Historiography: Marxism

The Communist Manifesto – Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The main idea is that
Communism – a society wherein people are all equal because all business and corporations’
endpoint will always be the government. E.g. An owner of the farm gives land to farmers, in
exchange to that, the farmers will give a portion of their crops to the owner. Everyone is equal.
Socialism - a democratic state controls the means of production rather than private owners hold
the ownership. Social workers; hospitals, school buses, etc.
Both aim to limit worker exploitation and eliminate economic classes.

Historiography: Feminism
Feminism = Feminist movement who seek to achieve the equality between men and women by
enacting various protests, advocate on behalf of women’s issues and rights.
Feminist = “A person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes”.
People may misunderstand that Feminism is having to think that women are superior to men,
which is not the case. Feminism is not having to hate men.
Feminist history refers to the re-reading of history from a female perspective. It is not the same
as the history of feminism, which outlines the origins and evolution of the feminist movement. It
also differs from women's history, which focuses on the role of women in historical events.

1st Wave of Feminism – Happened in the late 19th-20th Century, especially in Europe and US.
- Sole purpose was to open more opportunities to women, may it be education, work,
reproductive rights, as well as women’s suffrage (the right to vote in a political party)
- Women Suffrage Parade of 1913
- Silent Sentinels 1917-1919
2nd Wave of Feminism – Started in the early 1960’s in USA then spread all over western world
- Raising awareness about domestic abuse, marital rape, and gender-based violence
- Workplace Inequalities
- Legalization of Abortion and Birth Controls
3rd Wave of Feminism – started around 1990’s-2000’s response to the failures of the 2nd wave
- Intersectionality
- Changes on stereotypes, media portrayals and language used to define women.
Wither Women’s History
The Marginalization of the Filipina in Historical Narrative
 - Terms “invisible” and “marginalized” are often used to describe the fate of women in
historical accounts, in other words women in history are being wept out.
- 1st School of Thought = believes that women have been marginalized and made invisible
to history because most historians were men. Family and society, traditional field of
women have not been considered important. In other words, not enough sources have
been made to support the history of women.
- 2nd School of Thought = women’s invisibility and marginalization were not caused by
lack of sources, there are many sources according to Joan Wallach Scott. Instead, we
should base our facts from iconographic evidence such as pictures, literature, diaries,
letters, and those that are derived from oral history. But to learn from the past, which is
the wellspring of women’s strength, we must use the discipline of history (studies of
chronological events of a person). Feminists regards the study of the history of women
as an important key toward women empowerment.
The Marginalization of the Filipina in Philippines History
- It is on this premise that the writing of history of women was initiated in the 1920’s
- Currently, women were advocating for their right of suffrage.
- 1st Book about the History of Women = The Development and Progress of the Filipino
Women, Ma. Paz Mendoza-Guazon, 1928.
- 2nd Book about the History of Women = The Filipino Woman: Her Social, Economic,
and Political Status, Encarancion Alzona, 1934.
- These two books aimed to appreciate women’s potential and contextualize women’s right
to vote.
- These books took time before they reappeared, instead what proliferated are the works of
men.
- Only in the 70’s was there a resurgence of interest on women’s history, due to the rise of
feminist movement in America as well as Europe.
- Women are only included just to fill in the gaps of the frameworks of men. Because the
framework set by men is insufficient, female historians tend to explore other sources that
could match the complexity of women’s experiences.
- Women’s history, lives, experiences, and consciousness should be well documented.