Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
www.cbsua.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

LESSON 9: INTELLLIGENCE AND INDIVUDAL DIFFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
Individual differences are the ways in which people differ from each other. Every member of a particular family, even twins has
its own way of behaviour which distinguishes one from the other. It is important for us to understand individual differences because
they influence the feelings, thoughts and behaviour of a person. It also shows a great deal of the difference on the level of performance
among individual. In this topic we will learn the individual differences and their unique way of learning and growing through our
understanding of the different theories of intelligence.

PRE-COMPETENCY
What is intelligence?
Can we measure intelligence? How?
Can you describe an IQ of a genius?
How about an IQ of an imbecile?
Are there different types of intelligences? What do you know of?
LEARNING RESOURCES
https://www.verywellmind.com/theories-of-intelligence-2795035
http://www.vkmaheshwari.com/WP/?p=2286
https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/social-learning/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/individual-differences
https://www.personality-project.org/revelle/publications/ids.html

EXPLORE
https://www.test-guide.com/iq/free-iq-tests/free-iq-test.html - this test will help you identify your IQ level
(interpretation for this test will be provided online-please attach result in your output.
Intelligence
Reading a road map upside-down, excelling at chess, and generating synonyms for "brilliant" may seem like three different
skills. But each is thought to be a measurable indicator of general intelligence or "g," a construct that includes problem-solving ability,
spatial manipulation, and language acquisition, and is relatively stable across a person's lifetime.

IQ tests compare a person's performance on the test with the performance of other people of the same age, often referred to
as a normative sample. In children, the score reflects the difference between a child's mental and chronological age.
IQ—or intelligence quotient—is the score most widely used to assess general intelligence or "g," and typically measures a
variety of skills from verbal to spatial. Any person from any walk of life can be highly intelligent, and scoring high on one aspect of
intelligence tends to correlate with high scores in other aspects.
IQ is the most robust psychological trait measured and strongly correlates with positive life outcomes, including health and
longevity, job performance, and adult income. It is also neuro-protective in ways that are not fully understood: People with high IQs
are at an advantage in coping with traumatic events (they are less likely to develop full-blown PTSD and more capable of overcoming
it when they do) and may experience less rapid decline in the course of Alzheimer's Disease.

At various points throughout recent history, researchers have proposed some different definitions of intelligence. While

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 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
www.cbsua.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
these definitions can vary considerably from one theorist to the next, current conceptualizations tend to suggest that
intelligence is the ability to:
Learn from experience: The acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge is an important component of intelligence.
Recognize problems: To put knowledge to use, people must be able to identify possible problems in the environment
that need to be addressed.
Solve problems: People must then be able to take what they have learned to come up with a useful solution to a
problem they have noticed in the world around them
Intelligence involves some different mental abilities including logic, reasoning, problem-solving, and planning. While the
subject of intelligence is one of the largest and most heavily researched, it is also one of the topics that generate the greatest
controversy.
The term "intelligence quotient," or IQ, was first coined in the early 20th century by a German psychologist named
William Stern. Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests to help the French government identify
schoolchildren who needed extra academic assistance. Binet was the first to introduce the concept of mental age or a set of
abilities that children of a certain age possess.
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
General Intelligence

British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described a concept he referred to as general intelligence or the g factor. After
using a technique known as factor analysis to examine some mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests
were remarkably similar.
People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test
tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically
expressed.

Primary Mental Abilities

Psychologist Louis L.Thurstone (1887–1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence.

Associative memory: The ability to memorize and recall
Numerical ability: The ability to solve arithmetic problems
Perceptual speed: The ability to see differences and similarities among objects
Reasoning: The ability to find rules
Spatial visualization: The ability to visualize relationships
Verbal comprehension: The ability to define and understand words
Word fluency: The ability to produce words rapidly
Theory Of Multiple Intelligences

One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner proposed that the
traditional idea of intelligence, based on IQ testing, did not fully and accurately depict a person's abilities. His theory proposed eight
different intelligences based on skills and abilities that are valued in different cultures:
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: The ability to control your body movements and to handle objects skilfully
Interpersonal intelligence: The capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, motivations, and desires of others
Intrapersonal intelligence: The capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking processes
Logical-mathematical intelligence: The ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and the capacity to discern logically or
numerical patterns
Musical intelligence: The ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre
Naturalistic intelligence: The ability to recognize and categorize animals, plants, and other objects in nature
Verbal-linguistic intelligence: Well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, meanings, and rhythms of words
Visual-spatial intelligence: The capacity to think in images and pictures, to visualize accurately and abstractly
Triarchic theory of Intelligence

Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and
shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life."
While he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he suggested that some of Gardner's
types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed what he referred to as "successful intelligence,"
which involves three different factors:
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 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
www.cbsua.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Analytical intelligence: Your ability to evaluate information and solve problems
Creative intelligence: Your ability to come up with new ideas
Practical intelligence: Your ability to adapt to a changing environment

Individual Differences
Individual differences is an individual variation which is a universal phenomenon.
It is said that no two individuals are exactly alike they differ from each other in some way or the other.
Individual differences are the more-or-less enduring psychological characteristics that distinguish one person from another and
thus help to define each person's individuality. Among the most important kinds of individual differences are intelligence,
personality traits, and values.
The science of psychology studies people at three levels of focus captured by the well-known quote: “ Every man is in certain
respects
(a) like all other men,
(b) like some other men,
(c) like no other man”. Individual differences psychology focuses on this second level of study.

It is also sometimes called Differential Psychology because researchers in this area study the ways in which individual people
differ in their behavior.According to the dictionary of education:
1- Individual differences stand for the variation or deviations among individuals in regard to a single characteristic or
number of characteristics.
2- It is stand for those differences which in their totality distinguish one individual from another. So, we can say that
individual differences is the differences among humans that distinguish or separate them from one another and makes
one as a single unique individual.
3- The study of individual differences helps  to understand not only what makes humans similar to one another, but also
what makes them different. By considering the variations that can occur from one person to another, one can best
understand the full range of human behavior.

Children develop at different rates. This, in turn, creates variations among individuals (i.e., individual differences). Again,
these differences can be either qualitative or quantitative. For children in any preschool classroom setting, the differences
in temperament, personality, intelligence, achievement, and physical factors such as height and weight, are noteworthy
and reflect a wide range of normal variation. Some children grow rapidly and others grow more slowly. There also are
racial and gender developmental variations.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Psychometrics is a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological
measurement. As defined by the US National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME),
psychometrics refers to psychological measurement. Generally, it refers to the field in
psychology and education that is devoted to testing, measurement, assessment, and related
activities.
The value of IQ testing is most evident in educational or clinical settings. Children who seem
to be experiencing learning difficulties or severe behavioral problems can be tested to
ascertain whether the child’s difficulties can be partly attributed to an IQ score that is
significantly different from the mean for her age group.
Without IQ testing—or another measure of intelligence—children and adults needing
extra support might not be identified effectively.
In addition, IQ testing is also used in courts to determine whether a defendant has special
or extenuating circumstances that preclude him from participating in some way in a trial.

Discussion Board
1. if you have access you may take quizlet using this link https://quizlet.com/31267930/multiple-intelligences-
flash-cards/
2. https://www.test-guide.com/iq/free-iq-tests/free-iq-test.html - this test will help you identify your IQ level

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 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
www.cbsua.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
3. Links are optional to those who cannot access the internet.
4. Finish the sentences below
1. I like 11. Mothers are
2. I am 12. Three wishes
3. My teachers 13.Boys
4. I hardly ever feel 14. I get help from
5. The saddest thing is 15. I get mad when
6. Fathers are 16. I need to change
7. I hate 17. My biggest problem is
8. I would like to 18. I nearly always feel
9.I hope that I never 19. Dating
10. I often daydream about 20. My future

Post Competency

1. What intelligences you are good at? Describe characteristics that you possess that helped you identify yourself on that
particular intelligences base on the IQ test that you have taken.
2. If you have not taken the test, based from your own observation how and where can you classify or describe yourself on
the different intelligences presented.

Quiz: TRUE OR FALSE. Write the letter T is the statement is correct and write F is the statement is incorrect.

1. An intellectually gifted child have an IQ of 70.

2. IQ testing is also used in courts to determine whether a defendant has special or extenuating circumstances that preclude
him from participating in some way in a trial.
3. Individual differences is the variation or deviations among individuals with regard to a single characteristic or number of
characteristics.
4. The ability to memorize and recall is classified as perceptual speed.
5. The ability to define and understand words is called word fluency
6. Associative memory is one’s ability to memorize and recall the information.
7. People with high IQs are likely to develop full-blown PTSD and may experience less rapid decline in the course of
Alzheimer's Disease.
8. The field of study in which the primary concern is measurement and assessment of one’s intelligence is psychology.
9. and IQ of 160 is considered and IQ of an idiot.
10. It is said that no two individuals are exactly alike, twin differ from each other in some way or the other

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