UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

ELE-410 INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

BY DR. ADAM KHAN

LECTURE # 07

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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• Text Book: Electric Motors and Control Systems
• By Frank D Petruzella 2nd Edition

Chapter 3: Motor Transformers and Distribution Systems

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• Transformers transfer electric energy from one electric circuit to
another by means of electromagnetic mutual induction.
• In its broadest sense, a distribution system refers to the manner in
which electrical energy is transmitted from the generators to its many
points of use.

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PART 1 Power Distribution Systems
• Transmission Systems
• The central-station system of power generation and distribution
enables power to be produced at one location for immediate use at
another location many miles away.
• Transmitting large amounts of electric energy over fairly long
distances is accomplished most efficiently by using high voltages.
• Figure 3-1 illustrates the typical transformation stages through which
the distribution system must go in delivering power to a commercial
or industrial user.

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Transmission Systems

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Transmission Systems
• Their purpose in a power distribution system is to convert AC power at one
voltage level to AC power of the same frequency at another voltage level.
• High voltages are used in transmission lines to reduce the amount of
current flow.
• The power transmitted in a system is equivalent to the voltage multiplied
by the current. If the voltage is raised, the current can be reduced to a
smaller value, while still transmitting the same amount of power.
• Because of the reduction of current flow, the size and cost of wiring are
greatly reduced.
• Reducing the current also minimizes voltage drop(IR) and amount of power
lost (I 2R) in the lines.

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Transmission Systems
• The circuits of Figure 3-2
illustrate how the use of high
voltage reduces the required
amount of transmission current
required for a given load.
• Their operation is summarized
as follows:

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Transmission Systems
• 10,000 W of power is to be transmitted.
• When transmitted at the 100 V level, the required transmission
current would be 100 A:
• P = V × I = 100 V × 100 A = 10,000 W
• When the transmission voltage is stepped up to 10,000 V, a current
flow of only 1 A is needed to transmit the same 10,000 W of power:
• P = V × I = 10,000 V × 1 A = 10,000 W

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Transmission Systems
• The use of transformers in power systems allows generation of
electricity at the most suitable voltage level for generation and at the
same time allows this voltage to be changed to a higher and more
economical voltage for transmission.
• At the distribution points, transformers allow the voltage to be
lowered to a safer and more suitable voltage for a particular load.
• Limitations
• The higher the voltage, the more difficult and expensive it becomes to
safely insulate between line wires, as well as from line wires to
ground.
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Transmission Systems
• Power grid transformers,
used to step up or step
down voltage, make
possible the conversion
between high and low
voltages and accordingly
between low and high
currents (Figure 3-3).

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Unit Substations
• Electric power comes off the transmission lines and is stepped down
to the distribution lines.
• This may happen in several phases. The place where the conversion
from transmission to distribution occurs is in a power substation.
• A substation has transformers that step transmission voltage levels
down to distribution voltage levels.
• Basically a power substation consists of equipment installed for
switching, changing, or regulating line voltages.
• Substations provide a safe point in the electricity system grid for
disconnecting the power in the event of trouble.

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Unit Substations
• The power needs of some users are so great that they are fed through
individual substations dedicated to them.
• These secondary unit substations form the heart of an industrial
plant’s or commercial building’s electrical distribution.
• They receive the electric power from the electric utility and step it
down to the utilization voltage level of 600 V nominal or less for
distribution throughout the building.
• Unit substations offer an integrated switchgear and transformer
package.

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Unit Substations
• A typical unit substation is shown in
Figure 3-4.
• Substations are factory assembled and
tested and therefore require a
minimum amount of labor for
installation at the site.
• The unit substation is completely
enclosed on all sides with sheet metal
(except for the required ventilating
openings and viewing windows) so that
no live parts are exposed.
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Unit Substations
• The single-line diagram for a typical
unit substation is illustrated in
Figure 3-5. It consists of the
following sections:
• High-voltage primary switchgear
• Transformer section
• Low-voltage distribution section

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Distribution Systems
• Distribution systems used to distribute power throughout large
commercial and industrial facilities can be complex.
• Power must be distributed through various switchboards,
transformers, and panel boards without any component overheating
or unacceptable voltage drops.
• This power is used for such applications as lighting, heating, cooling,
and motor-driven machinery.
• The single-line diagram for a typical electrical distribution system
within a large premise is shown in Figure 3-7.

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Distribution Systems

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Distribution Systems
• All conductors installed in a building must be properly protected, usually by
installing them in raceways.
• Raceways provide space, support, and mechanical protection for
conductors, and they minimize hazards such as electric shocks and electric
fires.
• Conduits are available in rigid and flexible, metallic and nonmetallic types.
• Cable trays are used to support feeder and branch circuit cables
• Low-impedance busways (bus duct) are used in buildings for high-current
feeders.
• Plug-in busways are used for overhead distribution systems.
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Distribution Systems

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 Switchboards and Panel boards
• The Code defines a
Switchboard as a single panel
or group of assembled panels
with buses, overcurrent
devices, and instruments.

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Switchboards and Panel boards
• The proper grounding
and bonding of
electrical distribution
systems in general and
panel boards in
particular are very
important.

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Switchboards and Panel boards

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Motor Control Centers (MCCs)
• When the incoming power, control
circuitry, required overload, and
overcurrent protection are
combined into one convenient
center (central location).
• This center is called the motor
control center.

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