International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 118 No. 20 2018, 533-538

ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.ijpam.eu
Special Issue
ijpam.eu

IOT BASED SMART HELMET FOR UNSAFE EVENT DETECTION

FOR MINING INDUSTRY

1
M.Naveenraj, 2P. Ashwin Kumar, 2R. Vignesh, 2K. Iniyan, 2M. Sri Krishna Prasath
1
Assistant professor, Dept. of ECE, Karpagam College of Engineering,
Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India.
2
B.E student, Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India.
1
naveenrajec@gmail.com

Abstract: A classic model of the project is to detect
hazardous events in the mining environment by using
the smart helmet, which has been developed for the
mining industry . The developed prototype is highly
used to prevent miner from hazardous situation .In
mining industries, it can be able to indicate the
information from the loss of air, humidity, removing
the helmet by miner and crashing on head by any
objects. The air condition is detected by carbon
monoxide which is a dangerous gas, it can be
determined by the saturation level. The removal of
helmet is monitored by using Infrared (IR) sensor and
it is an unsafe for miners . The crash of an object on
head is find by pressure sensor. According to health
condition, it could be dangerous when the force
excreted on head exceeds 34 psi. This model consists of
two modules- the input module in helmet and output
module to report. The input module consists of ARM7
microcontroller, various sensors and ZigBee. The ouput
module consists of ZigBee and raspberry pi controller.
In output module, an automated e-mail alert is
generated by the system and is delivered to the
authorized personnel, if a miner has experienced any
hazardous event.
Keywords: IoT, sensors, ZigBee, raspberry pi,
wireless network, monitoring and transmission.
1. Introduction
Minerals which constitute the support of economic
growth of any nation in the society and India has been
given in the form of nature . There are many evidence
that exploitation of minerals like coal, iron-ore, copper,
lead-zinchas been going on in the country from time
immemorial. M/s John Taylor & Sons Ltd. started
gold mining in Kolar Gold Fields in the year 1880 in
Pennsylvania State, USA in 1859.
Mining activities in the country however
remained primitive in nature and modest in scale
uptill the beginning of the current century. The ZigBee
technology is emerging as an important wireless sensor
networking solution for short and medium range
communication due to its numerous advantages,
namely, unlicensed 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific and
medical(ISM) band, ulta low power (ideal for battery-
operated system) ,operates for years on inexpensive
batteries ,large number of nodes/sensors, reliable and
secure links between network nodes, easy deployment
and configuration ,low-cost system, very fast transition
time, digital battery monitor facility and smaller in size
(system on chip).
In this way the motivation of the project is to
specialise a current protective helmet for mine workers
has to make the system full safety mode and advanced
in technologically by including a sensors and
microcontrollers.
2. Literature Survey
Kinney P and et al. have proposed an wireless
communication based on ZigBee, their main idea to
detect the humidity level and air condition in the
mining industry. These sensed data will be transmitted
to ZigBee with an wireless connection. The person who
is monitoring in the ground station alerts the miner. The
wireless communication can be performed by ZigBee
and there a person needs to be designed at the
monitoring room to monitor and alert.
Lin S,Liu J and Fang Y,etal.formulated an
automation through an ZigBee bases wireless network
of the system. Here it needs to be more thoroughly
explored to accomplish the prosperous implementation
of computerized systems in underground mines. The
automated system of the project is done by ZigBee ,it
can be transmitted the signals of alert data for long
distance without any disturbances.
AkyildizIF, Melodiaa T and Chowdhury RK,etal.
have proposed the safety measures which can be done
by wireless network connections. The sensor network is
connected over the system it is sensed the data and
transmitted through wireless network and it can be
received by Computer network. There is a data logging
mechanism and we cannot identify which miner has
experienced difficulties.

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

3. Proposed System 3.1.1 Transmitter Block

This project is mainly consisting of two types are

helmet and monitoring sections. ARDUINO UNO is a
microcontroller which is located in helmet section, it is
a 32 bit and 64 pin microcontroller. ARDUINO UNO is
Reduced Instruction set Computing (RISC) which
means it requires significantly fewer transistors than the
processors. The code which is written in ARDUINO
IDE for helmet sections. In code and data storage, the
ARDUINO incorporates 512 KB flash memory system.
This approach reduces the cost, heat dissipation and
power usage. In the project folder , .hex file will be
automatically generated on building the source code.
.hex file will be burn where flash magic is a tool used
for burning the .hex files to ARDUINO UNO
microcontroller. . Raspberry pi which runs on Raspbian
operating system and it is used as a controller in
monitoring section. The ZigBee is connected to
Raspberry pi controller at the receiver end; the data is
received through ZigBee in the form of serial
communication. The received sensor data is directly
send to email. This section contains an system, where
an automatic e-mail will be generated and sent Figure 3.1 Helmet section
toauthorize personnel if the sensor values are out of the
specified range. 3.2 Receiver Section
The workers will be provided with a protective
helmet where the underground is very dark and it is The output section of monitoring section in Figure 3.2.
provided with an inherent light in it. If there is any It consists of ZigBee module, Raspberry pi controller.
dangerous condition alerting by using any alarm signals The data from the input section is received wirelessly
is tough process in the underground mining industries. by ZigBee module. The ZigBee module which sends
Due to loud noise in the machinery alerting with any the information to Raspberry pi controller and the data
speakers is not possible and it can be indicated by will be monitored by raspberry pi module and if the
blinking the light for fewer minute. In this technique sensed data is crosses beyond the level of range, then
we can easily find the worker who is in the dangerous an automatic alert e-mail is generated and will be
condition. delivered to authorized personnel.
In the monitoring section ,the python code is
written in the alerting unit to generate and deliver an 3.2.1 Receiver Block
automatic e-mail to authorized personnel if the sensed
sensor values are out of specified range. This method is
one of the major important for the worker in the mining
industry and it can be done by modern technologies.

3.1Transmitter Section

The input section of the helmet design(Figure 3.1).It is

consists of four sensors are carbon monoxide sensor,
InfraRed sensors, humidity sensor and pressure sensor.
These sensors senses the data and the sensed data will
be send to ARDUINO UNO microcontroller and it is
coverted into digital format with the help of 10 bit
ADC. It matches data from 0 to 1023. The matched
data will be converted into string and the data that can
be sent to output monitoring section wirelessly using
the ZigBee module.
Figure 3.2 Monitoring section

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3.3 Humidity Sensor The Arduino Uno board is a microcontroller based

The DHT-22 (also named as AM2302) is a digital-
output, relative humidity, and temperature sensor
Humidity sensors can be used as a monitoring and
preventive measure in homes for people with illnesses
that are affected by humidity. They are also found as
part of home heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
systems (HVAC systems).measures and reports both
moisture and air temperature. Humidity sensors which
is worked for detecting changes that alter electrical
currents or atmospheric condition in the air. Dew
sensors are used in the coating industry because the
application of paint and other coatings may be
extremely sensitive to dew point.
3.4 Carbon Monoxide Sensor
MQ-7 gas sensor has an Structure and configuration is
displayed in Fig.3. 1, sensor composed by measuring
electrode and heater are fixed into a crust formed from
plastic and stainless steel net. Work conditions for work
of sensitive components gives to the heater , it has an 6
pin of them 4 are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are
used for providing heating current. An MQ-7 consists
of two parts are heating circuit having time control
function . The second is the output circuit, it can
accurately respond changes in the sensor of surface
resistance.
on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital pins in the
input/output session which they can made segments 6
PWM outputs, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, an ICSP header, a USB connection. This
contains all the supports needed for microcontroller.
Arduino Board which is varies from all boards and
they will not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip in
the process. It is featured by the Atmega16U2
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
3.8 Working of Raspberry PI
An SD card is fixed into the slot on the board and acts
like the hard drive for the Raspberry Pi. It is equiped by
USB and the video support can be hooked up to a
traditional RCA TV set, a more modern monitor, or
even a HDMI port used by TV. This gives you all of
the basic properties of a normal computer. It is
produced 3 about extremely low power consumption .
To put this power consumption in cordinate, you
should go with 30 Raspberry Pi’s in place of a perfect
light bulb.
4.Result and Discussion

3.5 Pressure Sensor

This is pressure sensitive resistor which can be sense

the area that can used. This FSR will differ from its
resistance value and it is depending on the pressure
which is applied for the sensing area. In the pressure
sensor the object which is limited which harder the
power , the lower the force of resistance. From the
bottom the 2 pins is extended with 0.1" pitch
making it in the friendly manner.

3.6 Infrared Sensor

This is an electronic instrument ,it is used to sense the

object when it crosses the sensor. It is used to find that
the worker has removed his helmet or not. An infrared
sensor is laid out to inform the signal from the helmet Figure 4.1 Miner details
,if the signal from the sensor is obstructed ,then it
indicates that the miner is wearing a helmet else he is Initially every helmet it has an helmet ID for a
not wearing it. fixed value. In the mining, the miners can take up and
wear any of the helmets from the store room, every
3.7.Working of Arduino UNO working day while miner picks up a helmet, his ID will
be attached to the helmet. Now the helmet will be
Arduino is a interactive objects which is an single- configured to work according to the range specified in
board microcontroller meant to make this application his user ID (see Figure 4.1).
more accessible in environment. The features of
hardware with an open-source hardware board designed
around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller.

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Figure 4.2 Pressure sensor detection.
Figure 4.2 shows the sensed data by pressure
sensor with respect to time, the pressure sensor is used
in our project to detect the bump on the miners head.
The pressure sensor when it records a value which is
greater than 234.6Kpa, then it indicates that miner is in
life threatening injury
Figure 4.3 Gas sensor level of indication.
Figure 4.3 shows the concentration of carbon
monoxide gas in the environment. Here the graph is
plotted with time versus gas concentration. According
to U.S. standards for carbon monoxide levels, 50 ppm
of gas has no negative effects with eight hours of
disclosure.
Figure 4.4 Temperature detection in the environment.
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Special Issue
Figure 4.4 Humidity of an environment Figure 10
show the humidity values of an environment in which a
miner is working. The optimum range of humidity is
considered to be in between 40 and 60 percentage. The
lower humidity causes respiratory infections and higher
humidity cause mites to grow.
Figure 4.5 Alert message in mail inbox
Figure 4.5 shows the screenshot of the alert email
sent by the monitoring unit to authorized personnel.
The massage includes user_id, helmet_id and the
reason for alert message generation.
5. Conclusion
We have described the process that the minig industry
workers safety for future follow; the evaluation of
following process can be done in the wireless
networking system. On the sections of the module, we
show the described measure can be better than the other
existing method to create more awareness in the mining
industry. In a practical scenario, using in the real world,
the experiments show how the improvement of learning
the difficulties in mining, and also analyse what are
measure to be done better than other methods.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

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