UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SURVEYING

ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGY I
( BSR 231 )

AAP119 3I

RESEARCH ON THE RELATION OF CLIMATES, HUMAN

AND TRADITIONAL BUILDING DESIGN

PREPARED FOR ;
SR NOORAZLINA BINTI KAMARULZAMAN

PREPARED BY ;
NO NAME MATRICS NO
1 MUHAMMAD ALIF HUSAINI BIN ABU BAKAR 2018211458
2 MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN AZMI 2018291508
3 MUHAMMAD AMAR ADAM BIN AZLAN 2018412674
4 NUR SHAZLEEN NATASHA BINTI JAMALUDDIN 2018210974
5 NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI MOHD SUKRI 2018860804

SEPTEMBER 2019 - JANUARY 2020

 Acknowledgement

First of all, a big thank to everyone, especially to our beloved lecturer, Sr. Noorazlina binti
Kamarulzaman that has taught us this subject and make this research complete. We would like to
show our deepest-gratitude to Allāh ‫ ﷻ‬because with all of His might and assistance, we would be

able to complete this important research on the required time. In addition, not forgetting the hard
works of all group members, especially on giving their full commitments while doing this research.

This research has been going well as we planned. We are very grateful for the level of
cooperation and assistance provided by virtually every person whom the inquiry staff that consulted
us and gave us the golden opportunity of the implementing our skills in this Research on the
Relation of Climates, Human and Traditional Building Design in Malaysia.

We hope that this research will be benefit to everybody, even though that it is very simple
and lack of certain important informations. We are pretty sure that this report will be a very good
reference to everybody, especially for the students in our class. We are also hoping that with all of
the kindness that we have in Sr. Noorazlina binti Kamarulzaman, she will give us good responses
and gives us a very good marks in this report.

Last but not least, thank you once again to Sr. Noorazlina binti Kamarulzaman and
everybody that help us to complete this report. All of your good deeds will never be forgotten.

i
 Content

Pages

1.0 Building Background

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Case Study Location 2

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Building Plan 3
2.2 Surrounding Building Area 5
2.3 Building Design and Layout 6
2.4 Building Elements 9

3.0 Case Study

3.1 Relations Climatic Elements 15
3.2 Climatic Data Collections 16

4.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 26

5.0 References 27

ii
 1.0 Project Background

1.1 Introduction

“ Rumah Kutai ” is a traditional Malay house in Perak, Malaysia, located near to the banks
of the Perak River, in the Daerah Perak Tengah between Hilir Perak and Kuala Kangsar. The
original “ Rumah Kutai ” consists of three main components of the building, namely the “ Rumah
Ibu ”, the “ Ruang Selang ” and the “ Ruang Dapur ”. At the “ Rumah Ibu ”, there is a “ Ruang
serambi ”. “ Rumah Kutai ” is divided into two types namely “ Rumah Kutai Tiang 16 ” and “
Rumah Kutai Tiang 12 ”. However, most of the “ Rumah Kutai ” which still exist today is “ Rumah
Kutai Tiang 16 ”.

“ Rumah Kutai ” that is located at Pasir Salak Historical Complex, Kampung Batu Gajah,
Perak has been choosen for this research. The house is fully utilises by the natural materials that are
available around the village. The basic structure is hardwood while the roof is made from the leaves
of the rumbia and the wall of the house is made from bamboo or “ Kulit Kayu Tepas ”. The house
has a fairly high roof, but there is little uniqueness in terms of the openness of this house. It seems
that there is good and sufficient ventilation.

The owner of this “ Rumah Kutai ” is Puan Wok binti Haji Kulop Mat Hassan. The house
was almost nearly 100 years and it was built around 1890s. This house is made from fully wood
without a piece of nail. Puan Wok was the last owner of this house after inheriting from his father,
Haji Kulop Mat Hassan before Pasir Salak Historical Complex Management taking over the house
for preservation and conservation.

1
1.2 Literature Review

The climate of Perak Darul Ridzuan can be classified as warm - humid climate,
characterised by high temperatures and humidity. Air temperature averages within 22ºC and 32ºC
with small annual and daily ranges. It is continually near but seldom exceeds normal skin
temperature. Humidity is high through the year, averaging about 75% or more with heavy clouds
covering the high water vapour content in the air, direct solar radiation is filtered. The high
humidity also accelerates rotting, rusting and the growth of algae and mould.

The winds are generally of low - variable speed. Strong winds can occur with the rains.
Rainfall is also high throughout the year averaging 250 cm to 300 cm annually. Rains become more
intense with the monsoons. The architecture of the traditional Malay house is really influenced by
the climates around the house itself. Open spaces, high celling or roof and floor space are among
the architectural characteristic to provide good ventilation because the house is exist in the hot and
humid tropical climates. Top part of the house also is opened and airy acting as climatic buffer from
the hot sun.

In addition, the state of Perak Darul Ridzuan is known also as a state with a wealth of
architectural constructions both for government buildings, houses of worship and residences. It is
also influenced by the mixed results of the influence of tribes such as Bugis, Rao, Banjar, Chinese
and English who came to migrate, trade and administer in Perak.

The “ Rumah Kutai ” heritage architecture is only available in Perak Darul Ridzuan and
none in other states. The Purpose of the “ Rumah Kutai ” or also called as “ Kotai ” is ancient or
old and cannot be denied that “ Rumah Kutai ” is the only type of Traditional Malay House in Perak
that is still inhabited by locals over 200 years ago and until now it still stands majestic above face of
the earth.

For this research, “ Rumah Kutai ” of Puan Wok binti Haji Kulop Mat Hassan at Pasir Salak
Historical Complex has been choose for this research. This “ Rumah Kutai ” use 16 pillar to embed
the building structure and the house is divided into several parts that is “ Serambi ”, “ Rumah Ibu ”,
“ Ruang Selang ” and “ Rumah Dapur ”. Commonly, “ Rumah Kutai ” only have one room for
personal use.
2
 Pasir Salak Historical Complex - Google Maps 09/05/2019, 1)52 PM

Pasir Salak Historical Complex

1.3 Case Study Location

Rumah Kutai Puan

Wok

3
Imagery ©2019 DigitalGlobe, Map data ©2019 Google 50 m

Figure 1 : Case Study Location

 2.0 Building Background

2.1 Building Plan

Figure 2 : Building Plan

4
2.2 Surrounding Building Area

Terowong Masa Pasir Salak

Masjid Jamek Mukim Pasir Salak

Rumah Kutai

Perak River

5
 2.3 Building Design and Layout

As the “ Rumah Kutai ” heritage architecture is only available in Perak Darul Ridzuan, the
uniqueness of the “ Rumah Kutai ” is in terms of the fineness of the carvings found on the door,
window openings, walls and the use of various tiers. It is also reinforced with the old tale that has
been preserved since then in connection with the history of the construction and the occupants of
the house.
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outdoor architecture, especially the influence of Acheh house architecture and Bugis custom house
from Sumatra. However, some of the particular features in its architecture and structural materials
still remain with its own identity, which is the architecture of the local Perak.

These special features are particularly noticeable in the dependent bees or known as “
Ragam Hias Lebah ” and the use of the “ Daun Tepas ” on the screen. The “ Rumah Kutai ” consist
of two types, namely “ Rumah Kutai Tiang 12 ” and “ Rumah Kutai Tiang 16 ” but both types of the
“ Rumah Kutai ” have the same structure.

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Ibu Rumah
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6
 The structure of the “ Rumah Kutai Tiang 16 ” uses 16 main pillars, which are eight pillars
of length and 8 pillars of the same porch. Its poles are four elongated lines and four lines extend, but
the site’s width is not square - shaped but rather square - sided. The use of the laminar floor, the roof
structure with unique technology system, the shape of the sliding door and its distinctive window
shape has never existed in other elements of the Traditional Malay House architecture in Malaysia
or in the region as follows ;

• Tunjuk langit • Kaki gajah

• Titi tikus • Lebah bergantung
• Floral rounded windows • Kucing berlari
• Tingkap jenguk berkerawang and berjeriji • Papan cantik
• Papan kembung berukir • Tanggam tebuk

The design of “ Rumah Kutai ” is influenced by several factors, in which the scope also
determines the components of the building and the arrangement of spaces in a house. Among the
common spatial components in “ Rumah Kutai ” is “ Anjung ”, “Selang” and “ Rumah Dapur ”.
This are the exactly use of the area ;

1. Serambi - Reserved for men and there are male guests sitting at the banquet and
to carry out various other activities. In the evening, this room is used
as a child’s first bed.
2. Rumah Ibu - There is a porch room and sometimes a small room, but room
space only exists later and is reserved for the girl's room. Back in the
olden days, the entire house of the “ Rumah Ibu ” had no restrictions
and to make the border between the porch space and the central space
reserved for the women, only limited by a 5cm height. The floor
position is not the same as the level between the porch and the living
room.
3. Selang - In addition to being a lane or passage between the two buildings, it is
a place to talk or carry out various activities for women. In ancient
times this room was not roofed and walled, so it could be used as a
place for drying the cloth, as well as a place of rainwater. Old girls

7
 used it as a place to wash. Such a space is usually called a ridge
known as “ Pelantar selang ” or a “ Jemuran Selang ” after roof and
walled, known as a “ Selang ” or a “ Selasar ”.
4. Kitchen House - The kitchen house is smaller than the “ Rumah Ibu ”, usually in the
form of a single house, which does not wear a foyer. It is used as a
cooking place and therefore any kitchen utensils are stored there. A
ladder and platform is located at the edge of the kitchen door and it is
often used by mothers to the river or to the well for the purpose of
taking water, baths and so on.

Among the factors contributing to the extinction of the “ Rumah Kutai ” are due to the less
sensitive community of these heritage treasures of historical value or the fineness of the house itself.
Technological advances and modernisation make “ Rumah Kutai ” construction memorable and the
home standing still no longer occupied due to migration and mortality.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the “ Rumah Kutai ” architecture is no longer attracted
the local people of Perak. This is due to the influence of “ Rumah Limas ” architecture being
introduced in the state of Perak and the design of this “ Rumah Limas ” seems to provide comfort
and certain facilities in view of its larger size.

8
2.4 Building Elements

2.4.1 Roof

Modern House Traditional House

Pitched Roof Type Bumbung Melayu

Concrete Tiles Material Rumbia Leaves

- The roof of the “ Rumah Kutai ” is

- The roof tiles are design to be sloped.
This will prevent leakage of excessive
water into the house because rainwater
will drips off from the roof.
- Concrete tiles for roofing have a
weatherproof design to optimize
Design
performance. When properly designed
Description
and installed, concrete tiles guarantee
and Function
perfect water tightness. Concrete tiles
make a quiet roof, minimizing noise
especially during heavy rainfall.
- Pitched roof helps to cooldown the
building by shading the sunlight from
entering the house.
sloped to as much as 30 to 45 degrees
resulting in run-off rainwater which
provides a solution against water
absorption, seepage and subsequent
leaks which might occur if water was
collected on the roof overtime.
- Attap roofing of low thermal capacity
gives good insulation against heat .
- The large overhangs provided by the
roof also acts as a shading device in
the home .
- The area underneath the roof
overhang is left open to allow
ventilation so that the interior of the
house is neither hot or damp.

Picture

Table 1 : Building Elements

9
2.4.2 Wall

Modern House Traditional House

Wall Type Wall

Concrete
- Wall is a structure for carries load,
p r o v i d e s e c u r i t y, s h e l t e r s ,
soundproofing, decorative and
functioning to support the roof, floors
and ceilings.
- Concrete are mostly being used in
modern house because it can insulate
against outside temperature it can
maintain constant temperature insides.
- The wall can be decorate by putting
wallpapers to give it more aesthetical
value.
Some of the outside wall have fretwork
to provide natural ventilation to the
house.
- Bamboo
Material - Kulit Kayu Tepas
- Kulit Batang Bertam
- Wall is the component which
constructed after the structure of the “
Rumah Kutai ” completely erected and
secured.
- “ Rumah Kutai ” are using normal
timber wall and some of it is using
bamboo matting wall (kelarai wall).
Design - Most of “ Rumah Kutai ” are using
Description panel wall in which the panels are
and Function prepared on site and assembled at the
structure .
- This wall is very important to avoid
wild animals and thief .
- This “ Kulit Kayu Bertam ” wall also
provide more natural wind and light
ventilation to the residents in the
house.

Picture

Table 2 : Building Elements

10
2.4.3 Window
Modern House
Casement Window
Glass
- A casement window is attached to its
frame by one or more hinges at the
side. Casement window has more glass
space to allow for more light.
- Can provide natural ventilation and
act as visual barrier and Function
- Grill is added to the windows to
prevent thief and wild animals from
get in the house
Table 3 : Building Elements
Traditional House
Tingkap Jenguk Bekerawang dan
Type
Bergerigi
- Nibong wood
Material
- Hard wood
- As the customs and belief’s of the
ancients people the design of the
window to avoid the sacred believes .
- The design of the window also to
Design
avoid wild animals and thief .
Description
- The “ kerawang ” provides more
natural ventilation and light .
- Act as visual barriers to know a
visitor who is not related or related to
the owner of the house.
Picture
11
2.4.4 Door

Modern House Traditional House

Half Glass Door Type Selak and Tebar Layar

Decorative Door Material Hard wood

- The main function of door is to

- The door is functioning as a safety
act and provide privacy to the
occupants.
- Equipped with locking mechanism,
give natural ventilation and glaze to
give natural lighting inside the house.
- Grill is added to the door as an
additional safety to avoid from thief
and wild animals.
maintain privacy and safety inside the
room or house when it is closed.
- It is equipped with locking
Design
mechanisms, which allow entrance to
Description
only selected people and hence keep
and Function
out others is also the function of door.
- Open door provides lighting
and ventilation to various rooms in the
house.

Picture

Table 4 : Building Elements

12
2.4.5 Floor
Modern House
Floor
Cement
- The floor of a modern house is made
up using cement. Cement is used
because cement can handle heavy duty
very well.
- The floor are builds on the ground.
- Tiles are added to the floor for
enhance the aesthetic value
Table 5 : Building Elements
Traditional House
Type Floor
Material Meranti
- The floors of “ Rumah Kutai ” made
entirely of bamboo matting,which
allow natural ventilation and reduce
glare . It’s different from other
traditional house,which prefers used
timber as a wall and floor panel .
- The floor of the “ Rumah Kutai ” is
raised to about two metres from the
Design
ground .
Description
- These strips are arranged on top of
and Function
wood of strips ,there are gaps of about
2cm so that the house does not float
away in the event of flood .
- A wooden beam, called “ bendul ”
encirculed for the floor, as well as
within the house, serving to divide the
house into its various rooms and
sections.
Picture
13
2.4.6 Staircase

Modern House Traditional House

- Type Stair

- Material Merbau

- The staircase is also the components

of “ Rumah Kutai ”, which assembled
after the wall.
- For the basic of “ Rumah Kutai ”,
Design there will be two main staircases which
- Description located at the entranced also at the
and Function back of the house .
- The common connection to assemble
the “ Anak Tangga ” and the “ Paha
Tangga ” is using “ Tanggam Puting ”
and “ Tebuk ” system .

- Picture

Table 6 : Building Elements

14
 3.0 Data Collection

3.1 Relations Climatic Elements

As the climate of the “ Rumah Kutai ” is warm - humid equatorial, the design used must
fulfil the climates elements such as kerawang and overhang roof for more wind and shading. It is
because the house is build in hot and humid tropical climates. So, the temperature and climates
around the house really influenced the building design. There are 4 basic climates that be measured
and observed during this research used 4 in 1 meter that is ;

1. Temperature - Temperature is the amount of heat energy that is in the air. Its measure
unit is celsius degrees or Fahrenheit degrees in some countries. Heat
is the energy radiated from the Sun to the Earth in the form of light.
Clouds, water vapour, and atmospheric dust deflect about half of the
solar energy back into space, while the rest is absorbed by the soil and
water and becomes heat.

2. Humidity - It is the water vapour contained in the air. Its amount varies according
to to the amount of rainfall and solar radiation in a zone. Water
vapour is present in any region of the world, even the hottest ones. As
the temperature increases, so does the possibility of having water
vapour.

3. Wind - The Wind is the moving air. It causes variations in climate by drying
humidity, causing storms, and contributing to water evaporation.

4. Solar radiation - Although it is an unseen element, it significantly impacts climate by

providing heat. The amount of sunlight the ground receives is called
insolation.

15
3.2 Climatic Data Collections

3.2.1.1 Rumah Kutai : Temperature ( ºC )

Date : 16 April 2019

Area Rumah Rumah Ruang

Exterior Anjung Bedroom
Time Ibu Dapur Selang

Morning
32.1 32.0 32.0 32.1 32.3 31.9
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
33.6 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.0 32.0
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
33.0 33.2 33.2 33.3 33.2 33.0
( 3 p.m. )

Table 7 : Data Collections

TEMPERATURE ( ºC )
34
33.6 33.6
33.5
33.4
33.3
33.2 33.2 33.2
33.3
33 33

32.5 32.3
32.1 32.1
32 32 32 32
31.9
31.8

31
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )
Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 1: Data Collections

16
3.2.1.2 Modern House : Temperature (ºC)
Date : 16 April 2019

Area Rumah Rumah Ruang

Exterior Anjung Bedroom
Time Ibu Dapur Selang

Morning
- - 33.1 33.1 33.1 -
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
- - 32.5 32.7 33.4 -
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
- - 31.3 31.3 31.3 -
( 3 p.m. )

Table 8 : Data Collections

TEMPERATURE ( ºC )
34

33.4
33.3 33.1 33.1 33.1 33.1

32.7
32.5
32.5

31.8
31.3 31.3

31
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )
Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 2: Data Collections

17
3.2.2.1 Rumah Kutai : Humidity ( %RH )
Date : 16 April 2019

Area Rumah Rumah Ruang

Exterior Anjung Bedroom
Time Ibu Dapur Selang

Morning
50.5 55.6 55.4 55.4 55.3 56.2
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
46.4 48.6 49.5 49.5 49.7 49.8
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
47.2 48.9 49.6 49.6 49.7 50.0
( 3 p.m. )

Table 9 : Data Collections

HUMIDITY ( %RH )
55.6 55.4 55.4 55.3 56.2
57
50.5 49.5 49.6 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.7 49.8 50
48.6 48.9
46.4 47.2

42.8

28.5

14.3

0
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang

Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )

Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 3 : Data Collections

18
3.2.2.2 Modern House : Humidity ( %RH )
Date : 16 April 2019

Area Rumah Rumah Ruang

Exterior Anjung Bedroom
Time Ibu Dapur Selang

Morning
- - 64.7 65.6 63.6 -
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
- - 67.6 71.9 66.7 -
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
- - 64.3 65.0 63.0 -
( 3 p.m. )

Table 10 : Data Collections

HUMIDITY ( %RH )
71.9
72

69.5

67.6

67 66.7

65.6
65
64.7
64.5 64.3
63.6
63

62
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang

Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )

Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 4 : Data Collections

19
3.2.3.1 Rumah Kutai : Wind Velocity ( MS -1 )
Date : 16 April 2019

Area Rumah Rumah Ruang

Exterior Anjung Bedroom
Time Ibu Dapur Selang

Morning
1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
1.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
( 3 p.m. )

Table 11 : Data Collections

WIND VELOCITY ( Ms -1 )
1.2
1.1
1 1

0.9

0.6

0.3
0
0.1 0 0.1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang

Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )

Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 5 : Data Collections

20
3.2.3.2 Modern House : Wind Velocity ( MS -1 )
Date : 16 April 2019

Area Rumah Rumah Ruang

Exterior Anjung Bedroom
Time Ibu Dapur Selang

Morning
- - 3.4 0.0 2.5 -
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
- - 1.5 0.0 0.0 -
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
- - 1.5 0.0 2.1 -
( 3 p.m. )

Table 12 : Data Collections

WIND VELOCITY ( Ms -1 )
4
3.4

3
2.5

2
2
2 2

0 0 0 0 0
0
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang

Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )

Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 6 : Data Collections

21
3.2.4.1 Rumah Kutai : Solar Radiation ( LUX )
Date : 16 April 2019

Area Rumah Rumah Ruang

Anjung Bedroom
Time Ibu Dapur Selang

Morning
170 67 54 48 70
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
237 80 69 50 150
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
205 75 54 53 143
( 3 p.m. )

Table 13 : Data Collections

SOLAR RADIATION ( LUX )

237
240
205

180 170
150
143

120
80 75
67 69 70
60 54 54 50 53
48

0
Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang

Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )

Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 7 : Data Collections

22
3.2.4.2 Modern House : Solar Radiation ( LUX )
Date : 16 April 2019

Area Rumah Rumah Ruang

Anjung Bedroom
Time Ibu Dapur Selang

Morning
- 29 43 31 -
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
- 29 53 45 -
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
- 41 42 38 -
( 3 p.m. )

Table 14 : Data Collections

SOLAR RADIATION ( LUX )

60
53

45
45 41
43 42
38

31
29 29
30

15

0
Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang

Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )

Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 8 : Data Collections

23
 4.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, the difference of temperature, humidity, wind velocity and solar radiation
according to the times taken that were recorded at 9:00 a.m., 12:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. not really
show a big different. The data is taken at exterior, “ Anjung ”, “ Rumah Ibu ”, bedroom, “ Rumah
Dapur ” and “ Ruang selang ”.

Firstly, the temperature data that been gathered shown that the temperature increase until
afternoon and decrease in the evening. It is because the temperature around the house was affected
by the sunlight. The sunlight’s affect the temperature of the house because the nature of the sunlight
will make the weather hot and dry. In addition, Malaysia is near to Equator Line so it will be more
expose to the sunlight due to the factor of the curved earth.

Next, humidity data collected. Humidity can decrease when the time increase. It is because
the amount of water vapour in the atmospheric can increase or decrease depends on the condition. It
is bad if atmosphere contained a lot of water vapour because it will affect the building structure as
they will assist fungal growth on walls or doors besides the human bodies also will be affected. As
the data collected, the humidity will be high in the morning because there will be less direct
sunlight. So, the water vapour also got less extracted. Then, in the afternoon, the humidity will be
likely decrease due to direct sunlight that extracting too much water vapour and for the evening, it
can be increase or decrease depends on the condition of the weather and temperature.

Furthermore, for the wind velocity, it depends on the weather at the time that the data were
collected. It is because the weather of the surrounding area of the house really affected the wind
velocity. This house is located near to the bank of the Perak River, so the wind will come by the
river to the house. For traditional house, they use more natural ventilation compared to the new
mechanical ventilation because they had design the house properly based on the environment
surrounding the house.

24
 Lastly, for the solar radiation, it depends on the use of the space in the house. As the data
collected, there are higher solar radiation at anjung section in the front of the house because it is use
for common area but in the rumah ibu and bedroom section, the solar radiation a bit decrease
compared to anjung section because this section for personal use. So the solar radiation of the house
influence the section in the house based on the use of the section itself.

25
 5.0 Recommendations

This “ Rumah Kutai ” can overcome all these problems with provide mechanical ventilation
especially at “ Rumah Ibu ” and bedroom section because it has the lowest wind velocity as the
section can be more comfortable to the consumer. Besides, curtain also can be added to the window
to avoid direct sunlight in the afternoon at the “ Anjung ” section. Lastly, must use the good paint or
varnish at the timber wall and column to avoid the fungal growth because as tis house use fully
timber as their structure.

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 6.0 References

1. Zulkifli Hanafi. ( 1999 ). Bangunan Dalam Iklim Panas & Lembab di Malaysia. Kuala
Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
2. M.N. Ariffin, A. Talib. ( 2005 ). Perak Malay ( Kutai ) Architecrure : A Methodological
Approach in Extensive Survey and Analysis. Shah Alam : UiTM Shah Alam.
3. Khairul Fikri Khairudin, Nurul Hamiruddin Salleh, Srazali Aripin. ( 2018 ). An Overview of the
Construction Techniques of Traditional Malay Houses : Rumah Kutai, Perak. Kuala Lumpur :
International Islamic University Malaysia.
4. Anuar Talib. ( 2005 ). The Perak Kutai Asli Malay House : Form, Function and Meaning. Shah
Alam : UiTM Shah Alam.
5. S. A. R. Mohd. ( 2018 ). Rumah Kutai : Documentation of Memories. Institut Darul Ridzuan :
Ipoh, Perak.
6. http://www.met.gov.my/forecast/weather/district/Ds033

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