applied

sciences
Article
On the Cattaneo–Christov Heat Flux Model and
OHAM Analysis for Three Different Types
of Nanofluids
Umair Khan 1 , Shafiq Ahmad 2 , Arsalan Hayyat 2 , Ilyas Khan 3, * ,
Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar 4 and Dumitru Baleanu 5,6,7
1 Department of Mathematics and Social Sciences, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Sindh Pakistan;
umairkhan@iba-suk.edu.pk
2 Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University 45320, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
ashafiq@math.qau.edu.pk (S.A.); arsalanhayyat786@gmail.com (A.H.)
3 Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 72915, Vietnam
4 Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University,
Wadi Aldawaser 11991, Saudi Arabia; n.sooppy@psau.edu.sa
5 Department of Mathematics, Cankaya University, Ankara 06530, Turkey; Baleanu@mail.cmuh.org.tw
6 Institute of Space Sciences, 077125 Magurele, Romania
7 Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University,
Taichung 40447, Taiwan
* Correspondence: ilyaskhan@tdtu.edu.vn




Received: 23 November 2019; Accepted: 20 January 2020; Published: 29 January 2020


Abstract: In this article, the boundary layer flow of a viscous nanofluid induced by an exponentially
stretching surface embedded in a permeable medium with the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model
(CCHFM) is scrutinized. We took three distinct kinds of nanoparticles, such as alumina (Al2 O3 ),
titania (TiO2 ) and copper (Cu) with pure water as the base fluid. The features of the heat transfer
mechanism, as well as the influence of the relaxation parameter on the present viscous nanofluid
flow are discussed here thoroughly. The thermal stratification is taken in this phenomenon. First
of all, the problem is simplified mathematically by utilizing feasible similarity transformations and
then solved analytically through the OHAM (optimal homotopy analysis method) to get accurate
analytical solutions. The change in temperature distribution and axial velocity for the selected values
of the specific parameters has been graphically portrayed in figures. An important fact is observed
when the thermal relaxation parameter (TRP) is increased progressively. Graphically, it is found that
an intensification in this parameter results in the exhaustion of the fluid temperature together with an
enhancement in the heat transfer rate. A comparative discussion is also done over the Fourier’s law
and Cattaneo–Christov model of heat.

Keywords: Cattaneo–Christov heat flux; porous medium; exponentially stretching surface;

nanoparticle; OHAM method

1. Introduction
Heat transfer analysis is involved in different aspects of engineering and biomedical applications
such as continuous stretching of plastic films, energy production process, drawing of copper wires,
conduction of heat in tissues, hot rolling, magnetic drug targeting, nuclear reactor cooling, space cooling,
metal spinning’s and many other important fields. The heat transfer phenomenon arises due to the
differences in the temperature between two objects or in the same object. When one considers distinct
materials with distinct temperature then the flow of heat occurs from the peak temperature to the

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886; doi:10.3390/app10030886 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 2 of 14

body at minimum temperature. Until now, Fourier’s popular law [1] was used for the heat transfer
mechanism. This law states that any initial change in temperature is immediately spread all through
the entire medium under examination. However, in fact, no such material or object existed there,
which gives the proof of Fourier’s heat conduction law. To solve this problem, Cattaneo [2] proposed
an adjusted Fourier’s law by involving a term called the relaxation term. Thus, Christov [3] utilized
the upper-convected derivative model of Oldroyd [4] to describe Cattaneo heat flux law. The physical
interpretation of the heat flux Cattaneo–Christov model is that the heat transfer throughout the whole
medium at a slow rate. The influences of the Cattaneo–Christov model of heat flux with initial
and boundary problems and their structural stability solutions have been discussed by Tibullo and
Zampoli [5]. The Cattaneo–Christov model to explore the transfer of heat for fluid with viscoelasticity
enclosed by a sheet (stretching) and flow with slip is studied by Khan et al. [6]. Straughan [7] and
Haddad [8] examined the law of the Cattaneo–Christov model of heat flux with thermal convection and
obtained the computational solutions. Crane and Carragher [9] observed the heat transfer mechanism
on a continuous shrinking surface. Later on, lots of investigations were made to consider the flow past
an exponentially expanding surface. Keller and Magyari [10] inspected the flow where the viscous
effects are dominant past an exponentially stretching sheet through exponential temperature profile
distribution. Mustafa [11] investigated the spinning flow of viscoelastic fluids due to a stretching
sheet by employing the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model (CCHFM). Khan [12] studies the heat
transfer mechanism and three dimensions Burgers liquid flow by assuming the model of heat flux
called Cattaneo–Christov.
The phenomenon of heat transport over a stretchable surface is a broad field of new thinking and
idea in the current time. Some key fluid velocity problems for the diverse liquid flow for exponential
stretchable sheet are obtainable [13–15]. Partha et al. [16] initiated the fluid flow in more than one
dimension, which is induced by an exponentially stretching sheet with the combined impacts of
mixed convection and viscous dissipation. Nadeem et al. [17] scrutinized the transfer rate of heat
and the boundary layer fluid flow of a Maxwell fluid past exponentially stretching. In recent time,
the main focus on the subject of various examinations, which is the flow through a permeable source.
The survey has been animated in this field, to a degree, which is the expansive one and by the
fact that in various discipline engineering, physics, applied mathematics and industries they have
various applications of the heat transfer motivated fluid flows in permeable source types media like
fibrous insulations and the ground dumping of non-atomic or atomic waste, earth science systems, etc.
A comprehensive review of the literature can be seen in the books by Pop and Ingham [18] and Vafai [19].
The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) two-dimensional boundary layer flows of a Maxwell fluid, which
is upper-convected were investigated in [20,21] for porous objects. Further, Lesnic et al. [22,23]
combined the natural convection via the theory of boundary layer and the Newtonian heating (NH)
past a slope zero and a sheet vertically saturated in permeable media. Aliakbar et al. [24] showed
the results of different embedded arbitrary constants on the temperature profile above the sheet.
Nadeem et al. [25] considered the transfer of heat phenomenon past an exponentially stretching sheet
with Newtonian heating.
Nanofluid are fluids that are taken to be in a nanosize arrangement. These liquids are a mixture
of nanoparticles i.e., (carbon nanotubes or carbides, oxides and metal) and base liquids (including
glycol, ethylene, oil, water, etc.). We called these types of liquid a nanofluid and were familiarized by
Choi [26]. These liquids having a much-augmented conductivity for the escalating thermal performance.
Eastman et al. [27] examined that boost up the thermal conductivity depends upon the body, shape
and thermal properties of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are the important features of the rapidly
developing field of nanotechnology. Their uniqueness and existence properties make these particles
vital and major in many fields of human action. This review tries to abridge the short and the latest
advancements in the field of applied nanoparticles, specifically, their application in medicine, chemistry
and biology and many other fields of education like science and technology. Nadeem et al. [28]
considered the nonlinear stretching sheet to explored the feature of heat transfer in the presence of three
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 3 of 14

different nanoparticles, such as Cu, Al2 O3 , and TiO2 . Khan et al. [29] examined the three-dimensional
unsteady CNTs nanofluid flow in the existence of velocity and thermal slip. Recently many researchers
investigated the influence of different nanoparticle in various flow fields [30–35].
Analytical solutions have great importance in physical problems. The analysis of OHAM is
functional to solve the formulated boundary value problem and obtained analytical results. Liao [36,37]
suggested the homotopy analysis method and optimal HAM approach to get analytical solutions for
non-linear differential equations. Other interesting related numerical investigations can be found
in [38–49].
In this work, we applied the Cattaneo–Christov model of heat flux to study the boundary layer flow
of a viscous nanofluid induced by an exponentially stretching surface embedded in a porous medium.
The guess of thermal stratification is to be invoked. The given problem is mathematically constructed
and their dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are computed by exercising the
appropriate transformations and then obtain the exact solutions through OHAM (optimal homotopy
analysis method). The differences in the fluid flow movement for the two fields of velocity and
the temperature for diverse approximations of relevant interesting parameters of aforementioned
nanofluids have been explained graphically. Stress is given to the fact that augmentation in the thermal
relaxation parameter shows interesting exhaustion in the field of temperature distribution and the rate
of heat transfer advancements.

2. Problem Formulation
Let us take the steady two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an incompressible viscous nanofluid
past an exponentially stretching sheet flooded in a permeable medium. Utilizing the boundary layer
estimates the governing equations for the flow problem are obtained as

∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1)
∂x ∂y

∂u ∂v ∂p ∂2 u µn f ε
!
ρn f u +v + − µn f 2 = − u. (2)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y K
In the aforementioned equations, u and v represent the velocity components along with the x and y
directions respectively, ε indicates the porosity of the medium and K is regarded as the permeability of
the fluidic medium. The parameters µn f (nanofluid viscosity) and ρn f (nanofluid density) are defined
below by
µf
µn f = , ρn f = (1 − φ)ρ f + φρs . (3)
(1 − φ)2.5
Here φ indicates the nanoparticles volume fraction of nanofluid, ρ f denotes the fluid density of
the base fluid, ρs specifies nanoparticles density and µ f represents base fluid viscosity. For the steady
boundary layer flow, the equation of energy is

∇.q
− V.∇T =   , (4)
ρcp
nf
 
where ρcp signifies specific heat capacity of nanofluid, T demonstrates local fluid temperature and
nf
q represents heat flux satisfying Cattaneo–Christov heat flux law given below

∂q
" #
q + λ2 ( )
+ ∇.V q − q.∇V + V.∇q = −kn f ∇T, (5)
∂t
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 15

thermal
Appl. Sci. conductivity
2020, 10, 886 of the nanofluid. Using the fact that fluid is incompressible and utilizing
4 of 14
Equation (5) in Equation (4), the temperature equation takes the form

in which λ2 indicatesu

∂u ∂T   ∂v ∂time,
T  Vdenotes
∂v ∂Tthe  ∂u ∂vector
T  and kn f represents the 
 + v
  thermal relaxation  + u  +velocity
v +
∂T conductivity
thermal ∂T  ∂x nanofluid.
of the ∂x   Using
∂y ∂ythe
 fact ∂x ∂fluid
 that ∂y ∂x   and utilizing
y  is incompressible ∂ 2T Equation
(5) +v
u in Equation λ2 the
+(4),
 temperature equation
2 takes the form 
= α nf 2
. (6)
∂x ∂y  ∂ T   ∂ T  ∂ T
2 2 ∂y
  2uv  n + uo2  2  + v 2  2     
 ∂x∂ y u ∂u ∂T +∂xv ∂v ∂uy∂v ∂T + v ∂u ∂T +
  ∂T

∂T  ∂T +  
 = αn f ∂ T .
2
  ∂x ∂x  ∂y ∂y  ∂x ∂y  ∂y ∂x
λ
 
u + v
Here, the parameter +
α 2denotes the thermal diffusivity of nanofluid defined as follow (6)
∂x ∂y nf  2uv ∂ T + u2 ∂ T + v2 ∂ T
2 2 2
∂y2

 n o 

∂x∂y ∂x2 ∂y2
α nf ( ρ c p )nf = knf , ( ρ c p )nf − (1 − φ ) ( ρ c p ) f = φ ( ρ c p )s ,
Here, the parameter αn f denotes the thermal diffusivity of nanofluid defined as follow
k nf  ( 2 k f + k s ) − 2φ ( k f − k s )   (7)
αkn f = , )ν ρc
nf ρ = μ . 
f
ρcp
( f s) ( f s)
kn f
2
n k
f
= kn f , ρcp − (1 − φ
+ k + φ kn f −
(2k f +ks )−2φ(k f −ks )
k p nf = φnfρcp ,
f s
(7)
Here k f indicates the kf =
thermal conductivity , νfluid
n f ρn f = µ .
whereas ks indicates solid thermal
n f
(2k f +ks )+φ(kof
f −kbase
s)

conductivity. The associated boundary conditions are imposed as below

Here k f indicates the thermal conductivity of base fluid whereas( xk/ sl ) indicates solid thermal
conductivity.vThe = 0, u y = 0 =boundary
y = 0 associated
U 0 e ( x / l ) , T are
U w ( x ) = conditions = Tw ( x ) =
y = 0 imposed 0 + ae
asTbelow ,
(x/l)
(8)
u y →∞
→ 0, T ∞ 0 → T = T + be .
v|= 0, u|yy→∞
y=0 = 0 = Uw ( x ) = U0 e
(x/l) , T|
y=0 = Tw (x) = T0 + ae
(x/l) ,

Here U w ( x ) denotes
u| y→∞ →the
0, velocity of T
T| y→∞ → the = T0 + be(x/l
∞ stretching
).
surface, U 0 identifies the reference velocity,(8)
l signifies a characteristic length, ( a , b ) are dimensional constants, Tw ( x) and T∞ represent the wall
Here Uw (x) denotes the velocity of the stretching surface, U0 identifies the reference velocity, l
and ambient
signifies temperaturelength,
a characteristic or far away
(a, b) temperature, respectively.
are dimensional constants, Tw (x) and T∞ represent the wall and
The geometrical
ambient temperaturestructure of the
or far away problem is respectively.
temperature, given in Figure 1.
The geometrical structure of the problem is given in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Physical diagram of the present flow model.

The problem considered here is based on the following suitable similarity transformations [13,17,25].
Figure 1. Physical diagram of the present flow model.
q
U
η = 2νl0 e(x/2l) y, u = U0 e(x/l) f 0 (η),
The problem considered here is
q based on the following suitable similarity transformations
(9)
υU0 (x/2l)  0 T−T∞
[13,17,25]. η θ η

v=− 2l e f + f , ( ) = Tw −T0 .

Equation (1) is equivalently satisfied and Equations (2)–(8) are transformed into the following form

1 2Pm
2.5
   f 000 + f f 00 − 2( f 0 )2 −    f 0 = 0, (10)
(1 − φ) 1 − φ + φ ρs /ρ f 1 − φ + φ ρs /ρ f
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 5 of 14

1 kn f /k f 0 1  2 00 0 0

     θ + θ f − 2 λt f θ − f f θ = 0,
00
 (11)
Pr
1 − φ + φ ρcp / ρcp
s f

f 0 (η) = 1, f (η) = 0, θ(η) = 1 − S at η = 0,

(12)
f 0 (η) → 0, θ(η) → 0 as η → ∞.
In the above equations, the embedded parameters thermal stratification (TS) is denoted by S,
the porous medium parameter (PMP) is designated by Pm , the Prandtl number (PN) is symbolized
by Pr and the non-dimensional thermal relaxation time (TRT) is represented by λt . These physical
parameters are defined as
νε
Pm = , Pr = ν/α, λt = λ2 U0 , S = b/a. (13)
U0 K

Note that for λt = 0 leads to the classical Fourier’s heat conduction law.

3. Variables of Engineering Interest

The physical quantity such as the shear stress rate (local coefficient of skin friction) is given by

τw ∂u
!
Cf = , τw = µn f . (14)
ρ f U∞
2 ∂y y=0

Consuming the similarity transformation (9) the above equation becomes

p 1
Rex C f = f 00 (0). (15)
(1 − φ)2.5

By making use of Equation (15), extensive data results are outputted in Table 1 for reduced skin
√
friction coefficient Rex C f . However the values specified to the parameters φ, Pm and λt , it is found
that the nanoparticles TiO2 exhibit higher frictional effect that the other nanoparticles.

Table 1. Numerical data set for skin friction of three different types of water-base nanofluids.
√
Rex Cf
φ Pm λt
Cu Al2 O3 TiO2
0.01 1.3228 1.4760 1.5230
0.03 0.1 0.3 1.6384 1.7334 1.8384
0.05 1.8550 2.0755 2.2550
0.2 1.3230 1.3759 1.4229
0.05 0.4 0.3 1.5307 1.5898 1.6306
0.6 1.7151 1.7785 1.8150
0.1 1.3312 1.4211 1.5311
0.05 0.6 0.2 1.3312 1.4212 1.5312
0.4 1.3312 1.4212 1.5312

4. Optimal Homotopy Analysis Method (OHAM)

The initial estimates and linear operators for optimal HAM results are
 
f0 (η) = 1 − e(−η) , θ0 (η) = (1 − S) e(−η) ,
df d3 f d2 θ
(16)
Lf ( f) + dη − dη3
= 0, Lθ (θ) + θ − dη2
= 0.

Here linear operators are denoted by L f ( f ) and Lθ (θ), whereas the initial guesses of the functions
f (η), θ(η) are represented by f0 (η), θ0 (η) .
 
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 6 of 14

Convergence Analysis
We utilized the optimal homotopy analysis techniques to alter and control
n the
o resulting convergence
series results. Suitable values are assigned to auxiliary parameters h f , hθ to get the convergent
solutions. The errors residual are obtained for velocity and temperature equations by expressions
defined below.
R1 h i2
∆m f = Rm f (η, h f ) dη,
0
(17)
R1 h i2
θ
∆m = θ
Rm (η, hθ ) dη.
0

The parametric values convergence exercising by utilizing the procedure OHAM, which is
enumerated below in Tables 2 and 3. The values assigned to residual parameters are Pr = 6.2, S = 0.8,
Pm = 0.5,λ = 1.

Table 2. Average residual square errors (εtm ).

values→
order↓
hf hθ εtm
8 −0.573983 −0.918049 6.98675 × 10−6
10 −0.565917 −0.931985 9.05515 × 10−7
12 −0.539285 −1.38686 1.45651 × 10−8
14 −0.535106 −1.37685 2.06408 × 10−9
16 −0.531844 −1.36636 3.99551 × 10−10

f
Table 3. Discrete residual square errors for εm and εθm

values→ h f = −0.570464
order↓ hθ = −1.23274

εm
f
εθm
4 1.72569 × 10−6 0.000020310
8 2.87068 × 10−9 5.78132 × 10−7
12 9.29003 × 10−12 1.7193 × 10−11
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR20
PEER REVIEW 2.74651 × 10−15 6.16398 × 10−15 7 of 15

Thegraphical
The graphicalpicture
picturefor
for8th
8thand
and10th
10thorder
orderapproximations
approximationsshow
showthe
theerror
errordecline
declineininthe
the
subsequent figures (Figures 2 and
subsequent figures (Figures 2 and 3). 3).

Figure
Figure 2. 2. Results
Results ofof 8th
8th order
order approximations.
approximations.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 7 of 14
Figure 2. Results of 8th order approximations.

Figure 3. Results of 10th order approximations.

Figure 3. Results of 10th order approximations.

Here, the Here, the quantity

quantity (
 t f f θ
εtm =εmεm=+ )
εmε+θmεmrepresents
represents the
the total
total squared
squared of of
thethe
residual error,error,
residual whichwhich
is is
utilized to achieve
utilized the control
to achieve parameters
the control forfor
parameters thetheconvergence
convergence ofofthe
theoptimal
optimal solution.
solution.

5. Results and Discussion

5. Results and Discussion
The physical
The physical impactsimpacts of the miscellaneous
of the miscellaneous emerging
emerging parameters
parameters containing
containing nanoparticles
nanoparticles volume
volume fraction ( 0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.3
fraction (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.3), porosity parameter (0.2 ≤ Pm ≤ 0.8), thermal
), porosity parameter ( 0.2 ≤ Pm ≤ 0.8 ), stratification (0 ≤ S (≤ 0.4),
thermal stratification
0 ≤ S ≤ 0.4 ), ofthermal
of the dimensionless relaxation
the dimensionless thermal (0 ≤ λt ≤time
time relaxation (0≤
4) on λt ≤axial
the 4 ) onvelocity
the axial and theand
velocity distribution
the
of temperature were
distribution well explained
of temperature were in this
well part. Note
explained in thisthat
part. in allthat
Note these graphs
in all and tables,
these graphs the value
and tables,
thenumber
of Prandtl value of Prandtl
(Pr) was number P r ) was
kept (fixed, i.e.,kept
Pr fixed, forPr
= 6.2i.e., = 6.2
the baseforfluid
the base fluid Graphical
water. water. Graphical
results are
results are portrayed
portrayed in Figures 4–12. in Figures 4–12.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 15
5.1. The of
5.1. The Impact Impact of the Parameter
the Parameter Pm (Called
Pm (Called Porosity
Porosity Parameter)
Parameter)
In this subclass, we discussed the behavior of Pm (non-dimension porosity parameter) on
In this subclass,
velocity we discussed
and temperature the behavior
profiles. of Pmthe(non-dimension
Figure 4 shows porosity
effect of Pm on the parameter)
behavior on velocity
of axial velocity.
and temperature profiles. Figure 4 shows the effect
As expected, the reduction in the velocity distribution of P m on the behavior of axial velocity.
was seen with an augmentation in theAs expected,
the reduction in the
estimation
Appl.
velocity
10,Px;mdoi:
Sci. 2020,of
distribution
. Further,
FOR PEERthe
wasofseen
flow profile
REVIEW
withwas
velocity anhigher
augmentation in the volume of Pm .
estimation
in thewww.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
absence of solid
Further, the flow profile of velocity was higher in the absence of solid volume fraction parameter φ.
fraction parameter φ Figure 5 displays that due to the enhancement in the value of Pm (porosity
Figure 5 displays that due to .the enhancement in the value of Pm (porosity parameter), the dimensionless
parameter), the dimensionless temperature profile increased. Physically, it happened due to the
temperature profile increased. Physically, it happened due to the decrease in the permeability K of
decrease in the permeability K of the permeable source and the fluid effective viscosity. Notably,
the permeable source and the fluid effective viscosity. Notably, the variation in the temperature θ for
the variation in the temperature θ for λ = 0.5 was lower as compared to λt = 0.
λt = 0.5 was lower as compared to λt = 0. t

Figure 4. Influence
Figure ofPP
4. Influenceof mmon
onthe
theaxial velocity.
axial velocity.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 Figure 4. Influence of Pm on the axial velocity. 8 of 14

Figure5.5.Effect
Figure Effectof Pmonon
ofPm thethe
temperature field.
temperature field.

5.2. The Impact of 2020,

Appl. Sci. the 10,
Parameter
x FOR PEERSREVIEW
(Thermal Stratification) 9 of 15
5.2. The Impact of the Parameter S (Thermal Stratification)
Figure 6 portrays the stimulus
Figure 6 portrays the stimulus of parameterS,S i.e.,
of parameter TSP on the field of temperature. Here it is
, i.e., TSP on the field of temperature. Here it is
fascinatingfascinating
to note thatto note that the enrichment in the values of thethe
the enrichment in the values of thermal
thermal stratified
stratified parameterparameter
S caused the S caused
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
the temperature distribution to become thinner. Physically, this is on the grounds
temperature distribution to become thinner. Physically, this is on the grounds that reasonably that reasonably
temperature differences
temperature decrease
differences between
decrease betweenthethe
surrounding
surrounding and andsurface
surface of sheet,
of the the sheet, and
and this factthis fact
reduces thereduces
fluid the fluid temperature.
temperature.

6. Temperature
FigureFigure profiles
6. Temperature profilesfor
for different values
different values of S.
of S.

5.3. The Influence of the Parameter

5.3. The Influence λt Called
of the Parameter λt Called
(Thermal Relaxation)
(Thermal Relaxation)

The characteristics of the of

The characteristics dimensionless
the dimensionlessthermal
thermalrelaxation parameter
relaxation parameter λt λont on
θ(ηθ)(are
η) are revealed in
revealed
Figure 7. The
in Figure 7. The temperature distribution and the thickness of the thermal boundary layer werereduced
temperature distribution and the thickness of the thermal boundary layer were
for the greater values
reduced of λ
for the t . Thevalues
greater physical
of λt interpretation is that the physical
. The physical interpretation is that theobject
physicallike particles
object like need
more additional time to transfer heat to its nearest particles as we enhanced the value of λ
particles need more additional time to transfer heat to its nearest particles as we enhanced the value t . Further, we
could stateofthat for larger λ
λt . Further, wet could state that for larger λt , the material demonstrated a non-conducting
, the material demonstrated a non-conducting behavior, due to this reason
the temperature
behavior,distribution reduced.
due to this reason Fourier’s distribution
the temperature heat conduction
reduced.law and the
Fourier’s heatCattaneo–Christov
conduction law and model
of heat flux
thecomparison are elaborated
Cattaneo–Christov model of heatinflux
Figure 8. It is
comparison areobserved
elaborated that λtIt=
for 8.
in Figure 0, heat transferred
is observed that
for λt = 0 , heat transferred sharply all the way through the material. The worth mentioning point is
that the temperature got larger for λt = 0 , i.e., for Fourier’s law than the Cattaneo–Christov model
law but qualitatively similar in both cases.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 9 of 14

sharply all the way through the material. The worth mentioning point is that the temperature got
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 15
larger for λt = 0, i.e., for Fourier’s law than the Cattaneo–Christov model law but qualitatively similar
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 15
in both cases.

Figure 7. Effect of λt on temperature field.

Figure
Figure 7. Effect ofofλtλon
7. Effect t on temperature field.
temperature field.

Figure
Figure 8. Effectofofλλ
8. Effect , S andPmPmonontemperature
t ,tS and temperature field.
field.
Figure 8. Effect of λt , S and Pm on temperature field.
5.4. The Stimulus of the Parameter
5.4. The Stimulus φ (Nanoparticle
of the Parameter φ (Nanoparticle
Volume Fraction)
Volume Fraction)
Using5.4.the
Thethermophysical
Stimulus of the Parameter
Using the thermophysical
φ (Nanoparticle
characteristics Volume Fraction) base liquid is mentioned in Table 4.
of nanoparticles
characteristics of nanoparticlesand and base liquid is mentioned in Table
The influence
4. The of developing
influence of parameters
developing on
parameterstheonflow
the of
flow
Using the thermophysical characteristics of nanoparticles and fluid
of motion
fluid motion and
base and temperature
liquidtemperature
is mentioned was
was carried
Table out
incarried
outThe
through graphs
4. through
andgraphs
influence tables. and
Thetables.
of developing impactTheofimpact
theon
parameters of
thethe
volume volume
flow fraction
of fluid fraction
motion ofand
of Cu-water Cu-water nanofluid
nanofluid
temperature on
thethe
oncarried
was velocity
velocity
out field
through is sketched
graphs and in Figure
tables. 9.
The The enhancement
impact of the in
volume the volume
fraction
field is sketched in Figure 9. The enhancement in the volume fraction of Cu-water nanofluid tended to fraction
of Cu-waterof Cu-water
nanofluidnanofluid
on the
tended to
velocity reduce
field the dimensionless
is sketched in Figure velocity
9. The profile. in
enhancement Figure
thethat 10 shows
volume that of theCu-water
expansion of Cu-
reduce the dimensionless velocity profile. Figure 10 shows thefraction
expansion nanofluid
of Cu-nanoparticles
nanoparticles
tended to reduce in liquid, the opposite velocity
the dimensionless force to profile.
the flow of motion
Figure 10 showswas that
advanced as compared
the expansion to
of Cu-
in liquid,titanium
the opposite
dioxide force to the From
flow of motion was advanced the as compared to titanium dioxide
nanoparticles in and alumina.
liquid, the oppositeFigure
force11,
to we
theobserved
flow of thatmotion larger value of Cu-nanoparticles
was advanced as compared to
and alumina.
volume
titaniumFrom Figure
fraction
dioxide shows
and 11, weincreasing
an
alumina. observed that
11,the
trend
From Figure larger
inwethe value
temperature
observed ofprofile.
that the Cu-nanoparticles
Figureof12.
larger value volumethe
illustrates
Cu-nanoparticles fraction
shows anvolume
increasing
influence of thetrend
three in the
changed temperature
water-base profile.
nanofluids Figure
such as 12.
aluminaillustrates
(Al O ),
fraction shows an increasing trend in the temperature profile. Figure 12. illustrates the
2 3 the influence
titanium dioxide of the
(TiO 2) three

changed influence
water-base nanofluids
of the three changed such as alumina
water-base (Al2 Osuch
nanofluids 3 ), titanium
as alumina dioxide
(Al2O3), (TiO 2 ) and
titanium copper
dioxide (TiO(Cu)
2) on
the non-dimensional temperature
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x; profiles. On the other hand, clearly observed
doi: FOR PEER REVIEW that the Cu-water
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

nanofluids had
Appl. Sci. the
2020,highest temperature
10, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW profile in comparison with Al2 O3 (alumina) and TiO2 (titanium
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

dioxide) nanofluids.
 Physical Properties H2O Cu Al2O3 TiO2
cp (J/kg
Physical K)
Properties 4179
H2O 385
Cu Al765
2O3 686.2
TiO 2

cρp (J/kg
(kg/mK)
3
) 4179
997 385
8933 765
3970 686.2
4250
ρk(W/mK))
(kg/m 3
997 8933
0.613 400 3970
40 4250
8.9538
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 k(W/mK) 0.613 400 40 8.9538 10 of 14

Figure 9. Effect ofφ on the axial velocity.

Figure
Figure 9. Effectofofφφonon
9. Effect the
theaxial
axial velocity.
velocity.

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 15

FigureFigure 10. Effect
10. Effect of different
of different nanoparticles on
nanoparticles on the
thevelocity
velocityprofile.
profile.
Figure
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x; doi: FOR 10.REVIEW
PEER Effect of different nanoparticles on the velocity profile.
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Figure
Figure 11.11.Variation of C
Variation of Cuu nanoparticles θ θ(η(η))..
nanoparticles onon
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 Figure 11. Variation of C u nanoparticles on θ (η ) . 11 of 14

Figure
Figure 12. 12. Effectofofdifferent
Effect different nanoparticles
nanoparticles θ (θη(η) ). .
onon

6. Concluding Remarks
Table 4. Thermophysical key properties of the nanoparticles and the water (base fluid).
In this final section, we scrutinized the key features of the Cattaneo–Christov model of heat flux
to highlight the transfer
Physical heat of viscous fluid
Properties H2 Oin the existence
Cu of nanoparticles
Al2 O3 with porous
TiO2 media. The
motion of the liquid is produced by an exponentially exercising the stretching surface. The worth
cp (J/kg K) 4179 385 765 686.2
mentioning remarks of3 the above work are summarized below.
ρ(kg/m ) 997 8933 3970 4250
 k(W/m Kin
The enhancement ) the porosity parameter
0.613 Pm shows
400 a decreasing
40 trend in the
8.9538
velocity profile.
 Both the temperature field and its associated layer thickness were condensed for bigger values
of the
6. Concluding thermal stratification parameter S .
Remarks
Appl.final
In this Sci. 2020, 10, x; doi:
section, we FOR PEER REVIEW the key features of the Cattaneo–Christov
scrutinized www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
model of heat flux
to highlight the transfer heat of viscous fluid in the existence of nanoparticles with porous media. The
motion of the liquid is produced by an exponentially exercising the stretching surface. The worth
mentioning remarks of the above work are summarized below.

â The enhancement in the porosity parameter Pm shows a decreasing trend in the velocity profile.
â Both the temperature field and its associated layer thickness were condensed for bigger values of
the thermal stratification parameter S.
â A larger thermal relaxation parameter λt reduced the temperature field and corresponding
boundary layer thickness.
â The effect of the thermal relaxation parameter was qualitatively identical in both the
Cattaneo–Christov model of heat flux and Fourier models.
â For nanofluids with copper nanoparticles, the velocity components show a decreasing behavior
as the volume fraction of nanoparticle rose along with the saddle and nodal points.
â For Cu-nanoparticles expansion in liquid, the resistance to the motion of the liquid (along x- and
y-axes) was found to be higher as compared to titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) and alumina (Al2 O3 ).
â The temperature also improved for the Cu-water nanofluid with the increment in the volume
fraction of the nanoparticles.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.H. and K.S.N.; Data curation, U.K. and D.B.; Formal analysis, U.K.
and S.A.; Investigation, S.A. and D.B., A.H. and I.K.; Methodology, U.K.; Project administration, A.H.; Resources,
S.A.; Software, I.K. and K.S.N.; Supervision, I.K. and D.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 886 12 of 14

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