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g. JURONG JUNIOR COLLEGE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Content
I The nucleus ofthe atom; neutrons and protons, isotopes, proton and nucleon numbers
II Electrons; electronic energy levels, ionisation energies, atomic orbitals, extranuclear structure

Assessment Objectives
Candidates should be able to:
(a) identify and describe protons, neutrons and electrons in terms oftheir relative charges and relative masses.
(b) deduce the behaviour ofbeams ofprotons, neutrons and electrons in both electric and magnetic fields.
(c) describe the distribution of mass and charges within an atom.
(d) deduce the numbers ofprotons, neutrons and electrons present in both atoms and ions given proton and
nucleon numbers (and charge).
(e) (, describe the contribution of protons and neutrons to atomic nuclei in terms of proton number and
nucleon number.
(i, distinguish between isotopes on the basis of different numbers of neutrons present.
(fl describe the number and relative energies of the s, p and d orbitals for the principal quantum numbers 1,2 and,
3 and also the 4s and 4p orbitals.
@ describe the shapes ofs and p orbitals.
(h) state the electronic configuration of atoms and ions given the proton number (and charge).
(i) (i) explain the trends irr ionisation energies across a period and down a group ofthe Periodic Table.
(i, explain the factors influencing the ionisation energies of elements (see Data Booklet\.
(i) deduce the electronic configurations ofelements from successive ionisation energy data.
(k) interpret successive ionisation energy data of an element in terms of the position of that element within the
Periodic Table.

The Sub-atomic Particles

A. What are the Sub-atomic Particles?

l. Atoms are made up of 3 types ofparticles (known as sub-atomic particles).

Sub-atomic Particle Position in atom Relative charse Relative mass

a_ p.ryn (r) JF*" ;o known Nucleus makes
teons'.
nucleus +1 1 I up most of mass
neutron (n) )las'nuc' rrlor r< 0 1 I ofatom since
mass of e insig.
electron (e) oround the nucleus -t r/t840 ) compared to
(in fixed energy levels) massofp&n.

small positively charged

nucleus containing protons
(+ve) & neutrons (neutral)
-ve electrons in fixed energy
levels around nucleus
Figure I Bohr's model of an atom
Bohr's model is NOT completely accurate in its
representation ofthe atom (e- do not actually
orbit around the nucleus) but it is sufficiently
useful in explaining many of the phenomena
observed in experiments.

2. (a) Atoms are electricolly neutral as no. ofp: no. of e.

(b) Loss of e give rise to cation (positively charged ion, no. of p > e) while
gain of e give rise to anion (negatively charged ion, no. of e > p).
Page I of 16
 €{

B. Behaviour of p, n. e in Electric and Magnetic Fields

1. In electric (,o) field 2. ln magnetic (B) field

Def lection Beoms continue on o
occurs. stroight line poth
/--a-----r after leaving the field
I

t-
I
f p
n

x : B field going into the plane

Def lection storts
only when beams of p,
Direction of deflection predicted by
FIe ming Is left-h an d r ul e.
e enter the field
motion
' Direction of deflection:
p to -ve plate
e to *ve plate
magnetic
n not deflected (neuhal) field

current (similar dif to

flow of protons)

. Extent of deflection of a charged particle is the angle of deviation caused by ,E or B field.

. Extent ofdeflection depends on:
(a) charge of particle: the greotel the charge, the greoter the extent of deflection

(b) mass of particle: the greater the mass, the smoller the extent of deflection
.'. e are deflected to a greater extent than p because of its much smaller mass.

i.e. extent of deflection oc

C. Atomic Number and Mass Number

1. Atomic Symbol represented as:
where A: mass no. (or nucleon no.) ) total no. of p * n
)P Z: atomic no. (or proton no.) ) no. ofp

Note: The atomic no. defines the element as all atoms of a particular element
contain the same no. of z.

2. Thesctwo numbers give us information on the number of sub-atomic particles.

In an atom, no. of protons :Z In an lon, no. ofprotons :Z

no.ofneutrons:A-Z no. ofneutrons: A Z

no. of electrons: Z no. of e- in an anion

no. of e in a cation

Page 2 of i6
Example l
1. l3s' P' n,
ilp"'. p, _il,

?ls'- n _h,
f,

2. Write the symbol for a particle of element { which contains 30 p.35 n and 28 e, Y
D. Isotopes

1. Isotopes are otoms of the same element with the some number of
protons but different number of neutrons.
) same atomic no. but different mass no.
tH,
E.g. 'H,tHare isotopes of hydrogen;3sCl,t7Cl are isotopes of chlorine.

Exercise 1 which ofthe following atoms are isotopes of the same element?
wxY
Mass number 36 39 40
Number of neutrons i8 20 2l
Number of protons

= _ and _ are isotopes.

2. Isotopes of an element have similor chemicol properties.

This is because chemical properties of an element are determined by the
number and arrangement of electrons, and isotopes have the same no. of e.
e.g. both "C/ and
ttcl atoms accep an electron from Na to give
Cf in the
formation of sodium chloride, Na* 3scf and Na* 37Cf respectively.

3. However, isotopes of an element have different physicol properties

(mass, density, melting & boiling pts, rate of diffirsion, etc). This is because Recoll:
theyhave different no. of neutrons and hence, different mosses. density
e.g.t'cl2 has a higher density thanssclz 1as37cl2has rnore neutrons thus = moss / vo
35Cl2)
heavier than

Exercise 2 When
lH and aHe
nuclei are passed between two plates carrying a certain electric
charge, both are deflected as shown below.
(a) Suggest the polarity (+ or -) of plate A.
because both
lH and aHe
nuclei are

(b) Why is rH deflected twice as much as

aHe? (def lection of nuclei
is due to protons)
'H:_p,_tr.oHe,_p,_tr
Although the of IH is of
aHe, of rH is that ofaHe.
Using thus 0 of
rH aHe.
is twice that of
Page 3 of l6
II Electronic Energy Levels and Sublevels

A. Enerw Levels / Fhells

l. Electrons move around in shells of fixed energy levels identified by Evidence for
principol different energy
numbers known as the quontum numbers (n).
levels of electrons
wilhin otoms cohes
The larger the p.q.n (n) ) the greater the energy level of the shell, from the emission
) the further the shell is from the nucleus. spectro of otoms.

Figure 2 The Bohr atom with labeling of the p.q.n.

I't.shell (closest to nucleus) ) n=I

2no shell I n: 2......
a
increosing distonce from nucleus
& increosing enerqy level

2. Each energy level (shell) is made up

-+
of subshells (known as s. p. d. f
subshells), which are in turn made up of orbitols.

principal quantum shells

I
V
are made up o7

protons neutrons
[',t,''*l
L----r-----J c
are made un of
!
lr,ffil
--f ,or-,o*,r*
v
electrons
B. Enersy Sublevels / Subshells and Orbitals

l. Typ.! of subshells: s subshell: contains one s orbitol

p subshell: contains three p
orbitols
d subshell: contains f ive d orbitals
f subshell: contains seven f orbitols

2. An orbital is a rcgion of space in which there is a high probobility of

finding an electron (although the electron is not confined to this region).

Each orbitalcan accommodate 2 electrons.

Page 4 of l6
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C. Relative Energies of Energv Levels and Sublevels

4f Increasing
energy

3d

n:3

a^
L5

Figure 3
Energy levels of subshells
:
n I --------------------- ls up to n:4 a
* Within each energy level (same p.q.n.), the subshells are associated with different energies:
s<p<d<f......
(lowest)

Within each subshell of same p.q.n., orbitals have the some energy, i.e. they are degenerate.

* As the p.q.n. increases, the energy gap between successive shells gets smoller.

* The energies of the 3d & 4s subshells are very close, and the 3d subshetl has a higher
enerQv than the 4s subshell.

D. Shanes of Orbitals

L s orbitals Note: Drow

Shape: sphericol 3-oxes every
time. Orbitol
Size of s orbitals increoses as n
is 3-D. Lobel
increases: 1s < 2s < 3s < 4s < ... oll oxes.
ls orbital 2s orbital
2. p orbitals
Shape: dumb-bell
Each orbital has a different axis of symmetry (x, y, z), which is mutuolly
perpendiculor to one another.
Size of p orbitals increoses as n increases.

Note: Show both

lobes. Lobes must
be of eouol si

p, orbital p, orbital p, orbital

Page 6 of l6
 !F .* rl *t ,.J

3. d orbitals
*Drawing shapes of d orbitals are NOT required in the syllabus.
zz

d, orbital d,, orbital d" orbital d,,_r, orbital d-. orbital

ilI Electronic Confi gu rations

1. When writing electronic confi gurations:

(a) There are 2 ways of presenting:-
S,P,d,f notation
'
e.g. aBe : ls2 2s2
- r electron-in-boxesmethod represents on orbitol
ls a^
LS 4I
I or V represents on
e.g.4Be :
ru ru electron

(b) For p & d subshells, group the degenerate orbitals together.

t-fTt
2p

.r/
rrn 2p

2. Electrons are arranged in orbitals according to a set of rules:

(a) AuJbau (or bailding up) Principle
Electrons fill orbitals of lowest energy first and then a higher energy.

tr/-'
-/ ,/
2s--2p
ls-
-. sa.r. Note: Ihe 4s orbitol is f illed
BEFORE fhe 3d orbitol (ref
-s{- 4d
4s--4p 4f 5ection II.C).
5s-
-r 5p 5d 5f...
6s

(b) Pauli Exclusion Principle

$.n atomic orbital can be occupied by only 2 electrons and their spins
are always opposite.

" 1 " r.p.one direction of spin while " l, " ."p.the other direction.

thus,ll o. l-l arecorrectwhilel-l uno l-l areincorrect.

PageT of 16

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(c) Hund's Rule

when electrons are added successively to a set of orbitals of the same
energy (e.g. the p or d orbitals), rhey occupy them singly f irst before
any poiring occurs.
Thus, 2p 2p 2p 2p

F Tn fil-1-l-f TWNWN
ar/

3. General Procedure in writing Electronic Configurations

(a) tr'or Atoms
1. Determine the no. of e to be filled into the orbitals (i.e. atomic no.).
2. Add e to subshells from ls onwards according to increasing energy (Aufbau Principle).
3. When pairing e, observe the Pauli Exclusion principle.
4. When filling e into p or d orbitals, observe Hund's Rule.
5. if no. of e (atomic no.) > 18, fill e into 4s orbital BEFORE into 3d orbital
(b) For Ions
l. Write the electronic configuration of the atom first.
2. For cation, remove electron/s from outermost shell. (remove e fr 4s BEFORE fr 3d)
For anion, add electron/s to outermost shell.

Example 2

(a) zN ls2s2pl
ru MffiI Til ) i "electron-in-boxes " method

2
ls" z, znl i s,p,d,f notation

*NOTE: For electron-in-boxes method, do NOT combine

s,p,d,f notation with electron-in -boxes.

ls 2s 2p I s2 2s2 2pt

m U nTlTf ru @ FITI
(b) qF- ls a^
2p

tr tr Mrrfl
LS

ii z( z*6
f SoUe ch,trnt L -

(c) ,rM{n ls

m E EITfitl
i-r Lt
2s

Zyo
2p

r
3s species
(some no.cf e)

Page 8 of 16
 ta t8 a, t I -.-t
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(d) 2sMn 1s
a^
LS 2p 3p 3d 4s

MMMTTqMWM
tfri 4z t'sva3.l?r'
1 1 1 1 1 u
lf > 18 e, f ill 4s orbitol BEFORE 3dl

(e) 2aCr: Is 2p 3p 3d 4s

uruffiL-lq
rtz'ffiT*3Ft'-
mnil-Dnu 1 1 1 1 u
*Note: "EXCEPTIONAL" electronic configurations
for 2aCr and 2sCu !
Electronic configuration of 2aCr is not Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Sp6 Sd 4s2 because it has been

o found that a for yCr) and

for 2eCu) are associated with extra stability.

a^
(0 26Fe: Is LJ 2p 3p 3d 4s

ru M mrTq ru RrF l1I 1t 1 1 1 1 M

r fzfz* 3s'lpt 3,,f +l '
(e) 28 Ni2*

( 1s 2s 2p 3d q')

L*"
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LI, lt, 1v
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ls 2p JS 3p 3d

a 'll\V
Ni2*:
ru MW1qnru"WW1 1L 1L 1L 1L

ls-z1' ab' 3 * 3v'3 "l'o

*For cqtion with > 18 e: Write electronic configurotion of otom first, then remove outermost 4s e
BEFORE 3d el

Note: Both zeFe and 2sNi'- are isoelectronic, but they have different electronic configurations.

(h) ,nCu'*
(ls2s2p3s3p
rurumw fTtntrlrl
3d

lcu'
TL
1U'L 1Llll 1
frl
ls 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d

m ilitffl WVLWfiM 1L 7L
1
1L 11, t

Page 9 of l6
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 Exercise 3: (N93/IVI3)
Which of the following elements has no\paired p electrons in a single uncombined atom of the
element?
t.4\x4).
element atomic number
A carbon 6
B oxygen 8
C neon l0 A
D magnesium 12 (W )

IV Atomic Radius, Ionisation Energy and Electronegativity

nucleus
A. Atomic Radius
outermost e cloud

_4 i. In a simplistic manner. the atomic radius can be thought of as

the distance between the outermost electron and the nucleus,
t
distance betw
and is affected by the: , nucleus & outermost
rr,t?utr^.tltitrtr^lul r ^
=' deu'cnk- cl't"ln"rc
-*r.i, , 7 e (atomic radius)
'\\l\L\vw'\'r\.s' neo\te
-'
; Llo\{-v : "ttYl
, ,(
tvtua"tg' cr*irvv'tc todt;1lur"+ Illustration of atomic radius
(a) no. of quantum shells filled
As more quannim shells are filled, the outermost electronis are
further from the nucleus ) atomic radius increoses.

(b) nuclear charge (i.e. charge of the nucleus) - depends on no. ofprotons
As no. of protons increase, nuclear charge increoses
) outermost electron pulled closer to the nucleus since attraction betw nucleus &
) atomic radius decreoses. Flrr'64* oF{4 ta. led€J. outermos. e is stroneer with

.'tt rr'"(/ ! i{l/

(c) (iiti"ioiogi screening effect by inner shelf gf eie.tr-ir )
\Juter electrons are shielded from the full attraction of th6 nucleus by the
repelling effect of the inner shellppf electrons.
As more quantum shells are filled, shielding effect provided by the
greater no. of inner shells of electrons increcses ".r
eqkpv r.*#T Ltr,' io^tx'\L^> I c u"{flv5''1i1'

*Note rhat electrons in the same shell exert negligib/e shietdiig

ffcv- tt"t tn''a u\fJ' "{

ffict
onone another. n

2. Across a period, atomic radius decreases, because nuclear charge irrqll g.:\r g,rY.1y tiiT
increases, ri'hile shielding effect by inner shells of electrons is relatively
constant since successive electrons are added to the same outermost shell.

3. Down a group, atomic radius increoses, because more quantum shells are
filled. n" .' I tu"u{tyi
,r-i-*\J Oicr$41
Note thot down o 9rp, both nuclear charge & shielding effect 1. The
t in shieiding eff ect offsets the eff ect of fing nucleor charge, so
thot the reoson for ting otomic rodius is moinly due to the greoter no.
of shells filled.

Page ll of16
 ktungvn"cvtki .

Aiomic rod. decreoses

ocross o period.
Atoroic rod.
increoses
down o grp.

Figure 5 Periodic trend of atomic radius

Example 3
Compare the atomic radius of the following pairs of elements, giving your reasoning:

(a) Si and t (*) ( lb )

Ans: Si and S are in the same period. Si has a .lr'.'a\lQv nuclear charge than S'while a
shielding effect by inrr?V i\^?A\ qfelectrons for both Si and S are relatively
g".,!'jfolt^f since they have Slk tqn ? number of inner quantum shells. Thus,
-
the atomic radius of Si is iqrqW than that of S.
t"
(.r;fAgpfg
X c\enots\FdY stctte{tnMr
(b) Li and Na
Ans: Both Li and Na are in the same group. Na has I hnol-e- quantum shell of
electrons. Hence the atomic radius oiNa is iarra(-v than that of Li.

Exercise 4 (J97Dlla)

(a) Write down the electronic coirfigurations of calcium atom and calcium ion using the s,p,d,f

3""'1""i't- z r' .o- ll,&t r' ,^* i?z's t"it' zf W 4,r, 0

(b) Explain why the atomic radius of calcium is significantly greater than the ionic radius of
calcium. Ls,terlt^i^l'
i th{}e ct/clrn+^{^^ j\^e\i$;*iig{F, cc{4. l-{Qhur*t^a
Cqic(irvra ^eit
^*!,^'tc
t-rat*s "Ft., ts olrw*€ylhA*iorti r^Jr-e 4 ted

ry
l. The first ionisation en€rgy of an element is the ererg:y required to
remove one mob of el@ctrons from one_re.|e !f qqseous_glgns.

Eqn: M(g) - M'(g) * e A.H: +vevalue kJ mol-r t::f#;:{ii;

All ionisation enersies are associated with L1fo!.why?
Energy is reguired to overcome the
betweenthe |t\AcdL$$ ond the <iqJtu^j to be removed.

Page 12 of 16
 I

z. The size of the (t'') ionisation energy depends on the strength of the
attraction between the nucleus and the (outermost) electron to be removed.
which in turn depends on:
cRJ\^(rrad\\^tf, .lts'+tr o"\-! + / le JJ
\'eAr0"h(y+ (a) atomic radius/distance from the nucleus to the (outermost) electron
to be removed: as this distance increases, attraetion between the Note the close
nucleus and the (outermost) electron decreases ) (1.") I.E. decreases. similarity between
6ti t/.{"vdn dgt T r e15f o1*i"3 f , lg 1r the factors affecting
(b) nuclear charge: as nuclear charge increases, attraction between the atomic radius &
IEs, which is
nucleus and the (outermost) electron increases ) (1") I.E. increases.
expected since both
t9k+Ty nuotiv,'e\l(f i Stnel\6trr"'.1f , odrti.,t.f EU" are related to the
(c) shielding effect by inner shells of electrons: as the no. of inner shells strength ofthe
of electrons increases, the shielding effect provideci increases and the nuclear attraction
asraction between the nucleus and the (outermost) electron decreases on the outer

, (1")LE. decreases. electron.

3. Trend of 1" IE down a group & across a period

The general periodic
trends in I't IE have an
2500 inverse relationship to
the periodic trends in
atomic radius.
2000 o As atomic rad. J across
aperiod,1"IE
- I 500 generally t.
o As atomic rad. t down
a group, l" IE J.
frl
1000

Across
500

0 Atomic no.
l0 t5
Figure 6 Graph of l " ionisation energy against atomic no.

Trend down a group

Down a group, ltt E decr.eoses. This is because of
o the increosing otomic rodius/distonce from the nucfeus to the
outermost e,and
o the increase in shielding ef f ect by more inner shells of e
outweighs the effect of increasing nuclear charge.

Trend across a period

Aciois a period, I't IE generolly jncreases. This is because of
o the increose in nuclecr chorge, and
o the decrease in otomic rodius/distonce f rom the nucleus to
the outermost e.
o Shielding effect by inner shells of e is relatively constant since the no. of
inner shells is the same as successiv e e are added to the same outer shell.

tstzs'f 3s' I'age 13 of 16

 However, this general increase across a period has two exceptions:
(a) between Group II and III elements A similar explanation
e.g.l" IE of B < 1" lE of Be can be used to explain
ls 2s 2p ls why 1" IE of A/

T(
C<,iny.uf fc.,,1
sB: E mnT]-l -".'M @ < 1" IE ofM

e\tdltr 'rt.{Le The 2p'electron of B has hig&eewrEy then the@_gf

-0

Gr{^tY c{"ttA^^€ &' Hence less energy is required to remove the 2p electron from B
S,rhL qvrrarntUt^ and thus B has a lower I't IE than Be.
,\*4,\,.
(b) between Group V and VI elements A similar explanation
e.s. l" IE of o < 1" IE ofN can be used to explain
2p 2s 2p why 1" IE of S

ao: ru rtlTl-f zN: tr mml <1"lEofP.

Mutuol repulsion between the paired 2p electrons in O mokes

it eosier to remove one of the poired electrons compared to
removing the unpaired 2p electron of N which does not experience
f
such repulsion.

Explain why the first.ionisation energy of:

(a) Mg is higher than that of Na
Ans: 11Na: ls2 2s22p63sl 12Mg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

Mg has a iate$q&/ic'vr:)Liluclear charge than Na and the atomic radius/distance from

itsnucleusto the outermost electron is +f-'$"i ft"ria!!€''v than that for Na. while
shielding effect by inner shells of electrons is relatively constant for both elements. Hence,

I't E of Mg is higher than that ofNa.

(b) Mg is higher than that of Ca

f
Ans: 3s2 4s2 '
12Mg: ls2 2s2 2p6 zoCa: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Mg has ']rl'- l{\j quantum shetl of electrons than Ca, resulting in a

9\tC,t\\t", atomic radius/distance from its nucleus to the outermost electron and
t14^1
ul.l€:\/ shielding effect by fiilo-' inner shells of electrons. Hence, l" IE of Mg
is higher than that of Ca.

C. Successive Ionisation Energies

l. The second ionisation energy of an element is the enerw required to

remove one mol6 of electro S.ln+V+ositively
choroed ions in the ooseous sfoie.
Eqn: M'(g) -+ M?'(g) + s Al1: lvc value kJ mol-l

Page 14 of 16
 ,t

More ionisation energies... {{ I '( \' '4\t\r

-,.\V ttn*
<")'
Eqn for 3'd -+ M3.(g1 *
IE: Mt.(g) e y' .;,'\ ar
*\Vte{

Eqn for 4m rE: M''(g) -+ Ma.(g) * e

Note: I't rE <2nd IE < 3'd IE < 4th IE < ... because

More energy is reguired to removeon e- from o FittL(riii'rrqp,l i:izr (M',)

thon from o n.ir,\lrai ,\Jlii,,r^ (M). With eoch successive removol of e-, more
enerqy is required to remove on e- from on increosinqly n or\ p'ii'r1vt ion.

Exercise 4 {J93P4QU
The second ionisation energy of calcium is I150 kJ mol-r. Which one of the following correctly
represents this statement?

,4. Ca(g) + Ca"(g1+ 2s LH: +1150 kJ mol-'

t
X. Ca(s) -+ Ca2*1g1 + 2s
Ca-(g) -+ Ca2-(g) + e
LH:
N{:
+1150 kJ mol-'
-1150 kJ mqL
e,,^\\^^tq':)
^
i -%,;f
D. cu.(g)+Ca2*(g;+e 5;7::;ffi6150''r (D )

2. Using successive IEs to determine the electronic structure of an atom

Consider the plot of successive logls IEs of A/ against the no. of electrons
removed. e- closest
to nucleus

q.s (2 e-)

I
I rr\
JF
i^
I vl

I bol
| _, 2nd inner p.q.s (8 e')

a
e- furthest
+ outermost p.q.s (3 e )
tr nucleus
no. of e removed
I 23456789101112
Figure 7 Plot of successive logle IEs of A/ against no. of electrons removed

Note:
o Electrons are removed from the outer shell first.
. -g!1ql increase in successive IE value ) e removed from sffitepq.s.
. *p increase in successive IE value ) e removed from tffiFqs,

From Figure 7,
(a) sharp increase ffom 3'd E to 4ft E
+ 3 valence e in Al(since 4fr a removed is fi-om inner p.q.s.)

(b) another sharp increase in successive IE after removal of another 8 e

) 3 p.q.s. in A/
Page 15 of 16
 3. If the y-axis is f E instead of logro fE, the plot of successive f Es of A/ against
the no. of electrons removed would include a feature of moderate increase.

IE / kJ mol-'

Shorp rncrease {----_

;
-+ zP-
Figure 8
Plot of successive IEs of A/
against no. of electrons removed

no. of e removed
t;2 3'4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll t2 13
*/'
The mderote increase in succesive IE value ) e removed from a diff,erent subshell I "\ \.;*''r':
C'.t,' l-1 )
Example 5 {N89P1QU
The first eight IEs of an element E are as follows:
703.V 1610 \.2460 4350 5400 8500. 10300r , 12300
I i :',1 '\i ' -
/ kJ mol-r
('r :,-1 :',
7 LiYrti iJ=, '.:
ry$*'
State, giving reasons, the group of the Periodic Table to which E is likely to belong.
t3]

Ans: There is a sharp increasefro* th, \*v IE to 64\' IE (as reflected by the large
dffirence between th, \+\'t IE o;iq- lE).
) the 64\n e- is rentovedfrom 472 \lnt\ti"/ quantum shell that is closer to the nucleus.
) There are ) electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons).
) Element E belongs to Group W ttro'V

Exercise 6
The successive IEs, in kJ mol-r, of an element X are given below.

870C1t)r,)1800 3000 3600 5800 700q 13200

QlIi )-1Ar n -<: ki lll\!-?
_,
t)r.{)
)J i; ,i ,1 1)
What could X be? 3q,r,,n1.
A. :rAs d.
B. C. D. qoZr ( \'i,. )

Exercise 7
Compare the I't ionisation

Si has a t'n" r\ltA' nuclear charge than P and the atomic radius/distance from its nucleus to the
outermost electron,'s qvtqt&( than thatfor P. Shielding effect by inner shells of electronsfor
both Si and P sre relatively constant since lhey have the same number of inner shells.
)l't IE of Si is \cu'Lr than that I" IE of P.

OOO The End OOO

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