Prepared By

ENGR. YOSHIAKI C. MIKAMI, MSCE-STE RMP

 MISC. BEAM LIMIT STATES
The principle limit states for selecting beams are related
to flexure, shear, and deflection. These limit states will generally
be used to select an appropriate beam size. In addition to
these critical limit states are other limit states that affect how
the beam transfers forces to supporting elements or receives
forces from elements that it supports.
The two considered limit states, web local yielding and
web crippling, may occur when point loads are applied to the
flange in a direction transverse to the member axis and in the
plane of the web. This commonly occurs when beams rest on
top of other structural elements such as other beams, walls,
and columns. It also occurs where columns or other beams rest
on the beam and transfer a large concentrated load to the
beam.

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 WEB LOCAL YIELDING
The web local yielding limit state assumes that the entire
applied force/reaction passes through a critical area of web
located at the top of the fillet that connects the flange to the
web and equals the thickness of the web times a distance that
equals the actual bearing distance plus a distance of 2.5k on
each side of the bearing length, where the length is available.
Figure shows how this is applied both at the end of a beam
and on somewhere away from an end of the beam.

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WEB LOCAL YIELDING

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 WEB LOCAL YIELDING
Note that, at the end of the beam, there is less material
available in the web (i.e. the length of the critical area is
shorter) than when away from the end of the beam.
Consequently there is not as much strength available near the
end of the beam as there is when away from the end of the
beam.
The maximum stress that can occur on this area is taken
to be the steel yield stress, Fy. Thus the maximum force that can
be applied equals the critical area times the yield stress. As a
designer, once a beam is chosen and the reaction is known,
the only variable you have direct control over (without adding
bearing stiffeners) is the actual bearing length lb.

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 WEB LOCAL YIELDING
WEB LOCAL YIELDING
For LRFD: 𝑹𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑹𝒏 ; ∅ = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
For ASD: 𝑹𝒂 ≤ 𝑹𝒏 /𝜴; 𝜴 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎

Nominal strength, Rn, shall be determined as follows

(a) When the concentrated force to be resisted is applied at a
distance from the member end that is greater than the depth
of the member, d.
𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚𝒘 ∙ 𝒕𝒘 ∙ (𝟓𝒌 + 𝒍𝒃 )
(b) When the concentrated force to be resisted is applied at a
distance from the member end that is less than or equal to the
depth of the member, d.
𝑹𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚𝒘 ∙ 𝒕𝒘 ∙ (𝟐. 𝟓𝒌 + 𝒍𝒃 )
Where:
Fyw – specificied minimum yield stress of the web material
K – distance from the outer face of the flange to the web fillet
𝑙𝑏 - length of bearing (not less than k for end beam reactions)
𝑡𝑤 - thickness of web
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 WEB LOCAL CRIPPLING
Web crippling is actually
local buckling that occurs when
the web is slender (i.e. h/tw is
large). Figure is a rough illustration
of the behavior being
considered. The behavior is more
restrained when the point load is
applied away from the ends of
the member, consequently there
are separate equations for when
a concentrated transverse load is
locate near or away from the
end of the member.

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 WEB LOCAL CRIPPLING
WEB LOCAL CRIPPLING
For LRFD: 𝑹𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑹𝒏 ; ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
For ASD: 𝑹𝒂 ≤ 𝑹𝒏 /𝜴; 𝜴 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎

Nominal strength, Rn, shall be determined as follows

(a) When the concentrated compressive force to be resisted is
applied at a distance from the member end that is greater
than d/2:
𝟏.𝟓
𝒍𝒃 𝒕𝒘 𝑬𝑭𝒚𝒘 𝒕𝒇
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝒕𝟐𝒘 𝟏+𝟑
𝒅 𝒕𝒇 𝒕𝒘

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 WEB LOCAL CRIPPLING
WEB LOCAL CRIPPLING
(b) When the concentrated compressive force to be resisted is
applied at a distance from the member end that is less than
d/2:
𝑙
(i) For 𝑏 ≤ 0.2
𝑑
𝟏.𝟓
𝒍𝒃 𝒕𝒘 𝑬𝑭𝒚𝒘 𝒕𝒇
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝒕𝟐𝒘 𝟏+𝟑
𝒅 𝒕𝒇 𝒕𝒘
𝑙𝑏
(Ii) For > 0.2
𝑑
𝟏.𝟓
𝟒𝒍𝒃 𝒕𝒘 𝑬𝑭𝒚𝒘 𝒕𝒇
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝒕𝟐𝒘 𝟏+ − 𝟎. 𝟐
𝒅 𝒕𝒇 𝒕𝒘
Where:
d – full nominal depth of the section

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 MISC. BEAM LIMIT STATES
EXAMPLE:
A 6m A992 W12X26 simply supported girder supports a W12X26
beam at the midspan that is bearing on top of it. What is the
concentrated load that the girder can carry due to the beam?
What is the required bearing length at the support of the girder?
𝑑 = 310.39𝑚𝑚, 𝑡𝑤 = 5.84𝑚𝑚, 𝑡𝑓 = 9.65𝑚𝑚, 𝑘 = 22.23𝑚𝑚,
𝑏𝑓 = 164.85𝑚𝑚

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 MISC. BEAM LIMIT STATES
SOLUTION:
At midspan:
Web Local Yielding (∅ = 1.00)
Since 𝑑 = 310.39𝑚𝑚 < 𝑥 = 3000𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦𝑤 ∙ 𝑡𝑤 ∙ 5𝑘 + 𝑙𝑏
𝑁
𝑅𝑛 = 345 5.84𝑚𝑚 5 22.23𝑚𝑚 + 164.85𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚2
𝑅𝑛 = 556.08 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑅𝑛 = 1.00(556.08 𝑘𝑁)

∅𝑹𝒏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑵

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 MISC. BEAM LIMIT STATES
SOLUTION:
Web Local Crippling (∅ = 0.75)
𝑑
Since = 155.20𝑚𝑚 < 𝑥 = 3000𝑚𝑚
2
1.5
2
𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑤 𝐸𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓
𝑅𝑛 = 0.80𝑡𝑤 1+3
𝑑 𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤
1.5
2
164.85𝑚𝑚 5.84𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑛 = 0.80 5.84𝑚𝑚 1+3 ∙
310.39𝑚𝑚 9.65𝑚𝑚
𝑁
200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎 345 (9.65𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚2
5.84𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑛 = 509.88 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75(509.88 𝑘𝑁)

∅𝑹𝒏 = 𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟒𝟏𝒌𝑵 − 𝑮𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈
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 MISC. BEAM LIMIT STATES
SOLUTION:
At support:
𝑅𝑢 = 382.41 𝑘𝑁

Web Local Yielding (∅ = 1.00)

Since 𝑑 = 310.39𝑚𝑚 > 𝑥 = 0𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦𝑤 ∙ 𝑡𝑤 ∙ 2.5𝑘 + 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛
𝑁
382,410𝑁 = 1.00 345 5.84𝑚𝑚 2.5 22.23𝑚𝑚 + 𝑙𝑏
𝑚𝑚2
𝒍𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝒎

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 MISC. BEAM LIMIT STATES
SOLUTION:
Web Local Crippling (∅ = 0.75)
𝑑
Since = 155.20𝑚𝑚 > 𝑥 = 0𝑚𝑚
2
𝑙𝑏
Assume > 0.2
𝑑
1.5
2
4𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑤 𝐸𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓
𝑅𝑛 = 0.40𝑡𝑤 1+ − 0.2
𝑑 𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤
𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛
1.5
2
4𝑙𝑏 5.84𝑚𝑚
382,410𝑁 = 0.75(0.40 5.84𝑚𝑚 1+ − 0.2
310.39𝑚𝑚 9.65𝑚𝑚
𝑁
200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎 345
(9.65𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚2 )
5.84𝑚𝑚
𝒍𝒃 = 𝟒𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟐 𝒎𝒎 − 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈

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