle-
Ad Hammarby Sjöstad si raggiungono invece medie di 72 kWh/m2a con la nergia.it/ebook/smart_city.pdf.
particolarità che le cucine del quartiere sono alimentate al 50% da biogas. Moccia, F. D. (Ed.) (2011), Abitare la città ecologica/Housing ecocity, Clean,
11
Le imprese hanno adottato sistemi di gestione ambientale certificati secon- Napoli.
do le norme ISO 14001 ed EMAS.
Maretto, M. (2011), “Ecocities ed eco-quartieri: tra morfologia e progetto ur-
bano”, L’industria delle costruzioni, maggio-giugno, pp. 4-25.
REFERENCES Rossi, A. (1975), “Il problema della periferia nella città moderna”, in Rossi, A.,
Scritti scelti sull’architettura e la città, Clup, Milano.
AA.VV., (2012), Abitare sociale: nuovi strumenti e nuove domande, IRES (Isti- Trkulja, I. (2011), “L’inconclusiva urbanità di Ørestad”, Urbanistica informa-
tuto di Ricerche Economico-Sociali del Piemonte), Torino. zioni, n. 237, maggio-giugno, pp. 65-69.
Baldini, M. (2010), La casa degli italiani, il Mulino, Bologna. Troche, J. P. (2012), “The financialisation and questioning of social housing in
Bisceglia, C. (2005), “Greenwich Millennium Village, London”, L’industria del- France and in Europe”, in Mathivet, C. (Ed.), Housing in Europe: time to evict
le costruzioni, n. 382 marzo/aprile, pp. 30-41. the crisis, Ritimo, Paris, FR, pp. 65-69.
thern Europe eco-districts experience is derives from the architectonic value, the to indoor climate and to 'effectiveness in The test model was developed by Gron-
extremely positive, and also an effective same design period, the recurrent type terms of costs”. tmij AB in collaboration with the City
attempt to capture the data of the new of urban structure and building process, 5
Text by Valeria D’Ambrosio. of Stockholm, using the funding provi-
dimension of the contemporary city, but the construction time estimated around 6
There are four districts in Ørestad: Øre- ded by the Ministry of the Environment
not limited to a simple task of reforming 20 years. stad North, Amager Fælled Kvarteret, between 1997 and 2002.
the existing city. The eco-neighborhoods 3
The English Partnerships EP is the Na- Ørestad City and Ørestad Syd. In Ham- 9
In Hammarby Sjöstad, collection sy-
are designed in relation to the new geo- tional Agency for Urban regeneration marby Sjöstad the settlement structure, stems and reuse of rainwater obtained
graphical context of the city expanded to established after the “Reform, Housing with large urban courtyards, is organi- a reduction of water consumption from
the metropolitan scale, without falling and Urban Development Act” of 1993. zed into six urban units: Sickla Kaj, Sikla 200 l/d to 100 l/d per capita.
into abstraction from the contexts. The It’s main objective is to increase the share Udde, Henrichsdalshamnen, Kvarteret 10
The energy consumption of the Bo01
theme is the place of the modern city and of social housing dwellings, especially in Forsen, Lugnet, Hammarby Gard. district is 105 kWh/m2 per year while the
its necessary and expected growth throu- those areas where demand is high as well 7
Currently it is estimated that the so- completion buildings for the tertiary and
gh the construction of a better city in as prices. cial housing represents approximately services of the Västra Hamnen related
which it is possible to provide an adequa- 4
Directive 2002/91/EC on energy ef- 20% of the total housing in Sweden and to Flagghusen (Bo02) and Fullriggaren
te response to people’s problems. In the ficiency in buildings and Directive Denmark and about 17% in the United (Bo03), provide energy consumption
contradictions of the reality of city living, 2010/31/EC on the energy performance Kingdom (see Troche, 2012). respectively 120 kWh/m2 and 115 kWh/
a careful analysis of the critical issues is of buildings came into force on 9 July 8
The environmental impact compares m2 per year. Consumptions at Hammar-
still the only possible basis for appropria- 2010. It repealed the previous Directive the project with reference values drawn by Sjöstad are about 72 kWh/m2 with the
te processes in urban transformation. from 1 February 2012, promoting “the from models and technologies of engine- particularity that the kitchens in the nei-
improvement of the energy performance ering practice in the early 90s. The study ghborhood are fueled a 50% by biogas.
NOTES of buildings within the EU, taking into was conducted in 2008 by Grontmij AB 11
Companies have adopted environmen-
1
Text by Mario Losasso. account outdoor climatic and local con- in the areas Sickla Udde, Sickla Kaj, Lu- tal management systems certified accor-
2
The identification of four case studies ditions, as well as the provisions relating gnet and Proppen Hammarby Sjöstad. ding to ISO 14001 and EMAS.
Abstract. L’articolo analizza l’evoluzione normativa del settore del Social Hou- bisogni abitativi della popolazione, con conseguente intervento, o
sing in Gran Bretagna, ponendo in risalto gli effetti che il processo di devoluzione
ha avuto sul settore. Vengono così richiamate tanto l’esperienza inglese quanto
meglio garanzia di accessibilità alle provvidenze pubbliche, solo
quella scozzese, che sono state recentemente oggetto di un radicale cambia- per quelle famiglie per le quali il mercato stesso non è in grado di
mento teso a garantire una maggiore rispondenza alle esigenze sociali mutate garantire una abitazione dignitosa a prezzi accessibili. Il modello
in ragione della crisi economica che ha ampliato la fascia dei soggetti che si
rivolgono alle istituzioni pubbliche per la soddisfazione dei loro bisogni abitativi.
universalistico, che esprime una filosofia di stampo diverso, che
Parole chiave: Social Housing, Social policies, Welfare, Privatizzazione
ruota intorno al concetto di responsabilità pubblica nella garanzia
di un’abitazione dignitosa e a prezzi accessibili escludendo così la
possibilità di effettuare delle classificazioni in ordine ai possibili
Il settore del Social Housing presenta forti disomogeneità a livel- destinatari, con l’unica eccezione per le situazioni di emergenza
lo comunitario in ragione delle diverse situazioni abitative na- per le quali, ovviamente, sono contemplati dei canali preferenziali
zionali e, soprattutto, delle politiche adottate dai Governi degli per l’assegnazione degli alloggi.
stati membri. La previsione di classi di aventi diritto, propria del primo mo-
Muovendo dall’ampia ed omnicomprensiva definizione adotta- dello esaminato, può riferirsi in generale ai nuclei familiari che
ta dal Comitato europeo per la promozione del diritto alla casa si collocano al di sotto di una certa soglia reddituale (in questo
(CECODHAS), per Social Housing devono intendersi «le solu- caso si è in presenza di un approccio ‘generalista’ tipico delle
zioni abitative per quei nuclei familiari i cui bisogni non pos- esperienze dell’Europa occidentale, quali l’Austria, la Finlandia,
sono essere soddisfatti alle condizioni di mercato e per le quali la Germania, l’Italia e la Grecia) o, al contrario di categorie spe-
esistono regole di assegnazione»1. Si tratta, come è evidente, di cifiche quali diversamente abili, famiglie monogenitoriali ecc.
una nozione nella quale vengono in rilievo, ai fini della inclu- (donde la definizione in termini di approccio ‘residuale’) deter-
sione nella categoria, i profili funzionali (la soddisfazione di un minate a livello normativo, centrale o locale.
bisogno abitativo); i profili soggettivi dei destinatari delle prov- Da un punto di vista dell’offerta non si può non rilevare un movi-
videnze assistenziali (la previsione di criteri di assegnazione e a mento generale, in tutta Europa, e come si vedrà particolarmente
monte la individuazione di fasce di destinatari); e non da ultimo significativo per il Regno Unito, teso a decentrare le competenze
i profili organizzativo/gestionali. in materia abitativa anche attraverso il ricorso al settore privato,
I diversi approcci adottati negli stati membri sono stati oggetto coinvolto tanto nella fase di finanziamento quanto in quella di co-
di un approfondimento, teso a garantirne una sistematizzazione, struzione degli interventi, e in particolare alle organizzazioni non
da parte del CECODHAS che ha individuato nello studio Hou- lucrative (costruttori, proprietari e gestori degli immobili dedica-
sing Europe 2007 (Review of social…), due modelli contrapposti: ti all’housing sociale) spesso costituite dalle comunità locali con
il modello cosiddetto targeted (per obiettivi) che muove da una ambiti di intervento mirati sulle esigenze delle comunità locali.
valutazione delle potenzialità del mercato nella soddisfazione dei La comparsa di nuovi soggetti nel panorama dell’housing sociale
Social Housing in Abstract: The article analyzes the evo- ve definition adopted by the European two contrasting models: the so-called
lution of legislation in the field of Social Committee for the Promotion of Hou- targeted model (by objectives) that
Great Britain. Brief Housing in Britain, highlighting the ef- sing Rights (CECODHAS), by Social moves from an assessment of the
fects that the process of devolution has
reflections on an had on the field. Thus we refer to the
Housing we mean «housing solutions market potential for satisfying the
for those families whose needs cannot housing needs of the population, with
evolving system English experience, as much as the
be satisfied in market conditions and a subsequent intervention, or better,
Scottish, which have recently undergo-
ne a radical change aimed at ensuring
for which allocation rules exist» 1. a guarantee of accessibility to public
greater responsiveness to the chan- This is, as is apparent, a notion which subsidies only for those families for
ging social needs due to the economic included the survey, for the purposes whom the market is not able to gua-
crisis that has expanded the range of of inclusion in the category, the fun- rantee decent housing at affordable
subjects who turn to public institutions ctional profiles (the satisfaction of prices; the universalistic model, which
for the satisfaction of their housing housing needs), the subjective profiles expresses a philosophy of a different
needs. of welfare recipients (the provision of mould, which revolves around the
Keywords: Social Housing, Social poli- allocation criteria from the outset and concept of public responsibility for
cies, Welfare, Privatization the identification of target groups), ensuring affordable decent housing,
and not least the organizational/ma- thereby excluding the possibility of
The Social Housing sector is far from nagement profiles. classifying possible recipients, with
homogeneous at European Commu- The different approaches adopted in the only exception being for emer-
nity level because of different national Member States were the subject of a gency situations for which, obviously,
housing situations and, above all, the study, aimed at ensuring its systemi- are foreseen preferential channels for
policies adopted by the governments zation, on the part of CECODHAS the allocation of housing.
of the member states. which identified in the study Housing The forecast of the classes entitled,
Moving from the wide and all-inclusi- Europe 2007 (Review of social…), which refers to the first model exa-
53 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2011 Firenze University Pres | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 04 2012
60
in realtà è espressione, sia pure indiretta, di un sensibile mu- voro in una house of correction (precursore della workhouse),
tamento che si registra, a partire dagli anni Ottanta del secolo nelle quali i cosiddetti ‘persistent idler’ venivano puniti; gli ‘im-
scorso, nel settore delle politiche per la casa che pur rimanendo potent poor’, cioè gli anziani e gli infermi, ai quali veniva garan-
nella competenza nazionale/locale scontano il prezzo di una ne- tito un ‘outdoor relief’ (soldi, cibo, ecc.) con una sistemazione
cessaria compatibilità con la normativa comunitaria. Non è un alloggiativa in case realizzate attraverso un finanziamento deri-
caso, infatti, che proprio nel periodo considerato il settore viene vante dal prelievo fiscale.
interessato da una forte politica di privatizzazione con relativa Il sistema delle workhouse si è poi sviluppato, sempre nel qua-
dismissione del patrimonio, non solo in favore dei soggetti (pri- dro della circoscrizione delle parrocchie nell’era georgiana. Un
vati, housing associations nel Regno Unito) subentrati nell’offer- significativo incremento si ebbe nel 1732 con l’emanazione del
ta alloggiativa, ma anche in favore degli affittuari. È, ad esempio, Workhouse Test Act che rendeva obbligatorio, per l’accesso agli
quanto accaduto in Gran Bretagna a seguito della previsione del ausili, l’ingresso in una workhouse. Un’ulteriore spinta alla re-
cosiddetto ‘Right to Buy’ in favore degli affittuari residenti che alizzazione di workhouses venne dal Relief of the Poor Act del
potevano acquistare gli alloggi a prezzi scontati. Acquisto che 1782, anche noto come Gilbert’s Act, dal nome del suo propo-
poteva in alternativa avvenire solo per una parte dell’abitazione, nente. Ma l’elemento che ne frenò la realizzazione da parte delle
con obbligo di corrispondere per la rimanente parte, ancora di parrocchie era rappresentato essenzialmente dalla insostenibi-
proprietà dell’housing association, un affitto scontato, con pos- lità dei costi di gestione tanto che addirittura si legge in alcuni
sibilità di acquisire poi l’intera proprietà dell’abitazione. rapporti di mariti costretti a vendere le proprie mogli per evita-
re l’onere economico per le parrocchie. Forse il caso più noto è
Dalle workhouses L’esperienza britannica conta quello di Henry Cook, inserito nella workhouse di Effingham, la
all’housing sociale un passato che per certi versi cui moglie e il figlio furono venduti al mercato di Croydon nel
non si è distinto in positivo. 1814 per uno scellino, e la parrocchia pagò il costo del viaggio e
Tutti ricordano le immagini dickensiane delle poorhouses o di un ‘wedding dinner’.
workhouses del periodo vittoriano, le cui origini risalgono indie- Ma la stessa struttura delle workhouses rispecchiava evidente-
tro nel tempo al Poor Law Act del 1388 emanato per far fronte mente la filosofia ispiratrice di queste organizzazioni. Emblema-
alle conseguenze negative della Black Death. Successivamente, tiche le parole di F. Eden, nell’opera The State of the Poor che le
nel 1601, con l’emanazione del Act for the Relief of the Poor la descrive come «an inconvenient building, with small windows,
responsabilità per la cura di coloro che a causa della loro età o di low rooms and dark staircases. It is surrounded by a high wall,
una infermità erano impossibilitati a lavorare venne posta in that gives it the appearance of a prison, and prevents free cir-
capo alle parrocchie. Singolare la classificazione contenuta nel culation of air. There are 8 or 10 beds in each room, chiefly of
provvedimento: soggetti abili fisicamente, cui veniva offerto la- flocks, and consequently retentive of all scents and very produc-
mined, may refer in general to hou- gers dedicated to Social Housing) of- Britain following the provision of the the Poor, the responsibility for the care
seholds which fall below a certain ten made up of the local communities so-called ‘right to buy’ in favour of te- of those who because of their age or
income threshold (in this case we with areas of intervention targeted at nants who could purchase their homes infirmity were unable to work was pla-
are witnessing a ‘generalist’ approach the needs of those same local commu- at a discount. A purchase that could ced in the hands of the parishes. The
which is typical of experiences of We- nities. alternatively be only for a part of the classification contained in the measure
stern Europe, such as Austria, Finland, The emergence of new players in the home, with the obligation to pay for is notable: persons able to work, who
Germany, Italy and Greece) or, in the landscape of Social Housing is ac- the remaining part, still the property were offered a job in a house of cor-
contrary, of specific groups such as the tually an expression, albeit indirect, of the housing association, a reduced rection (precursor of the workhouse),
disabled, single-parent families etc. of a perceptible change that has been rent with the option to acquire full ow- in which so-called ‘persistent idlers’
(hence the definition in terms of the recorded, since the 1980s, in the field nership of the house later. were punished, the ‘impotent poor’, i.e.
‘residual’ approach) determined by re- of housing policies which while remai- the elderly and infirm, who were gran-
gulations, central or local. ning within national/local competen- From workhouses to Social Housing ted an ‘outdoor relief ’ (money, food,
From the point of view of supply, we ce have to necessarily be compatible The British experience has a past that etc..) with housing accommodation in
cannot but detect a general movement with Europen Community law. It is no in some ways has not distinguished houses built through funding derived
throughout Europe, and as will see coincidence, in fact, that in the period itself in the positive sense. We can all from taxation.
particularly significant in the United considered the industry was affected remember the images of Dickensian The workhouse system was then de-
Kingdom, aimed at devolving powers by a strong policy of privatization with poorhouses or workhouses of the veloped, still under the jurisdiction
over housing, including through the a related disposal of assets, not only Victorian era, whose origins stretch of the Georgian-era parishes. A signi-
use of the private sector, involved both in favour of the subjects (individuals back into history to the time of the ficant increase occurred in 1732 with
in the phases of funding and of the and housing associations in the United Poor Law Act of 1388, introduced the emanation of the Workhouse Test
construction of the interventions, and Kingdom) which entered the housing to address the consequences of the Act which made entry into a workhou-
in particular non-profit organizations sector, but also in favour of tenants. Black Death. Later, in 1601 with the se mandatory in order to have access
(builders, owners and building mana- This is, for example, what happened in enactment of the Act for the Relief of to assistance. A further push came to
the construction of workhouses came building, with small windows, low blished with the task of verifying via- tool to push the unemployed towards
from the Poor Relief Act of 1782, also dark rooms and staircases. It is Sur- ble solutions to address the growing work, the expression of a philosophy
known as Gilbert's Act, after its propo- rounded by a high wall, That it Gives poverty. The results were represented by which public assistance should be
nent. But the element that put a brake the appearance of a prison, and Pre- by the creation, through the Poor Law less eligible, i.e. the least preferable so-
on the activities of the parishes was re- vents free circulation of air. There are Amendment Act of 1834 (New Poor lution. Therefore, it was an uninviting
presented mainly by the unsustainable 8 or 10 beds in Each room, chiefly of Law Act), of a Commission (Poor choice aimed at push anyone able to
management costs, so much so that it Flocks, and consequently of all scents Law Commission), of which Edwin fend for themselves to do so autono-
can even be read in some reports of retentive and very productive of ver- Chadwick was appointed secretary for mously without having to turn to pu-
husbands forced to sell their wives to min. The passages are in great want of England and Wales, which sought to blic assistance.
avoid an economic burden for the pa- whitewashing. No regular account is discourage entry into the workhouses. Entering the workhouse was, in fact,
rishes. Perhaps the best known case is kept of births and deaths, but When Among its contents was a provision a particularly difficult moment. It is
that of Henry Cook, who entered the smallpox, measles or malignant fevers for an allocation of housing in favour significant, the fact that the entrance
workhouse in Effingham, whose wife Make Their appearance in the hou- of the needy. Although at first glance of the workhouse in Birmingham was
and son were sold at Croydon Market se, the mortality is very great. Of 131 the intervention appears to be one that named «the Archway of Tears». Suffi-
in 1814 for a shilling, and the parish inmates in the house, 60 are children.» can be traced back to the field of what ce to think of the rigid set of regula-
paid the cost of travel and a ‘wedding The reorganization of the system of we today would define as the category tions for entry and residence in the
dinner’. workhouses became so essential also of popular and low-cost construction workhouse. Prior to entry there was
But the structure itself of the workhou- because of the high costs of managing operations, the basic idea underlying an interview, to verify the existence of
ses reflected clearly the philosophy them, which were unsustainable also it reveals in reality how it should be the requirements for admission. The
behind these establishments. The because of the economic crisis that framed differently. The workhouses, persons admitted were subject to me-
words of F. Eden, in his work «The followed the Napoleonic Wars. And not surprisingly criticized for their dical controls and those who were ill
State of the Poor» are symbolic when so in 1832, after the Swing Riots of constructing absolute ghettos, were were placed in special sections and gi-
he describes them as «an inconvenient 1830, a Royal Commission was esta- regarded by supporters of the law as a ven a uniform. The division within the
sections in which each workhouse was 7, while up to the age of 2 the children which referred, in a restrictive manner, which was then drawn up, not only
divided was according to seven crite- remained with their mothers. This is to aid for the poor considered able to the urban planning regulations of
ria: elderly or infirm men, able-bodied because entry into the workhouse was work (the able-bodied poor). 1844, but also the Public Health Act
men and boys over the age of 13; ma- considered truly as a renunciation of The general approach is also reflected of 1848 which was followed by the
les between 7 and 13 years old; elderly any responsibility for one’s own family. on the architectural style itself, inspi- establishment of the General Board of
or infirm women; able-bodies women The workhouse was conceived as a red by Bentham's panopticon, i.e., a Health (then abolished in 1854). And
and girls over the age of 16 year; girls small self-sufficient village whose in- radiocentric building that allows a sin- an inquiry (Andover Workhouse) in
between the ages of 7 and 16 years; habitants were employed in various gle guard (Optikon) to see everyone, 1845 highlighted the unacceptable
children under the age of 7. Indeed, it jobs and life was marked according which finds its expression in two types conditions in which people lived in the
was expected that the accommodation, to the programmes determined by of projects of which that of Sampron workhouses. Thus the Poor Law Com-
literally the segregation, of the poor in the Poor Law Commission, which Kempthorne, strongly criticized by mission was replaced by the Poor Law
the workhouses should be provided at also established the rules of conduct some, divided into four sections, was Board in 1847, the year which also saw
least according to 4 distinct categories: and penalties for their violation. Even considered by the Commission the one emanation of the Consolidated Ge-
the aged and impotent, children, able- the diet was carefully regulated by the that best expressed a proposed diffe- neral Order which closely regulated
bodied males and able-bodied females. commission. rent approach to the problem of pover- aspects such as diet, clothing, educa-
Each category was assigned to a speci- The costs, however, continued to wei- ty. This model was abandoned around tion, discipline, etc.
fic area and no attention was given to gh on local taxes, and it is no coinci- 1870 in favour of buildings built in the These measures were followed in 1890
membership of a particular family. dence, in fact, that there was a prefe- style of the hospitals constructed du- by the Housing of the Working Class
Only from 1847 onwards did marri- rence for the use of so-called outdoor ring the Crimean War. Act under which the local authorities
ed couples over the age of 60 have the relief whose costs were evidently lo- In 1842, Edwin Chadwick wrote the (responsible for the workhouse) were
opportunity to request to live together wer. These instruments were further Report on The Sanitary Conditions pushed to improve housing in their
and from 1842 were mothers allowed limited in 1844, with the enactment of of the Labouring Population of Great areas by demolishing old houses and
to visit their children under the age of the Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order Britain, which represents the basis on relocating residents. In 1905, a Royal
Commission highlighted the inade- alike, and all classes of Both Sexes, Plan of 1946 which in some ways ap- Planning Act (1947) in which the the-
quacy of the model, recommending by Which We Meant When sufficient pears like the natural evolution of the me of «council houses» was regulated.
the creation of specific institutions nourishment and training young, a principles outlined 37 years earlier by It needs to be clarified immediately,
for each type of poor reserving the living wage When Able-bodied, tre- Webb. The words contained in an edi- however, that in the legislation of the
‘deterrent"’ workhouses only for tho- atment When sick, and modest but torial in the Guardian in 2009 on the time the references to the working
se groups considered ‘incorrigible’ secure livelihood When disabled or centenary of the Minority Report are classes or workers disappear in favour
such as ‘drunkards, idlers and tramps’. aged.» significant: «the seed that was to grow of a broader concept of «general needs
The inadequacy was emphasized even Thus in 1929, with the Local Go- into the welfare state was planted [in construction» implicitly expanding
more by Beatrice Webb's Minority Re- vernment Act, local authorities were the Minority Report] ... Workhouses the category of recipients of services
port in 1909, which highlighted how given the power to transform the in- lingered on in various forms and the and inspiring the interventions to
the negativities of the workhouses firmaries of the workhouses into local poor law itself lasted until 1948 - but a different philosophy summarized
reflected the failure of an entire policy hospitals and from 1 April 1930 the Beatrice had already written its obi- well in the words of Aneurin Bevan,
pointing out aspects such as the lack of system of workhouses was abolished, tuary in 1909». Minister for Health and Housing:
investigation into and intervention on some of which were renamed Public «The working man, the doctor and
the causes of poverty, ignored also by Assistance Institutions and continued Council houses the clergyman will live in close proxi-
the Royal Commission itself of which to operate under the control of the lo- The housing problem had been the fo- mity to each other. » This philosophy
the Report was one of the results, cal county councils. But it was not un- cus of attention for governments since was abandoned by the Conservati-
along with the Majority Report. The til 1948, the year of enactment of the the 1950s when Harold Macmillan ve government in the late ‘50s when
idea expressed in the Minority Report National Assistance Act, that the com- was appointed Minister for Housing housing interventions were primarily
is very well summarized in the words plete disappearance of the workhouses in the Churchill government. And it aimed at inner city slum clearance, a
of Webb herself who had to stress that took place in favour of a reorgani- was just before this period that the model which was also later abandoned
her goal was «to secure a national mi- zation of the system in line with the New Towns Act (1946) saw the light of in favour of the construction of tower
nimum of civilized life ... open to all principles embodied in the Beveridge day along with the Town and County blocks rather than new decentralized
districts. It should be noted, however, 2005 and two years for contracts ente- determined on the basis of a «rent re- Localism Act of 2011 whose mem-
that the construction of buildings red into prior to that date). There was structuring» which considers the value bers are appointed by the Secretary
for public housing, starting from the also a ban on reinvesting the proceeds of the property, the local average wage of State. The agencies are responsible
1970s, was rigidly disciplined also in of sales in dwellings to be allocated to and the size of the bedrooms; models for increasing the supply and quality
terms of building standards (Parker Social Housing. of so-called shared ownership (Home- of housing in England by setting up
Morris Standards). This attitude obviously led to the gra- Buy) 2, where the tenant buys a portion a National Affordable Housing Pro-
The Thatcher era witnessed a rapid de- dual disposal of the sector in favour of the dwelling, thereby continuing to gramme, which also includes a range
cline of the interventions in the sector, of non-profit organizations (Housing pay a reduced rent; housing for so-cal- of measures on the existing building
with the attempt by the Government Associations or Private Registered led key-workers, employees in educa- stock.
to encourage home ownership, fol- Providers of Social Housing - PRPs) of tion, health and law enforcement. Functions are attributed to the Regula-
lowing the model usually referred to as a predominantly local character, who- tory Committee relating to regulating
«right to buy». se services, from the point of view of References to the reform of 2011 the economic aspects and consumer
To this end public investment in the the users, are less favourable than tho- The situation has considerably chan- protection. As regards the parties in-
sector was substantially limited, pre- se offered by the public body (district ged in the UK in part because of de- volved, the Committee is responsible
venting the use of funds from local or borough councils). The housing volution, significantly differentiating for maintaining a register of subjects,
taxation, and the tenant was gran- associations are essentially non-profit the situation in England and Wales public and private, who operate in the
ted the «right to buy» (Housing Act, making, independent associations, from that in Scotland and since 1 April field. Private entities can be non-profit
1980), the right to redeem the owner- headed by the Housing Corporation 2012 responsibility for the regulation organizations or otherwise.
ship of the house, at a price 60% lower (hence the term RSLs, Registered So- of the sector has passed in England, to To these are applied the regulation of
than the market price for houses and cial Landlords) and not subject to the the Homes and Communities Agen- the economic aspects emanating from
70% for apartments, also in relation to scrutiny of local authorities. cies who respond to an Independent the Committee primarily for the pur-
the period of residence (five years for The social-housing sector includes Regulatory Committee established pose of ensuring compliance with the
contracts concluded since 18 January social rented housing whose rents are under the provisions contained in the standards set by the regulator with
respect to profiles such as governan- side, encouraging investments in the support the Scottish Government's who access the services. The greatest
ce and sustainability. It also needs to area concerned also to ensure a better long-term aim of creating a safer and novelty is undoubtedly the transition
be ensured that they perform their quality environmental and social life. stronger Scotland». Divided into 7 to a form of co-regulation which in
tasks efficiently and in compliance The situation in Scotland is not sections (equalities; the customer/ turn also includes the self-regulation
with the principle of inexpensiveness very different where the sector is landlord relationship; housing quality of the owners: a coordinated appro-
and support the provision of popular still largely in the hands of public and maintenance; neighborhood and ach with other authorities working
housing to adequately meet demand, bodies (mainly councils) and hou- community; access to housing and in the field so as to avoid overlaps or
also by encouraging and suppor- sing associations (Registered Social support; getting good value from rents conflicts in the regulations. And for
ting private investment in the sector Landlords). The social-housing sector and service charges, and other custo- that purpose the preparation of the
and ensuring the value for money of has some interesting normative inter- mers), the Charter contains the stan- memoranda of understanding with
public investments, avoiding unju- ventions: the Housing (Scotland) Act, dards that apply to both public and the relevant agencies is significant.
stifiable burdens on the public body 2001; the Housing and Regeneration private subjects, with the exception This is an approach which has already
and a misuse of public funds. Unlike Act 2008; the Housing Act of 2010 of specific provisions (no. 12) for the been identified by the doctrine (Cave,
the latter the legislation on consumer that significantly innovates the right public subjects and for those public 2007) which had stressed the provi-
protection also applies to the public to buy trying to provide guarantees subjects (no. 16) in whose territory der/tenant relationship. But in reality
‘providers’, mainly as regards the ser- for future generations and elimina- are located sites for nomadic and tra- the critical element is represented by
vices provided to tenants. It is aimed ting it for new subjects who access the veller groups. From a subjective point the lack of real empowerment of the
primarily at ensuring the provision of service; and the Scottish Social Char- of view, the system is similar to the established authority in relation to the
housing according to certain quality ter, which came into force on 1 April English one. In fact the establishment guarantee for users who have the op-
standards, ensuring tenants both in 2012, under Article 31 of the Law of of a Scottish Housing Regulator is fo- portunity to contact an ombudsman
terms of choice of the property, and 2010 whose overall goal is to «impro- reseen, to ensure the implementation to be established in 2013 and the ap-
in terms of being involved in decisions ve the quality and value of the servi- of the Charter, to protect individuals plication of consumer-protection legi-
relating to property in which they re- ces That social landlords provide, and (tenants, homeless and other users) slation should be applied only in cases
AA.VV. (2009), From the Workhouse to Welfare. What Beatrice Webb’s 1909
Minority Report can teach us today, The Fabian Society.
Allen, C. (2008), Housing market renewal and social class, London, Routledge.
Cave, M. (2007), Every Tenant Matters, A review of Social Housing Regulation
London, Department for Communities & Local Government.
Greenhalgh, S. and Moss, J. (2009), Principles for Social Housing Reform, Lo-
calis.
Hills, J., Ends and means: the future of social housing in England, Case report
34, available at: http://sticerd.Ise.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport34.pdf
Lawson, J. and King, P. (2011), Housing policy transformed, in Journal of Hou-
sing and the Built Environment, n. 26, pp. 103 ss.
Lupton, R., Tunstall, R., Sigle-Rushton, R., Obolenskaya, P., Sabates, R., Me-
schi, E., Kneale, D. and Salter E. (2009), Growing up in social housing in Bri-
tain. A profile of four generations, 1946 to the present day, Institute of Educa-
tion, Centre for Research on the Wider benefits of Learning, London School
of Economics and Political Science.
Rodger, R. (Ed.) (1989), Scottish housing in the twentieth century, Leicester
University Press, Leicester.
Stone, M. E. (2003), Social Housing in the UK and US: Evolution, Issues and
Prospect.
Williams, N. (2003), “The right to buy in Britain”, in O’Sullivan, T. and Gibb,
K. (Eds.), Housing economics and public policy, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp.
235 ss.
Wilcox, S. and Fitzpatrick, S. (2010), The impact of devolution. Housing and
Homelessness, available at: http://www.jrf.org .uk.
of the violation of standards such as to NOTES who cannot exercise the Right to Buy
cause serious damage to the tenants or 1
“Housing for households whose are given the opportunity to purchase
would-be tenants. needs are not met by the open market a minimum of 25% of the ownership
In theory, then the tenants have a wi- and where there are rules for allocating of the home, with the payment of a
der power insofar as they are involved housing to benefiting households”, Sa- rent equivalent to 3%, and also in this
in the setting of the standards, and lonicco, November 2006. case buyers receive a discount on the
their expectations seem legitimate in 2
There are 3 types of HomeBuy: New initial fee.
terms of the opportunity to be invol- Build HomeBuy in which at least 25%
ved not only in the most important of a new building is purchased with
decisions but also in the control of a rental payment of at least 3% of the
the services provided by the subjects value of the remaining part of the pro-
operating in the sector. But the same perty owned by the HA, with the pos-
movement of tenants has highlighted sibility of purchase by the tenant of ad-
the absence of rules governing these ditional shares up to a value of at least
expectations and therefore everything 10% of the residual ownership; Open
depends on the approach that will be Market HomeBuy, in which is acqui-
guaranteed in the seat of co-regulation red a 75% ownership also through the
with the risk that in the event of failu- use of a mortgage, while the remaining
re the traditional top-down approach 25% is financed on more favourable
will be restored. terms; Social HomeBuy, where those
Abstract. L’articolo illustra l’evoluzione dell’edilizia sociale pubblica della Fede- In questo contesto si affronta il processo di transizione della
razione Jugoslava in Social Housing con riferimento alla Serbia, rispetto ad alcu-
ne variabili socio-economiche-culturali e di carattere politico. I focus sui diversi
Repubblica della Serbia, da Stato che si confronta con altri Stati
aspetti del problema abitativo mostrano le sfide in corso e i limiti di ciascuna della Federazione a Stato che deve confrontarsi con la comunità
di esse. Le trasformazioni avvenute velocemente hanno rinnegato l’esperienza internazionale e nello specifico con l’Unione Europea. Si tratta
del periodo socialista, mentre dalla lettura delle esperienze del passato si po-
trebbero trarre alcuni suggerimenti di interesse per orientare le attuali poliche
di un processo d’integrazione economica che implica la nega-
di settore, che si muovono sull’attuazione delle direttive dell’Unione Europea in zione del passato, un’apertura al mercato della globalizzazione e
maniera acritica e decontestualizzata. la transizione da una società proiettata verso i valori solidaristi-
Parole chiave: Social housing, Transizione, Post-socialismo, Politiche abitative, ci delle comunità locali ad una società focalizzata sull’edonismo
Produzione edilizia individuale e su evidenti manifestazioni di darwinismo sociale.
Gli esempi possono essere a 360° e riguardano tutti gli aspetti
A differenza di altri Paesi dell’Est europeo nei quali il declino della società. Di questi se ne assume uno come paradigma: le
dei regimi politici, dopo la caduta del muro di Berlino, è stato politiche abitative, in un contesto ancora di transizione.
molto rapido e nel complesso indolore, per la Repubblica Fede-
rativa della Jugoslavia il processo, ben più complesso, culmina Laboratorio sociale Dopo la sconfitta dell’Asse1 il
nelle guerre degli anni ’90. dopoguerra nei Paesi della pe-
La frantumazione della Federazione avviene con tempi e mo- nisola balcanica è segnato da una chiara scelta di campo: dall’or-
dalità diverse e dopo vent’anni risulta ancora incompiuta. Nella ganizzazione di uno Stato socialista e da provvedimenti conse-
Federazione erano presenti forme di democrazia nella società guenti; tra questi la nazionalizzazione del sistema proprietario,
e nell’economia (autogestione) impensabili negli Stati retti dai la pianificazione centralistica dell’economia e della società, la
regimi autoritari del socialismo reale, secondo la versione leni- creazione di un forte apparato burocratico di gestione e di con-
nista della «dittatura del proletariato». Molti sono stati i tenta- trollo. Il modello che viene mutuato è quello sovietico. A diffe-
tivi di opposizione alla disintegrazione della Federazione senza renza degli altri Stati dell’est europeo che rientrano nella zona
comprendere la miscela esplosiva che vi era dietro il rapporto d’influenza dell’Unione delle Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche
etnia-nazionalismo che appariva superato con la Federazione (URSS), secondo la decisione concordata e sottoscritta a Yalta2,
stessa. Ma la disintegrazione è avvenuta. Dalla ex Jugoslavia la leadership jugoslava formatasi nella Resistenza mal sopporta
sono nate ‘nuove’ Repubbliche sovrane riconosciute – nella un’intrusione dei consiglieri sovietici che, ignorando la realtà
maggior parte dei casi – a livello internazionale, impreparate sia del Paese, si muovono secondo schemi che avrebbero avuto
in termini finanziari che istituzionali a rispondere alla violenza conseguenze funeste per il nuovo Stato. Tale atteggiamento
dei processi neo-liberisti della globalizzazione. porta ad una scomunica della dirigenza politica jugoslava da
parte dell’Internazionale Comunista della «via jugoslava al so-
Between past and Abstract: This article discusses the was very quick and generally painless, were born 'new' sovereign republics
evolution of social public housing in the for the Federal People’s Republic of Yu- recognised – in most cases – at in-
future: Social Housing Yugoslav Federation with reference to goslavia the much more complex pro- ternational level, unprepared both in
Serbia, in relation to a number of socio-
in Serbia in the economic-cultural and political varia-
cess culminated in the wars of the ‘90s. financial and institutional terms to
The shattering of the Federation took respond to the violence of the neo-
transitional process bles. The focus on different aspects of
place at different speeds and in diffe- liberal processes of globalisation.
the housing problem demonstrates the
current challenges and limitations of
rent ways and after 20 years it is still In this context, we deal with the pro-
each of them. The changes that occur- unfinished. In the Federation there cess of transition in the Republic of
red quickly denied the experience of the were forms of democracy in society Serbia, from a state that has to deal
socialist period, while a reading of the and the economy (self-management) with the other states of the Federation
experiences of the past might have been that would have been unthinkable in to a state that has to deal with the in-
useful to draw interesting suggestions the states ruled by the authoritarian ternational community and, specifi-
to guide current policies in the sector, regimes of Real socialism, according cally, with the European Union. This
which follow the implementation of EU to the Leninist version of the «dic- is a process of economic integration
directives in a manner that is uncritical tatorship of the proletariat». There that implies the negation of the past,
and decontextualised. were many attempts at opposing the an opening up to the globalised mar-
Keywords: Social housing, Transition, disintegration of the Federation that ket and the transition from a society
Post-socialism, Housing policies, Buil- failed to understand the explosive projected towards the values of solida-
ding construction mixture which lay behind the ethnic- rity of local communities to a society
nationalist relationship that appeared focused on individual hedonism and
Unlike other Eastern European countri- to have been overcome with the Fe- evident manifestations of social Dar-
es where the decline of the political regi- deration. But the disintegration took winism. Examples can come from
mes, following the fall of the Berlin Wall, place. From the former Yugoslavia anywhere and regard all aspects of
61 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2011 Firenze University Pres | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 04 2012
73
cialismo» con la conseguente espulsione dall’Internazionale e tale nel quale si trova la Jugoslavia dopo la rottura con l’URSS
dell’isolamento del Paese. ed i Paesi satelliti dell’est europeo. Si ricorda che l’isolamento
La rottura delle relazioni con l’URSS nel 1948 3 determina una è voluto anche da parte dei Paesi occidentali per il mancato
svolta radicale verso il socialismo democratico e la ricerca schieramento della Jugoslavia nel sistema europeo dei Paesi
di una via originale per la sua realizzazione. La strada che si capitalistici e nella loro organizzazione militare in fase di rea-
sceglie di percorrere è quella dell’autogestione della politica e lizzazione (NATO).
dell’economia. Questa però trova un oggettivo ostacolo nella La creazione del Movimento dei Paesi non Allineati (1955)4
centralizzazione del sistema statuale chiamato ad amministra- rappresenta una tappa importante per il ruolo che viene a gio-
re situazioni geograficamente ed economicamente molto diffe- care la Jugoslavia nel contesto internazionale assieme all’Egit-
renziate, che configurano un vero e proprio Stato multinazio- to, all’India e all’Indonesia nella dimostrazione che è possibile
nale e multiculturale. percorrere strade originali per meglio rispondere alle aspettati-
Gli anni ‘50 sono segnati da un decentramento economico- ve dei popoli di nuova indipendenza.
politico del Paese al fine di rendere comprensibile ed efficace A metà degli anni ‘60 le riforme effettuate (autogestione e de-
la strada dell’autogestione. Si introducono elementi di demo- centramento) trovano un loro assetto giuridico5. Il concetto
crazia nella scelta degli obiettivi delle imprese e nell’organizza- teorico dell’autogestione impone una sburocratizzazione della
zione della produzione e del lavoro, nella ripartizione dei pro- decisione politica, con l’obiettivo finale di trasformare anche gli
fitti aziendali in modo da assicurare una migliore qualità della apparati centrali statali in apparati autogestiti. Così, la speri-
vita alle comunità locali, famiglie ed individui. L’uguaglianza mentazione jugoslava di un ‘mercato socialista’ ha avuto una
«autogestione = socialismo» tende ad enfatizzare il ruolo del trasformazione costante nella ricerca di conciliare la teoria e le
produttore-lavoratore che concorre a definire i piani azienda- mutevoli condizioni di sviluppo. In realtà l’obiettivo si realizza
li di sviluppo delle imprese, l’organizzazione del lavoro delle solo a livello delle imprese e delle comunità locali. Nel tempo,
stesse, dunque, il miglioramento delle condizioni umane dei tale obiettivo entra in conflitto con la pianificazione economi-
lavoratori. co-sociale che è saldamente tenuta in mano dall’èlite politica
Nella costruzione di tale forma di socialismo uno degli atti più dello Stato federale e delle Repubbliche. In questo periodo si
significativi è la formazione di un sistema di proprietà socia- stabilizzano le relazioni internazionali e si procede verso la
lizzata e condivisa, raggiunta attraverso la completa abolizione modernizzazione della società che diviene più democratica e
della proprietà privata dei mezzi di produzione e la socializ- garantisce la libera circolazione dei suoi cittadini all’estero. Si
zazione anche di quei mezzi di produzione prima gestiti dallo rafforzano i processi ritenuti fondamentali per consolidare il
stato (Bićanic, 1973). nuovo sistema sociale: l’industrializzazione e con essa la cre-
Tale fase si conclude con l’uscita dall’isolamento politico to- azione di una classe operaia. Quest’ultima è determinante per
society. Of these we take one as a pa- in the Resistance movement, were not and economically very different situa- In the construction of this form of
radigm: housing policies in a context keen on the intrusion of Soviet advi- tions, in what was a truly multinatio- socialism one of the most significant
that is still one of transition. sers who, ignorant of the reality of the nal and multicultural state. acts was the formation of a system
country, operated in ways that would The '50s were marked by an econo- of socialised and shared ownership,
Social laboratory have had disastrous consequences for mic-political decentralisation in the achieved through the complete abo-
After the defeat of the Axis powers the new state. This action led to the re- country with the aim of making the lition of the private ownership of the
1
the post-war period in the countri- pudiation of the Yugoslavian political road of self-management comprehen- means of production and the sociali-
es of the Balkan peninsula is marked leadership and the «Yugoslav road to sible and effective. Elements of demo- sation of those means of production
by a clear choice: the organisation of socialism» by the Communist Inter- cracy were introduced in the choice that previously had been state-run as
a socialist state and the actions that national and its consequent expulsion of the objectives of businesses and in well (Bićanić, 1973).
followed from that; these included the from the International and the isola- the organisation of production and This phase ended with its emergen-
nationalisation of the system of ow- tion of the country. labour, the distribution of corpora- ce from the total political isolation in
nership, centralised planning of the The severing of relations with the te profits in order to ensure a better which Yugoslavia had found itself af-
economy and society and the creation USSR in 19483 resulted in a radical quality of life for local communities, ter the break with the USSR and the
of a powerful bureaucratic appara- shift towards democratic socialism families and individuals. The formula satellite countries of Eastern Europe.
tus of management and control. The and the quest for an original way to «self-management = socialism» ten- It should be remembered that this iso-
model that is borrowed is the Soviet bring about its realisation. The road ded to emphasise the role of the pro- lation was also sought by the Western
one. Unlike the other Eastern Euro- they chose to take was that of the ducer-worker who helped define the countries because of Yugoslavia’s failu-
pean states that fell within the zone self-management of politics and the company plans for the development re to line up in the European system of
of influence of the Union of Soviet economy. But this came up against an of the businesses, the organisation of capitalist countries and their military
Socialist Republics (USSR), according objective obstacle in the centralisation work in the same, and, therefore, the organisation that was being formed at
to the decision taken and agreed at of the state system that was called improvement of the human condi- the time (NATO).
Yalta2, the Yugoslav leadership formed upon to administer geographically tions of the workers. The creation of the Non-Aligned Mo-
vement (1955)4 represented a major sinesses and communities. Over time, This objective was ambitious and dif- With the economic reform of the ‘70s,
milestone for the role that Yugoslavia this objective came into conflict with ficult because 70% of the population the basic organisation of associated
would come to play in the internatio- the economic-social planning that lived in rural areas. labour (OBLA) was introduced in
nal context along with Egypt, India remained firmly in the hands of the The urbanisation of large masses from both in self-managed enterprises and
and Indonesia in a demonstration of political elite of the Federal State and the country meant the housing pro- public services 6. The political appara-
the fact that it is possible follow ori- the Republics. In this period, interna- blem immediately arose. While cen- tus tried to maintain decision-making
ginal roads to better meet the expec- tional relations were established and tral planning addressed the problem power with respect to the technocratic
tations of newly independent peoples. there was a movement towards the of the socialist city, the architects were management which, over time, had
In the mid-‘60s, the reforms carried modernisation of society which beca- looking for technical solutions capable become increasingly autonomous.
out (self-management and decentrali- me more democratic and guaranteed of dealing with the problem of a ‘home This conflict led to an increase in de-
sation) had found their legal structure the free movement of its citizens abro- for all’, taking innovative paths and cision-making and administrative and
5
. The theoretical concept of self-ma- ad. The processes considered essential recuperating what modernist culture monitoring-evaluation procedures,
nagement imposed a debureaucrati- to consolidate the new social system had expressed between the two World which resulted in a gigantism in the
sation of political decision-making, were reinforced: industrialisation and Wars. bureaucracies. On the political level,
with the ultimate goal of transforming with it the creation of a working class. However, the original strategy of mo- relations within the Federation chan-
the central state apparatus into self- The latter was essential to support the dernism maintains that «architecture, ged: the Republics and Autonomous
managed apparatus as well. Thus the socialist political system and at the rather than generating a change in Provinces assumed greater autonomy
Yugoslavian experiment of a 'socialist same time decisive in the process that socio-political conditions, is able to and the forces of nationalism intensi-
market', underwent a steady transfor- led to a radical social change. A huge address weaknesses in the social sy- fied 7. It was the prelude to the Balkan
mation in seeking to reconcile theory number of peasants moved to urban stem»; in the ideological framework wars of the ‘90s and the disintegration
and the changing conditions of deve- areas, synonymous with technical of a self-managed society, the strategy of the Yugoslav Federation.
lopment. In reality, the objective was and economic progress, transforming has as its objective a new society and a The wars left many issues unresolved.
achieved only at the level of local bu- themselves into the working class. better future (Blagojević, 2007). The new republics equipped themsel-
ves with democratic electoral systems Social(ist) housing With the introduction of self-mana- funds they had available to purchase
and the institutions of the western In the Federal Republic of Yugosla- gement, in the mid-'50s, the decen- or build a property on a residual mar-
representative democracies. Un- via, housing was considered a social tralisation process also affected the ket, adequately controlled.
doubtedly the most disruptive was good, that is, a good of collective housing sector. Municipalities, cities The majority of homes were owned
the introduction of capitalist system consumption and the Federation pro- and self-managed enterprises beca- by self-managed companies who fi-
of economic relations, with the pas- vided for their construction, favou- me increasingly autonomous in the nanced and managed them, renting
sing of that original experiment in the ring multi-family homes organised in choices and implementation of hou- or selling them to their employees. In
self-management of enterprises. large settlements. The publicly owned sing policies. Employees contributed other words, the self-managed com-
The privatisation of the apparatus housing provided 8 was equivalent to 4% (later 6%) of their wages to supply panies played the role that belongs to
of production, as well as of all those those that were owned, insofar as the funds to municipalities and cities to the banks: they lent money to buy or
systems and subsystems born from a rent included the inheritance of the implement house-building measures rent homes.
society based on local communities legal title. Private property was legi- in the individual contexts. Businesses in the privileged produc-
and social enterprise (self-managed), timate, but limited to two dwellings In 1965, responsibility for the distri- tive sectors became increasingly po-
occurred in a chaotic and disorderly and use without profit. As in all socia- bution of housing in the public sector werful and autonomous until they
manner. Among these was housing: list countries, there was a strict con- passed from the state to companies. were able to establish the final prices
the definition of relationships of ow- trol of the market (Petrović, 2004). The companies could thus buy hou- of the housing.
nership, the procedures relating to as- Because of the chronic shortage of sing to rent or to provide low-interest Since the '70s, following the change
signments, purchase prices and rents. housing, allocation was implemented loans for purchase by their emplo- in the political system, self-managed
The privatisation of housing took pla- according to ‘social merits’; having a yees. Later the banks also entered residential communities of common
ce in a pre-existing scenario that it is house allowed the individual's posi- into the management of credit both interest (samoupravne interesne za-
useful to explain. tion on the ladder of social stratifica- for bodies (municipalities, cities and jednice – SIZ) appeared, which coor-
tion in the country to be highlighted companies) and for those individuals dinated the activities and resources of
(Petrović, 2004; Milić, 2006). who believed they were able with the all the interested parties and limited
the autonomy of the companies. In not meet real demand (Tsenkova, 2009). The system proved to be una- urban-planning and architectural
this way, the procedure which was 2009). To this has also to be added the ble to provide housing for all. Thus scene and by the decentralisation of
already complicated in itself, became absence of profit and the non-remu- spread individual informal and illegal the institutions responsible for them.
even more complex. The coordina- nerative nature of the property sector constructions, frequently ‘self-built’ There was a diffusion of a series of
tion of supply and demand was the re- (Milić, 2006). with the help of friends and family small professional studios. Since the
sponsibility of the local bodies, but in The continuous experiments in ways in the countryside, peripheral and start of 1953, numerous notices of pu-
reality the powers of the municipali- of financing and coordinating the suburban areas. This way of satisfying blic competitions were published that
ties were weak and there was a strong, sector highlighted the failure of such the demand for housing has remained represented opportunities for experi-
indirect and informal influence of the methods. unchanged to this day with an inten- mentation for these new professional
central state. The prices of housing and municipal sive diffusion in the cities as well. realities. Despite rigid programmes,
In those years, among the various le- services did not correspond to the often not properly imposed properly
gal forms, there were also «Solidarity real prices of sale and rental and the Practice and innovation and the strict rules that constrained
apartments (funds)» (Stanovi solidar- overall expected collection of funds The great social change initiated the architectural style, the new ideas
nosti) for all those that did not have a for new construction work was not by the system of self-management found space to spread and sometimes
place in the system of production and sufficient. also involved the architecture sector be carried out (Mecanov, 2006). A he-
therefore in the system for the distri- This means of production and distri- across the board. In 1950, the «Con- terogeneous architectural landscape,
bution of housing (Petrović, 2004). bution of mass housing decreased in sultation of Yugoslav Architects in that of Yugoslavia, which manifested
The monopoly of the public com- the ‘80s until ending in the '90s. Dubrovnik (Jugoslovensko saveto- itself through schools that represen-
panies, with their dual role of seller During the entire period of the Yu- vanje arhitekata Dubrovniku)» was ted cultural realities consolidated in
and buyer, prevented direct contact goslav Federation in the field of con- held and gave birth to the first idea the new federal republics. A series of
between investors and builders; this struction, the private sector domina- of authorial architecture. The federal conferences were held on housing cal-
was indicated as one of the causes ted (about 60-70% of the total annual organisation of the state was accom- led, the «Conferences of Yugoslav ci-
of inefficiency in the system that did production of housing, Tsenkova, panied by the reorganisation of the ties (Stalne konferencije gradova Jugo-
slavije)» in which were compared the the large-scale interventions. dards to ensure the same housing Architects further developed these
types of interventions to be developed One example is the building of the conditions to all members of society. typological inputs, especially in com-
to improve the quality of homes and settlement of New Belgrade: initially In line with egalitarian ideology, it petitions, showing high-level pro-
cities. This technical-cultural exchan- conceived as an administrative centre maintained the principle of classifi- fessional capacities in exploiting the
ge allowed a strengthening of the coo- and capital of a future Federation of cation of housing in relation to the minimum spaces to achieve higher
peration between Yugoslav cities: with the Balkans that was never built. number of rooms (with respect to standards in terms of quantities. A
the Conferences, Yugoslav architects New Belgrade, still unfinished, is a a corresponding number of family particular organisation of accommo-
endeavoured to spread at home and predominantly residential settlement, members, where a bed is also foreseen dation that was typical of the Belgrade
abroad the results achieved and to as- located on the left bank of the River in the living room), while the needs, school appeared.
sume common positions on 'housing Sava. It is the result of multiple challen- habits and preferences of the potential The need to provide housing for the
policy' (Bajlon, 1976 ). The research ges and re-interpretations of the ideas user groups were not considered. masses encouraged the advancement
work at the ministry, institutes and of the modern movement, as well as of Mate Bajlon 10, in an attempt to sati- of technological research applied to
universities, the numerous exhibi- the complex relationships between city sfy the needs of users, introduced the prefabrication.
tions and conferences together with and ideology (Blagojevć, 2007). concept of the value of use of the ac- From 1957, for the implementation of
influences from abroad, contributed The biggest building site of the post- commodation, releasing it from the the interventions, the technological
to the further maturation of the archi- war period was a laboratory of new standard of the number of rooms and innovation of the engineer Branko
tects of Yugoslavia, while the Athens typological and morphological mo- making it responsive to the dynamic Žeželj was applied: the IMS system
Charter of 1933 and the International dels as well as of experimental con- needs of a household. The concepts of (the Serbian Institute for the Analysis
Congresses of Modern Architecture struction technologies (Fig.1). «liveable connection» and «circular of Materials), patented worldwide.
9
influenced their architecture. Yugo- The permanent gap between the real connection» 11 innovated the organi- The extremely flexible system was
slavian architects sought to apply the needs of families and the economic sation of the dwelling by helping to composed of light elements of prefa-
principles of the modern movement capabilities of the Federation forced enhance it and make it more responsi- bricated prestressed concrete. This in-
to the socialist cities and thus began architects to identify minimum stan- ve to the needs of users (Bajlon, 1979). novation in product, and consequen-
tly process, still represents today the to a modular grid of 60cm horizon- to places like China and Africa. (social) housing and simultaneously
greatest contribution of Yugoslavian tally and 280cm vertically, with a ‘Lost in transition’ promoted the equality of all forms
civil engineering. In Belgrade alo- maximum interaxis of 5.40m. For an In 1990, despite the introduction of a of ownership (state, public, private).
ne more than 22,000 apartments, of apartment of 55 square metres, the multiparty system, the power elite in They passed laws on dwellings and
which over 15,000 in New Belgrade, average number of assembly elements Serbia of the previous period retai- housing (Zakon o stambenim odnosi-
were built where the system was tested is 18 (Djoković, 1985). The system ned control of the country, blocking ma, "Sl. Glasnik RS", br. 3/90; Zakon o
for the first time. The system was used made it possible to experiment with the necessary transformations of the stanovanju, "Sl. Glasnik RS", br. 50/92)
throughout Serbia and Yugoslavia, new configurations of volumes at the political and economic system. The with which, under certain economic
and also exported abroad (Italy 12, Au- urban level and allowed greater flexi- larger companies, considered strate- conditions, they proceeded to the di-
stria, Cuba, Hungary, Russia, Ukrai- bility in the layout of the accommoda- gic, went from being self-managed sinvestment of the social ownership of
ne, Bulgaria, the Philippines, Angola, tion at the architectural level, as well to state monopolies. The government housing (securitisation). Tenants had
Egypt, China and Georgia); more than as significantly reducing construction put in place 'reforms' that in fact pro- the right of first refusal on the owner-
150,000 dwellings were built using the time and costs. tected the privileges of the elites of ship of the house they lived in, inclu-
system (Fig. 2). Later, the engineer Žeželj perfected it, the past (Petrović, 2004). The critical ding homes nationalised after World
The IMS system was adapted for the introducing the «System 50» with a moment of the civil war generated an War II belonging to wealthy social
construction of single and multi- basic functional unit with an interaxis isolation of the country and a huge groups and the nobility, who left the
family dwellings, from 2 to 20 floors; of 7.20m, which allowed for greater indebtedness, a dramatic factor in the country immediately after the con-
the structural system, tested theoreti- modularity and compatibility with future financial crisis. stitution of the Federative Republic
cally and experimentally, showed high other subsystems (Muravljov, 2010). After the constitutional changes that of Yugoslavia. With this operation,
safety coefficients and a resistance to At present it is still one of the few pre- occurred in the same year that, among which did not explicitly prohibit the
earthquakes up to 9 on the Richter fabrication systems to have survived other things, nullified the autonomy privatisation of the seized properties
scale 13 (Petrović, not dated). the Federation, capable of responding of the provinces and their role, the (as of today the law of restitution has
The structural mesh corresponded to contemporary needs, and exported state eliminated funding for public not been approved), the ruling elite of
the Republic and the Federation was in the residential sector, in 1990/91, to new player-constructors with clear unresolved. Because of the absence of
able to maintain its housing privile- public housing represented 40% of speculative intentions: estate agencies legislation and investment by the ow-
ges. It was all an operation at a loss as all dwellings in the cities, while only and private construction companies. ners, over time, there was a noticea-
the disinvestment took place at a hi- 20% across the country (Serbia and The complete deregulation of the ble deterioration in the housing stock
storical moment marked by very high Montenegro) (Petrović, 2004). The housing system generated an insuf- due to a lack of maintenance.
inflation (1992-1994) and in fact the number of those who were excluded ficient and undiversified supply of Local governments have been left
Republic did not derive any financial from the 'universal distribution' of housing and at high prices despite the with little public housing. Moreover,
benefit from the process of securiti- the past is far from negligible. The great demand, especially in the large they lost their lands in 1995 with the
sing the housing, in favour, instead of privatisation of housing did not sol- cities 14 (Tsenkova, 2009). enactment of the «Law on proper-
those who, by buying a home, gained ve the housing problem and the sta- At the same time as privatisation, the ty owned by the Republic of Serbia
ownership without high fees. te, with its policy, renounced its real transformation took place of the self- (Zakon o sredstvima svojini Repu-
Although the securitisation legisla- estate patrimony and with it any pos- managed residential communities of blike Srbije, "Službeniglasnik RS", br.
tion had foreseen using the sale to sibility of intervention. The majority common interest (samoupravne in- 53/95)» that approved the passage
create a stock of capital for the pur- of the population was thus forced to teresne zajednice) into public estate of ownership of property from local
chase of homes, the possibility was find individual solutions to the pro- agency companies (javna stambena government to the state. In this way,
lost to use these funds for future blem. preduzeca), with the task of managing local governments are unable to have
investments, which have still to be The lack of availability of free land the maintenance of communal areas access to new areas for building social
allocated to public housing for those for building, cumbersome planning of buildings for residential use. In this housing initiatives: today this is still
who are unable to buy a house on the laws as well as the confused process scenario, where private property was the biggest obstacle to effective ma-
open market. Within 5 years, 98% of to gain building permits, promoted treated in the same way as public, the nagement of local housing policies
homes passed from public to private a high level speculation and the con- issue was raised of the responsibility (Urbanisticki zavod Beograda, 2009).
hands, as shown in the 2002 Census. struction of illegal buildings. The lar- for the common parts of residential Among the initiatives aimed at so-
Despite constant and intense activity ge, self-managed companies gave way buildings, which has still not been cially vulnerable groups of citizens,
the state launched various program- was well tolerated by the population, component made up of refugees from ken the process of reform of its state
mes. The most significant are the fun- an accepted lower economic growth the areas hit by the war, rendered the institutions. It was only in 2001 that
ds for so-called ‘solidarity’ residential in order to avoid disparities in inco- social stratification of the country the first ‘democratic’ government
building (fondovi za solidarnu stam- me. The decline in hard production more complex. Following the ethnic took office, after numerous and diffi-
benu izgradnju) aimed at all those and the conversion to the economy cleansing in the new republics, about cult attempts at change. The political
who cannot meet their own needs. to business services and financial 700,000 refugees arrived in Serbia instability and internal and external
The law in force until 2004 required intermediation, has led to an increa- (of whom about half a million from problems of the country saw social
a payment by companies, institutions se in unemployment 16 and the birth Bosnia and Croatia and 200,000 from issues being penalised and, among
and state organs (initially 1.3% , from of a new social class. Previously, the Kosovo). According to the recent these, the problem of housing was
2001 0.3-1% of the gross salary of civil wars, international economic «Study of Social Housing» (Urbanisti- slow to gain a priority place in sta-
employees) to the fund for solidarity sanctions, hyperinflation and finally cki zavod Beograda, 2009) the refugee te policies. To address the issue of
residential building. Later, gradually, the bombing of Belgrade by NATO population represents about 10% of housing it was necessary for the new
these funds were extinguished except in 1999, had severely disrupted the the population of Serbia. The most government to tackle the problem of
in the large cities, where a relatively country. Economic resources were urgent problem today is the presence urban planning which was very rigid
high number of homes were built 15. substantially impaired, the destruc- of 6,459 persons accommodated in and still reflected a centralist model of
Since 2008, funds began moving to tion of the infrastructure system was collective centres, former public or planning, as well as the constructions
the new local housing agencies, the the most striking result at the level of commercial buildings converted into built illegally in the period before and
first institutions of the new system of production and the whole of society temporary accommodation with no during the war. These issues are clo-
social housing in Serbia. was impoverished. minimum housing standards. sely connected to the role of the po-
The transition process has created The impoverishment of the middle wers of local governments, as well as
a radical change in the social fabric. class encouraged its entry into the so- Creation of the new system financing systems and the procedures
The socialist system ensured a more cial group that enjoys subsidised hou- Later than in the other Eastern Euro- to access them.
equitable distribution of income that sing. Simultaneously an additional pean countries, Serbia has underta- Since 2004, the State has promoted
loans for homes, introducing a sy- of experiences elsewhere, the state tional housing policy in Serbia, four for the first time, the law defined the
stem of loan insurance. In 2005 it approved legislative instruments to key issues were identified: affordable term as «Social Housing» as homes
approved the «Law on Mortgages for address these issues. housing for rent, improvement of in- with state subsidies, of a suitable stan-
Homes (Zakon o hipoteci, "Ps. Glasnik The new system of social housing was formal settlements, the inclusion of dard to be provided to all those who
RS", br. 115/2005)» and introduced developed on the basis of «The Set- the Rom and the maintenance and are unable to access the housing mar-
a real estate register, containing the tlement and Integration of Refuges management of condominiums (UN- ket. Unlike the socialist housing that
prerequisites for the financing of Programme (SIRP)» in Serbia 2005- Habitat, 2006). catered to all levels of society, here the
housing loans (Urbanisticki zavod Be- 2008, carried out with the Italian Based on the experience developed in term «social» indicates only the form
ograda, 2009). Government's donation of 15 million 2009, the first «Social Housing Law» of ownership.
After the reestablishment of relations euros in partnership with the Go- was passed (Zakon o socijalnom sta- The legal institutions governing so-
with foreign countries, in particu- vernment of Serbia and with the tech- novanju, "Sluzbeni Glasnik RS", broj cial housing in Serbia appear to be
lar with the EU, financial resources nical help of UN-Habitat. The pro- 72/2009). The law defined the role, incomplete and constantly changing.
entered the country in the form of gramme promoted the development duties and responsibilities of the key The initiatives in the field of social
donations and investments and the of municipalities, the first eight local players in the system, their mutual housing lack an effective horizontal
‘non-profit’ sector was activated. agencies are established, and the first relations, the sources and means to and vertical coordination between
Studies and research were launched, housing of public property was built finance social housing. It provided different sectors and levels of autho-
as were conferences and conventions (670 units) to be leased to refugees. for the creation of the Agency of the rity. The state launches programmes
to define the first strategies aimed at Through public competitions, the Republic for Housing, still not opera- (implemented by various ministries
reducing poverty, the problems of the urban-architectural solutions to be tional, which has as its reference the and agencies), local authorities do
young and urban development. Based implemented were selected (UN- municipal agencies. These bodies are likewise at the same time as do inter-
on the indications that emerged from Habitat, 2008). (Fig.2) responsible for approving strategies, national organisations often for the
this intense activity of knowledge and In the process of formulating the programmes and plans in the short, same target group, but in different
cultural exchange and on the basis strategies and priorities of the na- medium and long term. Moreover, conditions and with different objec-
tives. The state authorities are those responsible architecture in a context a country with an ‘incomplete transi- pitalistic sense. The instrument of the
that promote the greatest number of where the existing urban structure tion’ such the Serbia of today, urban open competition of ideas, a general
interventions in terms of budget, ad- in fact represents social(ist) housing and housing issues are dealt with in practice in the past, is now limited to
dressed to public-sector employees (Fig. 4). a haphazard way, restrained by the a few interventions. Businesses are
and young families able to provide arbitrariness of governments in the not interested in raising the techno-
more solid guarantees, favouring Conclusions management of the market economy. logical and typological quality of the
home ownership. The contextualisation of the problem Recent research confirms the poor interventions and the laws in force as
The civil sector and local authorities of housing in a post-socialist country results obtained in Serbia compared well as those that are lacking do not
recognise the need for the interven- opens up the possibility of exploring to other post-socialist countries of encourage them. Technological in-
tion of the public sector, mainly in the housing phenomenon in particu- south-eastern Europe, in the field of novations are imported from abroad,
favour of those who are socially vul- lar and variable socio-political condi- legislative and institutional reforms from the same foreign companies that
nerable, refugees, internally displa- tions, strongly influenced by the role (Tsenkova, 2009). With the fall of have cut out for themselves a good
ced persons, the Rom and, to a lesser and importance of the heritage of its the socialist system, housing policies slice of the market, while the techno-
extent, those who are potentially be- historical and cultural past. Petrović were abandoned. The new policies logies of the past have no place in the
low the poverty line, i.e. those who states (2004) that the influence of the are seeking to comply with EU di- new configuration of the building
are unable to pay a rent. The inter- institutional heritage is often conside- rectives, disregarding the particulari- industry. The post-socialist scenario
ventions are still very limited, with red as Janus-faced: a brake on the pro- ty of the context and trying to solve is still fragile, despite the need for
financial resources coming from fo- cess of transformation towards a mar- urgent problems without a long-term a rapid change that will address as a
reign donations. They tend to be pilot ket economy and a democratic society perspective. Architects have lost the priority the objective of reconnecting
projects or one-off initiatives rather or a positive role model for the tran- privileged role of social and cultural all the actors involved in the process
than multi-annual development pro- sformation and redefinition of some reformers that they had during the of building production, from design
grammes. Architects are seizing the structural and functional aspects of period of the Yugoslav Federation. to implementation, to find adequa-
rare opportunities to craft a socially the system of contemporary living. In Investors have shaped cities in a ca- te answers to the real demand of the
country. (1955), Yugoslavia had an important within basic economic entities, na- the single republics constituted states
NOTES role because of the authority and mely the OBLA. These correspond to within the state.
1
The term that identifies the countri- ability with which it had won its neu- a department of the company: they 8
Yugoslavia introduced social/public
es that fought in World War II in op- tral stance during the Cold War. The are the basic cells of self-management ownership for all the members of so-
position to the Allies. consequence of this policy favoured in the productive sector. A number of ciety, including urban and agricultu-
2
The agreements of Yalta, 4 to 12 Fe- a significant role for Yugoslavia in OBLAs form the OLA (Organisations ral land, the means of production of
bruary 1944, and those of Potsdam the global context, through cultural of Associated Labour, or individual the self-managed companies, as well
(17 July to 2 August) saw the victors and scientific exchange with foreign companies) and a number of OLAs as the rights of occupation of the so-
in World War II (America, Britain countries, an intense external trade from an OCLA, (composite orga- cially owned apartments.
and Russia) redraw the map of Euro- and significant credits from other nisations of associated labour, or a 9
The Fourth Congress held in 1933
pe, dividing it into areas of political countries number of companies). In the same between Athens and Marseilles, also
and economic influence. 5
The constitution of 1963 states that way as OBLAs, the SIZ (samoupravne saw the participation of Yugoslavian
3
The break with the USSR came the right to social self-management is interesne zajednice) are established in architects who reported on the state
mainly from an indigenous leader- inviolable and territorial units of the the service sector and the MZ (mesne of what had been achieved in the city
ship that had emerged from the war state (municipalities, districts, auto- zajednice) in the local institutional of Zagreb. The Tenth Congress was
of liberation against the Nazi invader, nomous provinces of Serbia, Socialist communities. held in Dubrovnik in Yugoslavia in
who did not approve of the presence Republics and the federation itself) 7
The third constitution of 1974 intro- 1956.
of Soviet advisers in the most strate- are declared «socio-political commu- duced the federalisation of the state. 10
Professor at the Faculty of Architec-
gic positions of the party and state ap- nities». For the single Republics this was the ture in Belgrade, he has studied the
paratus, as was the case in the Eastern 6
The participation of workers in the achievement of effective sovereignty historical development of housing
European countries liberated by the production process is redefined, that over economic and social policies. and its functional organisation. Star-
Red Army. is, free association with the means Regionalisation introduced the pro- ting from the Belgrade typology as
4
In the Non-Aligned Movement of production of social ownership cesses of disintegration, as, in fact, developed between the two wars and
Bajlon, M. (1976), “Stan u Beogradu”, Arhitektura i urbanizam, XVII, n. 74-77, Petrović, M. (2004), Sociologija stanovanja. Stambena politika: izazovi i
pp. 23-42. mogućnosti, ISI FF, Beograd.
Bajlon, M. (1979), Stanovanje. Tema 1: organizacija stana, Poslediplomske stu- Petrović, G. (n.d.), IMS tehnologija gradjenja, Innovation for Development and
dije, kurs-stanovanje 1977-1979, Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogra- South-South Cooperation- IDEASS [pdf] available at: http://www.institutims.
du, Beograd. rs/downloads/IDEASS%20IMS%20tehnologija%20gradjenja.pdf.
Bićanić, R. (2010), Economic Policy in Socialist Yugoslavia, Cambridge Univer- Urbanisticki zavod Beograda (2009), Studija socijalnog stanovanja, Urbanisti-
sity Press. cki zavod Beograda, Beograd.
Blagojevic, Lj. (2007), Novi Beograd: osporeni modernizam, Zavod za udzbeni- Tsenkova, S. (2009), Housing Policy Reforms in Post Socialist Europe. Lost in
ke, Arhitektonski fakultet, Zavod za zastitu spomenika kulture, Beograd. Transition (Contributions to Economics), Physica Verlag, Heidelberg.
Djoković, M. (1985), “Primena IMS sistema u izgradnji Novog Beograda”, United Nations Human Settlements Programs (UNHSP) (2006), Four Strategic
Izgradnja, n. 9, pp. 39-47. Themes for The Housing Policy in Serbia, Settlement and Integration of Refugee
Mecanov, D. (2008), Stambena arhitektura Beograda 1947-1967, Zaduzbina Program In Serbia (SIRP), Belgrade.
Andrejevic, Beograd. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UN-Habitat) (2008), The SIRP
Milic,V. (2006), Urbanisticki aspekti socijalnog stanovanja, Arhitektonski fa- Book. The settlement and Integration of Refugees Program in Serbia 2005-2008,
kultet, Beograd. UN Habitat, Belgrade.
Muravljov, M. (2010), “Branko Žeželj– stvaralaštvo inženjera i naučnika”, IMS
institut, Istraživanja, projekti i realizacije u graditeljstvu, Beograd, ottobre 2010,
IMS Institut .
an analysis of the Swedish experien- out in laboratories in different sites big cities because of the strong de-
ce, he introduced new concepts in the around the world (ex-Yugoslavia and mand. At the start of 2009, the Bel-
use of the apartment with significant Hungary, Italy, Austria, Russia, Uzbe- grade Fund has financial resources of
implications in terms of spatial-fun- kistan, Cuba, China and USA). Du- about about 11 million euros from the
ctional organisation. ring the 50 years the system was used, sale of apartments and at the end of
11
The concept of «liveable connecti- although some buildings were expo- 2009 had built 8,762 dwellings (Urba-
ve» refers to the possibility of having sed to natural and other disasters, the nisticki zavod Beograda, 2009). In the
a wide enough entrance space and structural skeleton remained stable capital, the delay in the institutional
another with respect to the indivi- without significant damage (Petrović, transformation and lack of availabili-
dual/private spaces used to house the no date). In 1964 in Italy, the techni- ty of free land blocked the operations
socialisation activities of the whole cal bodies of the Ministry of Public of the fund despite the availability of
family. The concept of «circular con- Works, issued a certificate of fitness financing.
nection» refers to a distribution of for structures built with the IMS sy- 16
In December 2010, 19.2% of the po-
the dwelling with transitory spaces stem valid for seismic zones of the 1st pulation was unemployed and 19.6%
(kitchen/dining room/lounge) that and 2nd category. of workers were employed in services
allows a multi-purpose use of the 14
House prices in Belgrade are the (Statistical Office of the Republic of
dwelling and possibility of articula- highest in south-eastern Europe even Serbia).
ting it in two nuclei to satisfy the fu- if the standard is one of the lowest
ture needs of the family. (Tsenkova, 2009). In 2009, the ave-
12
In Italy, Lombardi Brothers S.P.A. rage price per square metre exceeded
were the producers of IMS. 1,700 euros (Statistical Office of the
13
The verification tests on the struc- Republic of Serbia).
tural system as a whole were carried 15
The funds had more success in the
Abstract. L’housing sociale, oltre a delineare nuove politiche abitative anche rico statale, regionale e comunale – tutti enti ormai sempre più
per il nostro paese, è l’occasione per proporre più articolati mix generazionali
e sociali tra i residenti di quartieri un tempo pensati per utenze e strati sociali
impossibilitati a concedere finanziamenti – l’offerta di alloggi a
uniformi e per ripensare alle città in una logica non più centrata sullo sviluppo canone moderato o in patto di futura vendita. Destinatari sono
espansivo e frammentario del territorio ma piuttosto in una nuova concezione tutti quei soggetti appartenenti alla classe media che, anche a
di urbanità. Nella città consolidata e nei territori periurbani la riqualificazione e la
densificazione dell’esistente diventano anche importanti occasioni per la ricon-
causa delle particolari condizioni di crisi economica nelle quali
versione energetica di un patrimonio pubblico ormai obsoleto. verte il nostro paese sono, sempre più frequentemente, esposti
Parole chiave: Politiche abitative, Densificazione, Ciclo di vita di manufatti e al rischio abitativo ma non presentano ancora le caratteristiche
materiali, Sviluppo sostenibile, Flessibilità economiche di «povertà» e di «vulnerabilità sociale» per esse-
re inseriti ai primi posti delle liste di attesa di tutti coloro che
Il tema dell’housing sociale, approdato in Italia recentemente, si hanno maturato il diritto di accedere a un alloggio di edilizia
sviluppa sull’ipotesi che, anche nel nostro paese, possa progres- residenziale pubblica.
sivamente affermarsi una politica abitativa maggiormente diver- Ma gli obiettivi sono anche quelli di proporre più articolati mix
sificata nell’offerta che, insieme alla promozione e alla gestione generazionali e sociali tra i residenti di quartieri un tempo pen-
di interventi pubblici necessari per rispondere alla domanda sati per utenze e strati sociali uniformi e di ripensare alle città in
abitativa proveniente dalle condizioni di massimo disagio e mar- una logica non più centrata sullo sviluppo espansivo e frammen-
ginalità, favorisca il coinvolgimento di interventi e finanziamen- tario del territorio ma piuttosto in una nuova concezione di ur-
ti privati di fondi comuni, fondazioni bancarie, ecc. attraverso la banità che agisca sulla riqualificazione di quanto già esiste. Ciò
riduzione della fiscalità, le facilitazioni nell’apertura di percorsi promuoverebbe la crescita urbana secondo una modalità tipica
di credito a tassi agevolati, la cessione di aree pubbliche edifica- della storia delle città europee che si sono sviluppate nel tempo
bili a prezzi simbolici. per stratificazioni e densificazioni successive. Una forma di svi-
Sostanzialmente si tratta di interventi nei quali un soggetto luppo urbano in grado di individuare strategie, metodi, tecniche
privato, solitamente non profit, in partnership con un sogget- e procedure di fattibilità che siano concrete e sostenibili sia per
to pubblico, si faccia promotore della realizzazione di residenze ciò che concerne i risultati architettonico, paesaggistico e am-
destinate prevalentemente al canone calmierato e, al fine di rien- bientale, sia per le questioni economiche e sociali.
trare in tempi brevi dall’investimento compiuto, in parte anche Tornare a trattare il tema degli spazi residenziali interni dell’am-
alla vendita e, in quote minori, al canone sociale. biente urbano sperimentando nuove proposte abitative, così
L’obiettivo primo è quello di rimediare agli oltre sessant’anni di come tanto è stato studiato e sviluppato ormai un secolo fa dai
errori nella gestione della politica della casa affiancando, alla nomi più illustri dell’architettura europea, potrebbe rappre-
tradizionale offerta di edilizia residenziale pubblica a totale ca- sentare un’occasione particolarmente produttiva per proporre
un'innovazione nei modelli di riferimento per l'architettura sia
Social Housing for Abstract: The Social Housing: Outli- gradually be established a which is The first aim is to correct the over
ning new housing policy for Italy, is to more diversified in offering, together sixty years errors of the management
a new morphology propose more complex generational with the promotion and management of housing policy by supplementing
and social mix of residents in the quar-
of the city ter that was earlier designed for utilities
of public interventions that are nee- the traditional offer of public housing
ded to respond to housing demand which was borne by the State, regio-
and social uniform levels, and are to
which is result of the condition of nal and municipal authorities, that
consider the city logically no longer cen-
tred on the development and expansion
maximum discomfort and margins, all becoming increasingly unable to
of the fragmented territory but rather a to benefit intervention and financing grant financing, the offer of accom-
new concept of urbanity. In the conso- private investment funds, banking modation in low charge or covenant
lidated city and the surrounding areas, foundations, etc.. Through reduction for future sales. Recipients are all
the requalification and densification of of taxes; offering facilities in paths of those people belonging to the middle
the existing areas also becomes an op- credit at subsidized rates and the sale class, partly due to the particular
portunity for the conversion efficiency of of public building at symbolic prices. conditions of the economic crisis
a public property which Basically it refers to interventions in in which concerns Italy is in, living
is now obsolete. which a private entity, usually non- increasingly at risk but without the
Keywords: Housing policies, Densifi- profit organizations, in partnership economic characteristics of «pover-
cation, The life cycle of products and with a public entity, introduce itself ty» and «social vulnerability» to be
materials, Sustainable development, as the promoter of the construction inserted at the top of the waiting lists
Flexibility of residences primarily to rent with of all those who have acquired the
a controlled-price and, in order to right to access to housing and public
The theme of social housing, recen- return of the investment made in a housing. But the goals are to propose
tly used in Italy; developed on the short time, partially also for sale in more complex generational and so-
assumption that, a housing policy lower prices as the social fee. cial mix between residents of quar-
74 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2011 Firenze University Pres | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 04 2012
78
alla scala urbana sia alla scala dell'edificio oltre che per la diffu- so costruiti con tecnologie e materiali poveri e oggi assoluta-
sione di una cultura dello sviluppo sostenibile. mente inadeguati. L’occasione è anche quella di sperimentare
Le attenzioni ambientali richieste alla crescita antropica e indi- forme di partecipazione e di condivisione delle trasformazioni
viduate nella preservazione dei suoli, nella riduzione dell’inqui- in atto con gli abitanti già insediati e tipologie abitative flessibili
namento e dei rifiuti, nella gestione delle energie naturali (sole e maggiormente rispondenti alle esigenze che mutano introdu-
e aria) così come dei trasporti, insieme alla difesa degli elemen- cendo un più articolato target sociale con riferimento al reddito
ti naturali quali acqua, verde e biodiversità, rappresentano le e alla condizione lavorativa al fine di togliere dalla marginalità e
istanze a cui i caratteri del progetto, anche alla scala microu- dalla segregazione i quartieri di edilizia residenziale pubblica4.
rbana, possono fornire delle risposte attraverso le strategie della Un altro sviluppo possibile del tema è quello del riutilizzo del-
compattezza del costruito, della varietà delle funzioni insediate le strutture mai completate e oggi abbandonate sul territorio,
e delle tipologie d’utenza, dello studio delle percorrenze e delle urbano e periurbano5, anche come occasioni finalizzate al ri-
relazioni materiali e immateriali, dell’impiego di strategie bio- sparmio di suolo e al controllo del ciclo di vita dei materiali e
climatiche e di proposte integrate dell’acqua e del verde1. dell’intero processo edilizio.
L’housing sociale, dunque, oltre a rappresentare la strategia per Si pensi agli edifici industriali abbandonati o ai telai in cemento
impostare nuove politiche abitative e rivolgersi a categorie di armato mai completati che deturpano il paesaggio e che pos-
utenza differenziate, è anche l’occasione per pensare a interven- sono essere ripensati come infrastrutture di sostegno di unità
ti sostenibili nei diversi aspetti ambientali, economici e sociali, abitative, diverse per dimensioni e finiture, caratterizzate da una
comportando la necessità di un approccio al progetto che sap- struttura leggera autonoma, flessibile e adattabile alle diverse
pia essere integrato e capace di rispondere alla complessità delle configurazioni.
questioni. Sembrerebbe un ritorno agli studi degli anni ’70 del secolo scor-
L’housing sociale si propone come intervento nell’ambito delle so di N. J. Habraken nei quali era ipotizzata la definizione di
residenze speciali, delle case albergo, dei residence e dei servizi un’intelaiatura attrezzata, supporto murario e impiantistico per
funzionali alle nuove domande abitative generate da coloro che il progetto delle unità residenziali, che si aprivano alla possibi-
hanno una elevata mobilità territoriale e che, per motivi di stu- lità di variare liberamente l’organizzazione dello spazio interno
dio o di lavoro, risiedono temporaneamente nelle città2. Inoltre, a partire dalla partecipazione attiva degli abitanti che potevano,
in maniera ancor più interessante, si propone attraverso inter- attraverso un processo semplificato e guidato dalla predispo-
venti di rigenerazione e ricomposizione del patrimonio pubbli- sizione di una griglia di base, progettare la pianta del proprio
co degradato, cogliendo l’occasione della riqualificazione edili- alloggio6.
zia per sperimentare forme di densificazione3, là dove possibile, Lo studio 2A+P/A propone una visione innovativa di riuso de-
e di miglioramento dell’efficienza energetica dei manufatti, spes- gli ‘scheletri’ in cemento armato abbandonati sui territori pe-
ters once designed for utilities and much has been studied and develo- the buildings, the variety of functions work or study, residing temporarily
social uniform levels and to consider ped over a century ago from the most located and the types of users, the in cities2 and, most interesting, in
the city in a logic, no longer centred distinguished European architecture, study of distances and of material the operation of regeneration and
on the development and expansion of could be an opportunity particularly and immaterial relations , the use of reconstruction of degraded public
the fragmented territory, but rather productive to propose an innovation bioclimatic strategies and integrated property, taking the opportunity of
in a new concept of urbanity acting in reference models for the architec- solutions for water and green1. building renovation to experiment
on the redevelopment of what alrea- ture and the urban scale is the scale The social housing, then, in addi- with forms of densification3, where
dy exists. This would promote urban of the building as well as for the dif- tion to representing the strategy for possible, and improve the energy ef-
growth in the typical manner of the fusion of a culture of sustainable de- setting up a new housing policy and ficiency of products, often built with
history of European cities that have velopment. contact different categories of users, poor materials and technologies and
developed over time by thickenings The attention required by envi- it is also an opportunity to think are completely inadequate today. The
and subsequent layers. A form of ur- ronmental and anthropogenic about sustainable interventions in occasion is also to experiment with
ban development can identify strate- growth identified in the preserva- the various environmental, economic forms of participation and sharing of
gies, methods, techniques and prac- tion of soils, reducing pollution and and social, leading to the need for the changes taking place with the in-
tical and feasible procedures which waste in the management of natural a project which can respond to the habitants already settled and types of
are sustainable not only for what energy sources (sun and air) as well complexity of the issues. housing flexible and more responsive
concerns the architectural, landscape as transport, along with the defence It is proposed as an intervention in to the needs that change by introdu-
and environment results, but also for of natural elements such as water, the field of special residential bu- cing a more complex social target in
economic and social issues. biodiversity and green, show the re- ildings, hotel-apartments, residen- relation to income and employment
Return to raised argument of residen- quirements in which the characters of ce buildings and facilities to serve status in order to remove by margi-
tial interior spaces of the urban envi- the project, even at the micro urban new housing questions generated by nalization and segregation of public
ronment experimenting with new scale can provide answers through those who have a high geographi- housing4.
proposals for the home, as well as so the strategies of the compactness of cal mobility and that, for reasons of Another possible development of the
theme is that of re-use of the structu- from the active participation of the Rossi and Gianni Braghieri for the also representative of social equality,
res is never completed and abando- people as they could, design and plan railway station of Saint Christopher but rather expression of variety of re-
ned in territory, urban and suburban their own house, through a simplified in Milan, the waste materials of the quirements expressed by a consumer
areas5, as well as opportunities for process and guided by the prepara- large structure was reused for keeping increasingly diverse.
saving soil and control the life cycle tion of a basic grid6. the houses, laboratories, leisure open Today, a space for living is not
of materials and the entire building The Studios 2A + P/A offers an inno- areas of the quarter connected. The anymore the 'home for all' but it takes
process . vative vision for the reuse of 'skele- suggested construction system insists care of the 'home for each'. Innova-
Think of all those abandoned indu- tons' concrete abandoned on the sur- on the possibility of using waste ma- tions in information technology also
strial buildings or concrete frames rounding areas through the project terials. The insulation of the walls is have radically changed the time and
never completed that disfigure the of «productive Condo». The name designed with the assembling of 30 place of production of jobs. There
landscape which can be reformulated comes from the ability to spark off of cm of Tetrapak (milk paper packa- have been deep changes in family
as infrastructure support units of dif- self-sustaining processes, through the ging), the used window frames are structure, it’s now increasingly made
ferent sizes and finishes, featuring a cultivation of urban gardens appurte- discarded from the demolished buil- up of diverse and heterogeneous units
lightweight autonomous, flexible and nant, or for the possibility of integra- dings, and the large basement of the and not only a reference for designing
adaptable to different configurations. ting in the structure devices for the structure, properly insulated, is used of living space.
Sounds like a return to studies of the production of energy from renewable as a storage tank for the hot water In front of our eyes it’s defining what
70s of the last century of N. J. Habra- sources useful for a use also in excess produced by solar panels on the roof. Guido Martinotti calls «a new social
ken which assumed the definition of of the needs of the individual dwel- It is quite clear that one of the aspects morphology of cities»; that, in addi-
a frame equipped, supporting walls lings and other business set up7. of great interest which moves the tion to the foundation of a renewed
and engineering structures for the Similar is the proposal of the Albori Italian experience of social housing social welfare which can give diffe-
design of residential units, which Studios of Milan for the ‘tamed Eco- is looking for rethinking the type of rent answers to new needs expressed,
opened the possibility to vary freely monstro’8 where, for a never comple- housing no longer dominated by ha- needs the development of new me-
the organization of the interior space ted project of 1983 designed by Aldo ving a uniform production which is chanisms for creating the spaces for
living; where each project is integra- bution systems; which are recognized This strategy tends to see the user at NOTES
ted to the overall design of the city, as the fundamental elements from the center of decisions and free to de- 1
It must be remembered, however,
the city which is able to eliminate the which, a start to develop solutions for fine how to use the space. that the city is a place that poses a
ghettos and discrimination accepting a housing able to change over time But today the concept of flexibility is difficult management and, by its na-
and integrating men and women of should be done. more and more inside the 'way of life', ture, is described by Saskia Sassen as
social backgrounds, cultural, ethnic The space is programmed to extend which leads to think about the activi- a "paradox". The characteristics that
backgrounds, the individual needs to and expand in order to ensure ade- ties that take place at different times define it as such, determining the po-
be able to get collective. quate responses over time to a ge- of the day rather than in different sitive aspects such as the proximity of
In sophisticated design, the flexibility neric family unit which widens or rooms of a house. The environments the buildings, the high mobility ma-
of housing is still followed and sear- amending their necessities of life or, become subsets of fields, actually terial and immaterial, closeness and
ched, and more attention should be even more simply, their economic wider, without physical boundaries freedom of choice in the variety of
paid to, as it is considered 'minimum situation that may enable them, in a within which the activities are always business set up, are at the same time
necessary' to secure a residential as- certain moment of life , to carry out less 'specialized', where, it’s the predi- a source of dissatisfaction if become
set which is able to change over time the investments on housing that was sposition of mobile elements of sepa- overcrowded or chaotic traffic, pollu-
and adapt to actual and future de- previously unthinkable. Extending ration and connection to determine, tion or lack of natural elements. The
mands and diversification of a con- as it does, the space can also return from time to time, the different use work on the city therefore requires the
stantly evolving society . to shrink or divide, creating more of the space. The rules are few, sim- ability to establish a dynamic balance
In order to implement of above, it is housing units. The same surface is ple, seemingly trivial but compliance that knows how to use the most of this
necessary that the project to be re- studied in order to prepare a different with the regulations, when overly are positivity, keeping both below the cri-
alized from the choices on the sup- distribution arrangement that can be rigid and cumbersome, is frequently tical threshold in order to avoid beco-
porting structures, the wrapping of made even throughout the day, or to the reason of lack of creativity and in- ming negative.
the building to the correct location of accommodate families with different vention design. 2
See the draft of Temporary Social
wetlands, plants and vertical distri- sizes with different needs over time. Housing project, opened in Turin in
REFERENCES
autumn 2011 made through the re- velopes has become the occasion for dered purely suburban or rural areas.» studios, who oversaw the aspects of
covery of an old Post Office building energy recovery and building of new 6
Nicholas John Habraken, architect energy, and the domesticated Eco-
in disuse. Funded 90% by the «Fonda- residences to accommodate about 100 and professor at the TU Eindhoven monster which was presented at the
zione Cassa di Risparmio di Torino» students. On the roofs were added two in 1967, within the SAR – Strichting Italian Pavilion XI Biennale of Archi-
and manufactured by the «Ivrea 24 floors by using prefabricated trusses. Architect Research – conducts some tecture in Venice entitled Italy is sear-
Abitare Sostenibile co» in collabora- There were two types of proposals: researches to propose an alternative to ching for home.
tion with the Municipality of Turin, small independent units and a com- the ‘house of mass’ through the possi-
the project includes the construction pact building such as a hotel. bility of creating a structure assumed
of 122 apartments and 58 rooms for 4
See the interesting path led by the the residence.
hotel with the possibility of using of Municipality of Milan for requalifi- 7
The only Italian project presented at
common areas and services also for cation and increasing the volume of the exhibition of bioarchitecture in
quarter residents. Some of the servi- the Public Housing Quarter «Barzoni Berlin in the autumn of 2010 (Exam-
ces performed are: a restaurant, a bar, Casette» and quoted in the research ples to follow! Expeditions in aesthe-
a bio market, a dry cleaner, an infor- report documented in this issue of tics and sustainability) by Gianfranco
mation station, consulting, cultural TECHNE by arch. Paolo Carli entitled Bombaci and Matteo Costanzo, the
mediation and legal services. "The case of Via Barzoni 11. “Tailo- productive Condominium combi-
3
See the draft Mario Cucinella for red” participatory planning of social nes ecology and sociality in a project
upgrading the energy efficiency and housing”. which presents as an alternative to
the volumetric expansion of the 4 to- 5
The term peri-urban is considered urban life, reconstructing the con-
wers of Aler in Russoli street in Milan. here in the definition given by Guido cept of a community on the model of
The reclamation of the roofs of the to- Martinotti, the professor of urban so- cohousing.
wers which was made by asbestos, and ciology at the University of Milan Bi- 8
It was designed in 2008 by collabora-
the need for action on the building en- cocca, «... areas that were once consi- tion of Alessandro Rogora from TME
Abstract. L’intervento di valorizzazione e riqualificazione del patrimonio di edilizia possono accedere al libero mercato al fine di rafforzarne la posizione
residenziale pubblico è ritenu-to esemplificativo delle potenzialità del progetto
sull’esistente ed è dimostrato tramite l’identificazione di ambiti ritenuti significa-
all’interno della comunità, si associa il termine «hou-sing sociale»
tivi nel rapporto con l’ambiente costruito. A supporto degli ambiti individuati vi al settore pubblico dell’abitare. La riqualificazione dell’ERP assume
sono esempi europei di best practices emblematici per caratteri programmati- in sé un intrinseco potenziale sociale in quanto garantisce un servi-
ci, culturali e ambientali. Le strategie delineate individuano modalità gestionali,
operative, finanziarie e tecnologiche che ne per-mettono l’uso in relazione alle
zio di qualità alla persona e un ruolo di rappresentatività della con-
esigenze dell’abitare contemporaneo e nel contempo delineano delle pos-sibi- dizione abitativa rispetto all’attrattività espressa dal luogo. Un caso
lità fruitive alternative di tipo collettivo, culturale e anche economico. La riqua- paradigmatico, basato sull’economia globale e la partecipazione, è
lificazione è intesa come strumento progettuale per la valorizzazione edilizia e
urbana.
l’intervento sulla torre Bois le Prêtre a Parigi degli anni Sessanta del
Parole chiave: Riqualificazione, Valorizzazione, ERP, Progetto, Gestione
secolo scorso, di ben 16 piani in cui si è sperimentato il Metodo Plus
(Druot, Lacaton and Vassal, 2007). Il manufatto si caratterizzava per
un generale degrado causato dalla localizzazione periferica, dall’alto
Occuparsi di valorizzazione e riqualificazione del patrimonio di edi- traffico veicolare e dalla vetustà del manufatto edilizio. L’intervento
lizia residenziale pubblico (ERP) significa riconoscere un forte inte- di riqualificazione edilizia, terminato l’anno scorso, ha espresso la
resse verso il miglioramento della qualità di vita in ambito urbano. volontà di lavorare da un lato sulla qualità abitativa degli spazi co-
Si ritiene che la promozione di azioni su tale patrimonio ponga le muni al piano terra e degli alloggi, e dall’altro su un nuovo rapporto
basi per una concezione sostenibile dell’abitare fondata sul ricono- tra l’interno dello spazio confinato e l’esterno del contesto urbano.
scimento del valore dell’esistente, in termini architettonici, sociali e Il progetto architettonico ha ridefinito la configurazione degli allog-
culturali e sulle possibilità di gestire i cambiamenti urbani alla luce gi distribuendo gli ambienti secondo una logica di ottimizzazione
delle esigenze di vivibilità e di riduzione dei consumi. Si sostiene e ridimensionamento degli spazi in relazione al naturale apporto
che il patrimonio ERP può svolgere un ruolo strategico all’inter- solare e alla maggiore vivibilità interna. Il connubio tra l’aggiorna-
no dei processi di valorizzazione che non possono prescindere da mento degli elementi tecnici, rappresentato dalla sostituzione della
quelli di riqualificazione urbana ed edilizia. Con ‘valorizzazione’1 si pare-te perimetrale verticale, e l’ampliamento dello spazio di perti-
intendono quindi gli strumenti atti a interventi di riqualificazione nenza all’abitazione mediante logge protette e filanti, ha permesso di
che agiscono ai livelli della scala urbana del quartiere, del manufatto interpretare, rispetto alla nostra visione del progetto di riqualifica-
edilizio, dell’alloggio e dell’elemento tecnico. L’azione di riqualifica- zione edilizia, due concetti basilari: il paesaggio con valore sociale e
zione edilizia2 ha come obiettivo di combinare le azioni a questi livelli la massimizzazione delle risorse per la qua-lità dell’abitare. Il primo
per la definizione di nuove condizioni abitative, nuovi usi e nuove è supportato da posizioni sociologiche secondo le quali un ambiente
funzioni. In accordo con la definizione del Cecodhas (Comitato curato e attentamente progettato trasferisce implicitamente un senso
Europeo per la Promozione del Diritto alla Casa), secondo la qua- di appartenenza al luogo come se fosse proprio, ne consegue che l’a-
le l’housing sociale è l’offerta di alloggi e servizi per coloro che non zione di riqualificazione assume un valore di innalzamento della po-
Why enhance and Abstract: The enhancement and the Dealing with enhancement and re- rehabilitation2 action aims to com-
upgrading of public housing heritage is development of public housing assets bine them for the definition of new
upgrade the public considered an example of the rehabili- means recognize a strong interest in dwelling habits, new uses and new
tation’s design potentiality and it is de-
housing assets monstrated through the identification by
improving the dwelling quality in ur- functions. In accordance with the
ban environment. It is believed that CECODHAS definition (European
picking out some rele-vant areas of inte-
the promotion of design ac-tions on Committee for the Promotion of Hou-
rest in relation to the built environment.
In support of these identified areas
those assets will lay the core issue for sing Rights), considering the social
examples of European best practices a sustainable dwelling concept based housing as the apartments and servi-
are shown emblematic having a pro- on the recognition of the existence ces provision for those without access
grammatic, cultural and environmental value in architectural, social and cul- to a free market in order to reinforce
character. The outlined strategies deter- tural terms and the ability to manage their position within the community,
mine management, operational, financial urban changes in the light of livability it is possible to associate the «social
and technological methods that shall and of the consumption reduction re- housing» term to the public housing
permit its use in relation to contempo- quirement. It is argued that the public sector. The rehabilitation of public
rary dwelling requirement and they are housing heritage can play a strategic housing asset assumes itself an innate
outlin-ing the alternatives usable pos- role in the enhancement processes social potential, as it ensures a quali-
sibilities in terms of collective, cultural that cannot be separated from those of ty service to the person, and a role as
and also economic aspects at the same
urban and construction renewal. The representative of the dwelling con-
time. The building rehabilitation is under-
terms 'enhancement'1 means the rede- dition expressed with respect to the
stood as a design tool for the building
and urban enhance-ment. velopment tools that act at the levels of attractiveness of the place. A paradig-
the urban scale of the neighborhood, matic case study, based on the global
Keywords: Rehabilitation, Enhance-
of the building, of the apartment and economy and on the participation, is
ment, Social housing public heritage,
of technical element. The building the Bois le Prêtre Tower rehabilitation
Design, Management
79 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2011 Firenze University Pres | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 04 2012
84
sizione sociale prima ancora che di valore economico dell’area o del bilità dell’intervento, ...) e su quelli collettivi (spazi comuni, servizi,
manufatto; il secondo – la massimizzazione dell’uso delle risorse – si ...) con una strategia organica. L’attività riqualificativa ha però dei
inserisce nel più ampio tema del rispetto ambientale che trova soste- significati che superano l’aspetto materico per avvicinarsi a moda-
gno in azioni quali l’attenzione al consumo di suolo e la definizione lità di gestione partecipate, di inclusione sociale e di rigenerazione
di soluzioni tecniche e tecnologiche atte al risparmio energetico atti- urbana. Alcuni degli ambiti individuati in tema di riqualificazione
vo e passivo. Il progetto riqualificativo ha dimostrato che l’interpre- edilizia in ambito ERP, sono – senza volontà di essere esaustivi – i
tazione del radicamento affettivo e fisico dell’abitante rispetto alla seguenti: ambito culturale-architettonico, turistico-formativo, so-
propria quotidianità diventa un punto a favore verso la trasforma- ciale, ambientale-paesaggistico, energetico, economico, gestionale e
zione dell’alloggio e di conseguenza del paesaggio urbano se accanto finanziario. L’ambito culturale-architettonico è esplicitato dal valore
a ciò si individuano strategie costruttive, operative, economiche, ge- storico dell’oggetto architettonico. Nel passato le realizzazioni di pa-
stionali, finanziarie chiare e ben definite. La caratteristica fondante trimoni ERP, tramite i supporti Ina Casa e Gescal, hanno risposto a
del progetto di riqualificazione della torre Bois le Prêtre è stata quella esigenze quantitative senza tralasciare – nella maggior parte dei casi
di aver dimostrato la fattibilità dell’approccio della riqualificazione – la qualità del prodotto edilizio tanto che i principali progettisti del
edilizia non solo in termini energetici, ma prioritariamente in rela- Novecento hanno affrontato il tema dell’abitare low-cost sviluppando
zione all’innalzamento della qualità del servizio abitativo. Alla luce soluzioni tecniche, tecnologiche e spaziali rapportate al contesto abi-
del presente caso esemplificativo, e consapevoli del periodo di crisi, tativo, sociale e geografico specifico. Un principio progettuale della
il servizio della casa sovvenzionata si trova di fronte alla necessità pratica della riqualificazione edilizia è il confronto con l’esistente che,
di definire nuove strategie gestionali in termini di funzionalità, di oltre a essere testimonianza della cultura progettuale del tempo, è un
fattibilità economica e di operatività. Tali strategie vengono indagate valido strumento di conoscenza e di reinterpretazione. Il fatto che
nei passi successivi tramite l’individuazione di soluzioni esplicitate alcuni di questi complessi siano riconosciuti come beni culturali,
da best practices. traguardi della cultura architettonica forse non eguagliati, avvalora
la tesi secondo la quale anche l’architettura diffusa può essere eletta a
Le motivazioni a favore Individuare una motivazione pre- rappresentazione del saper fare (e del saper abitare) locale. L’ambito
della riqualificazione valente a sostegno della pratica turistico-formativo è strettamente connesso al precedente in quanto
edilizia riqualificativa non è opportuno. il riconoscimento della valenza di un complesso abitativo popolare
Riqualificare significa interveni- può essere inserito nel settore denominato ‘economia della cultura’.
re sugli spazi interni degli alloggi (distribuzione dei locali, gestione Concordando sul fatto che qualsiasi intervento di riqualificazione,
degli accessi e degli spazi, ...), su quelli esterni (riabilitazione delle anche in presenza di vincoli storici-artistici, non deve compromette-
facciate, creazione di spazi esterni protetti multifunzione, reinter- re la soddisfazione dell’esigenze abitative attuali, esiste la possi-bilità
pretazione dell’identità mediante la diversificazione e la riconosci- di mantenere a titolo di testimonianza storica una limitata porzione
in Paris of the 60s of last century and perimeter wall vertically, and the en- at an active and passive energy saving. next steps by identifying solutions
with 16 floors in which it was expe- largement of the area of relevance to The rehabilitation project has shown from best practices.
rienced the Plus Method (Druot, La- the apartment by protected and conti- that the interpreta-tion of emotional
caton and Vassal 2007). The building nued lodges, has enabled to interpret, and physical roots of the inhabitants The building renovation reasons
was characterized by a general feeling compared to our vision of the building in relation to their everyday life beco- Identify a dominant reason for sup-
of deterioration caused by the periphe- rehabilitation project, two basic con- mes a plus towards both the housing porting the practice of building reha-
ral location, by the high traffic and by cepts: the land-scape with social value and the urban landscape transforma- bilitation is not appropriate. Re-habili-
its age. The rehabilitation, completed and the maximization of resources for tion if in addition to these results there tate means acting on the interior of the
last year, has expressed a willingness to the dwelling quality. The first is sup- are clear and well defined strategies in housing (distribution of local, access
exploit on one hand the quality of re- ported by sociological positions accor- terms of execution, reliability, manage- and space manage-ment, ...), on the
sidential areas on the ground floor and ding to which a refined and careful de- ment and finance. The major feature of external factors (rehabilitation of faca-
at floors, while on the other it conside- signed environment produces a sense the Bois le Prêtre tower rehabilitation des, creation of outdoor protected and
red to establish a new relationship be- of place implicitly as its own, it follows was to have shown the feasibility of the multi-functional spaces, interpreta-
tween inside of the confined space and that the rehabilitation action assumes building reha-bilitation approach not tion of the identity through specific
the outside of the urban context. The a value of raising the so-cial position only in energetic terms, but primarily actions of diversity and recognition,
architectural design has re-defined the even before the economic value of the in relation to the quality increase of ...) and those of collective (common
apartment configuration distributing area or of the building; the second – hous-ing service. In light of this case areas, services, ...) with an overall stra-
the rooms in accordance with a logic the resources maximization – is part study, and aware of the crisis period, tegy. The building rehabilita-tion acti-
optimization of space in relation to the of the broader theme of respecting the the subsidized housing service faces to vity has some meanings that go
natural solar gain and to an increase environment which is supported by the need to develop new management beyond the material aspect to approa-
of livability. The union between the ac-tions such as the attention to the strategies in terms of functionality, ching management, social inclusion
update of the technical elements, re- land use and the definition of techni- economic feasibility and workability. and urban regeneration mode. Some
presented by the replacement of the cal and technological solutions aimed These strategies are explored in the of the areas identified in terms of buil-
ding rehabilitation in the public hou- with the existing that, as well as be-ing ting only one apartment according to fabric through a different relationship
sing sector, are -without the wil- the witness of the design culture of that the original patterns as in the case of between inside and outside, has redefi-
lingness of being exhaustive- the fol- period, is a valuable tool for under- Het Schip district by De Klerk in Am- ned the fruition and perceptive mode
lowing: architectural-cultural, tourist- standing and reinterpreta-tion. The sterdam- to keep the true meaning and of the neighborhood aimed at its resto-
educational, social, en-vironmental- fact that some of these housing com- to ensure both their daily use and oc- cking. The environmental-landscape
landscape, energetical, economic, ma- plexes are recognized as cultural heri- casionally by tourists. The social area area of interest refers to the fact that
nagerial and financial areas of interest. tage, goals of archi-tectural culture of interest interprets the contemporary the existing buildings are a resource
The architectural-cultural area of inte- perhaps not equaled, supports the the- need of 'shared living'. The fact that (Graf, 2012). The recovery of social
rest is explained by the historic archi- sis that the popular architecture can be some of the historic districts are provi- unease can be faced minimally with
tectural value. In the past the public raise to represent the locally know- ded with common services such as the simplistic building recovery of
social housing buildings, through the how (and the knowing how to live). laundry, kindergarten, rooms for local dwelling bordering on the urban de-
Gescal and Ina Casa support, were able The tourist-educational area of interest community parties, etc., indicates the cay. The provision of outdoor collecti-
to answer to quantita-tive require- is closely linked to the previous as such correspondence of the today housing ve spaces in agreement with the digni-
ments without omit -in most of the the shared recognition of the value of requirements that raise as privilege ty of the person and designed for the
cases- the quality of building construc- popular housing complexes may be what was meant for not affluent social 'social housing' can lead, as well as so-
tion indeed the ma-jor 20th century entered in the field called 'cultural eco- classes. Sociability is also evident in the cial assistance pro-grams, an improve-
architects had faced the issue of low- nomy'. Agree-ing that any rehabilita- need to experi-ence the cultural inte- ment of their condition. The rehabili-
cost housing by developing technical, tion project, even in the presence of gration between different cultures and tation of the Cité du Lignon satellite
technologi-cal and spatial solutions historical and artistic ties, should not ethnicities that, as in the past, requi- neighbor-hood in Geneva was made
compared to the specific context of under-mine the satisfaction to the cur- ring the working out of adaptable solu- possible through the adoption of a
housing, social and geographic. A rent housing requirements, there is the tions. A good example is the Leinefelde protection action plan that has combi-
founder principle of the building reha- possibility of maintaining the his-tori- complex’s rehabilitation by For-ster ned energetic, economical, historical
bilitation's practice is the comparison cal evidence in a limited part -renova- architect that, changing to the existing and artistic needs in a multi-criteria
nel settore delle ristrutturazioni e delle manutenzioni piuttosto che L’analisi conduce a scartare l’opzione D per il rapporto non favore-
nell’ex-novo (Cresme, 2012). Il rapporto tra costi e guadagno ener- vole costi/benefici e di incentrare l’azione sulle opzioni B e C, consi-
getico, nel quartiere satellite Citè du Lignon, è verificabile in una ta- derando anche che l’azione A era in ogni caso compresa all’interno
bella delle diverse soluzioni progettuali proposte (Tab. 1). delle altre, ma non era sufficiente per raggiungere gli standard rela-
Tab. 1 |
tivi al parametro del riscaldamento. L’ambito gestionale prevede la d’uso’ che promuove la variazione di desti-nazione d’uso in funzio-
sperimentazione di modalità di programmazione, gestione e dismis- ni di pubblica utilità come modalità di potenziamento dei servizi.
sione che siano attrattivi anche per il settore privato. Un’opportunità Un esempio è la trasformazione degli ex-gasometri di Vienna in un
è un meccanismo di ‘alienazione-compensazione’ che consiste nella quartiere con una precisa identità e riconoscibilità rispetto all’offerta
cessione di proprietà al privato di parte del patrimonio ERP che se cittadina, generato da un’oculata programmazione dei collegamenti
ne assume l’autonomia in merito a destinazione funzionale, mante- infrastrutturali e del mix funzionale. L’ambito finanziario prevede
nimento e riqualificazione, in cambio di una compensazione con al- modalità diversificate di management e di partenariato pubblico-
tra area e/o immobile da destinarsi a housing sociale pubblico. Con il privato all’interno del sistema promozionale e gestionale di nuovi
pre-sente meccanismo si interpreta la cessione del patrimonio pub- complessi o del recupero. Caso esemplificativo è il recupero delle
blico come investimento per un coerente sviluppo urbano piuttosto caserme militari individuate come luoghi con potenzialità volume-
che la svendita dei beni pubblici esclusivamente per far cassa. Una triche e generalmente in posizioni privilegiate rispetto al centro città.
seconda possibilità è data dal meccanismo di ‘rigenerazione-cambio Un esempio è l’ecoquartiere Zac de Bonne a Grenoble progettato di
evaluation to define a new envi- translucent sliding elements do not context, etc.) that are advantageous for scard the D option due to the not favo-
ronment relationship between nei- constitute an abuse construction, but a several reasons. The territorial go- rable cost/benefit report and to focus
ghborhood and context. The energy shrewdness that integrated the energy vernment plan (Piano di Governo del on B and C options, considering that
sector is the most considered factor in system overview. The economic area Territorio, PGT) of Milan to promote the A action was in any case included
relation to the reduction of energy of interest can be explained another the revitalization of urban quality is within the others, but it not was suffi-
consumption. It is however reductive time by Bois le Prêtre tower indeed the oriented to the reduction of new quan- cient to reach the acceptable heating
considering the energy aspect as a moni-toring has highlighted the eco- tities of construction and to the poten- parameter. The management area of
simple technical addition of installa- nomic advantage in choose the rehabi- tial addition in the consolidated city, interest involves the testing of plan-
tions, with-out picking up the oppor- litation's option, including the ex-ten- by encouraging the rehabilitation of ning, management and disposal me-
tunity to experiment innovative solu- sion of about 40% of the existing surfa- the existing heritage through the di- thods that are attractive also for the
tions in terms of typological and tech- ce, at a quantified cost of 11.245.000 € stinction between compulsory mini- private sector. An opportunity is a me-
ni-cal insulation, integration of solar instead of 20 million expected with the mum requirements and reward fac- chanism of 'alienation-compensation'
greenhouses and loggias, natural me- demolition/reconstruction option. In tors. Maintaining the existing heritage which consists in transferring to the
thods for solar gain, for irradia-tion addition, the energy performance appears increasingly cheaper for buil- ownership a part of the public housing
and ventilation. In the case of the Bois using only passive strategies has decre- ding firms in recent years that have heritage and also the autonomy on its
le Prêtre tower the juxtaposition of an ased from 183 to 80 kWh/sqm. The shifted their interest, for obvious rea- use, maintenance and rehabilitation,
intermediate space on the facade made economic benefit is obvious in the sons, in the field of rehabilitation and in return of compensation that is ano-
it possible to enjoy a significant incre- 20th century heritage that have gene- maintenance rather than in the ex-no- ther area and/or building must set as
ase of pertaining housing space and at rally some characteristics (height and vo one (Cresme, 2012). The cost and social housing public. Interpreting this
the same time to control the solar gain size of the rooms, solar gains, adapta- energy gain in the Cité du Lignon satel- public heritage sale mechanism as an
and the light in an efficiently way both bility to changes in distribution and lite neighborhood can be checked in a investment for a coherent urban de-
in winter and in summer. To point out optimization of the location of the table of dif-ferent design proposals velopment rather than the sell-off of
is that the closure of the lodges with plant technical, position in the urban (see Tab. 1). The analysis leads to di- assets only to ask for money. A se-
cond possibility is the 'regeneration- private operators. The project is cha- ted into two broad catego-ries: first, long term. The energy aspect is only
use change' mechanism to promote racterized by the paper HQE Haute those based on public financing for an important variable of the process
use changes for public's interest fun- qualité environnementale3 and a ma- energy efficiency by updating the as it has many funding opportunities,
ctions as a way of expanding urban nagement entrusted to SAGES, local technical and techno-logical with but at times it can seem limiting. In-
services. An example is the transfor- planning public company, with the overlap and replacement actions, and stead it is most evident the systemic
mation of the Vienna former gasome- task of dealing with the relationship on the other those with a systemic ap- approach in this projects: the REHA-
ter in a neighborhood with a clear between the promoters of public hou- proach in addi-tion to regular check PUCA French program5 which aims
identity and recognition among the sing or private in re-lation to revenue over the energy performance, there at identifying innovative solutions
town, generated by a careful infra- municipal for the land's cost. is the architectural design research suitable for build-ing rehabilitation
structure links planning and by the and the economic feasibility as the of sample buildings through a compe-
functional mix. The financial sector Conclusions long-term strategy. A case of energy tition open to groups made by desi-
provides different methods of mana- The process of building rehabilitation background is the CASH European gners and contractors. Three guideli-
gement and public-private partner- is a interesting topic from several project4 that aims to find solution for nes are identified: the diversification,
ships within the promotion and ma- points of view because it is closely the social housing public heritage re- the management and the densification
nagement system of new construc- related to other issues such as the eco- habilitation. The Brindisi’s Municipa- in-terpreting as the economy of terri-
tions or rehabilitation. Case study is nomic recovery and employment, the lity is the Italian partner and it is fo- torial space in order to avoid further
the recov-ery of military barracks urban regeneration, the cohesion and cusing on Paradise, St. Elias and Per- land use; «Loggias in Bondy», Paris, in
identified as areas with volumetric the social participation. Community rino neighborhoods (IACP property, which the strong noise emissions co-
potentiality and generally in privile- and national programs, best practi- 1960) by introducing best practices ming from an adjacent road has been
ged posi-tions in the city center. One ces and ex-periments in European for domestic energy efficiency that limited by the addition of prefabri-
example is the Zac de Bonne eco-di- countries emphasize its importance. have an influence only on the mana- cated modules made in wood which
strict in Grenoble designed in a part- An examination of the major ongoing gement out of pocket costs and it does have allowed also the apartment’s
ner-ship between municipality and projects has shown that they are split- not refer solutions in the medium to expansion next to the living room.
The cost of the intervention was other in a consistent basis, but only NOTES cycle management of the building.
about 8000 € per lodges and a to-tal after the identification of the objec- 1
Codice dei beni culturali e del pa- 4
The European project entitled Cities
of about 18 000 € for apartment. The tives previous defined. A parameter esaggio, il D.Lgs. 42/2004, art. 6, the Action for Sustainable Housing is in
methodological criteria deductible that supports the choice between the action of the enhancement of cultural place by the end of 2009 and the win-
from the case studies analyzed are, building rehabilitation and the demo- heritage «consists in the exercise of ter of 2012.
in urban and building level, the con- lish/rebuild is the evaluation in terms the functions and the activities’ regu- 5
Powered by REHA Requalification
text data, both geographically and of global economy on opportunity to lation aimed at pro-moting awareness à haute performance énergétique de
culturally, and the condition of the intervene. However it is not possible of cultural heritage and to ensure the l'habitat, the PUCA plan (Plan urba-
existing assets. Other important pa- to generalize and to presume to rule best conditions for public use and en- nisme construction architecture and
rameters are closely related to policy out the option of demolition and re- joyment of it. It also includes the pro- the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable
strategy on the energy conservation, construction for multiple parameters motion and the support of conserva- Development and Energy) in order to
urban quality and social work issues. hardly related to each other and to the tion actions on the cultural heritage». identify solutions to optimize existing
The building rehabilitation’s value of different conditions to the context. 2
Uni 11150:2005, Building construc- housing.
social housing public heritage is sup- Some of these have been investigated tion - Qualification and control of bu-
ported by the fact that the ‘dwelling’ in this paper by proposing a complex ilding design for building rehabilitation
itself already has a strong social com- point of view related to the enhance- identifies the building renovation as
ponent, but this predisposition can- ment of the cultural identity of this «the combination of all technical ac-
not become a business source. The distinguishing heritage. tions, including analytical activities,
management, maintenance, financial led on buildings and their technical
and economic aspects persuade to features, designed to modify the per-
seek an innovative government way formance to match the new require-
of the multiple factors involved that ments».
are not easily comparable with each 3
The HQE systems r the whole life
Abstract. Il SH è tornato ad essere settore dinamico del comparto costruzioni. 87 e 88 dei trattati e dei principi di sussidiarietà ed addiziona-
Le politiche di «coesione» e «convergenza» europea promuovono il costruire ed
abitare mediterraneo per migliorare la competitività, l’innovazione e l’occupazione
lità), l’UE non è rimasta insensibile alla definizione di politiche
nei territori in ritardo di sviluppo. Il processo progettuale-attuativo del SH interseca dirette; infatti ha fissato alcuni principi cardine:
criticità che spesso compromettono iniziative attivate localmente. Lo studio del – l’abitazione è un valore sociale;
Caso Calabria ha fatto emergere adempimenti crescenti e procedure farragino-
se ed incerte, percepite come ‘ostili’ da operatori pubblici e privati. L’esito è la
– le politiche abitative regionali sono fondamentali per la Stra-
rinuncia agli incentivi. Strumenti informativi di gestione dei processi e sistemi di fa- tegia di Lisbona al 2020;
cilitazione per la valutazione e certificazione delle proposte, sembrano poter sem- – le politiche ‘ombra’ – finalizzate all’impiego addizionale di
plificare l’attuazione dei programmi, favorendo soluzioni flessibili ed appropriate,
risultati attendibili, trasparenza, tempestività e qualità degli interventi.
finanziamenti destinati ad efficienza energetica ed uso di rin-
Parole chiave: Politiche regionali, Innovazione Tecnologica, Semplificazione Pro-
novabili negli edifici esistenti o di nuova costruzione (fino al
cessi, Progettazione facilitata della qualità, Caso Calabria 4% dei fondi PON/POR – mod. del Reg. UE n° 539/2010)
– sono essenziali per aggirare i rischi d’infrazione per aiuti di
Stato al settore.
Lo scenario europeo, Recentemente, presso la Scuo- Fra l’altro, per l’UE, il SH è anche occasione di convergenza dei
nazionale e regionale. la di Dottorato dell’Univer- territori in ritardo di sviluppo. Un’occasione formidabile per lo
Criticità e prospettive sità Mediterranea di Reggio sviluppo delle aree della fascia mediterranea, prevalentemente
Calabria è stata condotta una interessate da esigenze di raffrescamento come la Calabria che,
ricerca (tutor Prof. C. Trom- per la variabilità della struttura geo-morfologica-climatica,
betta-DASTEC, cotutor esterno Dott. V. Amati, dottorando C. paesaggistico-ambientale-insediativa, socio-economica e cul-
Maurizio Diano) che ha affrontato il tema del S.H. rispetto agli turale, si configura come il luogo ‘ideale’ per la promozione,
obiettivi della sostenibilità ed in rapporto ai contesti locali: sperimentazione e rinnovazione del costruire ed abitare me-
– inquadrando l’ambito tematico in relazione agli scenari euro- diterraneo.
pei e la specificità nazionale e regionale d’interesse; Nello scenario italiano, le Regioni italiane sono divenute de-
– conducendo un’analisi critica sul SH della Regione Calabria; positarie delle competenze programmatiche nel settore del
– avanzando un’ipotesi operativa, immediatamente introduci- S.H.1. Gestiscono rilevanti risorse dell’UE, per l’innovazione
bile nell’ordinamento regionale. tecnologica nel settore edilizia e per innovativi programmi di
Lo studio si è svolto nella consapevolezza che, nello sforzo co- promozione, sperimentazione ed applicazione del costruire
mune per la sostenibilità, le Istituzioni UE considerano l’abita- mediterraneo nel SH. A livello nazionale, il riferimento finan-
zione sociale fondamentale per il comparto edilizia. Sebbene lo ziario è soprattutto il cd. PIANO CASA (DL 112/08-DPCM lu-
ritenga un «servizio economico d’interesse generale» (e non un glio 2009), attraverso i Fondi investimento abitazione (FIA) e
servizio universale), quindi di non diretta competenza (artt. le SGR. In questo quadro, la Regione Calabria ha ultimamente
Regional Policies Abstract: Social housing is again a The European, national and regio- general interest» and not a universal
dynamic sector of construction. Euro- nal scenario. Critical issues and per- service (art.87, 88 of Treaties), UE has
For Social Housing. pean «cohesion» and «convergence» spectives fixed a few basic principles:
programs aim to promote Mediterrane-
An experience in an housing in order to improve compe-
At the Mediterranean University of – houses are a social value;
Reggio Calabria School of Doctorate – regional housing policies are funda-
Regione Calabria1 titiveness, innovation and employment
a research has been recently presented mental for the 2020 Lisbon Strategy;
in under-developed regions. The whole
SH planning and implementing process
by C. Maurizio Diano (tutoring by – shadow policies – aimed at utilizing
implies criticalities that often damage Prof. C. Trombetta Dastec, external additional financing for energy effi-
local initiatives. This study of the Ca- co-tutoring by Dr. V. Amati) about ciency and use of renewable energy in
labria Case has pointed out that both sustainable S.H. with relation to local construction (up to 4 % of PON/POR
public and private entrepreneurs per- contexts which implies: funds, UE Reg. no. 539/2010) – are
ceive the cumbersome requirements – framing of local issues within Euro- essential to avoid the notification pro-
and procedures as ‘unfriendly’ and tend pean and national scenarios; cedure by UE concerning violation of
to renounce the incentives. Process – critical analysis of SH in Regione state aids rules.
management information instruments Calabria; Among other things, to UE, SH repre-
together with simpler evaluation and – putting forward of an operative sug- sents an extraordinary opportunity for
certification systems seem to encourage gestion that can be immediately in- underdeveloped regions in the Medi-
suitable and flexible solutions, reliable
troduced in the regional regulations. terranean area to make up for the socio-
results as well as transparency and qua-
The whole research has been made economic gap by promoting Mediterra-
lity of action.
under the assumption that UE insti- nean construction methods and styles.
Keywords: Regional policies, Technolo- tutions think SH as fundamental in In this sense, owing to its geographic
gical innovation, Process simplification,
the construction industry. Though it and environmental position, Calabria is
Calabria Case, Quality facilitated planning
is considered an «economic service of the perfect place for experimenting.
85 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2011 Firenze University Pres | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 04 2012
91
investito significative risorse e prodotto norme quadro per la soluzioni innovative e contestualizzate ai luoghi in cui erano
qualità edilizia, la sicurezza, il risparmio energetico-ambienta- storicamente diffuse pratiche costruttive efficaci e dove oggi
le, il ricorso alle tradizioni costruttive locali. Tuttavia, governa stentano a ritrovare applicazione.
il settore con strumenti assolutamente inadeguati:
– Quadri Tecnici Economici, generici ed insufficienti, nei quali Programmazione In Calabria le politiche di pro-
si fissano costi convenzionali assegnati2; regionale ed attuazione grammazione degli interventi
– costi standards tradizionali, non parametrizzati alla «misura interventi di edilizia residenziale sociale
efficace della qualità delle prestazioni rese in relazione al con- sono promosse e governate so-
testo specifico d’intervento». stanzialmente da due strumenti legislativi principali:
Mentre i processi restano ancorati alle ormai incongruenti – la L.R. n° 36 del 16.10.2008 – «Norme di indirizzo per pro-
norme madre di settore (L.457/78, L. 179/92, L.431/98, ecc…), grammi di edilizia sociale» 101.
questi vengono complicati da una miriade di conformità tec- – la L.R. n° 41 del 04.11.2011 – «Norme per l’abitare sosteni-
nico-amministrative e, non ultimo, da impegnative domande bile».
qualitativo-prestazionali: insomma, un sistema strutturalmen- Si tratta di norme quadro che si propongono d’intervenire nel
te vocato all’‘insuccesso’. settore per facilitare la possibilità di accesso all’abitazione; per
Di conseguenza, i percorsi attuativi hanno uno sviluppo estre- sostenere economicamente il comparto strategico delle co-
mamente articolato, complesso e lungo: nei casi migliori al- struzioni; per elevare la qualità urbana ed edilizia; per ridurre
meno tre anni sono necessari per realizzare un alloggio, senza il consumo di energia e la diffusione della progettazione eco-
particolari garanzie qualitative. sostenibile. L’azione sociale punta ad intervenire negli aspet-
Le conseguenze sono: disaffezione e rinuncia degli operatori di ti legati alla residenzialità, con attenzione ai soggetti deboli.
settore; ritardo di spesa; prolungamento dell’attesa dei soggetti L’azione ambientale pone attenzione alla riqualificazione delle
con disagio abitativo. aree degradate, dei quartieri monofunzionali e del patrimonio
Sul fronte qualitativo, i riscontri progettuali ai recenti Bandi da di edilizia residenziale pubblica, puntando decisamente ad ele-
una parte confermano che, sull’efficienza energetica, si registra vare la qualità urbana, edilizia ed architettonica degli insedia-
diffusa sensibilità, seppure con generale uso di soluzioni ‘glo- menti residenziali, nuovi ed esistenti.
bali’ limitate all’involucro; queste ultime, ritenute ‘sicure’, sono L’obiettivo economico si evidenzia nella previsione degli inve-
di facile rinvenimento e di costo sopportabile, sebbene spesso stimenti orientati per aumentare la disponibilità di alloggi ed
indifferenti alle variabilità di contesto. il miglioramento delle dotazioni infrastrutturali.
Mentre, sui temi ambientali, si registra una sostanziale elu-
sione del problema, il rinvio delle valutazioni, l’assenza di
The Italian Regioni are responsible related to the «effective measure of we notice widespread sensitiveness to – Regional Law no.41 of 04.11.2011
for planning SH interventions and quality performances made in con- energy efficiency issues though often «Law for sustainable housing».
managing the funds allocated by UE nection with the specific context of it is the case of standard solutions un- They are general policy laws whose
for technological innovation in the operation». suited to the specific context, maybe aims are:
construction sector and for innovative – processes are greatly encumbered because they are safer, easier and 1. to facilitate access to adequate hou-
design in Mediterranean housing ap- by inconsistent generic policy laws ( cheaper. sing;
plied to SH2. such as L.457/78, L. 179/92, L.431/98, Environmental issues, instead, are 2. to economically support the strate-
At a national level, we need to refer to etc. ) that require a multitude of tech- substantially ignored: assessments are gic construction sector;
the so-called Piano Casa Decree (DL nical and administrative obligations postponed, while innovative projects 3. to improve the quality of urban bu-
112/08-DPCM luglio 2009) which al- and demanding performance requi- appear to disgregard those effective ilding;
locates funds for housing investments rements building techniques of the past that 4. to reduce energy consumption and
such as FIA and SGR. Regione Calabria – it takes long to build a home, three were always appropriate for the par- promote eco-sustainable designing.
has recently invested remarkable re- years at least, without any specific ticular place, but today almost forgot- The social action mainly focuses on
sources and issued general policy laws quality guarantees. ten. housing for the socially needy; the
on construction quality, safety, energy Consequently, entrepreneurs tend to environmental action applies to deve-
saving and use of local building tradi- give up the financing opportunities, Regional planning and implementa- lopment and renovation of degraded
tions, but the administrative instru- the allocation of funds is delayed as tion of interventions areas, mono-functional neighbourho-
ments through which the whole sector well as the citizens’ right to a comfor- Calabria’s social housing planning po- ods and public housing, to improve
is governed are utterly inadequate: table home. In conclusion, the whole licy is basically regulated by two main the urban architectural quality of both
– the conventional costs listed in the system looks like it is doomed to fai- legislative instruments: new and already existing housing
economic and technical reference ta- lure. – Regional Law no.36 of 16.10.2008 developments. While the economic
bles are generic and insufficient3; As to the quality of the projects ente- «General law for social housing pro- objective consists in orienting in-
– traditional standard costs are not red in the recent calls for competition, grams»; vestments towards an increase of avai-
lability of homes and improvement of nounced, comes from that a number who are waiting for a home. lity requirements are the same; in par-
infrastructures. of legal and administrative disputes From a close analysis, although the ticular, houses «must be comfortable,
have arisen concerning the publica- two programs share the same purpo- healthy, safe and built in compliance
Calls for competition to implement tion of the ranking lists (both before ses, they actually show remarkable with the building standards specified
Regional Law no. 36/2008 and after), which, together with the differences as concerning the types in current national and regional laws.
In compliance with the regional stan- peculiar complexity of procedures, of applications (just ‘interest in par- Moreover, they must satisfy sustai-
dards on SH, the Department of Pu- have compromised the implemen- ticipating’ in 2008 / preliminary plan nability and energy saving principles
blic Works and House Policies has tation of Regional Law no. 36/2008. in 2010), the criteria of choice and utilizing, whenever possible, renewa-
been entrusted with the task of: Above all, we reckon that most of the allocation of resources (with a mini- ble energy sources5».
– announcing public competitions for problems are brought about by the mum guaranteed to each province).
construction of social housing to be excessive intricacy and distortion of Also different are the procedures of Sustainability objectives in Compe-
either let or sold procedures, the in-built complica- application (on a first come first ser- titions. Criteria, indicators, scoring
– starting «Contratti di quartiere II» tions of the selection scheme and, fi- ved basis in 2008 / by a time deadline As to the matter of environmental
in Municipalities over 30.000 inhabi- nally, by the existing gap between the in 2010) and the evaluation of appli- sustainability, the two competitions
tants (included in the Ministerial De- quality demands and the inadequacy cations. Public and private operators show a different approach, with dif-
cree no.176/A of 12.02.2007 but never of the evaluation instruments actually are the same: municipalities, ATERP, ferent consequences, though both
financed for lack of funds) used. In addition, in our specific case, universities, private companies, co- point out Regione Calabria’s ambition
Starting in 20084, by means of two further problems have resulted from operative enterprises and housing to invest resources to achieve above
consecutive competitions, Regione the alternation of two regional admi- associations for the first kind of ini- average sustainability goals. Also the
Calabria has invested 230 million nistrations whose different political tiatives; only private companies and rating procedures (criteria, indicators,
Euro altogether in social housing. visions and alliances have inevitably cooperative enterprises for the second scoring) are quite diverse but also im-
As a matter of fact, the necessity for affected both the implementation of one. In both cases the characteristics precise.
two distinct competitions to be an- procedures and the rights of those of eligible programs and housing qua- In 2008 competition, the awarding
scheme is extremely generic and in- cise commitment from them. Conse- All the criticalities emerged up to now ilding climatic response with respect
dicates neither evaluation nor scoring quently, the choice of postponing the make it unlikely for the whole mecha- to the necessity to ensure acceptable
criteria for energy efficiency perfor- projects assessment, either by the RUP nism to work efficiently; in addition, standards of comfort and well-being.
mances and improvement of lowest (who issues the permit to build) and/ there isn’t a way of ensuring reliable In short, almost all the projects indica-
conditions. In the case of 7.1 and 7.2 or an inspector, to a later stage, make it assessment for the sustainability levels te a clear improvement in the quality
awards, the scores are the following: difficult to pursue real quality targets. at a planning stage, since there isn’t an of building methods and especially
– 30% above average performance: 0; Unlike previous competitions, the official evaluation system to the pur- of the planning approach, compa-
– 40 or above 40% above average per- 2010 Competition seems to pay grea- pose. red to what has usually been done in
formances: 3; ter attention to the quality of interven- On a closer observation of the projects Calabria up to now. Moreover, there
– For performances above 30% and tions through a number of additional submitted, it is possible to spot the is great interest in the vital issue of
below 40% the amount financed will requests that make the whole awar- most popular planning strategies and energy and environmental resource
be calculated proportionally. ding system less discretionary and building techniques among designers. conservation, although this can be de-
It goes without saying that, according more reliable, as participants, together As to the building shell, they prefer tected only at a potential stage repre-
to the above scheme, the housing with the applications, must also hand external thermal insulation coat, with sented by the strategic intentions and
standards appear, more than ‘essen- in the preliminary plans. In fact, the thermal bricks, independently of presumed results. Perhaps the overall
tial’ building requirements, rather urban and architectural quality stan- the kind of exposure on all sides. To quality of designs doesn’t fulfill all the
‘preferable’ conditions. dards for new housing developments protect the walls most exposed to the requirements, especially those con-
Moreover, since it’s not compulsory require sustainable urban planning sunlight, they utilize various shielding cerning superior issues, but it can’t be
for the single projects to be handed in and environmentally friendly con- systems and sometimes shading archi- denied that this portion of the objecti-
during the first phase (ranking stage), struction criteria, some of which are tectural elements. There are also a few ves set by Regional Law 36/2008 have
operators are only requested to state indicated before the assessment and examples of microclimatic tempera- been satisfactorily achieved.
their willingness to fulfill the quality evaluation stages by the evaluation ture and ventilation systems which
standards rather than demand a pre- Committee. show increasing attention to the bu- From Regional Law no.36/2008,
(General law for social housing pro- saving of water resources; nical Regulations and Guidelines» MED.d - Mediterranean Easy De-
grams), to Regional Law no.41/2011, – the ways of supply, saving and ratio- with the detailed indication of all the sign.diligent evaluation procedure
(Law for sustainable housing) nal use of energy resources; procedures to apply in the evaluation In order to be able to overcome the
Regional Law no.41/2011 «Law for – the selection criteria for building system. According to the Law and GB criticalities observed in the evaluation
sustainable housing» provides a ge- materials and technologies. Tool principles, the Regulations will system of R.L. 36/08, our research
neral legislative frame that introduces To the purpose of issuing the Certi- have to: intends to suggest an application in-
additional local regulations and pro- ficate of Sustainability (inclusive of – indicate the categories of perfor- strument named «MED.d - Mediter-
cedures to make up for the lack of cle- the energy performance certificate, mance requirements; ranean Easy Design.diligent» which
ar legislation on sustainable housing. as requested by state law ), which is – assess and evaluate requirements by can make up the current deficiency
It regulates goals, methods and opera- compulsory for the Public Admini- means of a scoring scheme related to a and is oriented towards specific re-
tive instruments so as to solve specific stration and for private entrepreneurs common benchmark; gional evaluation features. The sugge-
criticalities regarding quality asses- who exploit tax incentives up to 50%, – consider the requirement evaluation sted system, in fact, allows to run the
sment and evaluation. The law layout the law defines the general principles, results in relation with the adopted planning stage in connection with the
follows the «Regional draft law: Law procedures and technical methods for methodology. context, to evaluate in an open and
for Sustainable housing»6 introdu- building performance level control. Moreover, the law establishes that the transparent way, to ensure quality le-
ced by ITACA (Institute for Contract To ensure the quality and efficiency of stages of implementation, the possible vels appropriate to the locations, but
Transparency and Environmental the certification system and above all resistance to its application, the who- above all it doesn’t require further
Compatibility) as a support technical to safeguard the citizens’ rights, this le amount of financing, the types of evaluation instruments but uses 2011
body to the Conference of Regions will still be managed by Regione Cala- beneficiaries (recipients) and projects ITACA Protocol. This is a reliable and
and Autonomous Provinces. bria through employment of accredi- carried out are checked every three proven instrument, owned by Italian
Environmental sustainability can be ted professionals who are periodically years. Regioni, whose assisted calculation
defined by considering: subject to sample control. software (PROITACA), the only one
– the actions aimed at rational use and The law will be followed by the «Tech- validated by ITACA technical-scientific
Committee, is completely free. MED.d ’s implementation of regional social applicants. Among other things, some
evaluation Areas , moreover, practically housing programs, especially in Ca- of them say to have felt discouraged by
coincide with the sustainability objec- labria. The way the calls for competi- the ‘perceived’ difficulty to conceive
tives of R.L. 36/08. The innovation is tion have been organized, for instance, projects that can meet the quality stan-
substantial in that it integrates evaluation makes it difficult and unpredictable to dards requested by the funders.
areas and criteria within the structure, move from the political phase of in-
together with MED context indicators tentions to the stage of building and NOTES
represented by dynamic building- and- delivering the houses, as the numerous 1
Translation by Graziella Valenti.
location scenarios. The aim is to express formalities required are more decisive 2
Judgement no. 94/2007 by Corte Co-
quality levels through a numerical value than they appear at a first sight (Fig. 1). stituzionale.
evaluated with reference to the bench- Between the first (2008) and the se- 3
New building: 1,296.46 €/sqm of bu-
mark fixed by the Regional Authority, as cond (2010) call for competition, the ilt area; Renovation: 1,486.37 €/sqm of
a common transparent access threshold applications have decreased by 10%; built area.
to SH financing. MED.d evaluation pro- while 30% of the applications submit- 4
1st Call for Competition: Decree
cedure is currently being experimented ted in 2010 were excluded, proving of General Director no. 22874 of
in Calabria Housing Policies U.O.A. and that the increased number of require- 31/12/2008. 2nd Call for Competition:
will be operative after the publication of ments was a crucial factor. In fact, it is D.D.G. no. 18606 of 22/12/2010.
the implementation guidelines for R.L. generally thought, among those ma- 5
Ministerial Decree of 22/04/2008,
41/2011 «Law for Sustainable Housing». naging the financing programs within art. 2, par. 7.
the regional structures, that raising the 6
Approved by the Conference of Re-
Conclusions quality level for participants, without gions and Autonomous Provinces
The research results point out various providing effective operational in- on 15 March 2007 (source: ITACA,
problems and criticalities concerning struments, has affected the number of Rome).
REFERENCES
CENSIS (2008), Housing sociale nelle aree per servizi collettivi: l’alloggio come servi-
zio economico di interesse generale, Roma.
Olivieri Pennesi, S. (2011), “Fabbisogni e costi standard cardini del federalismo fi-
scale… sostenibile - Analisi, contestualizzazioni, criticità e prospettive di un nuovo
modello per il governo e l’efficientamento della spesa pubblica orientata ai bisogni
della collettività del nostro Paese”, Gazzetta Amministrativa, n. 1, pp. 192-197.
Braudel, F. (1994), Mediterraneo. Lo spazio la storia gli uomini le tradizioni, Bom-
piani, Milano.
Trombetta, C. (2002), L’attualità del pensiero di Hassan Fathy nella cultura tecno-
logica contemporanea. Il luogo, l’ambiente e la qualità dell’architettura, Rubettino
editore, Soveria Mannelli (CZ).
Clemente, C. and De Matteis, F. (2010), Housing for Europe. Strategies for Quality in
Urban Spaces, Excellence in Design, Performance in Building, DEI – Roma.
Torricelli, M.C., Gargari, C. and Palumbo, E. (2010), “Ecolabel per gli edifici del
Mediterraneo”, Costruire in Laterizio, Vol. 133, pp. 60-65, ANDIL, Roma.
Lo Turco, M, Fabrizio, E., Rebaudengo, M. and Trento, A, (2009), “Green BIM:
new experiences of software interoperability”, in Innovative Design & Construction
Technologies - Building complex shapes and beyond, Milano.
Mucignat, A. (Ed.) (2009), Cos’è il PHP e come funziona, consultabile su: www.
html.it.
Abstract. Il primo intervento di Social House a livello nazionale cofinanziato dal la problematica dell’edilizia sociale e al connesso fabbisogno abi-
Sistema Integrato dei Fondi (FIS) e il primo che ha attuato concretamente il
Piano Casa varato dal Governo nel 2009 è nato a Parma. Il progetto è stato
tativo è sfociata di recente nel varo del Piano nazionale di edilizia
concepito per la realizzazione di complessivi 2.477 alloggi, da attuare in due abitativa, c.d. Piano casa, reso operativo in seguito all’approvazione
stralci, in relazione alla disponibilità delle aree. Il fine che ha mosso l’iniziativa da parte del Governo della legislazione di impianto (art. 11 del D.L.
è stato quello di promuovere modelli abitativi basati sulla sostenibilità econo-
mica e necessità sociale della Comunità attraverso la riqualificazione Urbana e
112/2008 convertito con modificazioni, dalla legge 6 agosto 2008,
Architettonica. n. 133) e delle relative norme attuative. Tale progetto punta a supe-
Parole chiave: Housing Sociale, Esempio, Sostenibilità economica, rare, in maniera organica e strutturale, il problema abitativo ormai
Riqualificazione, Modello presente su tutto il territorio nazionale mediante forme innovative
di finanziamento in partenariato pubblico-privato. Quello dell’e-
Nel nostro Paese, tutto il mercato abitativo sta attualmente vivendo mergenza abitativa è infatti progressivamente divenuto un proble-
una fase di profonda trasformazione. È in particolare il business ma sentito e decisamente esteso anche nel panorama italiano, spe-
dell’edilizia sociale a catalizzare da qualche tempo una crescente at- cie nelle grandi città del Centro e del Nord. È doveroso ricordare
tenzione. Infatti, in una fase in cui si continuano a registrare segni che solo il 20% del patrimonio residenziale esistente in Italia è de-
di rallentamento del mercato immobiliare, persiste lo stallo nell’e- stinato all’affitto e di questo 20% solo il 5% è patrimonio pubblico
dilizia popolare e, parallelamente, cresce la domanda di abitazioni (E.R.P.). La condizione di disagio abitativo coinvolgeva fino a po-
a prezzi accessibili. Così come lo è da tempo in altri Paesi europei, chi anni fa almeno una famiglia in locazione su due e quasi il 25%
il tema dell’Housing Sociale è considerato una delle più prometten- dei nuclei familiari alle prese col pagamento di un mutuo. Anche
ti frontiere dell’immobiliare residenziale. Nell’ambito delle strate- oggi, senza dubbio, versano in uno stato di precarietà abitativa as-
gie di politica abitativa, tale strumento innovativo desta particolare soluta le categorie sociali tradizionalmente disagiate, quelle emar-
interesse perché sembra potere conciliare l’offerta di alloggi a costi ginate o socialmente escluse. Ci si riferisce, a titolo esemplificativo,
sostenibili con l’arretramento del soggetto pubblico nell’apporto di- ai disoccupati, ai lavoratori atipici e precari, agli immigrati, ai sen-
retto di risorse economiche; ciò grazie al coinvolgimento di sogget- za tetto, ecc. Recentemente, l’Italia ha deciso di dare più spazio ai
ti privati e non profit nelle attività di costruzione, finanziamento e fondi immobiliari e ai soggetti privati per accelerare sull’Housing
gestione dei progetti. In Olanda, Gran Bretagna e Germania – solo Sociale, al fine di cercare di colmare ‘il grande vuoto’ che condi-
per citare alcune realtà estere – grazie a un mercato immobiliare ziona ormai la vita e il benessere di una fascia crescente di popola-
maggiormente sbilanciato verso gli affitti rispetto alla proprietà, zione, troppo ricca per accedere alle case popolari e troppo povera
le soluzioni già da tempo sperimentate hanno ad esempio aperto per reggere l’acquisto di un’abitazione o un canone di locazione di
proficui spazi a forme di intervento di finanza socialmente orienta- mercato. Tuttavia, la necessità di case a canone calmierato è di gran
ta, in cui gli investimenti immobiliari si accompagnano a garanzie lunga superiore a quanto diventerà disponibile nei prossimi anni,
e agevolazioni pubbliche. In Italia, l’attenzione del Legislatore verso in base ai progetti già approvati e ai cantieri aperti e programmati.
Social Housing: Abstract: The first intervention of Social attention. In fact, in a time when it is wards rents with respect to property,
House at the national level co-financed still proving signs of a slowdown in the the solutions have long been proven
the case of Parma by the Funds Integrated System (FIS) housing market, the stalemate persists as profitable open spaces in the forms
and the first one that has actually im- in Social Housing and, in parallel, the of assistance finance socially orien-
plemented the housing plan launched demand for affordable housing is con- ted, in which real estate investments
by the government in 2009 was born in
tinuously increasing. So long as it is in are accompanied by guarantees and
Parma. The project was conceived for
the realization of total 2477 accommo-
other European countries, the issue of public facilities. In Italy, the attention
dation, to be implemented in two sta- social housing is considered one of the of the legislator to the issue of Social
ges, in relation to the availability of the most promising frontiers of residential Housing and the related housing needs
areas. The end that has moved the ini- real estate. In the strategies of housing has resulted in the recent launch of the
tiative was to promote housing models policy, this innovative tool is of parti- National Housing, the so called House
based on economic and social needs cular interest because it seems to be plan, which became operational after
of the community through the redeve- able to reconcile the offer of accom- being approved by the Government
lopment Urban and Architectural. modation at affordable cost with the of the legislation of installation (Arti-
Keywords: Social Housing, Exam- retreat of the public in the contribution cle 11 of Decree 112/2008, converted
ple, Economic sustainability, Redeve- of direct economic resources that is with amendments by Law of 6 August
lopment, Model possible thanks to the involvement of 2008, n.133) and its implementing
private and non-profit activities in the rules. This project aims to overcome,
In our country, the whole housing construction, financing and project in an organic and structural way, the
market is currently experiencing a management. In the Netherlands, housing problem now present all over
period of a profound transformation. Britain and Germany – to name just the country through innovative forms
It is in particular social housing busi- a few overseas companies – thanks to of financing public-private partner-
ness for some time to attract increasing a real estate market more biased to- ship. That of the housing emergency in
92 ISSN online: 2239-0243 | © 2011 Firenze University Pres | http://www.fupress.com/techne TECHNE 04 2012
96
Anche la Cassa Depositi e Prestiti contribuisce al finanziamento venti e completare i programmi di edilizia residenziale pubblica in
di opere di Housing Sociale, attraverso la sottoscrizione di quote corso. Si parla anche di obiettivi di finanziamento per la riduzione
fondi immobiliari fino a un massimo del 60% dell’equity. Recen- dei costi energetici e la qualità dell’edilizia oltre che di accredita-
temente, sono state deliberate attraverso questo meccanismo 12 mento di soggetti privati operanti nel campo dell’abitazione socia-
iniziative, per un totale di circa seimila alloggi. Ad oggi solo due le. Sarà dato particolare impulso alla disciplina del patto di futura
iniziative hanno avuto concretamente inizio. Le società di gestione vendita e alle agevolazioni nei mutui prima casa (Car., 2012). Nei
a cui fanno capo gli investimenti deliberati dal Fondo investimenti prossimi anni, il Piano di governo del territorio di Milano gioche-
per l’abitare (Fai) gestito dalla Cassa Depositi e Prestiti sono espo- rà sulla forbice di prezzo prevista dai 15mila euro al metro quadro
ste nella tabella seguente: per le nuove residenze di Citylife ai 2mila medi per una casa in
Il Social Housing continua a essere un obiettivo rilevante delle po- Social Housing (Finizio, 2012). Ciò diventa ancora più essenziale
se si pensa ai canoni medi richiesti a Milano per appartamenti fino
Tab. 1
Nome fondo Name of investment Unità abitative Units a 35 m2, che possono essere evidenziati nella tabella successiva.
Parma Social House (Polaris Investment Sgr) 850 Il primo intervento di Social House a livello nazionale cofinan-
Abitare Sociale 1 (Polaris Investment Sgr) 580
Real Quercia Housing Sociale (Est Capital Sgr) - Tab. 2
Veneto Casa (Beni Stabili Gestioni Sgr) >200 Canone mensile Fees Appartamenti Apartments Quota Quota
Piemonte Case (Ream Sgr) 550 From 900 to 1.000 euros 54 3,22%
Abitare sostenibile Piemonte (Polaris Investment Sgr) 1.000 From 800 to 900 euros 47 2,81%
HS Italia Centrale (Investire Immobiliare Sgr) - From 700 to 800 euros 91 5,43%
Housing Cooperativo Roma (Polaris Investment Sgr) 1.000 From 600 to 700 euros 313 18,69%
Housing Toscano (Polaris Investment Sgr) 500 From 500 to 600 euros 698 41,67%
Abitare sostenibile Marche e Umbria (Focus Gestioni Sgr) 400 From 400 to 500 euros 442 26,39%
Emilia Romagna Social Housing (Polaris Investment Sgr) 950 Up to 400 euros 30 1,79%
Lombardia Casa (Beni Stabili Gestioni Sgr) 270 Totale campione Total sample 1.675
litiche di sviluppo di diverse città, tra cui spicca Milano. A febbraio Il Social House di Parma ziato dal Sistema Integrato dei
2012, il Fondo Federale Immobiliare di Lombardia ha stipulato un Fondi (FIS) e il primo che ha
patto per dare impulso all’Housing Sociale. Lo scopo è quello di attuato concretamente il Piano Casa varato dal Governo nel
fornire un sostegno economico per gli affitti, attivare nuovi inter- 2009 è nato a Parma. Il fine che ha mosso l’iniziativa è stato
Tab. 1 | SGR a cui fanno capo gli fact gradually became a problem and now affects the lives and well-being of The Social Housing continues to be an
investimenti deliberati dal Fai felt very extended in Italy, especially a growing band of people too rich for important objective of development
(Fonte: Cdp Sgr). in the big cities of Centre and North. access to public housing and too poor policies of several cities, most notably
SGR which heads the It’s important to remember that only to withstand the purchase of a house Milan. In February 2012, the Federal
investments approved by the FAI. 20% of its existing residential proper- or rental market. However, the need Property Fund of Lombardy has sig-
ty in Italy is available for rent and of for houses to rent control is far supe- ned a deal to boost the Social Housing.
Tab. 2 | Canoni richiesti a Milano per this 20%, only 5% are public property rior to what will become available in The purpose is to provide financial
appartamenti fino a 35 mq (ERP). The condition of housing pro- the coming years, based on projects support for rents, to enable new in-
(Fonte: elaborazione Corriere blems involved up to a few years ago at already approved and construction si- terventions and to complete programs
della Sera sul data base least one family renting out of two and tes opened and programmed. Even the of public housing in progress. Other
gohome.it - Pagliuca, 2012). almost 25% of households struggling Deposits and Loans Fund helps finan- issues which are discussed are those
Fees required in Milan regarding with mortgage payment. Of course, ce works of Social Housing through of lending targets for the reduction of
apartments up to 35 sqm traditionally disadvantaged social ca- the subscription of shares of real estate energy costs and the quality of con-
(Source: elaboration of Corriere tegories, those who are marginalized funds up to a maximum of 60% of the struction, accreditation of private en-
della Sera on the data base or socially excluded, even today are in equity. Recently, 12 initiatives were re- tities operating in the social housing;
gohome.it). a state of precarious housing. This ap- solved via this mechanism, for a total a special impetus will be given to the
plies, for example, to the unemployed, of about 6 thousand units. Until today, discipline of the covenant of future sale
atypical and temporary workers, im- only two initiatives had actually be- and facilities in loans for the first house
migrants, the homeless, etc. Recently, gun. The management company that (Car., 2012). In the coming years, the
Italy has decided to give more space owns the investments approved by the Plan of Government of the territory
to real estate funds and private entities Investment for living (FAI) managed of Milan will play on the band of the
to accelerate the Social Housing, in or- by the Deposits and Loans Fund are price provided from 15 thousand
der to try to bridge the ‘great void’ that shown in the table1. euro per square meter for new resi-
L’immobile di Via Chiavari Lotto XVII prevede la realizzazione di pari a circa 80 m2 con 2 camere, cucinotto, box e cantina), qua-
n. 280 alloggi, di cui 76 in affitto, per una superficie complessiva drilocali (di superficie media pari a circa 100 m2 con 3 camere,
di m2 19.306. Gli alloggi disponibili saranno bilocali (di superficie cucina abitabile, 2 bagni, box e cantina) di classe energetica B.
media pari a circa 50 m2, con box e cantina), trilocali (di superficie Il lotto A19 è previsto comporsi di 119 alloggi, per una superficie
media pari a circa 80 m2, con 2 camere, cucinotto, box e cantina) e complessiva di 8.668 m2, organizzata in bilocali (di superficie me-
quadrilocali (di superficie media pari a circa 105 m2 con 3 camere, dia pari a circa 50 m2, con box e cantina), trilocali (di superficie
cucina abitabile, 2 bagni, box e cantina) di classe energetica B. media pari a circa 86 m2, con 2 camere, cucinotto, box e cantina) e
L’immobile di Strada Sant’Eurosia si articola nei lotti A20, A19, quadrilocali (di superficie media pari a circa 95 m2, con 3 camere,
A18. Il lotto A29 prevede la realizzazione di n. 104 alloggi, di cucina, 2 bagni, box e cantina), di classe energetica B.
cui 26 in affitto, per una superficie complessiva di 7.458 m2. La Il lotto A18 si comporrà di 66 alloggi, per complessivi 5.168 m2 di
tipologia abitativa consiste in bilocali (di superficie media p