Question Bank

07M305 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

UNIT- I PART-A
1. Define viscosity?
2. What is compressibility?
3. Define dynamic viscosity?
4. What is cause for viscosity?
5. Give some example of surface tension ?
6. Define vapour pressure?
7. Define absolute pressure?
8. Differentiate pathline and stream line.
9. Name the types of flow
10. What is manometer and what are all the types available

UNIT- I PART-B

1. a) Define the terms: i) Kinematics of flow ii) Uniform and non-uniform flows
iii) Rotational and irrotational flows
b) The Velocity Distribution for flow over a flat plate is given by u=(2/3)y-y2, Where u is
the point velocity in metre per second at a distance y metre above the plate. Determine
the shear stress aty=0 and y=15 cm. Assume dynamic viscosity as 8.63 poises
2. a) A pipe 200mm long has a slope of 1in100 and tapers from 1.2m diameter at the
high end to 0.6m diameter at the low end and carries 100litres/sec of oil (Sp.
Gr.=0.8). If the pressure gauge at the high end reads 60kN/m², determine i)
Velocities at the two ends and ii) pressure at the lower end.
b) One litre of crude oil weighs 9.6 N. Calculate its Specific weight and density
3. Two large plane surfaces are 150mm apart. The space between the surfaces is
filled with oil of viscosity 0.972Ns/m². A flat thin plate of o.5m² area moves
through the oil at velocity of 0.3m/sec. Calculate the drgg force
i) When the plate is in the middle of the two plane surfaces and
ii)When the thinplate is at a distance of 30mm from one of the planes.
4. a) Derive the three dimensional Continuity equation.
b)Define the following i) Compressibility ii) Vapour pressure
iii) Capillarity
5. a) Two plates are placed at a distance of 0.15mm apart. The lower plate is fixed while the
upper plate having surface area 1.0 m2 is pulled at 0.3nm/s. Find the force and power
required to maintain this speed, if the fluid separating them is having viscosity 1.5 poise.

b) An oil film of thickness 1.5 mm is used for lubrication between a square plate of size
0.9m *0.9m and an inclined plane having an angle of inclination 200 . . The weight of
square plate is 392.4 N and its slides down the plane with a uniform velocity of 0.2 m/s.
find the dynamic viscosity of the oil.
 6. A vertical gap 2.25cm wide of infinite extent contains a fluid of viscosity 1.98 Pas and specific
gravity 0.92. A metal plate of 1.25 ×m1.25 m ×0.25 cm needs to be lifted with a constant velocity of 0.18 m/s,
through the gap. Assuming the plate lying exactly at the middle of the gap, find the required force of lift. Mass
3
density of plate is 1415 kg/m
.
β  d2 
7. Water is moving through a pipe. The velocity profile is given by v =  – r 2  What is the shear
4µ  4 
stress at the wall of the pipe andrat = d/4. If the given profile persists a distance L along the pipe, what
drag is induced by the water on the pipe in the direction of flow over this distance?
8. A cylinder of weight 9.1 kg, diameter 152 mm and height 127 mm slides through a lubricated pipe. The
clearance between cylinder and pipe is 0.025 mm. If the cylinder is observed to decelerate @2 0.61 m/s
when the speed is 6.1 m/s, what is the viscosity of the oil?

9. A very large thin plate is centered in a gap of width 6 cm with different oil of unknown viscosities
above and below, the viscosity of one being twice that of the other. When pulled at a velocity of
30 cm/s, the resulting force on 1 m2of plate due to viscous shear on both sides is 29.4 N. Assuming
viscous flow and neglecting all end effects, calculate viscosities of the oil.

10. a) In a stream of glycerine in motion, at a certain point, the velocity gradient is 0.25 m/s/m. Mass density
of fluid is 1268.4 kg/m3and kinematic viscosity is 6.30 × 10 –4m2 /s. Calculate shear stress at that point.

b) Surface tension of water in contact with air at 20°C is given as 0.0716 N/m. Pressure inside a droplet of
water is to be 0.0147 N/cm2 greater than the outside pressure, calculate diameter of droplet of water.

UNIT- II PART-A

1. Define: ‘Hydraulic Gradient Line’

2. Define: ‘Total gradient Line’
3. What is the expression for head loss due to friction in Darcy formula ?
4. What are the factors to the determined when viscous fluid flows through the circular pipe ?
5. What do you mean by viscous flow?
6. Write the shear stress relation in fluid flow through circular pipe
7. What is the velocity distribution in flow between two parallel plates?
8. What are the basic educations to solve the problems in flow through branched pipes?
9. What is Dupuit’s equation ?
10. Define the co-efficient of friction in pipe flow

UNIT- II PART-B

1. A laminar flow is taking place in a pipe of diameter of 200 mm. The maximum velocit is 1.5 m/s.
Find the mean velocity and the radius st which this occurs. Also calculate the velocity at 4 cm
from the wall of the pipe
2. Find the torque required to rotate a vertical shaft of diameter 8 cm at 800 rpm. The lower end of
the shaft rests in a foot - step bearing. The end of the shaft and surface of the bearing are both flat
and are separated by an oil film of thickness 0.075 cm. The viscosity of the oil is given as 1.2 poise
3. a) Derive the darcy-Weishach equation.
b) Water is flowing through a pipe of diameter 250mm with a velocity of 3m/sec. Find the
head loss due to friction for a length of 5.5m, if the coefficient of friction f is given by f =
[0.03+(0.08/Re0.3)] where kinematic viscosity = 0.01strokes.
4. Prove that the velocity distribution for viscous flow between two parallel plates when both are
fixed across a section is parabolic in nature. Also prove that maximum velocity is equal to one
and a half times the average velocity.
5. A shaft is rotating in a journal bearing. The clearance between the shaft and the bearing is filled
with a viscous oil. Find an expression for the power absorbed in overcoming viscous resistance
6. Show that the value of the co-efficient of friction for viscous flow through a circular pipe is
given by, f=16/R e, where Re= reynold number
and a half times the average velocity.
7. For a laminar steady flow, prove that the pressure gradient in a direction of motion is equal to
the shear gradient normal to the direction of motion
8. Determine the length of an equivalent pipe of diameter 20cm and friction factor is 0.02 for
3
a given pipe system discharging 0.1 m /sec. The pipe system consists of the following. i)
10m line of 20cm diameter with friction factor 0.03, ii) three 90° bend with k=0.5 for
each, iii) two sudden expansion of diameter 20cm to 30cm , iv) a 15cm line of 30cm
diameter with friction factor is 0.025 and v) a global valve fully open with k=10.
9. A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and sp. gr. 0.8 is flowing through a horizontal circular pipe
of diameter 80mm and length 15m. Calculate the difference on pressure at the two ends of
the pipe, if 50 kg of the oil is collected in a tank in 15 seconds.
10. Water is flowing between two large parallel plates which are 2.0 mm apart. Determine :
(a) maximum velocity, (b) the pressure drop per unit length and (c) the shear stress at walls of
the plate if the average velocity is 0.4 m/s. Take viscosity of water as 0.01 poise

UNIT- III PART-A

1. What is bernouillie’s equation for real fluid?
2. State momentum equation and Impulse momentum equation?
3. State moment of momentukm equation?
4. State Bernouillie’s theorem?
5. Differentiate steady and unsteady flow?
6. State the assumptions in Bernoulli’s equation.
7. Define stagnation point
8. Differentiate venturi and orifice meter
9. Express the Reynolds number
10. What are all the applications of Bernouillies equation

UNIT- III PART-B

1. A vertical venturimeter shown in figure, has an area ratio 5, with throat diameter 1 cm. When oil of
specific gravity 0.8 flows through it, mercury in the differential gauge indicates a difference in height of 12 cm.
Find discharge through venturimeter.
2. A vertical pipe of 1 m diameter and 20 m length has a pressure head of 5.5 m of water at the upper
end. When water flows through the pipe at an average velocity of 4.5 m/s, the head loss due to friction
is 1.2m. Find the pressure at the lower end of the pipe, when the flow is (a) upward (b) downward.

E 6
3. Water flows through a 300 × 150 D
venturimeter @0.037 m3/s and differential 1m
C
gauge is deflected 1 m. Specific gravity of the C'
300 mm dia. z 300 mm dia.
gauge liquid is 1.25. Determine coefficient of
discharge of the meter.
A B
150 mm dia.

4. A 20 cm waterpipe has in it a venturimeter of throat

diameter 12.5 cm as shown in the figure, which is connected to a
mercury manometer showing a difference of 86.5 cm. Find the
velocity in the throat and the discharge. 2
12.5 cm

y1
1
Datum
20 cm
y2

86.5 cm

Hg

5. A Pitot tube is inserted in a pipe of 300 mm diameter. Static pressure in a pipe is 100 mm of mercury
(vacuum). The stagnation pressure at the centre of the pipe, recorded by a Pitot-tube is 0.981 N/cm2. Calculate
rate of flow of water through pipe, if mean velocity of flow is 0.85 times the central velocity. Take Cv = 0.98.
6 (a) State Bernoulli’s theorem for steady flow of an incompressible fluid.
(b) Derive an expression for Bernoulli’s equation from the first principle.
7. What is venturimeter? Derive an expression for the discharge through a venturimeter.
8. A Pitot-tube was used to measure the quantity of water flowing in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The water
was raised to a height of 25 cm above centerline of the pipe in a vertical limb of the tube. If mean
velocity is 0.78 times the velocity at center and C p = 0.98, find quantity of water in lit/s. Static pressure
head at the center of the pipe is 20 cm.
9. An orificemeter with orifice diameter 15 cm is inserted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The pressure gauges
fitted u/s and d/s of the orificemeter gives readings of 4.715 N/cm2 and 9.81 N/cm2 respectively. Find
the flow rate while Cd = 0.6. If instead of water, oil of sp.gr. = 0.8 is flowing through the orificemeter in
which pressure difference is measured by a mercury-oil differential manometer on two sides of the
orificemeter, find rate of flow of oil when reading of manometer is 40 cm.
10. A rectangular plate, weighing 58.86 N is suspended vertically by a hing on the top of horizontal edge. The
centre of gravity of the plate is 10 cm from the hing. A horizontal jet of water 2 cm diameter, whose
axis is 15 cm below the hinge impinges normally on the plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. Find the horizontal
force applied at the centre of the gravity to maintain the polate in its vertical position. Find the
corresponding velocity of the jet, if the plate is deflected through 30 and the same force continues to act
at the centre of gravity of the plate.
 UNIT- IV PART-A

1. Define Dimensional Analysis

2. Define dimensionally homogeneous equation.
3. What do you understand by the terms a) major energy losses , b) minor energy losses?
4. State Buckingham’s Π theorem
5. Give an expression for loss of head due to sudden enlargement of the pipe :-
6. What are the condition for hydraulic similitude?
7. Explain the significance of Froude Model law
8. Explain the terms: Model and Prototype
9. Give an expression for loss of head due to an obstruction in pipe
10. Explain Model analysis.

UNIT- IV PART-B

1. a) What do you understand by the terms: Major energy losses and Minor energy losses

b) Obtain expression for head loss in a sudden expansion in the pipe. List all the assumptions
made in the derivation.

2. a) Derive the darcy-Weishach equation.

b) Water is flowing through a pipe of diameter 250mm with a velocity of 3m/sec. Find the
head loss due to friction for a length of 5.5m, if the coefficient of friction f is given by f =
[0.03+(0.08/Re0.3)] where kinematic viscosity = 0.01strokes.

3. The difference in water level between two tanks which are connected by three pipes in
series is 15m. Lengths and diameters of these pipe are 300m, 150m, 200m and 30cm,
20cm, and 30cm respectively. Find the discharge through the pipe line and tabulate all
losses if friction factor for three pipes are taken as 0.02, 0.025 and 0.03

4. a) A sudden enlargement of a water main from 230mm to 460mm diameter, the hydraulic
gradient rises by 10mm. Estimate the discharge.
b) Obtain expression for head loss in a sudden contraction in the pipe.
5. a) Define i) Geometric similarity ii) Dynamic similarity iii) Kinematic similarity.
b) The efficiency of a fan η depends upon following factors : 1) Density ρ 2) Dynamic
viscosity μ 3) Diameter D 4) Discharge Q and 5) Angular velocity ω, Show that η = Φ
[μ/D²ωρ , Q/D3ω ].

6. The pressure difference ΔP in a pipe of diameter D and length L due to turbulence flow
depends on the velocity V, viscosity μ, density ρ and roughness K. Using Buckingham’s π
theorem, obtain an expression for ΔP.

7. The discharge Q through an oil ring depends on the diameter D of oil ring, speed Nrpm,
mass density ρ of oil, absolute viscosity μ of oil, surface tension σ and specific weight ‫ ע‬of
oil. Show that Q = ND3 f [ μ / ρND² , σ / ρN²D3 , ‫ ע‬/ ρN²D ]
8. Torque T of a propeller depends upon density of liquid ρ, viscosity μ, speed N, linear
velocity V, diameter of the propeller shaft D. Using Buckingham’s π theorem show that
T= ρN²D5 f[ ND/V, ρND²/μ ]

9. a) A pipe of diameter 1.5m is required to transport an oil of specific gravity 0.9 and viscosity
3X10-2poise at the rate of 3000lit/sec. Tests were conducted on a 15cm diameter pipe
using water at 20°C. Find the velocity and rate of flow in the model. Viscosity of water at
20°C is 0.01poise.
b) The ratio of length of a sub-marine and its model is 30:1. The speed of the sub-marine
(prototype) is 10m/sec. The model is to be tested in a wind tunnel. Find the speed of air in
wind tunnel. Also determine the ratio of drag (resistance) between the model and
prototype. Take the value of kinematic viscosity for sea water and air as 0.012strokes and
0.016strokes respectively. The density for sea water and air is given as 1030kg/m3 and
1.24kg/m3 respectively.
10. a) The pressure drop in an aero-plane model of size 1:40 of its prototype is 80N/cm². The
model is tested in water. Find the corresponding pressure drop in the prototype. Take
density of air 1.24 kg.m3. The viscosity of water is 0.01poise while the viscosity of air is
0.00018poise.
b) Derive Euler, Froude and Weber numbers.

UNIT- V PART-A
1. What do you mean by the term ‘Boundary Layer’?
2. What is Laminar sub-layer?
3. Define Momentum thickness in Boundary Layer concept.
4. Sketch the development of Boundary layer over a flat plate.
5. Define the term ‘Turbulence’
6. What is a hydraulic turbine?
7. How will you classify the turbine?
8. Differentiate between the reaction and impulse turbine
9. What is meant by Pump?
10. What is meant by Priming?
UNIT- V PART-B
1. a) Define Displacement thickness. Derive an expression for the Displacement thickness.

b) Define: i) Laminar Boundary layer ii) Laminar Sub-layer

2. a) A thin plate is moving in still atmospheric air at a velocity of 5m/sec. The length of the
plate is 0.6m and width 0.5m. Calculate i) the thickness of the boundary layer at the end of
the plate and ii) Drag force on one side of the plate. Take density of air as 1.24 kg/m3 and
kinematic viscosity 0.15 strokes.
b) What do you understand by the term Boundary layer and Boundary Layer theory?

3. a) A plate of 600mm length and 400mm wide is immersed in a fluid of specific gravity 0.9
and kinematic viscosity 10-4 m²/sec. The fluid is moving with a velocity of 6 m/sec.
Determine i) boundary layer thickness ii) shear stress at the end of the plate, and iii) drag
force on one side of the plate.
b) Differentiate Laminar & Turbulent Flow.
4. a) A flat plate 2 m x 2 m moves at 40 km/hour in stationary air of density 1.25 kg/m3. If the
co-efficient of drag and lift are 0.2 and 0.8 respectively, find : (i) the lift force (ii) the drag force,
(iii) the resultant force and (iv) the power required to keep the plate in motion,
5. The air is flowing over a culinder of diameter 100 mm and of infinite length with a velocity of
150 mm/s. Find the total drag, shear drag and pressure drag on 1m length of the cylinder if the
total drag co-efficient = 1.5 m and shear drag co - efficient = 0.25. The density of air is 1.25 kg/m3
6. A pelton wheel having a mean bucket diameter of 1m and is running at 1000rpm. The net
head on the pelton wheel is 700m. If the side clearance angle is 15° and discharge through
nozzle is 0.1m3/sec. Find i) Power available at the nozzle ii) Hydraulic efficiency of the
turbine.

7. A reaction turbine works at 450rpm under a head of 120m. Its diameter at inlet is 120cm
and the flow area is 0.4m². The angle made by absolute and relative velocities at inlet are
20° and 60° respectively with the tangential velocity. Determine i) The volume flow rate ii)
The power developed iii) Hydraulic efficiency

8. As inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 1m and 0.6m
respectively. The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is 90% when the head on the turbine is
36m. The velocity of flow at outlet is 2.5m/s and discharge at outlet is radial. If the vane
angle at outlet is 15° and width of the wheel is 100mm at inlet and outlet, Determine i) the
guide blade angle ii) speed of the turbine iii) vane angle of the runner at inlet iv) volume
flow rate of turbine v) power developed.
9. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of 450mm and internal diameter
of 200mm and it runs at 1440rpm. Assuming a constant radial flow through the impeller at
2.5m/sec. and that the vanes at exit are set back at an angle of 25°. Determine i)Inlet vane angle
ii) The angle, absolute velocity of water at exit makes with the tangent and iii) The work done
per N of water.

10. The diameter and strokeof a single acting reciprocating pump are 200mm and 400mm
respectively, the pump runs at 60rpm and lifts 12litres of water per second through a height of
25m. The delivery pipe is 20m long and 150mm in diameter. Find i) Theoretical power required
to run the pump ii) Percentage of slip iii) Acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the
delivery stroke.