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General Chemistry 1
First Quarter-Module 2:
Atomic Structure
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the concepts and ideas in Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course.
Learning Competency
• Recognize common isotopes and their uses. (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-19)
What I Know
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
6. The atomic number of oxygen (O) is 8. How many electrons does O have?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 16
D. 20
7. Hydrogen (H) atomic number is 1 and atomic mass is 1. How many neutrons
does H have?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. None
8. Carbon atomic mass is lesser than that of nitrogen. Which of the following
statement is FALSE?
A. The mass of electrons of both carbon and hydrogen is negligible.
B. The atomic number of carbon is less than the atomic number of
nitrogen.
C. The chemical and physical properties of carbon are different from
that of nitrogen.
D. The number of protons inside the nucleus of a carbon is greater
than the number of protons in nitrogen.
10. U-238 is an isotope of the element uranium, 238 is a number that tells us
that this isotope has ________________.
A. 238 protons
B. 238 electrons
C. 238 neutrons
D. 238 total number of p+ and n0
12. Protium, deuterium, and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. What is the
difference between these 3 isotopes?
A. The number of protons found inside its nucleus.
B. The number of electrons found inside its nucleus.
C. The number of neutrons found inside its nucleus.
D. There is no difference between the three, because they are all
isotopes of hydrogen.
13. The two most common isotopes of uranium are U-238 and U-235. Which of
the following statements is FALSE?
A. U-238 can undergo nuclear fission.
B. 99.3% of uranium is of the U-238 variety.
C. 0. 7% Uranium is U-235 which is fissionable.
D. U-235 is used in the production of nuclear weapons.
What’s In
Atom is the smallest unit of matter (Matter is anything that occupies space
and has mass) that retains all the chemical properties of an element.
The term "atom" comes from the Greek word “atomos” which means
indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms cannot be divided into smaller
particles. We now know that atoms are made up of three tiny kinds of particles called
subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What’s New
Each subatomic particle of an atom can be best described by the charge they
carry and their location inside the atom.
Negative
n Center of
atom/ inside
the nucleus
What Is It
From your previous lessons, you have talked about how atoms are combined
to make other substances. In this lesson you will learn about the particles that make
up the atom. Particles that are smaller than the atom are called subatomic particles.
Atomic Particles
Atoms consist of three basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The
nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) and the
neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of the atom are called electron shells
and contain the electrons (negatively charged).
Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, about 1 amu.
Electrons are much smaller in mass than protons, weighing only 1/1800 of an atomic
mass unit. Therefore, they do not contribute much to an element’s overall atomic
mass. The number of protons and the number of neutrons determine an element’s
mass number: mass number = protons + neutrons.
What’s More
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Activity 1.5
Fill in the blanks to best complete the following statements.
What I Can Do
To understand the impact of the discovery of atoms and its structure to human life,
on a separate sheet of paper, in at least 5- 10 sentences, answer this question, “How
does the discovery of the atom and its structures affect science and our lives?”. Refer
to the rubrics below for grading.
Grading
5 4 3 2
Criteria
Content Content and Contents and Content and Content and
explanations explanation are explanations explanation
are very comprehensive. lack details. are unclear
comprehensive. All parts of a Some parts of and irrelevant
All parts of a journal are a journal are to the topic.
journal are evidently seen. missing.
evidently seen
and well
written.
Organization Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are Ideas is
of thoughts logically structured. slightly discussed
and ideas. structured. unstructured. randomly
.
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is an atom?
A. An atom does not have any charge.
B. An atom is the smallest unit of matter.
C. An atom can be divided into smaller particles.
D. Both A and B are correct.
4. If an atom’s atomic number is 25, how many electrons does this atom have?
A. 10
B. 20
C. 25
D. 30
Additional Activities
The atomic mass and atomic number of an element are sometimes written
using Element Notation. Element notations uses A/Z and Symbol-mass format in
writing isotopes.
Example:
A/Z Symbol-mass
Mg – 24
Complete the table below. Round off the atomic masses to the nearest whole number.
You may use your periodic table of elements.
Titanium
Germanium
What’s In
The mass of an atom is concentrated in its center, which is called the atomic
nucleus, which is made up of both protons and neutrons. Surrounding the atomic
nucleus are electrons.
The mass of the atom depends on both the number of protons and the number
of neutrons present in the nucleus (remember that the mass of an electron is so
small that it is simply ignored). Table 1.1 below shows the masses and charges of
these three atomic particles.
Neutron n0 No charge 1
What’s New
Below is an example of the isotopes of the element H. Using this set of examples
answer the following questions below.
C.
Proton =____________
Neutron = ___________
What Is It
What is an Isotope?
Isotopes are different forms of an element that have the same atomic number
but different mass number.
Example:
• Carbon-12 have six protons and six neutrons; therefore, it has a mass
number of 12 amu.
• Carbon-14 have six protons and eight; its atomic mass is 14 amu.
Note: Isotopes are defined first by their element and then by the sum of the
protons and neutrons present.
There are 2 types of isotopes: stable isotope and radioactive isotope. Stable
isotopes do not decay into other elements. In contrast, radioactive isotopes are
unstable and will decay into other elements.
Stable isotopes are non-radioactive forms of atoms, that have a stable proton-
neutron combination and do not display any sign of decay. This type of isotope does
not emit radiation, its unique properties makes them very useful in a broad variety
of applications, including water and soil management, environmental studies,
nutrition assessment studies, and forensics.
What’s More
U- 238 92 92 146
U – 235
I - 127
I - 131
Fe- 55
Activity 2.3
Fill in the blanks to complete the following statements.
1. Isotopes are atoms of the same element but with different number of
___________found in its nucleus.
2. There are two types of isotopes: stable isotopes and _____________ isotopes.
3. All isotopes have the same ________________ properties and
_______________properties.
4. To find the number of neutrons in an isotope, subtract the _______________
from the _____________.
5. The number attached in an isotopic symbol, Cr–52, signifies the _____________
of the element.
6. The nucleus of a radioactive isotope is said to be in a/an_______________ state.
7. The isotope of uranium that is used in nuclear power plants is known
as______________.
8. The Isotope that is used to kill microorganisms in food is known as
______________.
9. The isotope that is used as a medical tracer, usually in the form of a compound
to investigate the activity of the thyroid and effectively treat thyroid cancer is
known as_______________.
10. The isotope that helps determine moisture content in soil, which is important
for road construction and building industries is known as_____________.
What I Can Do
Activity 2.4
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is an isotope?
A. An isotope is an atom of an element that have different numbers of
electrons.
B. An isotope is an atom of an element that have different numbers of
protons.
C. An isotope is an atom of an element that have different numbers of
neutrons.
D. An isotope is an atom of an element that have different atomic
numbers.
Additional Activities
Answer the following questions using the model of the hydrogen isotopes given below.
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
1. What does each symbol (+, -, red dot) in the model of the hydrogen isotopes
represent?
2. Compare the number of electron and proton in each of the given isotopes?
Post test
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Hydrogen (H) atomic number is 1 and atomic mass is 1. How many neutrons
does H have?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. None
3. Carbon atomic mass is lesser than that of nitrogen. Which of the following
statement is FALSE?
A. The mass of electrons of both carbon and hydrogen is negligible.
B. The atomic number of carbon is less than the atomic number of
nitrogen.
C. The chemical and physical properties of carbon are different from
that of nitrogen.
D. The number of protons inside the nucleus of a carbon is greater
than the number of protons in nitrogen.
8. The atomic number of oxygen (O) is 8. How many electrons does O have?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 16
D. 20
11. Which of the following isotopes is used as a nuclear medicine treatment for an
overactive thyroid, a condition called hyperthyroidism, and may be used to
treat thyroid cancer?
A. C-14
B. Fe-59
C. I-131
D. Xe-133
14. The two most common isotopes of uranium are U-238 and U-235. Which of
the following statements is FALSE?
A. U-238 can undergo nuclear fission.
B. 99.3% of uranium is of the U-238 variety.
C. 0. 7% Uranium is U-235 which is fissionable.
D. U-235 is used in the production of nuclear weapons.
(3) Sasha Henriques (2014), Seven Things to know about Radioisotopes. IAEA
Office of Public Information and Communication, IAEA Bulletin 55-4-
December 2014.
https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/55405810809.pdf
Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent