DESIGN OF SQUARE FOOTING

1. A 400 mm square tied interior column supports a dead load of 890 kN and a live load of 710 kN.
The column is reinforced with 8-25 mm ∅ bars. A square footing is designed to support this load
with its base 1.5 m below the ground surface. Allowable soil pressure is 240 kPa. Assume soil
weighs 15.74 kN/m3 and concrete to be 23.5 kN/m3, fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 415 MPa.
a. Determine the dimension of the square footing.
b. Determine the reinforcement of the square footing.
c. Determine the required development length of the square footing.
Reinforcement location factor ∝=1.3
Coating factor β=1.0
Reinforcing size factor γ =1.0
Lightweight aggregate factor λ=1.0

SOLUTION:

a. Dimension of the square footing

Assume a total depth of 600 mm with an effective depth of
d = 600 – 75
d = 525 mm

Effective soil pressure: q eff =240−0.60 ( 24 )−15.77(0.90)

q eff =211.73 kPa

DL+ ¿
Area required: A=
q eff
890+710
L2 =
211.73
L=2.74 m

Ultimate upward soil pressure: q u=1.2 DL+1.6≪ ¿ 2 ¿

A
1.2(890)+ 1.6(710)
q u=
2.74 2
q u=293.57 kPa

Beam shear: V u=293.57(0.645)(2.74)

V u=518.83 kN

1
V u= ∅ √ fc' bw d
6
 0.75
518830= √ 20.7 ( 2740 ) d
6
d=332.95< 525 ok

Punching shear: 400 + d = 400 + 525 = 925 mm

V u=[ ( 2.74 )2−( 0.925 )2](293.57)
V u=1952.82 kN
V u=1952820 N

∅ √ fc ' bo d
V u=
3
b o=4 ( 925 )=3700 mm

0.75 ( √ 20.7 ) ( 3700 ) d

1952820=
3
d = 464 < 525 mm ok.
Use 2.74 m x 2.74 m x 0.60 m square footing

b. Reinforcement of the square footing: M u=293.57 ( 2.74 )( 1.17 )=550.56 kN . m

1.4 1.4
ρmin = = =0.0033735
fy 415
A s=ρ b d
A s=0.0033735 ( 2740 ) (525 )=4053 mm 2

π
Using 25 mm ∅: (25)2 N =4053
4
N = 8.26 say 9
Use 9-25 mm ∅ bars both ways
π
A s furnished ¿ ( 25 )2 (9)
4
A s furnished ¿ 4418 mm 2> 4053 mm2

Ld 9f yα β γ λ
=
c. Required development length: db c + K tr
10 √ fc ' ( )
db
C = 75 mm (steel covering)
. K t r =0 (no stirrups)
c+ K t r 75+0
= =3> 2.5
db 25
c+ K t r
Use =2.5
db
Ld (9)(415)(1.3)( 1)(1)(1)
=
db ( 10)¿ ¿
 Ld
=42.69
db

Ld A s reqd . 42.69(4053)
= = =39.16
d b As furnished 4418

Ld=39.16 ( 25 )=979 mm required Ld

Development length furnished:
2740
Ld= −200−75
2
Ld=1095 mm>979 mm ok.

Therefore the required development length is 979 mm

2. A spread footing supports a 350 mm x 350 mm column carrying a dead load of 300 kN and live
load of 500 kN. The footing is subjected to an axial moment produced by the effect of dead load,
live and earthquake. The unfactored moments are tabulated below.

M Dx =50 kN . m M Lx =60 kN . m M Ex =36 kN .m

M Dy =30 kN .m M Ly =50 kN .m M Ey =29 kN .m

Thickness of footing is 460 mm with an effective depth of 360 mm. The bottom of the footing is
1.20 m below the ground surface. Unit weight of soil = 15.7 kN/. m3, concrete = 23.5 kN/.m3. Use
2001 NSCP Specs.
a. Which of the following gives the dimension of the spread footing.
b. Which of the following gives the punching stress at the critical section.
c. Which of the following gives the following the number of 20 mm ∅ reinforcing bars in both ways
for the footing.
SOLUTION:

a. Dimension of the spread footing: P = 300+500 = 800

M x =50+ 60+36=146 kN . m
M y =30+50+ 29=109 kN . m
L=b=d
P 6M x 6 M y
f A= + +
A b d2 d b2
P 6 Mx 6 M y
f A= 2 + 3 + 3
L L L

Effective Stress: q e =300−0.74 ( 15.7 )−0.46 ( 23.5 )=277.57 kPa

P 6 Mx 6 M y
f A= 2 + 3 + 3
L L L
Try L = 2.3 m
800 6 (146) 6(109)
f A= 2 + +
2.3 2.3 3 2.33
f A=276.98< 277.57 kPa ok
Use L = 2.3 m

b. Punching stress: Pu=1.4 P D +1.7 P L

Pu=1.4 (300)+ 1.7(500)
Pu=1270 kN

Mux=0.75[1.4 M Dx + 1.7 M Lx +1.87 M Ex ]

Mux=0.75[1.4 ( 50 )+ 1.7 ( 60 ) +1.87 ( 36 ) ]
Mux=179.49 kN . m

Mux=1.4 M D +1.7 M L
Mux=1.4 (50)+1.7(60)
Mux=172 kN . m
Use Mux=179.49 kN . m

Muy =0.75[1.4 M Dy +1.7 M Ly +1.87 M Ey ]

Muy =0.75[1.4 ( 30 ) +1.7 ( 50 ) +1.87 ( 29 ) ]
Muy =135.9 kN .m

Muy =1.4 M Dy + 1.7 M Ly

Muy =1.4(30)+1.7(50)
Muy =127 kN . m
Use Muy =135.9 kN .m

Pu 6 Mu x 6 Mu y
f A= + 3 − 3
L2 L L
 1270 6 (179.49) 6( 135.9)
f A= + −
2.32 2.3 3 2.33
f A=261.57 kPa

Pu 6 Mu x 6 Mu y
f B= + +
L2 L3 L3
1270 6(179.49) 6(135.9)
f B= + +
2.32 2.33 2.33
f B =395.61kPa

Pu 6 Mu x 6 Mu y
f C= − 3 +
L2 L L3
1270 6 ( 179.49 ) 6(135.9)
f C= − +
2.32 2.33 2.33
f C =218.58 kPa

Pu 6 Mu x 6 Mu y
f D= − 3 − 3
L2 L L
1270 6 (179.49) 6(135.9)
f D= − −
2.32 2.33 2.33
f D =84.55 kPa
261.57+395.61+218.58+84.55
Average soil pressure at the center: q u=
4
q u=240.08 kPa

V u=Pu −qu (0.710)2

V u=1270−240.08(0.710)2
V u=1148.98 kN

Vu
υρ =
∅ bod
1148980
υρ =
0.85 (710)(360)(4)
fc '
υ ρ =1.32 MPa< √ =1.52 MPa(safe)
3

c. Steel requirements:
0.975
Consider only 1 meter strip Mu=395.61(0.975)(1)( )
2
Mu=188 x 106 N .mm
Mu=∅ f c ' b d2 ω(1−0.59 ω)
188 ×106 =0.90(21)(1000)(3602) ω(1−0.59 ω)
 ω=( 1−0.59ω )−0.077
ω 2−1.69 ω+0.131=0
ω=0.081

ω fc '
ρ=
fy
(0.081)( 21)
ρ=
414
ρ=0.0041

1.4
ρ=
fy
1.4
ρ=
414
ρ=0.00338

Use ρ=0.0041

As= ρbd
As=0.0041(1000)(360)
As=1476 mm 2

Using 20 mm ∅ bars:
π 1000
(20)2 =1476
4 S
S = 212.85 mm o.c
S = 210 mm o.c

2300
No. of bars: N= +1=11.95 say 12bars
210
3. The figure shows a spread footing subjected to an axial load and a moment as indicated. Allowable
bearing pressure is 240 kPa. A one third increase in bearing pressure is allowed for wind and
earthquake loads. Neglecting weights of overburden and concrete.
a. Compute the minimum size of the square spread footing with the given loads and moment.

LOAD AXIAL LOAD (kN) MOMENT (Kn.m)

DL 1350 60
LL 650 20
Wind ±670 0
Seismic ±1118.5 0
 b. Compute the minimum size of the square spread footing for combined gravity and wind.

LOAD AXIAL LOAD (kN) MOMENT (Kn.m)

DL 2000 68
LL 1200 28
Wind ±1463 ±200

c. Compute the minimum size of the square spread footing for combined gravity and seismic
load.

LOAD AXIAL LOAD (kN) MOMENT (Kn.m)

DL 2780 70
LL 1670 30
Seismic ±1037.8 0

SOLUTION:

a. Minimum size of spread footing:

For gravity leads only: P = 1350 + 650 = 2000 kN
M = 60 + 20 = 80 kN.m

P MC
f A= ±
A I
P MC
f A= 2 ± 3
L L
2000 ( 6 ) ( 80 )
240= 2 ±
L L3

Trial and error: L = 3 m

For lateral and gravity loads: f = (1.33)(240) = 319.20
P = 1350 + 650 + 1118.5 (seismic + gravity loads controls)
P = 3118.50 kN
 P MC
f A= ±
A I
P MC
f A= 2 ± 3
L L
3118.50 ( 6 )( 80 )
319.20= ±
L2 L3

Trial and error: L = 3.2 m

Use L = 3.2 m

b. Minimum size of square spreading footing for combined gravity and wind loads:

LOAD AXIAL LOAD (kN) MOMENT (Kn.m)

DL 2000 68
LL 1200 28
Wind ±1463 ±200

f = 1.33 (240) = 319.20 kPa

P = 2000 + 1200 +1463 = 4663 kN
M = 68 +28 + 200 = 296 kN

P MC
f A= ±
A I
P MC
f A= 2 ± 3
L L
4663 ( 6 )( 296 )
319.20= 2 ±
L L3

Trial and error: L = 4 m

c. Minimum size of square spreading footing for combined gravity and seismic load:
f = 1.33 (240) = 319.20 kPa
P = 2780 + 1670 + 1037.8= 5487.50 kN
M = 70 + 30= 100 kN

P MC
f A= ±
A I
P MC
f A= 2 ± 3
L L
5487.50 ( 6 ) (100 )
319.20= ±
L2 L3

Trial and error: L = 4.2 m

4. A 400 mm square tied interior column supports a dead load of 889 kN and a live load of 710 kN.
The column is reinforced with 8-25 mm ∅ bars. A square footing is designed to support this load
with its base 1.5 m below the ground surface. Allowable soil pressure is 240 kPa. Assume soil
weighs 15.74 kN/m3 and concrete to be 23.5 kN/m3, fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 415 MPa.
d. Determine the dimension of the square footing.
e. Determine the reinforcement of the square footing.
f. Determine the required development length of the square footing.
Reinforcement location factor ∝=1.3
Coating factor β=1.0
Reinforcing size factor γ =1.0
Lightweight aggregate factor λ=1.0

SOLUTION:

d. Dimension of the square footing

Assume a total depth of 600 mm with an effective depth of
d = 600 – 75
d = 525 mm

Effective soil pressure: q eff =240−0.60 ( 24 )−15.77(0.90)

q eff =211.73 kPa

DL+ ¿
Area required: A=
q ef f
889+710
L2 =
211.73
A=2.74810317 m

Ultimate upward soil pressure: q u=1.2 DL+1.6≪ ¿ 2 ¿

A
1.2(889)+1.6 (710)
q u=
2.74 2
q u=292.7408906 kPa

Beam shear: V u=292.74(0.645)(2.74)

V u=518.8909992 kN

1
V u= ∅ √ fc' bw d
6
0.75
518890= √ 20.7 ( 2748 ) d
6
d=332.0199832<525 ok
 Punching shear: 400 + d = 400 + 525 = 925 mm
V u=[ ( 2.748 )2−( 0.925 )2 ](292.74)
V u=1960.323576 kN
V u=1960323.576 N

∅ √ fc ' bo d
V u=
3
b o=4 ( 925 )=3700 mm

0.75 ( √ 20.7 ) ( 3700 ) d

1960323.576=
3
d = 465.8014729 < 525 mm ok.
Use 2.74 m x 2.74 m x 0.60 m square footing

a. Reinforcement of the square footing: M u=292.74 ( 2.74 )( 1.17 )=941.2441382 kN . m

1.4 1.4
ρmin = = =0.0033735
fy 415
A s=ρ b d
A s=0.0033735 ( 2748 ) (525 )=4866.948 mm 2

π
Using 25 mm ∅: (25)2 N =4866.9485
4
N = 9.914865966 say 10
Use 10-25 mm ∅ bars both ways
π
A s furnished ¿ ( 25 )2 (10)
4
A s furnished ¿ 4908.738521 mm2 >4866.9485 mm 2

Ld 9f yα β γ λ
=
b. Required development length: db c + K tr
10 √ fc ' ( )
db
C = 75 mm (steel covering)
. K t r =0 (no stirrups)
c+ K t r 75+0
= =3> 2.5
db 25
c+ K t r
Use =2.5
db
Ld (9)(415)(1.3)( 1)(1)(1)
=
db ( 10)¿ ¿
Ld
=42.69
db
Ld A s reqd . 42.69(4866.94845)
= = =42.326562
d b As furnished 4908.738521

Ld=42.3265 ( 25 )=1058.16407 mm required Ld

Development length furnished:
2748
Ld= −200−75
2
Ld=1099 mm>1058.16407 mm ok.

Therefore the required development length is 1058 mm.

5. The figure shows a spread footing subjected to an axial load and a moment as indicated. Allowable
bearing pressure is 242 kPa. A one third increase in bearing pressure is allowed for wind and
earthquake loads. Neglecting weights of overburden and concrete.
a. Compute the minimum size of the square spread footing with the given loads and moment.

LOAD AXIAL LOAD (kN) MOMENT (Kn.m)

DL 1350 60
LL 650 20
Wind ±670 0
Seismic ±1119.5 0

b. Compute the minimum size of the square spread footing for combined gravity and wind.

LOAD AXIAL LOAD (kN) MOMENT (Kn.m)

DL 2000 68
LL 1201 28
Wind ±1463 ±200
 c. Compute the minimum size of the square spread footing for combined gravity and seismic
load.

LOAD AXIAL LOAD (kN) MOMENT (Kn.m)

DL 2780 70
LL 1670 30
Seismic ±1039.8 0
SOLUTION:

a. Minimum size of spread footing:

For gravity leads only: P = 1350 + 650 = 2000 kN
M = 60 + 20 = 80 kN.m

P MC
f A= ±
A I
P MC
f A= 2 ± 3
L L
2000 ( 6 ) ( 80 )
242= 2 ± =2.988021149
L L3

Trial and error: L = 3 m

For lateral and gravity loads: f = (1.33)(242) = 321.86
P = 1350 + 650 + 1119.5 (seismic + gravity loads controls)
P = 3119.50 kN

P MC
f A= ±
A I
P MC
f A= 2 ± 3
L L
3119.50 ( 6 )( 80 )
321.86= ± =3.18747158
L2 L3

Trial and error: L = 3.2 m

Use L = 3.2 m

b. Minimum size of square spreading footing for combined gravity and wind loads:

LOAD AXIAL LOAD (kN) MOMENT (Kn.m)

DL 2000 68
LL 1201 28
Wind ±1463 ±200
 f = 1.33 (242) = 321.86 kPa
P = 2000 + 1201 +1463 = 4664 kN
M = 68 +28 + 200 = 296 kN

P MC
f A= ±
A I
P MC
f A= 2 ± 3
L L
4664 ( 6 ) ( 296 )
321.86= 2 ± =3.984425471
L L3

Trial and error: L = 4 m

c. Minimum size of square spreading footing for combined gravity and seismic load:

f = 1.33 (242) = 321.86 kPa

P = 2780 + 1670 + 1039.8= 5489.8 kN
M = 70 + 30= 100 kN

P MC
f A= ±
A I
P MC
f A= 2 ± 3
L L
5489.40 ( 6 ) ( 100 )
321.86= ± =4.183401861
L2 L3

Trial and error: L = 4.2 m