Received: 19 September 2019 Revised: 23 February 2020 Accepted: 29 February 2020

DOI: 10.1002/mmce.22225

RESEARCH ARTICLE

A miniaturized patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth

by using reactive impedance surface ground and coplanar
parasitic patches

Fanji Meng1,2 | Ying Liu3 | Satish K. Sharma4

1
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
University of Electronic Science and
Abstract
Technology of China, Chengdu, China In this article, a miniaturized hybrid patch antenna is proposed that shows
2
Aircraft Swarm Intelligent Sensing and improved matching bandwidth and almost invariant radiation patterns. This
Cooperative Control Key Laboratory of
antenna consists of a driven patch, reactive impedance surface (RIS) based gro-
Sichuan Province, University of Electronic
and Technology of China, Chengdu, und plane in addition to the coplanar parasitic patches. The simulated and
China measured results show that the proposed antenna offers fractional bandwidth
3
Shanghai Radio Equipment Research of 28% (S11 = −10 dB, from 2.38 GHz to 3.18 GHz). When this antenna
Institute, Shanghai, China
4
operates at 2.38 GHz, 2.68 GHz, 2.98 GHz, and 3.18 GHz, shows realized gain
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, San Diego State University, of 6.46 dBi, 6.69 dBi, 7.84 dBi, and 7.59 dBi, whereas the front-to back (F/B)
San Diego, California ratio is 15.62 dB, 20.15 dB, 20.67 dB and 20.92 dB, respectively. The pattern
quality is very consistent over the matching bandwidth. Compared to the con-
Correspondence
Fanji Meng, School of Aeronautics and ventional patch antenna, dimension of the hybrid patch antenna has decreased
Astronautics, University of Electronic by about 36%.
Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan
Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, 611731, KEYWORDS
Chengdu, China.
miniaturization, parasitic patch, patch antenna, RIS, wideband
Email: fjmeng@uestc.edu.cn

Funding information
Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities, Grant/Award
Number: ZYGX2018J081; Sichuan Science
and Technology Supporting Project,
Grant/Award Number: 2018GZ0260

1 | INTRODUCTION Patch antenna has been widely researched due to

Wireless communication devices play an important role
in our day-to-day life, where antenna is an integral com-
ponent. In order to obtain good communication perfor-
mance, the antennas should have the properties such as
wide impedance bandwidth, low profile, light weight,
small size, reasonable gain and consistent radiation pat-
terns. Beside these, a significant front-to-back (F/B) ratio
is also desired, because it can minimize the influence of
the host platform on the antenna input impedance and
radiation characteristics.1
their attractive features such as low profile, light weight,
small size, good F/B ratio, and ease in integration with
circuit devices.2 However, a conventional patch antenna
has limited bandwidth and efficiency that should be
improved when used as the sensor of wireless communi-
cation device. Some approaches that can be applied to
improve the matching bandwidth are: increase the sub-
strate thickness,3 introduce parasitic elements4-6 either in
coplanar or stacked configuration, feed network,7,8 and
modify the shape of a common radiator patch by incorpo-
rating slots.9,10 Thick substrate and stacked configuration

Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng. 2020;e22225. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mmce © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1 of 10
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.22225
2 of 10 MENG ET AL.

destroys the low profile nature of patch antenna, and the

feed network makes the antenna structure complicated.
The last approach is particularly attractive, because it can
provide excellent bandwidth improvement and maintains
single-layer radiating structure to preserve the antenna's
thin profile characteristic. The successful examples
include E-shaped patch antenna,11 U-slot patch
antennas,12 V-slot patch antenna,13 and ψ-shape patch
antenna.14 The biggest disadvantage of above wide-
bandwidth antennas is that consistent broadside gain
radiation patterns cannot be obtained throughout the
matching bandwidth.15 Another disadvantage of the con-
ventional patch antennas is that to maintain acceptable
F/B ratio, a larger size ground plane should be used.
In this article, a novel miniaturized patch antenna
with enhanced impedance bandwidth is presented. First,
coplanar parasitic patches are placed around a driven
patch to improve the impedance bandwidth of patch F I G U R E 1 Geometry of reference patch antenna: A, top view
antenna. Next, a miniaturization technique using the RIS of reference patch antenna, and B, side view of reference patch
is used to replace perfect electric conductor (PEC) ground antenna
to decrease the dimensions of patch antenna. Both copla-
nar parasitic loading and RIS contribute in realizing a
novel compact hybrid patch antenna with single feed
excitation. Simulated and measured results show the pro-
posed hybrid patch antenna offers fractional bandwidth
of 28%. The pattern quality is consistent over its matching
bandwidth with acceptable gain and F/B ratio. Overall
miniaturization achieved is by about 36%.

2 | ENHAN CE ME N T O F
BANDWIDTH OF PATCH ANTENNA

As discussed in introduction, although many broad-

banding techniques are included in References 7-10, but
these have many drawbacks. These drawbacks are: high
profile, complicated structure, and inconsistent broadside
gain radiation patterns. In this section, we will present a
broad-banding technique, which uses coplanar parasitic
patches to improve the bandwidth of conventional patch.
Realized Gain(dB)

These coplanar parasitic patches are placed around the

driven patch. The patch antenna with parasitic patches
can obtain wider impedance bandwidth due to existence
of mutual coupling between the driven patch antenna
and parasitic patches. It is simple technique and consis-
tent broadside gain radiation patterns can be obtained.
In order to verify this, first of all, a reference patch
antenna is designed. Reference patch antenna geometry
is shown in Figure 1. The design parameters are:
Lg = 64.0mm, L0 = 24.0mm, F0 = 6.4mm, h0 = 4.175mm.
Rogers RT/duroid 5880 with relative permittivity, ϵr = 2.2
is used as the substrate. The simulated reflection coeffi- FIGURE 2 Simulation results of the antenna shown in
cient magnitude is shown in Figure 2A. It can be seen Figure 1
MENG ET AL.
from Figure 2A, that it operates between 3.68 GHz to
3.92 GHz with fractional bandwidth of about 6.33%
(S11 = −10 dB). The simulated radiation pattern is shown
in Figure 2B. From Figure 2B, we can find that this refer-
ence antenna obtains 7.9 dBi gain when it operates at
3.79 GHz. It also shows about 23.7 dB F/B ratio.
When a coplanar parasitic patch is used to improve
the impedance bandwidth of patch antenna, the parasitic
patch must be placed in the same plane (the surface of
the dielectric board) as the driven patch, and the size of
the parasitic patch should be smaller than that of the
driven patch, that is, the driven patch resonates in the
lower frequency band and the parasitic patch resonates
in the higher frequency band. By adjusting the interval
between the parasitic patch and the driven patch, there is
an optimal mutuality between them, so that a wider
impedance bandwidth can be obtained. At the same time,
in order to obtain higher gain within the impedance
bandwidth, the number of parasitic patches should be as
large as possible.
Figure 3 shows antenna geometry, which consists of
central driven patch antenna and 12 parasitic patches.
Dimensions of the driven patch antenna are the same as
reference patch shown in Figure 1. The 12 parasitic pat-
ches are square in shape with length C, and the gap
between two parasitic patches is G. Rogers RT/duroid
5880 slab with height 4.175 mm is used as the substrate.
The location of feed point is adjusted such that, the dis-
tance between adjusted feed point and the side of square
patch is F. When the parameters C, G and Fare 14 mm,
1.0 mm, and 2 mm, respectively, the antenna obtains
F I G U R E 3 Geometry of patch antenna with parasitic
patches: A, top view of patch antenna, and B, side view of patch
antenna
3 of 10
good impedance matching. The simulated reflection coef-
ficient magnitude is shown in Figure 4. It can be seen
that the S11 = −10 dB impedance bandwidth is about
0.86 GHz (3.70-4.56 GHz) which is equivalent to 20.8%
fractional bandwidth. Comparing the two curves shown
in Figures 2A and 4, it can be stated that the patch
antenna with parasitic patches shows much wider imped-
ance bandwidth as expected.
In order to study the effect of parasitic square patches
on the antenna impedance bandwidth, we changed the
side lengths C of the square parasitic patches to 14.1 mm,
14.2 mm, and 14.3 mm, respectively, accordingly, the
values of G are 0.9 mm, 0.8 mm, and 0.7 mm, respec-
tively. The corresponding simulation results are shown in
Figure 4 too. It can be seen from Figure 4 that as the side
length of the square parasitic patch becomes larger, the
resonance frequency caused by the parasitic patch gradu-
ally moves to the low-frequency end, and the patch
antenna can also obtain better impedance matching.
3 | M I N I A T U R I Z A TI O N OF TH E
A NT E NNA
For wireless communication devices, the antenna should
be further miniaturized. A reactive impedance surface
(RIS)16-18 can be used for this purpose. When RIS is used
as the ground by replacing the PEC ground, the antenna
can operate at lower frequency which results in the
antenna miniaturization.
A RIS structure is composed of a periodic array of
square patches printed on a conductor-backed dielectric
substrate with thickness H and permittivity εr was shown
in Figure 5. The length of square patches is L, and the
period of arrays is P. For RIS, in order to obtain the
desired characteristics, the number of units that make up
RIS should be as large as possible. Due to the limited size
of the antenna, in order to arrange more array elements
-10
-20
S 11(dB)
-30
C=14.0mm,G=1.0mm
-40 C=14.1mm,G=0.9mm
C=14.2mm,G=0.9mm
C=14.3mm,G=0.7mm
-50
3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency(GHz)
F I G U R E 4 Reflection coefficient magnitudes of the patch
antenna with coplanar parasitic patches shown in Figure 3
4 of 10 MENG ET AL.

5000

4000

3000

Z parameters
Re
2000
Im
1000

-1000

-2000
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency(GHz)
F I G U R E 5 Geometry of RIS: A, RIS, B, top view of RIS unit,
and C, side view of RIS unit
FIGURE 7 Simulated Z parameters of RIS shown in Figure 5

200 1

100
Phase(Degree)

0 0.98
Magnitude

-100
Magnitude of RIS
Phase of RIS
-200 0.96
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency(GHz)

FIGURE 6 Simulated reflection coefficient of RIS shown in

Figure 5

F I G U R E 8 Geometry of patch antenna with RIS: A, top view

on a smaller dielectric substrate, a dielectric material
with a relatively large dielectric constant should be
selected as the substrate. When the parameters L, P, H
and εr are 9.0 mm, 10.0 mm, 2.6 mm, and 10.2 mm,
respectively, the simulated reflection coefficient of RIS is
shown in Figure 6. From Figure 6, it can be observed the
resonant frequency of RIS is about 3.3 GHz. When the
frequency of the incident wave is less than 3.3 GHz, the
phase of the reflection coefficient is greater than zero,
and when the frequency of the incident wave is greater
than 3.3 GHz, the frequency of the incident wave is less
than zero. Figure 7 shows the Z parameters of the RIS,
obviously, when the frequency is less than the resonance
frequency of RIS, the input impedance appears inductive,
and the closer the frequency is to the resonance fre-
quency, the greater the input impedance.
To reduce the size of the patch antenna, the RIS
shown in Figure 5 will be used as the ground of patch
of patch antenna with RIS, and B, side view of patch antenna
with RIS
antenna, which replaces the PEC ground of the conven-
tional patch antenna. Figure 8 shows a patch antenna
with RIS ground, than the conventional patch antenna
ground (Figure 1A). In Figure 8, the number of RIS
units is 64 (8 × 8), and the patch size is same as the refer-
ence patch (Figure 1A), that is, 24mm × 24mm.The rela-
tive permittivity and substrate height is 2.2 and
h2 = 1.575 mm, respectively.
The simulated reflection coefficient of the antenna
with RIS is shown in Figure 9. From Figure 9, it can be
observed that the fractional bandwidth of patch antenna
with RIS is 0.15 GHz (2.44-2.59 GHz). Comparing the
curves shown in Figure 9, we can observe that by using
RIS, resonant frequency is only 66% that of the reference
MENG ET AL. 5 of 10

-5

-10
S11(dB)

-15

-20

-25

-30 RIS-Antenna
Conven.-Antenna
-35
2.5 3 3.5 4
Frequency(GHz)

F I G U R E 9 Simulated reflection coefficients of the RIS

antenna (Figure 8) and conventional patch antenna (Figure 1)

patch antenna, although they have the same sizes. Thus,

we can obtain miniaturized patch antenna by using RIS
that replaces the conventional ground. The fractional
bandwidth of the reference patch and the patch with RIS F I G U R E 1 0 Geometry of the proposed novel hybrid
is 6.33% and 6%, respectively. This result shows that the antenna: A, top view, B, side view
effect of RIS on impedance bandwidth is very slight.

4 | PROPOSED NOVEL HYBRID

PATCH A NTENNA

In this section, we combine both the miniaturization (RIS)

and broad banding (coplanar parasitic patches) simulta-
neously. The geometry of the proposed novel hybrid patch
antenna with coplanar parasitic patches and the RIS gro-
und is shown in Figure 10, which is composed of central
driven patch, parasitic patches, and RIS ground. The
(A) (B)
dimensions are the same as in the previous sections.
In Figure 10, the patch antenna substrate is Rogers
RT/duroid 5880 with ϵr = 2.2 and thickness h2. The RIS
substrate is Rogers RT/duroid 6010 with ϵr = 10.2 and
thickness h1. In order to compare with the reference
patch antenna shown in Figure 1A, h1 and h2 are set
2.6 mm and 1.575 mm, respectively. This makes the
thickness of complete antenna as 4.175 mm, which is also
the thickness of reference patch antenna shown in
Figure 1A.
In order to verify the properties of the hybrid patch (C)
antenna shown in Figure 10, the antenna has been fabri-
cated and the photograph of the fabricated hybrid patch F I G U R E 1 1 The prototype of proposed hybrid patch
antenna is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11A shows the RIS antenna: A, RIS, B, driven patch with parasitic patches, and C,
with 64 unit cells. Figure 11B shows the driven patch assembly hybrid patch antenna
with 12 parasitic patches. Figure 11C shows the full
hybrid patch antenna assembly. The S-parameter and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA, HP Model # 8720B) and
radiation pattern measurements were performed in an anechoic chamber capable of measuring spherical
Antenna and Microwave Lab (AML) at UESTC using a near-field and far-field radiation patterns. The measuring
6 of 10
setups for both S-parameter and radiation patterns are
shown in Figure 12.
The simulated and measured reflection coefficient
magnitudes are shown in Figure 13. From this figure, it is
clear that S11 = −10 dB bandwidth is about 0.8 GHz
(2.38-3.18 GHz) that equates to a fractional bandwidth of
28.8%. Compared with the reference patch's fractional
bandwidth of 6.33%, the relative bandwidth of hybrid
patch antenna is 4.55 times. From Figure 13, we can also
find that the center frequency is only 2.79 GHz, whereas
central frequency of the reference patch (Figure 1A) is
3.79 GHz. Since both of these antennas have the same
physical size, it indicates that the effective dimensions of
hybrid antenna are reduced by 36% than the reference
antenna. It can also be seen that measured bandwidth is
about 0.8 GHz (2.38-3.18 GHz), and S11 = −10 dB frac-
tional bandwidth is about 28%. Thus, there is acceptable
agreement between the simulated and measured results.
The simulated radiation patterns are shown in
Figure 14. In order to observe the consistent broadside
(A)
(B)
F I G U R E 1 2 Measurement of hybrid antenna: A,
measurement of reflection coefficient by using Vector Network
Analyzer, B, measurement of radiation pattern in anechoic
chamber
MENG ET AL.
0
Measured Results
-5 Simulaed Results
-10
S11(dB)
-15
-20
-25
-30
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4
Frequency(GHz)
F I G U R E 1 3 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient
magnitude of the proposed hybrid patch antenna (Figure 11)
gain radiation patterns, patterns at 2.38 GHz, 2.68 GHz,
2.98 GHz, and 3.18 GHz are shown. It shows realized
gain of 6.46 dBi, 6.69 dBi, 7.84 dBi, and 7.59 dBi and F/B
ratio of 27.38 dB, 13.40 dB, 14.80 dB, and 20.04 dB, both
at 2.38 GHz, 2.68 GHz, 2.98 GHz, and 3.18 GHz, respec-
tively. The simulated patterns show that the pattern qual-
ity is very consistent over the bandwidth. Additionally,
although the dimensions of hybrid antenna are only 74%
of the conventional patch antenna, it still offers good F/B
ratio throughout the matching bandwidth.
The measured radiation patterns of this hybrid
antenna are shown in Figure 15. From Figure 15A-D, we
can observe that when this antenna operates at 2.38 GHz,
2.68 GHz, 2.98 GHz, and 3.18 GHz, it can achieve mea-
sured realized gain of 6.44 dBi, 6.56 dBi, 7.48 dBi, and
7.32dBi. The F/B ratio is 25.17 dB, 15.15 dB, 14.46 dB,
and 20.32 dB at 2.38 GHz, 2.68 GHz, 2.98 GHz, and
3.18 GHz, respectively. Thus, the measured radiation pat-
terns are consistent in addition to a very good F/B ratio.
Comparing Figures 14 and 15, there are only slight differ-
ences between the simulated and measured radiation pat-
terns throughout whole operating band.
5 | DISCUSSION
In order to better compare the performance of conven-
tional patch antenna (1#) (shown in Figure 1), patch
antenna with RIS (2#) (shown in Figure 8) and hybrid
patch antenna (3#) (shown in Figure 10), the simulated
results of them are listed in Table 1. It can be found from
Table 1 that although the size of the antenna is
unchanged, the resonance frequency of the patch
antenna has been reduced from 3.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz due
MENG ET AL. 7 of 10

F I G U R E 1 4 Simulated radiation
patterns of hybrid patch antenna at: A,
2.38 GHz, B, 2.68 GHz, C, 2.98 GHz,
and, D, 3.18 GHz

F I G U R E 1 5 Measured
radiation pattern of hybrid patch
antenna at: A, 2.38 GHz, B,
2.68 GHz, C, 2.98 GHz, and D,
3.18 GHz
8 of 10
TABLE 1 Performance comparison
Dimensions Frequency
Antenna (mm × mm × mm) (GHz)
1# 64 × 64 × 4.175 3.79
2# 64 × 64 × 4.175 2.50
3# 64 × 64 × 4.175 2.50
to the introduction of RIS, but its fractional bandwidth
change is almost insignificant, which indicates that RIS
can make the patch antenna smaller. At the same time,
the surface current of the upper surface of the RIS makes
the gain and cross-polarization of the patch antenna
slightly worse. Compared with the patch antenna with
RIS, the introduction of parasitic patches in hybrid
antenna increases the fractional bandwidth of the
antenna to 28%, and the gain of hybrid antennas is higher
than that of the RIS antenna due to the participation of
parasitic patches in radiating external energy. But, the
induced current on the parasitic patches also deteriorates
the cross polarization rate of the hybrid antenna.
Compared with other miniaturization and broadband
technologies of patch antenna, the miniaturization and
broadband technologies used in the article may be not
the best, but the proposed miniaturization and broad-
band technologies in the article can be effectively com-
bined, so that the hybrid antenna has miniaturization,
broadband, and consistent radiation pattern characteris-
tics, simultaneously.
6 | C ON C L U S I ON
A microstrip patch antenna is studied for bandwidth
enhancement by using coplanar parasitic patches around
the driven patch. Next, a RIS is used to replace the con-
ventional ground plane. The RIS-based ground plane
decreases the dimensions of patch antenna. Finally, a
novel compact hybrid patch antenna with single feed
excitation is proposed, which includes the driven patch,
RIS, and coplanar parasitic patches. The simulated
and measured results show that the proposed antenna
offers S11 = −10 dB fractional bandwidth of 28%
(2.38-3.18GHz). When this antenna operates at 2.38 GHz,
2.68 GHz, 2.98 GHz, and 3.18 GHz, it shows realized gain
of 6.44 dBi, 6.56 dBi, 7.48 dBi, and 7.32 dBi, whereas
the front-to back (F/B) ratio is 20.17 dB, 15.15 dB,
14.46 dB, and 20.32 dB, respectively. The radiation pat-
tern quality is very consistent over the matching band-
width. Compared to the conventional patch, the
dimensions of hybrid patch antenna have decreased by
about 36%.
MENG ET AL.
Fractional Gain Cross polar
bandwidth (%) (dBi) ratio (dB)
6.33 7.90 27.1
6.01 6.65 25.5
28 6.83 22.2
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by the Sichuan Science
and Technology Supporting Project under Grant
2018GZ0260 and the Fundamental Research Funds for
the Central Universities under Grant ZYGX2018J081.
ORCID
Fanji Meng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-2202
Ying Liu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3087-0659
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AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
Fanji. Meng (IEEE Member)
received the B.S. degree in electrical
science and technology from South-
west Jiaotong University, Chengdu,
China, in 2002 and the Ph.D. degree
from electromagnetic field and
microwave technology from South-
west Jiaotong University, Chengdu,
China, in 2008. He joined Univer-
sity of Electronic Science and Technology of China in
2008 and is currently an associate professor. From
June 2013 to June 2014, he was a visiting scholar of
College of Engineering, San Diego State University.
His current research interest includes novel electro-
magnetics materials, various microstrip antenna and
array, and computational electromagnetics.
Ying Liu received the master
degree in navigation guidance and
control from University of Elec-
tronic Science and Technology of
China, Chengdu, China, in 2018.
He worked in Shanghai Radio
Equipment Research institute after
graduation. His current research
interests include the areas of micro-
strip antenna applications and RF Circuit design.
9 of 10
Satish Kumar Sharma (IEEE
Member, 2000, Senior Member,
2004) received his B. Tech. degree
from Kamla Nehru Institute of
Technology and Ph.D. degree from
the Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT), Banaras Hindu University
(BHU) in 1991 and 1997, respec-
tively, both in Electronics Engineer-
ing. From March 1999 to April 2001, he was a
Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba,
Manitoba, Canada. He was a Senior Antenna Engi-
neer with InfoMagnetics Technologies Corporation in
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada from May 2001 to
August 2006. Simultaneously, he was also a Research
Associate at the University of Manitoba from June
2001 to August 2006. In August 2006, he joined San
Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego as an Assis-
tant Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering. Here, he was promoted to
Associate Professor in 2010 and currently serves as a
Professor and Director of the Antenna and Microwave
Laboratory (AML). He has developed an Antenna
Laboratory, teaches courses in Applied Electromag-
netics, and advises several MS and Ph.D. graduate stu-
dents. He is author/coauthor of more than
150 research papers published in the referenced inter-
national journals and conferences. Recently, he
coedited three volumes of Handbook of Reflector
Antennas and Feed Systems, Volume 1: Theory and
Design of Reflectors, Volume II: Feed Systems, and Vol-
ume III: Applications of Reflectors published by Artech
House, USA, which also has several coauthored chap-
ter contributions by him. He holds one US and one
Canadian patents. His main research interests are in
the microstrip antennas, ultrawide, wideband,
multiband and broadband antennas, reconfigurable
and tunable antennas, feeds for reflector antennas,
waveguide horns and polarizers, electrically small
antennas, MIMO antennas, phased array antennas,
wire antennas, active antennas and microwave pas-
sive components. Dr. Sharma received the National
Science Foundation's prestigious faculty early devel-
opment (CAREER) award in 2009 and the Young Sci-
entist Award of URSI Commission B, Field and
Waves, during the URSI Triennial International Sym-
posium on Electromagnetic Theory, Pisa, Italy, in
2004. Currently, he serves as an Associate Editor of
the IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation
10 of 10
journal. He was Chair/Co-Chair of the several Student
Paper Contests in different conferences and symposia
and served on the subcommittee of the Education
Committee for the IEEE Antennas and Propagation
Society for the organization of the Student Paper Con-
tests. He is a full member of the USNC/URSI,
Commission B, Fields and Waves.
MENG ET AL.
How to cite this article: Meng F, Liu Y,
Sharma SK. A miniaturized patch antenna with
enhanced bandwidth by using reactive impedance
surface ground and coplanar parasitic patches. Int
J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng. 2020;e22225.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.22225