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Architectural Lines
and Lettering
87
88 Architectural Drafting and Design
THICK
VISIBLE OBJECT LINES THICK LINE APPROXIMATE WIDTH: 0.025" (0.6 mm)
FLOOR PLAN WALL OUTLINES, ELEVATION OUTLINE/ACCENT,
SECTION ACCENT, FOUNDATION OUTLINES AND BEAMS
THIN
THIN LINE THIN LINE APPROXIMATE WIDTH: 0.012" (0.3 mm)
FLOOR PLAN SYMBOLS, ELEVATION FEATURES,
SECTION FEATURES
THIN
HIDDEN LINE THIN LINE APPROXIMATE WIDTH: 0.012" (0.3 mm)
THIN
CENTER LINE
EXTENSION LINE
LEADER DOT
DIMENSION LINE, DIMENSION LINE
EXTENSION LINE, THIN
20'-
AND LEADER LINE 0"
SLASH ARROWHEAD
THICK
CUTTING-PLANE LINE
THICK
OR
VIEWING-PLANE LINE
THICK
THICK
SHORT BREAKS
BREAK LINE THIN
LONG BREAKS
THICK
CHAIN LINE THICK LINE APPROXIMATE WIDTH: 0.025" (0.6 mm)
PROPERTY LINES
DIMENSION LINE
VISIBLE OBJECT LINE
GARB. DISP.
GFI GFI
DW HIDDEN LINE
HOOD W/ LIGHT
& FAN. VENT TO
LEADER OUTSIDE AIR
12'-0"
LINE
THIN LINE
CUTTING-PLANE LINE
FIGURE 61 Recommended architectural line styles and weights, with an example as used in a partial floor plan.
Chapter 6: Architectural Lines and Lettering 89
slightly from one office to another. The following tech- can use dark shading to highlight features such as
niques are alternatives for object line presentation: walls in floor plans, as shown in Figure 6-2C. The
● A popular technique is to enhance certain draw- objective with any manual drafting line work is to
ing features so they stand out clearly from outer get all lines dark and crisp. If the lines are fuzzy,
items on the drawing. For example, the outline of they do not reproduce well.
floor plan walls and partitions, or beams in a cross ● Some object lines may not be drawn as thick as
section, can be drawn thicker than other lines so others. This idea can be confusing at first. When
that they are more apparent than the other lines on you are creating an architectural drawing, you need
the drawing. When drawn manually, these thicker to think about what features you want to be most
lines can be drawn with a mechanical pencil or visual. On a floor plan, for example, the outlines of
0.7-mm or 0.9-mm automatic pencil using a 2H, the walls might be drawn thick to stand out clearly
H, or F lead (see Figure 6-2A). This technique can from other features. However, the outlines of cabi-
also use light shading to highlight the walls of a nets, doors, and other objects might be drawn thin
floor plan. Dark shading can be used, but it hides even though they are objects and their outlines might
the thicker outline lines. be considered object lines. The partial floor plan in
● Another technique is for all lines of the drawing to Figure 6-1 shows this variation between object lines.
be the same thickness. This method does not dif- Although this practice is common, the confusion
ferentiate one type of line from another, except that can be compounded for the beginner because some
construction lines are always very lightly drawn. variations can exist between offices. The best thing
The idea of this technique is to make all lines for you to do is spend as much time as you can look-
medium-thick to save drafting time. The drafter ing at sets of architectural drawings with the goal
uses a lead that works best, although a mechanical of observing how lines are displayed. Also, quickly
pencil or 0.5-mm automatic pencil with 2H or H become familiar with the methods preferred by your
lead is popular (see Figure 6-2B). This technique instructor and the company where you work.
10'–0" 10'–0"
5'–0" 5'–0" 5'–0" 5'–0"
B
10'–0"
5'–0" 5'–0"
THICK LINES
FOR BEAMS
AND FOOTINGS
DARK SHADING
FIGURE 62 (A) Thick outlines. (B) All lines the same thickness. (C) Accent with shading.
90 Architectural Drafting and Design
Dashed Lines 4 X 14
HDR.
In mechanical drafting dashed lines are called hidden
lines; the terms are interchangeable in architectural
drafting. Dashed lines are used to show drawing fea-
tures that are not visible in the view or plan. In archi-
tectural drafting, dashed lines can also be considered
DASHED LINE HEADER
hidden lines because they are used to show drawing
features that are not visible in the view or plan. These
FIGURE 64 Dashed line header representation.
dashed features are important but subordinate to the
main emphasis of the drawing.
Dashed lines vary slightly from one office to the next.
These lines are thin and generally drawn about 1/8" to
3/8" (3 to 10 mm) in length with a space of 1/16" to DASHED LINE
DISHWASHER
1/8" (1.5 to 3 mm) between dashes. The dashes should
be kept uniform in length on the drawing, for example,
all 1/4" (6 mm) should have equal spaces. Dashed lines
are thin, and the spacing between dashes should not be
measured, but should be approximately the same. Draw DASHED LINE
dashed lines manually by estimating the dash length UPPER CABINETS
and spacing. It takes practice to manually draw dashed
lines. Recommended leads for manual drafting are a
0.5-mm automatic pencil with 2H or H lead, or a sharp DASHED LINE ELECTRICAL
mechanical pencil with 4H, 2H, or H lead. Examples CIRCUIT RUN
of dashed-line representations include beams shown
in Figure 6-3, headers shown in Figure 6-4, and upper
kitchen cabinets, dishwasher, and electrical circuit runs
as shown in Figure 6-5. These concepts are discussed FIGURE 65 Dashed lines for upper kitchen cabinets, dish-
again throughout this textbook as used with specific washer, and electrical circuit runs.
applications.
Leader Lines
DASHED LINE BEAM
Leader lines are also thin, dark, crisp lines. These
FIGURE 63 Dashed line beam representation. lines are used to connect notes to related features
Chapter 6: Architectural Lines and Lettering 91
DIMENSION LINE
10'-0"
CENTER-LINE
FREEHAND SLASH A THICK SLASH SOME COMPANIES
EXTENSION
ALL IN THE SAME IS COMMON ON USE A DOT TO
LINE
DIRECTION MANY MANUAL END DIMENSION
AND CADD LINES
10'-0" 1/8" DRAWINGS
TO 3/16"
5'-0" 5'-0"
1/16
FREEHAND CADD ARROWHEADS MAY BE FILLED
ARROWHEAD OR UNFILLED
1/2 R
A B
FIGURE 68 (A) Solid break lines. (B) Cylindrical break lines.
CADD APPLICATIONS
Drawing Lines
INTRODUCTION
Drawing line segments is one of the simplest forms of SINK
CADD. To draw a line, first access the proper line tool or
command. Typically, a line is drawn by specifying a start ADJ. SHELVES
L 6"
BACK-
K
point and an endpoint. Both points are often known as SPLASH
endpoints. The line appears between the selected points.
2'–0"
W
WASHER
Usually the LINE command remains active, allowing you
8'–0"
POINT ENTRY METHODS point entry. A common traditional method of point entry
The process of specifying points to create and edit relies on the Cartesian coordinate system, also referred
objects, such as locating line endpoints, is known as to as rectangular coordinates. This system is based on
Chapter 6: Architectural Lines and Lettering 93
CADD APPLICATIONS
establishing points at a given distance from the x, y, and z distance on the x and y axis from the previous point.
axes. For two-dimensional drafting applications, objects For example, when using relative coordinate entry, and
are drawn on the x,y plane and use horizontal x and vertical the first point is located at 2,2 from the origin, the next
y coordinates. Three-dimensional drawings make use of point is 2 units directly above the first point by entering
the z axis and require x, y, and z coordinate entry. The @0,2. In this example, the @ symbol indicates from the
intersection of the axes is called the origin. This is where previous point. Polar coordinate entry is used when
x = 0, y = 0, and z = 0, or the 0,0,0 coordinate is located. points are located from the previous point at a specified
Absolute coordinate entry uses the exact coordinates distance and angle. For example, when using polar coordi-
from the origin to locate points. Figure 6-10 shows nate entry, and the first point is located at 2,2 from the
the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. In origin, the next point is 2 units directly above the first point
this example, two lines have been drawn by entering the by entering @2<90. In this example, the @ symbol indicates
absolute coordinate 2,1 followed by 2,4 and finally 4,4. from the previous point and the < symbol establishes the
The z axis usually requires no consideration when polar relationship. The relative and polar coordinate entry
preparing two-dimensional drawings. The actual entry symbols used here are for AutoCAD applications. Other
technique varies depending on the CADD system and CADD systems use similar or different entry methods.
work environment settings. For example, typing 2,1 or The most basic point entry technique is to pick points
#2,1 may be necessary to enter an absolute coordinate using the cursor, which can appear as a crosshair, arrow,
two units right and one unit up from the origin. wand, or point. Often, coordinates appear on-screen as
Figure 6-10 shows how the Cartesian coordinate you move the cursor to various positions. This is known
system is divided into quadrants. Positive and negative as the coordinate display, and it constantly identifies
values specify coordinates from the origin in each quadrant. where the cursor is located relative to the origin or to the
Generally, the origin is in the lower left corner of the previous point, as desired.
drawing area to allow for drawing in the upper right Picking a point using the screen cursor can be an
quadrant, using positive x,y coordinates. The drawing accurate method of point entry when specific tools or
area is often infinite in size, though drawing limits, or options are used to aid precise point selection. AutoCAD
the specified drawing area, can be set to create a virtual Snap Mode, Ortho Mode, and Polar Tracking are examples
drawing area according to sheet size and drawing scale. of options that help position the cursor at designated
Depending on the CADD program, many point entry increments, and specified coordinates and angles. Other
methods exist for placing objects, such as the endpoints AutoCAD functions, such as Object Snaps and Object
of lines. Absolute coordinate entry, as well as relative, and Snap Tracking, allow you to pick or reference points
polar coordinate entry are common. Relative coordinate on existing objects. Some tools allow you to enter the
entry is used when points are located at a specified length of the line and angle at which the line is drawn,
significantly reducing the need to consider and identify
exact coordinates. Figure 6-11 shows how a combination
of drawing aids can be used to draw a 4" long line to the
midpoint and perpendicular to an existing line.
– ,y
–x x,y
2,4 4,4
START P
POINT AT
THE MID
DPOINT
ENTER AN ALTERNATIVE
ANGLE
2,1
ENDPOINT PERPENDICULAR
TO AND 4" FROM
THE MIDPOINT
ORIGIN 0,0
LENGTH AND DIRECTION
– ,–y
–x – x,–y
– OF CURRENT LINE
ENTER THE LENGTH
OF THE LINE
FIGURE 610 Using absolute coordinates and the Cartesian FIGURE 611 An example of using drawing aids to precisely
coordinate system to locate line endpoints. size and locate a line.
94 Architectural Drafting and Design
CADD APPLICATIONS
ASSIGNING LINE FORMAT Figure 6-12 shows a variety of single line segments
In most situations, unique line formats are used when drawn using CADD. The ability to use systems, such as
preparing computer-aided drawings. Many systems, layers, is a major advantage to CADD. The line used to
such as AutoCAD layers, allow you to define the name, represent underground natural gas lines in Figure 6-12
color, line type, line weight (thickness), and display highlights the advantage. This complex line, complete
characteristics for each line type and object. For with text and a specific line weight, would be very time
example, a line format used to draw a door on a floor consuming and less accurate if drawn manually.
plan using visible object lines might be named Doors or Different line configurations can be set before or
A-DOOR, use a blue color, use a solid (continuous) line after lines are drawn, though it is good practice to set
type, and have a thickness of .014" (0.35 mm). A line the line format before you begin drafting. All lines
format used to draw an upper cabinet on a floor plan drawn after you choose a specific format use that
that uses hidden lines might be named Upper Cabinets, format’s characteristics. You must select a different line
A-CSWK-UPPR, or A-FLOR-CSWK-UPPR, use a red color, format each time you draw a different type of object.
use a dashed or hidden line type, and have a thickness Still, you can modify the properties of an existing line
of .014" (0.35 mm). using a variety of editing tools. ■
A E F H I K L M
N T VW X Y Z &
B CDG J O
P QR S U
1 23456 78
9 1 3
– 3/4 –
0 1/2 2 4
FIGURE 613 Vertical straight element letters, curved element letters, numerals, and fractions.
● Do not leave a space between a unit abbreviation and HINTS FOR PROFESSIONAL
its prefix, for example, use kg, not k g. LETTERING
● Do not use plural unit symbols, for example, use
Refer to the Student CD: HINTS FOR
5 kg, not 5 kgs.
PROFESSIONAL LETTERING, for more information
● Use the plural of spelled-out metric measurements, on creating professional manual lettering, including
for example, 125 meters. Use either names or symbols making lettering guidelines, and lettering guideline
for units; do not mix them. Symbols are preferred on templates. There is also a discussion covering the use
drawings. of mechanical lettering equipment, lettering machines,
● Millimeters (mm) are assumed on architectural and transfer lettering.
drawings unless something else is specified.
CADD APPLICATION
CADD Lettering
The term annotation is commonly used in architectural desired in architectural drafting. The examples shown
CADD applications to refer to any text, notes, dimensions, in Figure 6-16C and Figure 6-16D use an architectural
and text symbols on a drawing. Adding annotation to a text style with fonts that closely duplicate the artistry of
drawing is one of the most efficient and effective tasks freehand architectural lettering.
associated with CADD. CADD eliminates the usually Many architects and architectural drafters have
tedious task of freehand lettering. The process of placing adopted a less artistic style with a more computer-
text varies depending on the CADD system, the tools and generated appearance. The U.S. National CAD Standard
commands used to generate the text, and the purpose recommends using uppercase text that is proportional
of the text. Typically, adding text involves defining and nonstylized. The standard suggests a SanSerif or
and selecting a text style, picking the text location, and similar font (see Figure 6-16E). A basic uniform font such
typing characters using the keyboard. Some commands as RomanS is another alternative (see Figure 6-16F).
and options automatically add text to symbols and other These fonts are very clear and easy to read, and can
drawing content. For example, dimensions used to describe eliminate misunderstanding, which occasionally results
the size and location of features automatically include text from the use of a more architectural appearing font.
of dimension values when placed. Another example is a
floor plan refrigerator symbol that when inserted, includes DRAWING SCALE FACTOR
the text REFR as the abbreviation for refrigerator. Depending on the CADD program, objects should be
drawn full size, or full scale. This is a benefit to using
TEXT STYLES CADD because you can draw according to the actual
Most CADD programs contain standard, or default, size of objects, without considering the scale factor.
text styles. Default refers to any value maintained by However, scale factor becomes an issue when adding
the computer for a command or function that has text and other annotations. To help understand the
variable settings. For example, the default text height concept of drawing scale, look at the kitchen floor plan
might be 1/8" (3 mm), but can be changed. Though the shown in Figure 6-17. All objects, such as the walls,
default text style can be used to add text, a new cabinets, and appliances are drawn full scale. This means
or modified style can be more appropriate. that the sink, for example, is actually drawn 2' long.
CADD systems have multiple text options allowing However, text that is drawn at full scale, 1/8" high for
you to create text styles based on the nature of the example, is extremely small compared to the other full-
drawing and specified drafting standards. Font, height, scale objects (see Figure 6-17A). As a result, you must
width, and slant angle are a few of the characteristics adjust the text height according to the drawing scale, as
applied to text. Figure 6-16 shows examples of CADD shown in Figure 6-17B.
text styles assigned specific fonts. Most CADD programs Some CADD programs require you to increase the
include, or allow you to add, text fonts that resemble size of, or scale, text according to the drawing scale. For
quality freehand architectural lettering. AutoCAD, for example, in order for text on a final drawing, plotted at
example, includes the CityBlueprint, CountryBlueprint, a scale of 1/4" = 1'−0", to be 1/8" high, you must use a
and Stylus BT fonts. These architectural fonts allow text height of 6". Six inches at this scale is actually 1/8".
computer-aided drawings to have the artistic flair often The scale factor establishes the relationship between
98 Architectural Drafting and Design
CADD APPLICATIONS
Arial font
Times font
CountryBlueprint
font
C
Stylus BT font
SanSerif font
RomanS font
FIGURE 616 (A) Arial font. (B) Times font. Architectural text styles with fonts that closely duplicate the artistry of freehand architec-
tural lettering can be seen in (C) CountryBlueprint and (D) StylusBT. (E ) The U.S. National CAD Standard recommends using uppercase,
proportional, nonstylized text, such as the SanSerif shown here. (F ) A basic uniform font such as RomanS is another alternative.
Chapter 6: Architectural Lines and Lettering 99
CADD APPLICATIONS
9'–5"
REFR
12'–7"
9'–11'5"
A B
FIGURE 617 An example of a kitchen floor plan drawn to scale. (A) If text is drawn full scale, the text is too small compared to
the large objects. (B) The text must be scaled in order to appear and be plotted correctly.
the drawing scale and the desired text height. An Changing the annotation scale automatically updates the
architectural drawing to be plotted at a 1/4" = 1'−0" height of text according to the new scale.
scale has a scale factor of 48, calculated as follows:
1/4" = 1'−0" (1/4" = 0.25") ADDING TEXT TO A DRAWING
0.25" = 12" In some ways, the practice of adding text to an architectural
drawing has not changed from manual drafting to CADD.
12/0.25 = 48
You still must decide how the text should look, and where
Other CADD programs automate the process of scaling the text is to be located. The actual process of adding
text, and certain other objects, reducing the need for you text is, however, quite different from freehand lettering.
to calculate the scale factor. AutoCAD Annotative Object Depending on the CADD program, tools and commands
tools, for example, allow you to select an annotation scale, are available to place a basic single line of text, paragraphs
which is the same as the drawing scale. Then, when you with extensive formatting, and objects that include text.
create text that uses an annotative text style, the text Figure 6-18 shows an example of a single word
height adjusts according to the appropriate drawing created using a basic text command. To add this text to
scale text height. For example, in order for text on a final a drawing, once you access the command, you typically
drawing, plotted at a scale of 1/4" = 1'−0", to be 1/8" high, use point entry to specify the location for the text. Text
you set an annotation scale of 1/4" = 1'−0". Then you draw is justified to control where the text occurs from the
the text using a text height of 1/8", ignoring the drawing selected start point. Justified means to align the text.
scale. The 1/8" high text is scaled to 6" automatically, Several lines of text that are left-justified are aligned
because of the preset 1/4" = 1'−0" annotation scale. along the left side, for example.
100 Architectural Drafting and Design
CADD APPLICATIONS
LEFT RIGHT
BOTTOM LEFT
BOTTOM CENTER CENTER BOTTOM RIGHT
FIGURE 618 Some common justification options used to locate and position text.
Common justification options are shown in Figure 6-18. be familiar. These types of commands are especially
Justification is critical for accurately placing text. For useful in architectural drafting where an entire sheet can
example, use middle-center justification to place text in consist of notes and specifications. Other commands
the center of a circle. You also have the option of rotating allow you to place text with objects such as the window
or further adjusting the text before it is actually created. schedule, shown in Figure 6-19B, created using a table
Figure 6-19 shows examples of other text objects command. Another example is the dimension shown in
created using specific CADD commands. Some text Figure 6-19C, created using a dimension command. In
commands, such as the command used to create the this example, lines, symbols, the dimension value, offsets,
list of notes shown in Figure 6-19A, function much like and all other dimension properties are drawn using a
word processing programs with which you may already single dimension command. ■
5'–5"
A B C
FIGURE 619 (A) A list of notes created using a word processing command. (B) A window schedule created using a table command.
(C) A dimension placed using a specialized dimension command.
See CD
for more
Architectural Lines and Lettering Test information
QUESTIONS
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions with short, com- Question 6–17 What are the minimum recommended
plete statements or drawings as needed on an 8 1/2" × 11" sheet lettering heights?
of notebook paper, or complete the electronic chapter test on Question 6–18 How should letters within words be
the Student CD. spaced?
1. Letter your name, Chapter 6 Test, and the date at the top of
Question 6–19 What is the recommended space
the sheet.
between words in a note?
2. Letter the question number and provide the answer. You do
not need to write the question. Answers can be prepared on Question 6–20 What is the recommended horizontal
a word processor if approved by your course guidelines. space between horizontal lines of lettering?
Question 6–21 When should guidelines be used for
Question 6–1 Is there any recommended variation in
lettering on a drawing?
line darkness, or are all properly drawn lines the same
darkness? Question 6–22 Why are guidelines necessary for
freehand lettering?
Question 6–2 What are construction lines used for, and
how should they be drawn? Question 6–23 Describe the recommended leads and
points used in mechanical and automatic pencils for
Question 6–3 Discuss line uniformity and line contrast.
freehand lettering.
Question 6–4 Define guidelines.
Question 6–24 Identify a method to help avoid smudging
Question 6–5 What is the recommended thickness of a drawing when lettering. Refer to the Student CD:
outlines? LINE TECHNIQUES.
Question 6–6 Identify two items that dashed lines Question 6–25 For lettering fractions, what is the
represent on a drawing. recommended relationship of the fraction division
Question 6–7 Describe a situation in which an line to the whole numbers on the same line?
extension line is also the center line of a feature. Question 6–26 List two manual methods that can be
Question 6–8 Extension lines are thin lines that are used to make guidelines rapidly. Refer to the Student
used for what purpose? CD: HINTS FOR PROFESSIONAL LETTERING.
Question 6–9 Where should extension lines begin Question 6–27 Why should the mechanical lettering
relative to the object and end relative to the last template be placed along a straightedge when lettering?
dimension line? Refer to the Student CD: HINTS FOR PROFESSIONAL
Question 6–10 Describe leaders. LETTERING.
Question 6–11 Describe and show an example of Question 6–28 Identify an advantage of using lettering
three methods used to terminate dimension lines at guides. Refer to the Student CD: HINTS FOR
extension lines. PROFESSIONAL LETTERING.
Question 6–12 How does architectural line work differ Question 6–29 Describe a use of lettering
from mechanical drafting line work? machines. Refer to the Student CD: HINTS FOR
PROFESSIONAL LETTERING.
Question 6–13 What is the advantage of drawing certain
outlines thicker than other lines? Question 6–30 List four uses of transfer materials. Refer
to the Student CD: HINTS FOR PROFESSIONAL
Question 6–14 If all lines on a drawing are the
LETTERING.
same thickness, how can walls and partitions, for
example, be represented so they stand out clearly Question 6–31 The Cartesian coordinate system is also
on a floor plan? called what?
Question 6–15 Describe the proper technique to use Question 6–32 What is the basis of the Cartesian
for drawing lines with a technical pen. Refer to the coordinate system?
Student CD: LINE TECHNIQUES. Question 6–33 Where is the origin found in the
Question 6–16 Describe proper architectural lettering. Cartesian coordinate system?
102 Architectural Drafting and Design
Question 6–34 How are points in the absolute second drawing, make all lines the same thickness. Each
coordinate system located relative to the origin? drawing represents a line thickness technique discussed
in this chapter.
Question 6–35 How is an absolute coordinate
5. Use guidelines for all lettering. Using architectural let-
specified that is 4 units on the x axis and 3 units
tering, letter the title FLOOR PLAN; center it below the
on the y axis?
drawing in 1/4"-high letters. In 1/8"-high letters and
Question 6–36 Describe how relative coordinate points centered below the title, letter the following: SCALE:
are located. 1/4" = 1'–0". Letter your name and all other notes and
Question 6–37 If the first point is located at 2,2, then dimensions using 1/8" high architectural lettering.
how do you specify the next point, using relative 6. Lightly lay out the drawing using construction lines. When
coordinates, if it is to be 2 units directly above the you are satisfied with the layout, darken all lines.
first point? 7. For the lettering exercise, use 1/8" guidelines with 1/8"
space between the lines.
Question 6–38 Describe how polar coordinate points
8. Leave a 3/4" minimum margin around the lettering exercise
are located.
sheet.
Question 6–39 If the first point is located at 2,2, how do 9. Make a diazo print or photocopy of your original draw-
you specify the next point, using polar coordinates, if ings or lettering exercise sheet as specified by your
it is to be 2 units directly above the first point? instructor.
Question 6–40 Explain how a CADD system might have 10. Submit your copies and originals for evaluation and
commands and options that allow you to pick points grading, unless otherwise specified by your instructor.
accurately with the cursor. 11. Problems can be completed manually or with CADD, or
both, depending on your specific course objectives and
Question 6–41 What is the function of the coordinate
instructions. Confirm this with your instructor.
display on a CADD system?
Question 6–42 Define font. Problem 6–1 Lines and lettering. Given the following
information, draw the garage floor plan:
Question 6–43 Define annotation.
1. Overall dimensions are 24'−0" × 24'−0".
Question 6–44 What does the term default mean when Dimensions are measured to the outside of walls.
applied to CADD?
2. Make all walls 4" thick.
Question 6–45 Explain the function of a template
3. Center a 16'−0" wide garage door in the front
drawing.
wall.
Question 6–46 What is another name for a template? 4. Using dashed lines, draw a 4 × 12 header over the
Question 6–47 Discuss the purpose of drawing scale garage door and label it 4 × 12 HEADER with a
factors related to text height. leader from the note and pointing to the header.
Question 6–48 What drawing scale factor should 5. Label the garage floor 4" CONC OVER 4" GRAVEL
be used if you want text 1/8" (3 mm) high on a FILL. Use a leader.
drawing with a 1/4" = 1'−0" scale? Show your
Problem 6–2 Lettering practice. Using uppercase
calculations.
architectural lettering with proper guidelines, letter
Question 6–49 Give at least three advantages of doing the following statement as instructed:
lettering with a CADD system.
YOUR NAME
Question 6–50 Explain how it might be possible to have
MOST ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS THAT ARE NOT MADE WITH
CADD text that looks like high-quality architectural CADD EQUIPMENT ARE LETTERED USING VERTICAL FREEHAND
freehand lettering. LETTERING. THE QUALITY OF THE FREEHAND LETTERING GREATLY
AFFECTS THE APPEARANCE OF THE ENTIRE DRAWING. MANY
ARCHITECTURAL DRAFTERS LETTER WITH PENCIL ON VELLUM
PROBLEMS OR POLYESTER LEAD ON POLYESTER FILM. LETTERING IS
COMMONLY DONE WITH A SOFT, SLIGHTLY ROUNDED LEAD
DIRECTIONS: IN A MECHANICAL PENCIL OR A 0.5MILLIMETER LEAD IN AN
1. Read all instructions carefully before you begin. AUTOMATIC PENCIL. LETTERS ARE MADE BETWEEN VERY LIGHTLY
DRAWN GUIDELINES. GUIDELINES ARE PARALLEL AND SPACED
2. Use an 8 1/2" × 11" vellum or bond paper drawing sheet for
AT A DISTANCE EQUAL TO THE HEIGHT OF THE LETTERS.
each drawing or lettering exercise.
GUIDELINES ARE REQUIRED TO HELP KEEP ALL LETTERS THE
3. Use the architect’s scale of 1/4" = 1'–0" for each drawing. SAME UNIFORM HEIGHT. THE SPACE BETWEEN LINES OF
4. Draw the floor plan described in Problem 6–1 twice. On LETTERING MAY BE BETWEEN HALF TO EQUAL THE HEIGHT
the first drawing, use thick lines for the walls and thin OF THE LETTERS. ALWAYS USE GUIDELINES WHEN LETTERING
lines for extension, dimension, and symbol lines. On the FREEHAND. LEARN TO RELAX SO THAT THE STROKES FOR EACH
Chapter 6: Architectural Lines and Lettering 103
LETTER FLOW SMOOTHLY. WHEN YOUR HAND BECOMES TIRED, Problem 6–3 Given the partial floor plan shown for this
REST FOR A WHILE BEFORE BEGINNING AGAIN. problem, identify the line types labeled A through K.
54'-0"
34'-0"
8'-0" 15'-6" 11'-0" 7'-6"
3'-0" 11'-9" 3'-9"
B C
A
REFR
STA
PLUMBING STACK
D
F
MICRO OVER
OVER
E
RANGE W/
G H
I
3'-8"
R&S
4x8 4x8
(2
6"
)2
X
3'-4"
10
2'-4"
(2) 2 X 10
UPPER FLR OVER
OVER
HARD POST
J
14
"
-8
1'-3"
6X8
3'
8
R
4'-2"
X
4