Advanced thermal and fluid

engineering
301023
Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................1

Theory....................................................................................................................................2

Problem description...............................................................................................................2

Methodology..........................................................................................................................3

Results and Discussion...........................................................................................................4

Variation of power with KC number.................................................................................4

Part 1 : MATLAB codes....................................................................................................6

Variation of power with damping coefficient....................................................................7

Part 1: MATLAB codes.....................................................................................................8

Conclusion..............................................................................................................................9

Introduction............................................................................................................................9

Theory....................................................................................................................................9

Problem discussion...............................................................................................................10

Methodology........................................................................................................................10

Result and Discussion..........................................................................................................11

The temperature at 1.5 m from the surface......................................................................11

Part 2: MATLAB codes...................................................................................................11

Variation of time with respect to thermal diffusivity.......................................................12

Part 2: MATLAB codes...................................................................................................13

Conclusion............................................................................................................................13

References............................................................................................................................13
List of figures

Figure 1: mass-spring and damper system.................................................................................3

Figure 2: Variation of power with KC number..........................................................................6
Figure 3: Variation of power at time t=1s..................................................................................7
Figure 4: Variation of power with damping coefficient.............................................................8
Figure 5: Variation of power with damping coefficient at t=1s.................................................9
Figure 6: Temperature at x = 1.5m from the surface...............................................................12
Figure 7: variation of temperature with diffusivity..................................................................13
Part 1
Introduction
In this task, the energy produced by an electric generator is studied and analyzed. The electric
generator converts mechanical energy lost in the damper to electrical energy. The mechanism
is described as follows. A vibratory system consists of mass, spring and damper arrangement.
The mass is used to initiate the movement and the spring helps to continue the motion and at
last, the damper helps to restrict the motion. To develop continuous energy the mass must
move throughout time and is only possible by applying force. In this task, the force is
developed by the flowing fluid of water. The problem is explained in the figure below.

Figure 1: mass-spring and damper system

The mass is in a cylinder shape and is connected to both damper and spring. While the force
due to the water hitting the cylinder start moves in the reciprocating horizontally along the
direction of flow. The power developed due to the motion of the cylinder is to be determined.
In most of the cases, the damper is used to restrict the vibration by generating heat inside. But
in this project instead of heat, the damper is attached to a generator which produces power
which can be saved for other purposes. In another way, it can be treated as an energy
producing device like a windmill. Instead of wind the fluid using is water or this can be
placed in the seashore to produce power.
Theory
The idea behind this design comes from the first law of thermodynamics. The energy is
transformed from one mode to another mode. The energy stored in the flowing liquid is
collected and power is produced. The energy is transformed from kinetic energy to electrical
energy. The power produced in the design is calculated as

1
P= ∫ c V 2 dt
T

T is the period of oscillatory flow; V is the velocity of cylinder mass and c is the damping
coefficient. To obtain the velocity newtons second law is used. The force balance on the
spring mass damper system is described as

d2 x dx
m 2
+c +k x=F
dt dt

m is the mass of the cylinder, c is the damping coefficient, k is the spring constant and F is
the force acting on the system. This force is developed by flowing fluid and this is described
by the Morison equation.

d Vr 1
F=C A m d + ρC D A|V r|V r
dt 2

CA is the added mass coefficient, the C D is the drag coefficient, ρ is the density of water, A is
the projected area perpendicular to the direction of flow, md is the mass of liquid displaced by
the cylindrical mass and Vr is the relative velocity between the flowing fluid and the
cylindrical mass.

Problem description
The fluid velocity is varying with time and is in the form of a sinusoidal wave. This can be
expressed as

U =U 0 +U m sin(¿ 2 pi t /T )¿

T ¿ KC∗D/U m ❑

This velocity changes the velocity for the cylinder mass but, since the mass is attached to
spring and damper which restrict and controls the motion further. The motion will be unstable
in the early stages and becomes stable. The problem is analyzed based on the displacement of
mass at different time. The effect of the damping coefficient, as well as the effect of KC
number, also studied. Specified parameters are mentioned below.

Um = 1.9 m/s (The amplitude of the oscillatory flow velocity)

U0 = 0.19 m/s (Steady flow velocity)

D = 19 cm (The diameter of the cylinder)

L = 1 m (Length of the cylinder)

m = 50 kg(Mass of the cylinder), ρ = 1024 kg/m3 (The density of the water)

K = 200 N/m (Stiffness of the spring (total))

c = 10 N·m/s (Damping coefficient (total))

Added mass coefficient = 1

Drag coefficient = 1.8

Methodology
The governing equations are solved using numerical methods and are analyzed in MATLAB
software tool. The governing equation is a linear second order differential equation and is
converted into the linear form using finite difference methods. The manipulation of the
differential terms is described below.

d2 x dx d Vr 1
m 2
+c +k x=C A m d + ρC D A|V r|V
dt dt dt 2

d 2 x x i +1−2 x + x i−1
=
d t2 Δ x2

dx x i+1− xi−1
=
dt 2 Δx

d V r V r i +1−V r i−1
=
dt 2 Δx

Substituting all the terms for initial condition Vr = U0 at t = 0

2m 2C A m d 2× m× x ( i )+2 × m× Δt ×U 0 C A m d (U i +1−U ) (2 x +2 Δt ×U 0 ) 1
x i+1 ( Δt 2
+
Δt 2
=) Δt 2
+C U 0+ k x+
Δt
+C A m d
Δt 2
+ ρC
2
And for the further time step analysis, the displacement will be

m c C m m(2 x−x (i−1) ) c x (i−1) C A md ( x( i−1)−2 x )

x i+1
( 2
−
Δt 2 Δt
+ A 2d =
Δt ) Δt 2
−
2 Δt
−k x−
Δt 2
+C A m d ¿ ¿

These values ate each time step is used to find the velocity of the cylindrical mass at that time

x(i−1)−x
V=
Δt

Once the velocity at each time is calculated the power is calculated as

N
1
P= ∑ c¿¿
N n =1

Results and Discussion

Variation of power with KC number
It is found from the analysis that the power is increases with KC number. As the KC number
increases the time period of oscillatory flow decreases the total velocity in horizontal
direction increases. It causes the damper to generate more heat there by more power is
produced. The graph shows the result from the MATLAB analysis.

Figure 2: Variation of power with KC number

This analysis is performed for damping coefficient of 100 Nm/s. The KC number varying
from 2 to 20 in the interval of 2 is plotted. As the KC number increases the power peak is
also increases. It is also seen from the image that the change in power is not constant. And
there is a fluctuation at the initial stage due to the unstable motion of the cylinder. In the
graph shown below explain the variation of power at time t =1s. For each KC number there is
unstable condition at early stage and get disappeared. This unstable condition is taking more
time to stable for low KC numbers. As the KC value increases the time duration for unstable
situation is less. The power for each KC number increases with time the maximum power
reaches and then decreases. The power with time slope is more in small KC number values
but the slope ends in shrot time and negative slopes starts. As the KC number increases the
slope gradually increases for long time compared to small KC number values. The curves
extends further and reaches maximum. The power obtained for large KC values are more
than the power obtained for small KC values. More KC value means the force exerted on the
cylinder by fluid is due to drag force. As the drag force further increases it give a stable
motion. For small KC number values the inertia for is more and this force can be so
fluctuating that the time period of each oscilation will be small. For hig KC number cases the
time period of oscillatory motion is more compared with low KC number cases.

Figure 3: Variation of power at time t=1s

Part 1 : MATLAB codes

for KC = 2:2:20
j = 9; n = 100;time = 1;
Um = 1+j/10; U0 = 0.1*Um; D = (10+j)/100; L = 1; m = 50;
rho = 1024; k = 200; c = 100;CD =1.8; CA = 1; A = L*D;
t = linspace(0,time,n);
dt = t(2)-t(1); md = rho*pi/4*(D^2);
T = KC *D/Um; x(1) = 0;
U = U0 + Um*sin(2*pi*t/T);
i=1; V (i) = 0; Vr = U(i)-V(i);P(1) = 0;
x(i+1) = ((2*m*x(i)+2*m*dt*U0)/(dt^2)+c*U0+k*x(i)+CA*md*(U(i+1)-
U(i))/dt+CA*md*(2*x(i)+2*dt*U0)/dt^2+0.5*rho*A*abs(Vr)*Vr)/(2/dt^2)/
(m+CA*md);
for i = 2:n-1
V(i) = (x(i)-x(i-1))/dt;
Vr = U(i)-V(i);
x(i+1) = (m*(2*x(i)-x(i-1))/dt^2-c*x(i-1)/2/dt-k*x(i)+CA*md*(U(i+1)-
U(i))/dt-CA*md*(x(i-1)-2*x(i))/dt^2+0.5*rho*CD*A*abs(Vr)*Vr)/((m/dt^2)-
(c/2/dt)+(CA*md/dt^2));
P(i) = c*(V(i)^2);
end
plot(t(1:end-1),P,"DisplayName",[num2str(KC)])
xlabel("time (s)")
ylabel("Power")
hold on
legend show
end

Variation of power with damping coefficient

The analysis is performed for KC number is 10. The damping factor is varied from 0 to 2000
with an interval of 50. The image shown below describes the variation pf power with the
damping coefficient.

Figure 4: Variation of power with damping coefficient

The graph shows as the damping coefficient increases the power produced increases. The
closer view at time one seconds is shown below. The graph clearly shows the curve reaches
maximum and each peak level is more when the damping coefficient is increases.

Figure 5: Variation of power with damping coefficient at t=1s

Part 1: MATLAB codes

for c = 0:50:2000
KC = 10;
j = 9; n = 100;time = 1;
Um = 1+j/10; U0 = 0.1*Um; D = (10+j)/100; L = 1; m = 50;
rho = 1024; k = 200;CD =1.8; CA = 1; A = L*D;
t = linspace(0,time,n);
dt = t(2)-t(1); md = rho*pi/4*(D^2);
T = KC *D/Um; x(1) = 0;
U = U0 + Um*sin(2*pi*t/T);
i=1; V (i) = 0; Vr = U(i)-V(i);
x(i+1) = ((2*m*x(i)+2*m*dt*U0)/(dt^2)+c*U0+k*x(i)+CA*md*(U(i+1)-
U(i))/dt+CA*md*(2*x(i)+2*dt*U0)/dt^2+0.5*rho*A*abs(Vr)*Vr)/(2/dt^2)/
(m+CA*md);
for i = 2:n-1
V(i) = (x(i)-x(i-1))/dt;
Vr = U(i)-V(i);
x(i+1) = (m*(2*x(i)-x(i-1))/dt^2-c*x(i-1)/2/dt-k*x(i)+CA*md*(U(i+1)-
U(i))/dt-CA*md*(x(i-1)-2*x(i))/dt^2+0.5*rho*CD*A*abs(Vr)*Vr)/((m/dt^2)-
(c/2/dt)+(CA*md/dt^2));
P(i) = c*(V(i)^2);
end
plot(t(1:end-1),P,"DisplayName",[num2str(c)])
xlabel("time (s)")
ylabel("Power")
hold on
legend show
end

Conclusion
KC number and damping coefficient are important factors to produce power generation. To
get the maximum power higher values of the specified parameters has to be used. The
maximum error in the analysis is set for 0.0001. From the analysis, it can be easily identified
to find the values of a damping factor as well as KC number for a particular value of power.

Part 2
Introduction
In this task, the transient conduction is studied. The temperature of water moving into the
ground with a velocity of 0.02m/s is analyzed. The initial condition of the soil is given as
19C. The top ground side is fixed at 30C. The velocity of water is constant in the vertical
direction. Due to the velocity of water into the deep ground, the soil temperature will
increase. In this task the time taken for soil to reach a temperature of 25 at 1.5 m from the
ground is determined. MATLAB software tool is used to solve the numerical methods
developed from the governing equation. The analysis is carried out for 2 m length and at 2 m
the heat transfer is restricted. The heat transfer is taking place by conduction within the soil.
Variation of thermal diffusivity is analyzed and studied.

Theory
Heat can be transferred in three modes. Conduction, convection, and radiation. In this
problem heat transfer is carried out due to conduction. Conduction can be defined as the heat
transfer due to direct physical contact. The water is in contact with soil and the heat is
transferred from higher temperature to lower temperature. The governing equation to solve
this problem is shown below.

∂T ∂T ∂2 T
=−u +α 2
∂t ∂x ∂x

u is the velocity of water 0.02m/s. T is the temperature in the soil, t is the time, α is the heat
diffusion coefficient (the influence of the soil has been considered).
The governing equation is derived from one-dimensional conduction heat transfer analysis in
cartesian coordinates. In this case, heat is transferred by not only conduction but also due to

∂T
the effect of mass transfer of water. The term expressed as −u shows that water is
∂x
moving downward direction and is alos represent theheat transfer by mass transfer. The term

∂T
without −u can be written as
∂x

∂T ∂2 T
=α
∂t ∂ x2

This is in the form of the diffusion equation.

Problem discussion
The initial condition of the soil is 19C and water is flowing from the top to bottom for a depth
of 2 m. The time taken for the temperature of 25C at 1.5 m from the surface is to be
determined and also the time is taken for different thermal diffusivity is also needed to be
determined. The analysis is carried out by splitting the total dimension into 200 parts and
temperature at each node has to be performed by numerical methods. Thermal diffusivity is
varied from 0.0002 to 0.001 with an interval of 0.0002m2/s. The heat transfer at 2 m from the
surface is restricted and can be considered as insulated during the analysis.

Methodology
The governing equations are solved using numerical methods and are analyzed in MATLAB
software tool. The governing equation is a linear second order differential equation and is
converted into the linear form using finite difference methods. The manipulation of the
differential terms is described below.

∂T ∂T ∂2 T
=−u +α 2
∂t ∂x ∂x

∂2 T T i+1 −2T +T i−1

=
∂ x2 Δ x2

∂T T i +1 ,n−T
=
∂t 2 Δt

∂T T i +1−T
=
∂x 2 Δx
Substituting the terms in the governing equation will become

T i +1, n−T T −T T i +1−2T +T i−1

= −u i +1 +
2 Δt 2 Δx Δ x2

Further manipulating the terms the time step at an nth time is determined as

T i +1−T T i +1−2T +T i−1

T i+1 ,n = T + ¿ + ¿*2 Δt
2 Δx Δ x2

Boundary conditions are T(t,x) = 30C, dt/dx = 0 at x = 2m

Initial condition is T(0,x) = 19C,

Result and Discussion

The temperature at 1.5 m from the surface
It is found from the MATLAB simulation that after 151 seconds the temperature at 1.5 m
from the surface reaches the temperature of 25C. The graph obtained from the simulation is
shown below. The graph is plotted with a location on X-axis and temperature on the Y axis.

Figure 6: Temperature at x = 1.5m from the surface

It is also noted from the simulation that the temperature becomes 30C every was in 250
seconds time. The variation in temperature is seen for a 0.8 m. At each time step the stage in
0.8m space is unsteady. This variation gradually moves from the top ground to bottom till the
soil reaches equilibrium. IN the image given above the variation of temperature with this is
seen from location 1 m to location 0.8 m. As a new time step reaches this curve will shift to
right and the vaiaion can only visible for 0.8 soil structiore.

Part 2: MATLAB codes

j = 9; u = 0.002*(1+j); alpha = 0.0002; n = 200;
x = linspace(0,2,n); dx = x(2)-x(1);
T = (10+j)+zeros(1,n);
T(1) = 30; T1 = T;T_old = T;
dt = .1; time = 151;
for t = 1:time/dt
for i = 2:(n-1)
T(i) = (((T_old(i+1))+(T_old(i-1)))/dx^2-(u/alpha)*(T_old(i+1))/2/dx+
(u/2/alpha/dx+1/alpha/dt-2/(dx^2))*(T_old(i)))*dt*alpha;
T_old(n) = T_old(n-1);
end
T_old = T;
end
T_15 = T(150);
plot(x,T)
xlabel('location')
ylabel('Temperature')
title(["Temperature at x 1.5m =" num2str(T_15)])

Variation of time with respect to thermal diffusivity

It is found that as the thermal diffusivity increases the time taken to reach 25C is decreases.
The thermal diffusivity is a property measures how fast a material conducts heat transfer with
respect to its thermal capacity. Thermal diffusivity, α = k/ρCp. Thus, as the thermal
conductivity is more thermal diffusivity is more the material will conduct more heat fast. The
thermal conductivity is lethe ss and sathe me time the heat capacity is more means the
material has poor diffusivity. The MATLAB simulation is shows in the image below.
 Figure 7: variation of temperature with diffusivity

Time taken to reach a specified temperature is decreases with increasing thermal diffusivity.
When a thermal diffusivity comes in to picture it will be transient heat conduction. And the
graph shows the variation is almost linear in shape. There are some value of thermal
difficivity there the change in time for raching temperature is increases. But the range of
thermal diffusivity si not seen in this part. Any further increment in the therma diffusivity
value the time taken to reach 25C reduces.

Part 2: MATLAB codes

clear all
close all
clc
index = 0;
alpha1 = 0.0002:0.0001:0.001;
for alpha = 0.0002:0.0001:0.001
index = index + 1;
j = 9; u = 0.002*(1+j); n = 200;
x = linspace(0,2,n); dx = x(2)-x(1);
T = (10+j)+zeros(1,n);
T(1) = 30; T1 = T;T_old = T;
dt = .01;
time = 0;
while T(151)<25
time = time+1;
for i = 2:(n-1)
T(i) = (((T_old(i+1))+(T_old(i-1)))/dx^2-(u/alpha)*(T_old(i+1))/2/dx+
(u/2/alpha/dx+1/alpha/dt-2/(dx^2))*(T_old(i)))*dt*alpha;
T_old(n) = T_old(n-1);
end
T_old = T;
end
t(index) = time*dt;
end
figure(1)
plot(alpha1,t)
xlabel('alpha')
ylabel('time (s)')

Conclusion
Thermal diffusivity is a property of material shows the how fast a material can conduct heat
over its heat capacity. The more thermal diffusivity value the material will distribute the heat
very quickly. Material with high thermal conductivity and small in size will have high value
of thermal conductivity. In this task the if the soil with high thermal diffusivity will distribute
the heat more quickly and become steady in lesser time.

References
 F. Moukalled L. Mangani M. Darwish (2016) The Finite Volume Method in
Computational Fluid Dynamics, An Advanced Introduction with OpenFOAM® and
Matlab®, Springer International Publishing Company: Switzerland.
 Katsuhiko Ogata (2004) System dynamics, 4th edn., New Jersey: Pearson Education,
Inc.
 John D. Anderson Jr (2006) Computational Fluid Dynamics, 3rd edn., Belgium:
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.