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NT Pramathesh Mishra, Sabya Sachi Das, Shalini Yadav, Wasim Khan, Mohd Afzal,
Abdullah Alarifi, El-Refaie kenawy, Mohammed Tahir Ansari, Md Saquib Hasnain,
Amit Kumar Nayak
PII: S2666-3511(20)30042-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100042
Reference: SINTL 100042
Please cite this article as: N.P. Mishra, S.S. Das, S. Yadav, W. Khan, M. Afzal, A. Alarifi, E.-R. kenawy,
M.T. Ansari, M.S. Hasnain, A.K. Nayak, Global Impacts of Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Focus
on Socio-Economic Consequences, Sensors International, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100042.
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Graphical Abstract
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Global Impacts of Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Focus on Socio-
Economic Consequences
N T Pramathesh Mishra1, Sabya Sachi Das2, Shalini Yadav3,Wasim Khan4, Mohd Afzal5*,
Abdullah Alarifi5, El-Refaie kenawy6, Mohammed Tahir Ansari7,
Md Saquib Hasnain8,# and Amit Kumar Nayak9,*
1
Department of Biochemistry, MGIP, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow-
227101, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology,
Mesra, Ranchi- 835 215, Jharkhand, India
3
Abha Biotechnology, Noida-201301 Uttar Pradesh, India
4
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Department of Pharmaceutics, Javitri Institute of Medical Sciences &Pharmacy division,
Lucknow-227302, Uttar Pradesh, India
5
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Catalytic Chemistry Chair Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
6
Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University,
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Tanta, Egypt
7
School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Kajang,
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Selangor – 43500, Malaysia
8
Department of Pharmacy, Shri Venkateshwara University, NH-24, Rajabpur, Gajraula,
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*
Dr. Amit Kumar Nayak, Department of Pharmaceutics, Seemanta Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mayurbhanj-757086, Odisha, India, Email:
amitkrnayak@yahoo.co.in
#
Dr. Md Saquib Hasnain, Department of Pharmacy, Shri Venkateshwara University, NH-
24, Rajabpur, Gajraula, Amroha – 244236, U.P., India, Email: msaquibhasnain@gmail.com
Graphical Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Initial approaches against pandemic crisis
1.3. Empowering individuals proactively to fight against COVID-19
2. Effect of Covid-19 Outbreak
2.1. Human services (Healthcare) impacts
2.2. Monetary (Economy) impacts
2.3. Social impacts
2.4. Global threat
2.5. Preference and Discrimination
2.6. Disaster and Panic
2.7. Social practices
2.8. Social imbalance
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2.9. Culture impacts
2.10. Paranoid ideas
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2.11. False news and falsehood
3. COVID-19 outbreak: Effects on society, global environment and prevention
3.1. COVID-19 and global economy -p
3.2. COVID-19: worldwide condition, anticipation and control
3.3. Feasible medication
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4. Conclusion
Conflict of interest
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Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the novel Corona virus disease (COVID-19), was described as a
pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Globally, the COVID-19 has not only
affected the public health socially but also has rigorously affected economically. Substantial
declines in income, increase in unemployment, and distractions in the transportation,
amenities, and industrial sectors are amongst the major concerns of the pandemic disease
extenuation. Furthermore, the governments of most of the countries underestimated the
menaces of COVID-19 spread and were typically responsive for the calamities in their
respective countries. As outbreak of this pandemic is not likely to wane in the nearby future,
preventive actions are prerequisite to prevent infection spread, save people lives and also to
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save the economic affluence. In this review, based on the present knowledge and available
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literature, we have demonstrated the various aspects of pre-and post-COVID-19 effects over
the social and economic phases worldwide. Moreover, the evidence based data have been
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summarized regarding threats, social influences, scientific upgrades, moral dynamics, stress
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and adapting in the pre- and post- COVID-19 situations.
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Keywords: Coronavirus; COVID-19; Global crisis; Social and Economic impacts; Safety
measures
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1. Introduction
The present day coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was originated
from Wuhan city, Hubei province, China in December 2019. The outbreak of COVID-19
pandemic has mostly effected the human health and has severely been observed as a reason
for increased death cases all over the globe. The pandemic has not only impacted general
human concerns, but also caused heartbreaking financial and political emergencies in the
infected nations. COVID-19, aside from being a threat to the world, has also been recognized
as a major cause of disparity and insufficiency of social progression [1]. The name COVID-
19 has been originated as 'CO' means 'crown,' 'VI' for 'infection,' and 'D' for illness, and 19
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representing the year of infection (2019). It is a solitary abandoned RNA virus with a size
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ranging from 80-120 nm and sickness caused due to this virus has rapidlyspreaded all over
the globe.The World Health Organization (WHO) categorized the coronavirus as pandemic
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on March 11, 2020. Also, the Global Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognized
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that the infection from this virus, identified as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory
syndrome-coronavirus-2), led to an extreme respiratory disorders [2]. The corona virus are
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further categorized into four subgroups, named as α-, β-, γ-, and δ. Apart from SARS-CoV-2
infections, the human race has also been effected with various other viruses, including H1N1,
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polio, Ebola, Zika and others. On 30 January, 2020 WHO announced COVID-19 as a
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worldwide crisis that have severely affected the human beings. These overall outbreaks
triggered countless fatalities, sicknesses, and costs billions of dollars [3]. The COVID-19
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consequences have severely effected the social life of human beings and also impacted the
global economy. In this paper, we have focusedon the various effects of COVID-19 on the
health conditions and its post-pandemic consequences.
1.1. Background
The outbreak of COVID-19 was firstly reported in December 2019 in Wuhan City,
Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, and the infected patients were diagnosed with
symptoms of intense respiratory disorder, headache, fatigue, throat pain, mild fever and
others[4, 5]. Specifically, a few cases were con-solidified in African nations, including Egypt,
Algeria, and Nigeria [6]. As per reports, this have been found to be as an irresistible sickness
out-break in China since 1949. It is an ultimate fight since the infection has spreaded so quick
with greater predominance, and the counteraction of the transmission has significantly
effectedalmost all the individuals from diverse nations[7]. However, atworldwide level, the
strategy to control the spread of infectionthrough this virus need to beavailed as soon as
possible [8]. Most specifically, three queries should be answered, including (i) how to take
the crisis reaction activities viably in various nations; (ii) how to activate assets rapidly with
vital ways; and (iii) how to support individual’s professional from different sectors
effectively.Proficiently, control of the irresistible sources, hindering the spread courses, and
ensuring the susceptive populaceare few crucial steps and could play significant role in the
prevention as well as monitoring of the infection spread [9, 10].
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fitting intercessions into neighborhood arrangements, from rapidly finding the tainted
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individuals, followed by close associates and putting them in the isolation conditions, to
promote essential cleanliness measures to general society [11-13]. By adjusting reaction
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strategies to the neighborhood setting, it might abstain from barring the city when it isn't
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required, and furthermore keep from a significant flare-up without making any move. These
strategies were later followed by other nations. Under the solid initiative of the government
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agencies of individual countries, the preparation for the crisis reactions has been successfully
advanced. For example, in China a Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State
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Council wasorganized to control the outbreak, clinical salvage, logical exploration and
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worldwide participation [13]. Moreover, countries including India, USA, France, Italy,
Russia and others have applied these strategies, but also have applied few other strategies for
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mitigating the spread of the infection. Furthermore, clinical experts, physicians and
doctorshave been allotted by the regulatory agencies of individual nations to execute crisis
reactions such as clinical cure, epidemiological checkups, and environmental sanitization
[5,25,34].
COVID-19 has effected everyday life of humans and has hindered the worldwide
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economy. This pandemic also impacted a social life of people all over the world. This
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infection has spreaded all over the globe, almost in 213 countries as per WHO reports, and
has showed severe implications over countries economic and health systems [12, 13]. Many
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countries locked their facilities, amenities, educational institutions, industrial sectors, daily
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usage marketplaces and others, to prevent the spread of this infections [14 15]. The different
trades and business sectors have been severely influenced by this infection.Apart from these
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some significant impacts and concerns over the healthcare services, economy and social life
has been discussed.
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infected patients.
• Overburden of the medical and clinical personals.
• Patients suffering or diagnosed with other diseases are effected due to
ignorance.
• Overloaded cases decreased the medication facilities in medical shops.
• High assurance is needed.
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nation. During voyaging, quantities of cases are distinguished positive when examined,
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predominantly when they visit various places of world [16].
the mankind, however the people have taken lots of cautious steps to get rid of this dreadful
infection[17, 18]. Moreover, negative feelings and thinking amongst the people could result
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in severe transmission of the infection [19], and the dismay could cause unwanted hazards in
the society [20]. It has been noticed that the proper attention on infection uncertaintiesand
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related fear have also proved to be sometimes beneficial as it develops awareness amongst
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the people [21]. These outcomes pf public fear for COVID-19 spread has produced
alterations amongst the social life of people all over the world.The sound wellbeing choices
rely upon precise impression of the expenses and advantages of specific decisions for oneself
and for society [22, 23]. A passionate reaction to a hazardous circumstance can impact
thinking in two stages. Moreover, the feeling quality of a person (for instance, constructive
versus adverse) depends upon the type of information and thoughts shared by the individuals
around [24, 25]. Thus, increase in hostile feelings amongst the people increases and this
might generate negativity in thoughts and so could enhance the threat feelings of COVID-19,
and this is very essential to control and make people feel less panic [26, 27].
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2.6. Disaster and Panic
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There is a typical confidence in mainstream society that, when in risk, individuals
fear, particularly when they are in groups. So, they act aimlessly and unreasonably out of
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self-protection, possibly imperiling the endurance of all [36]. Such thought has been utilized
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to disclose reactions to the present COVID-19 flare-up, mostly according to the idea of 'alarm
purchasing. Unquestionably, a few people do act childishly and a few, particularly the
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individuals who are helpless, may encounter more misery. The participation, active
representation and astounding humanity of people have been noticed by the people during the
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crises, tragedy and other numerous disastrous cases [35]. For example, the guiding principles
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and unity among people in general have increased because of Covid-19 [36]. In fact, in fires
[37] and other common hazards [38], individuals are less inclined to bite the dust from over-
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of these activities (prescriptive instead of enlightening norms) [48,49]. Informal population or
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communities could increase the spread of practices which are hurtful well as useful during
the plague infections, and these effects might spread from an individual to a group and
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further to the entire community [50-52]. Moreover, the main suspected persons or infected
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patients might be prominent in increasing the awareness against the pandemic prevention
since they are the productive sources of intrusions such as washing of hands, isolation and
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others [53, 54]. Studies have recommended that a bigger extent of intercessions could not
necessarily arise from direct consequences for individuals who get the medication, however
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may arise from the circuitous impacts on their social associates who replicated the behavior
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[55].
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requirement for more focused on general wellbeing and confided in associations that are
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inward to these networks [74].
highly supports individualism [76] and consider themselves to be free, whereas most of the
other societies follow a trend of group formations [77-80]. Despite the fact that the clinical
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tactics are distinct through the social guidelines, a few disparities towards pandemic may be
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better represented as social, and a considerable quantity of it have a connecting age with
element of independence versus dependence [80-84]. Firstly, the requirement specified to the
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promises and requirements in Asian social instructions might spur individuals to stay
motivated on usual practices [85-87]. Secondly, the Asians might observe unobtrusive
situational effects on the viral disease, alike the crowd immunity [88]. Thirdly, normal
practices and shows in North American parts and quite a bit of Western European areas
would definitely admire the clarity of oneself, as compared to Asians [89-92]. Furthermore,
such conditions seem to be another fact that why socialspread of the infections could be more
feasible in independent societies as compared to dependent societies [93-98].
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2.11. False news and falsehood
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Fake news and misrepresentation, mostly via web-based networking media, about the
COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted its post-pandemic situation all over the globe
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and has causedvariouslethal consequences [115]. Developing examination is utilizing
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sociology to comprehend and fetch the spread of deceiving news [116, 117, 118]. To mitigate
this circumstances, delineation of such news and keeping people aware of it, could be one of
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the significant method to get rid of it [119,120,121]. Also, co-prejudice, uncovering refusal,
and rectifications that give causal clarifications, all will in general increase the viability of
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effected the most doe to this pandemic. Also, due to significant increase in number of
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infective cases, the daily worker count has decreased leading to a major impact of industrial
sectors. Economy of various nations are presently facing the issue ofincreased joblessness
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due tolack of productivity and more consumption for the cure and renewal of the COVID-19
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fatalities and their relatives[121]. Lockdown or shut-down have reasonably influenced the
GDP of each nation in the substantial economic aspects. Recently, the GDP of few Asian,
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Eurpoean and South-American nations have declined very certainly and this could
significantly lead to devastating consequences in the upcoming days. The economic and
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social life of people of these countries has been affected severely by the post-pandemic
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situations. The government and other regulating agencies of these nations should have to take
some severe actions, either independently or with mutual consents and discussions.
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against COVID-19 pandemic in research centre investigations and in-vivo examines [129].
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Remdesivir and chloroquine were exceptionally compelling in the control of 2019-nCoV in
vitro [130]. The SARS-CoV-2 is a RNA-based infection, so any immunizations which shows
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powerful action against other RNA infections, including influenza, measles, encephalitis B,
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polio, and flu, can be alternative potential approaches. In this way, examination will keep on
assuming a significant job to find new medications or immunizations to forestall and control
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4. Conclusion
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In earlier years, around 100 years ago the Science magazine demonstrated a work on
the Spanish Flu pandemic. The paper contended that three principle factors hold up traffic of
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counteraction: (i) individuals don't welcome the dangers they run, (ii) it conflicts with human
instinct for individuals to quiet themselves down in unbending disconnection as a method for
ensuring others, and (iii) individuals frequently unknowingly go about as a proceeding with
risk to themselves as well as other people. This paper is a summarized work which provides
few experiences from the previous reported works related to the issues in the social and
economic sectors that may help general wellbeing authorities relieve the effect of the current
pandemic. In particular, we examined research on danger observation, social setting, science
correspondence, adjusting individual and aggregate interests, initiative, stress and coping
associated with the pre-and post-pandemic conditions due to COVID-19. Impending actions
are estimated to restrain the possibly obliterating influences of COVID-19, activities that
could be indorsed by the behavioural and sociologies. Furthermore, a large number of the
ideas out-lined here might be pertinent to upcoming pandemics and common wellbeing
crises.
Conflict of interest
The authors show no conflict of interest.
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To
Sensors International
Dear Sir
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Please find attached herewith a review paper entitled “Global Impacts of Pre- and Post-COVID-
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19 Pandemic: Focus on Socio-Economic Consequences” to be considered for publication in your
esteemed journal.
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We also confirm that the manuscript has not been previously published in any
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language anywhere and that it is not under simultaneous consideration by another
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journal.
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Therefore, we request you to consider it for review process so that the work can get a chance to
E-mail: maslam1@ksu.edu.sa