Estudio Arquitectonico e Ingenieria de Cascarones de Textil y Concreto

Architectural and Engineering Study of Thin Concrete Membrane Shells

Presented by:
Pedro R. Munoz, Ph.D., P.E., Archineer
Newburyport, MA 01950 - USA
IMS Representative in the USA
pedro.munoz.us@ims-institute.org
www.ims-institute.org

Date: February 17, 2016

Copyrights © 2016 by Pedro R. Munoz, Ph.D., P.E., All Rights Reserved

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 FABRIC FORMED CONCRETE SHELL

THREE HIGH POINTS

“Development of a method to harden mechanically
THREE LOW POINTS prestressed membrane structures by spraying with
concrete. Fabric used as reinforcement and as
HEIGHT = 4.4 m. permanent formwork”
DIAMETER = 6 m.
THICKNESS = 50 mm. By: Henning Duerr and Robert Off
IMS e.V. (Institute for Membrane and Shell
Technologies, Building and Real Estate)
Institute at Anhalt University of Applied Sciences
he.duerr@ims-institute.org
robert.off@ims-institute.org
PLAN

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 OBJECTIVES

• INTRODUCTION

• LITERATURE REVIEW

• ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING CONCEPTS

• BASICS OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• FABRIC FORMED MEMBRANE SHELL

EXPERIMENTAL AND REASEARCH WORK

• FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF MEMBRANE-SHELL

• CONCLUSIONS
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 INTRODUCTION
NATURAL FORMS OF SHELLS

Oyster/Mussel Shell
Egg Skull

Turtle Marine/Sea Shell Sea-Rose of Amazonia

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 INTRODUCTION
ANCIENT MAN-MADE FORMS OF SHELLS

A Qubab Dwelling in A rock-cut Tomb with a

a Syrian Village pointed shape; Sicily, Italy A Divine form in a A Domical Pointed
Syrian Temple Roman Cap

The Tomb of Agamemnon A Sun-dried Dome used as A masonry dome to cover Masonry rubble
Corbeled Mediterranean Dome an Ice house in Kerman, Iran Cisterns of water storage, Iran covers kiln in Mexico
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 BASIC GEOMETRICAL CONICAL FORMS

Mathematical Equations
x2 + y2 = r2

Circle Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 SHELL STRUCTURES

CYLINDRICAL SPHERICAL HYPERBOLIC-PARABOLOID COMBINED SURFACES

• A THIN CURVED MEMBRANE OR PLATE SURFACE THAT SUPPORTS

EXTERNAL FORCES MAINLY BY: AXIAL COMPRESSIVE, TENSILE,
AND SHEAR STRESSES; R = Radius of Curvature, t = thickness

• BENDING IN THIN MEMBRANE SHELLS IS MOSTLY AVOIDED,

TO MINIMIZE THE THICKNESS AND WEIGHT OF THE FINAL SHELL

• COMMONLY USED SHELL MATERIALS INCLUDE:

CONCRETE, TIMBER-PLYWOOD, ALUMINUM, AND STEEL

• A THIN CONCRETE SHELL IS ONE WHERE TYPICALLY: 20 < R/t < 1000
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 CURVATURE OF SHELLS

Architecture of Shells is Inspired by Geometrical Forms and Mathematics

Ancient Pyramids and Temples are testament of link of Architecture and Mathematics

SINGLE CURVATURE DOUBLE CURVATURE

Vaulted Conical Arch

Vaulted Cylindrical Arch

Hypar = Saddle Form

ANTICLASTIC SYNCLASTIC
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 BASIC TYPES OF SHELL SURFACES

SURFACES OF TRANSLATION
PARABOLA ALONG A LINE PARABOLA ALONG AN ELLIPSE PARABOLA ALONG A PARABOLA

CYLINDRICAL PARABOLOID ELLIPTIC PARABOLOID HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

ZERO GAUSSIAN POSITIVE GAUSSIAN NEGATIVE GAUSSIAN

NEUTRAL CURVATURE SYNCLASTIC CURVATURE ANTICLASTIC CURVATURE

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 BASIC TYPES OF SHELL SURFACES
SURFACES OF REVOLUTION

CYLINDRICAL

CONICAL ELSPHERICAL

PARABOLIC HYPERBOLOID TOROIDAL

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 BASIC TYPES OF SHELL SURFACES
SURFACES OF REVOLUTION

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID - HYPAR
DOUBLE CANTILEVER HYPARS

Bilinear Hypar Patch A doubly ruled hyperbolic paraboloid Hypar of Bamboo School in Bali, Indonesia

Waikikian Hotel, by G.J. Wimberly, 1960 Warsaw Ochota Railway Station, Warsaw, Poland, 1962
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 HYPERBOLOID

Doubly ruled surfaces generated by two families of straight lines

Doubly ruled hyperbolic cooling towers for Didcot Power Station, UK Doubly ruled water tower toroidal tank, Poland
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 CONOID

Ruled surface of linear segments connecting points of two curves

Experimental Conoid in San Bartolo, Mexico, by F. Candela, 1950 Gaudi’s School of Sagrada Familia, Spain
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 CONOID

Reinforced Brickwork

Church of Christ the Worker, Atlantida, 1960, by E. Dieste

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• EUROPEAN SCHOOL
Franz Dischinger, German Civil Engineer; 1887-1953
A Pioneer Engineer, In 1922, designed the Zeiss Planetarium in Jena with Walther
Bauersfeld, using a thin-shell concrete roof in the shape of a hemisphere. Their system
was subsequently patented, and published a paper on the relevant mathematics in 1928.

Ulrich Finsterwalder, German Architect & Engineer; 1897-1988

First published formulas supporting barrel shell design in 1933. His Theory is called
the “Membrane Theory” used extensively in shell design, ignores bending in shells.
His Thesis subject: “Differential equations for the deflection of barrel shells”.

Heinz Isler, Swizz Structural Engineer; 1926-2009

Engineer Notable and Famous for his thin concrete shells and innovative designs.
Left a legacy of more than 1,000 elegant thin concrete shell forms all over Europe.
The most notable are the roofs for a complex of sports halls and a swimming pool at the
Norwich Sports Village (1987-1991).
Isler demonstrated three methods of shaping: through using earth mounds, inflated
rubber membranes, or hanging cloths.
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• USA SCHOOL
Anton Tedesko, Born in Germany, Raised in Austria; 1903-1994
Attributed with much of the success of thin-shell concrete structures in the USA.
The first shell of the Z-D system built in the United States was Tedesko's design
for the 1934 Hayden Planetarium dome in New York (81 ft. diameter, 3 in thick).

The 1936 Hershey Arena roof in Pennsylvania (222 ft. span, 3.5 in thick) was the first short barrel shell
in the U.S. and represented a significant departure from German practice.
Anton Tedesko introduced the thin shell concrete roof construction to the United States and was
responsible for the design of over 60 shells during his career. His engineering design approach relied
on a balance of theory, experience with full-scale structures and close collaboration with contractors.
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• USA SCHOOL
John “Jack” V. Christiansen, Born in Chicago, 1927-
Jack’s work with thin-shell concrete brought him credit as one of the world’s top thin-shell
concrete designers, and numerous scholarly publications document his engineering
achievements.

Used Hyperbolically Curved Concrete Shell sections in between stiffening rib arched beams.
The Kingdome, in Seattle, WA, 1976 at 661 ft. The largest clear span concrete dome in the world.
Demolished in March 26, 2000.
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• USA SCHOOL
Eero Saarinen, A Finnish American Architect, 1910-1961
An architect and industrial designer of the 20th century famous for shaping his neofuturistic
style according to the demands of the project: simple, sweeping, arching structural curves
or machine-like rationalism.

The TWA Flight Center at JFK Airport in New York, 1962

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• ITALIAN SCHOOL

Pier Luigi Nervi, Italian Engineer-Shell Designer, 1891-1979

He is widely known as a structural engineer and an architect, and for his innovative
use of reinforced concrete and his focus on Aesthetics.

Palazzo delle Esposizioni

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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• SPANISH SCHOOL
Eduardo Torroja, Spanish Architect-Engineer; 1891-1961
Notable as a pioneer in the design of concrete-shell structures.

Felix Candela, Architect-Engineer; 1910-1997

A student of Eduardo Torroja, Felix Candela, was born in Madrid and lived in Mexico.

Santiago Calatrava, Architect-Engineer; 1951-

A Spanish neofuturistic architect, structural engineer, sculptor and painter.

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 LITERATURE REVIEW

LATIN-AMERICAN SCHOOL
Eladio Dieste, Uruguayan Architect & Engineer; 1917-2000
A Uruguayan Engineer and Builder who spent his long career designing arched and
vaulted structures mainly made of reinforced concrete and reinforced brick masonry.

Hilario Candela, Cuban Born Architect; 1935-

A distant cousin of Felix Candela. Designed the Miami Marine Stadium completed 1963.
Educated at Georgia Tech, have practiced most of his life in the Miami area.

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 LITERATURE REVIEW

LATIN-AMERICAN SCHOOL
Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian Architect; 1907-2012
Is thought to be an important name in worldwide modern architecture. Was a pioneer
in using reinforced concrete for buildings which often have a lot of empty space,

Max Borges Jr., Cuban Architect; 1918-2009

Borges' style was highly influenced by his work with Spanish structural engineer Félix
Candela. Borges invited Candela to work with him in Cuba, and they both developed
extraordinary projects.

National Congress of Brazil, 1957-1964 Nautical Club of Havana, Cuba

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 LITERATURE REVIEW

LATIN-AMERICAN SCHOOL
Eduardo Catalano, Argentinian Architect; 1917-2010
Inventive Argentinian architect and teacher whose work was eye-opening modern
A student of Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer, the Buenos Aires-born architect was
considered a modernist visionary whose massive concrete edifices attempted to
redefine the relationship between structure and space. Faculty of MIT up to 1977.

Hyperbolic Paraboloid - Hypar roofed house in Raleigh, North Carolina, Built in 1954. 4,000 sq. ft. – 87 ft. wide
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING CONCEPTS

FORM – FUNCTION – FORCES

THE KEY IN LIGHTWEIGHT DESIGN

RELY ON REMOVING WEIGHT NOT STRENGHT

“The resistant virtues of the structure that we make depend on

their form; it is through their form that they are stable and not
because of an awkward accumulation of materials. There is
nothing more noble and elegant from an intellectual viewpoint
that this; resistance through form”.
By: Eladio Dieste, Uruguayan Architect Engineer, 1917-2000

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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS - HYPAR FORMS
1. SADDLE VAULT

ISOMETRIC

Cosmic Rays Laboratory, Mexico, 1951 – by F. Candela

PLAN SECTION AERIAL VIEW

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 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS - HYPAR FORMS
2. GROIN VAULTS
TWO CURVED HYPARS INTERSECTED

ISOMETRIC

Bacardi Rum Factory, Puerto Rico, 1960 – by Candela

PLAN SECTION AERIAL VIEW

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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS - HYPAR FORMS
3. GROIN VAULTS
THREE CURVED HYPARS INTERSECTED

Botanical Garden, Oslo, Norway, 1962 – by: F. Candela

PLAN

SECTION AERIAL VIEW

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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS - HYPAR FORMS
4. POLAR ARRAY OF GROINED VAULTS

ISOMETRIC

Los Manantiales, Xochimilco, Mexico, , 1958 – by F. Candela

PLAN SECTION AERIAL VIEW

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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS - HYPAR FORMS
5. FREE STANDING INVERTED UMBRELLAS

ISOMETRIC
Warm Mineral Springs Inn Motel, North Port, FL, 1958– by Candela
“Today Demolished”

PLAN SECTION AERIAL VIEW

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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS - HYPAR FORMS
6. CONOID

ISOMETRIC
Experimental Conoid, Mexico City, 1950 – by Candela

PLAN SECTION AERIAL VIEW

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 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS - HYPAR FORMS
7. INTERSECTING GABLED SHELLS

ISOMETRIC

Denver Courthouse Square, Denver, CO, 1958 – by: A. Tedesko

“Demolished in 1996”

PLAN SECTION AERIAL VIEW

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 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS - HYPAR FORMS
8. DOUBLE CANTILEVERS

ISOMETRIC

El Altillo Chapel, Mexico City, 1963 – by: F. Candela

PLAN SECTION AERIAL VIEW

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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS - HYPAR FORMS
9. HYPERBOLOIDS

AERIAL VIEW
ISOMETRIC

PLAN ELEVATIONS Cooling Towers, Europe

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
p = EXTERNAL PRESSURE
t = thickness = h

s
s

r = Radius of Curvature

HEMISPHERICAL SHELL SYNCLASTIC CURVATURE – r x (+) and r y (+)

SYNCLASTIC CURVATURE
ANTICLASTIC CURVATURE – r x (+) and r y (-)
s = Membrane Stresses = p. (r/t)

20 < (r/t) < 1000

MEMBRANE THEORY FOR SHELLS

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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 SEMISPHERICAL SYNCLASTIC SHELLS
DEFLECTION OF SPHERICAL SHELLS

Shallow Dome completely in compression

Buckling of Half Dome at lower bottom

Local Bending and Buckling at high concentrated loads

Continuously Supported at Base Supported by Columns at Base

MEMBRANE STRESSES FOR UNIFORM LOADING
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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 CIRCLE AND PARABOLA GEOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIP

x2 + y2 = r2

Circle Parabola
R = Radius p = focal length

p = Focal Length of the Parabola

The radius of curvature of the parabola at the vertex is twice the focal length p ; R = 2.p
The width of the parabola c at top of circle is four times the Radius of Circle ; c = 4.p
The height of the parabola d at center of circle is twice the Radius of Circle ; d = 2.R
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 RADIUS OF CURVATURE

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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 GRAPHICS STATICS

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 MIT KRESGE AUDITORIUM
Cambridge, MA-USA

Eero Saarinen & Associates, Architects – Ammann & Whitney – 1955 ; Cambridge, MA – USA ; R = 112 ft., t = 3.5” – R/t = 384
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 GREEK ANNUNCIATION ORTHODOX CHURCH
Milwaukee, WI, USA

Frank Lloyd Wright, Architect – 1956 ; Milwaukee, WI – USA ; R = 197 ft., t = 3.5” – R/t = 675
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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 SUNDOME MULTIPURPOSE STADIUM
Yakima, WA, USA

Loofburrow Architects ; J. Christiansen Engineers – 1990 ; Yakima, WA – USA ; R = 248 ft., t = 3.75” – R/t = 794
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 CYLINDRICAL VAULTED SHELLS
SHORT VAULTED SHELLS LONG VAULTED SHELLS

END ARCHES END BEAMS END WALLS

depth/Span ~ 6 to 10
thickness by Code

C and T stresses
are Perpendicular
C
ENDS TIED TO ABSORB THRUST AND MAINTAIN FORM T
SUPPORT CONDITIONS OF VAULTED SHELLS STRESS DIAGRAM
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 KIMBELL MUSEUM
Forth Worth, TX, USA

Louis I. Kahn, Architect ; A. Komendandt, Structural Engineer – 1972 ; Forth Worth, TX – USA
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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS - Conoids

Surface Generation of a Conoid

Experimental Roof Shell in San Bartolo, Mexico, 1950

Lecheria Ceimsa Loading Dock, by Candela & Recamier, Mexico 1952 Entrance to a Factory, Mexico, 1950
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 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS – Hyperbolic Paraboloids

Surface Generation for Four Straight Sides – Double Cantilever

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Hyperbolic-Paraboloid Shell in USA
Designed by: Louis A. Scibelli and Daniel F. Tulley, 1959-1960
Tully International Inc. www.tullyinternational.com
Pouring of the Concrete Roof was completed in One Day

Rendering from James Hundt, Architect – www.jameshundt.com Photo by: Pedro R. Munoz, March 12, 2015
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Hyperbolic-Paraboloid Shell in USA

St. Athanasius Church, Reading, MA Designed in 1959 completed in 1960

Was then the largest concrete thin shell (3”) Hyperbolic Paraboloid in the
Western Hemisphere. A rhombus in plan ~120’ x 155’, Seating 800 people

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Hyperbolic-Paraboloid Shell in USA

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Hyperbolic-Paraboloid Shell in USA

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS – Hyperbolic Paraboloids

Forming a Groined Vaulted Shell from two Hypars

Los Manantiales Restaurant, by Candela & Ordoñez , Xochimilco, Mexico 1958 – Octagonal Groin Vault - Four intersecting hypars
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS – Hyperbolic Paraboloids

19 ft.

L’Oceanografic by S. Calatrava and F. Candela, Valencia, Spain

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS – Hyperbolic Paraboloids

Side 1 perpendicular to Side 2

By: Felix Candela, “General Formulas for Membrane Stresses in

Hyperbolic Paraboloidical Shells”, Journal of ACI, October 1960.
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS – Hyperbolic Paraboloids

SURFACE GENERATION WITHIN THREE PARABOLIC

CURVES USING STRAIGHT LINES

By: Felix Candela, “General Formulas for Membrane Stresses in

Hyperbolic Paraboloidical Shells”, Journal of ACI, October 1960.
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Los Manantiales CAD Model

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS – Hyperbolic Paraboloids
HYPAR DOME/GABLE SHELLS

FREE-STANDING HYPAR
INVERTED UMBRELLA SHELLS
FOUR HYPARS WITH CENTER COLUMN
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS – Hyperbolic Paraboloids
14.4 ft. SQUARE, 2” THICK INVERTED UMBRELLA SHELL

Warm Mineral Springs Inn Motel, by V. Lundy. Architect & D. Sawyer, Engineer , North Port, FL 1958 –Inverted Hypar Umbrella Shell
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS – Hyperbolic Paraboloids

FREE-STANDING HYPAR
INVERTED UMBRELLA SHELLS
FOUR HYPARS WITH CENTER COLUMN

Coyoacan Market , Coyoacan, Mexico, 1955

by F. Candela. Architect and Engineer

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS – Hyperbolic Paraboloids
HYPAR DOME/GABLE SHELLS

Herdez Plant, by F. Candela, Architect & Engineer, Mexico 1958 – Hyperbolic Paraboloid Tied Gable-Dome
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS - Hyperboloids

Thickness varies from 2” (50 mm.) to 5.5” (137 mm.)

A full-scale prototype was built and tested until failure – 3 times stronger

Zarzuela Hippodrome, by E. Torroja, Architect & Engineer , Madrid, Spain, 1935 – Cantilever Hyperboloid Umbrella Shell
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS - Hyperboloids

160 ft. (49 m.), 3” thickness reinforced concrete Hyperboloid Shell

McDonnell Planetarium, by HOK Architects & A. Alper Struct. Engineer, St. Louis, MO, USA, 1963 – Hyperboloid Shell
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 IRREGULAR FREE FORM SHELLS

TWA Terminal at JFK Airport, by E. Saarinen, Architect, Ammann & Whitney, Engineer , NY 1962, Four Irregular Concrete Shells
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 IRREGULAR FREE FORM SHELLS

“The ability of shells to resist tension as well as compression,

allows for much greater freedom of form”
by: Fuller Moore, Understanding Structures, 1992

CANDELA SHELLS ISLER SHELLS

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Heinz Isler and Felix Candela Shells

“The model has an answer to nearly everything” – by: Heinz Isler

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Isler Shells

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Isler Shells

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Isler Shells

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ISLER SHELLS

Wyss Garden Center, Solo Thurn, Switzerland, 1961 Indoor Tennis Center, Heimberg, Switzerland, 1979
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ISLER SHELLS

Sicli Company Building, Geneva, Switzerland, Switzerland, 1969

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Candela Shells

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Candela Shells

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Candela Shells

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Candela Shells

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
INVERTED UMBRELLA SHELL

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Candela Shells
THREE CURVED HYPARS INTERSECTED – TRIPLE CANTILEVER

Botanical Gardens in Oslo, Norway, 1962, by Felix Candela

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Fabric Formed Membrane-Shell

Hexagonal Membrane Shell Prototype

Built in Bernburg, Germany, by IMS
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Fabric Formed Membrane-Shell
FOUR SIDED MEMBRANE-SHELL WITH STRAIGHT EDGE BEAMS

PLAN ISOMETRIC
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Fabric Formed Membrane-Shell
FOUR SIDED MEMBRANE-SHELL WITH CURVED EDGE BEAMS

PLAN ISOMETRIC

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 Fabric Formed Membrane-Shell

COMPARATIVE FOUR-SIDED MEMBRANE-SHELL PROTOTYPES

PLAN ISOMETRIC

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF SHELLS

1. MEMBRANE AND BENDING THEORY. CLOSED FORM

THEORETICAL MATHEMATICAL SOLUTIONS TO
SPECIFIC GEOMETRICAL CONFIGURATIONS. PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER.

2. SIMPLIFIED SOLUTIONS TO SHELL CONFIGURATIONS

USING COMBINATIONS OF SOME TYPE OF DERIVED
ANALOGIES OF BASIC FORMS TO OBTAIN REASONABLE
APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS. TESTS TO VALIDATE.

3. FINITE ELEMNT ANALYSIS METHODS AND ADVANCED

COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES TO SOLVE ANY TYPE
OF SHELL CONFIGURATIONS WITH THE APPROPRIATE
MATERIAL PROPERTIES, SUPPORT CONFIGURATIONS,
AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 ENGINEERING DESIGN OF SHELLS

1. ACI 318-14 – CHAPTER 19

“SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS”
See References 11-15.

2. EUROCODE 2
“Design of Concrete Structures”
3. IASS
“Working Group 5 – Concrete Shell Roofs”
See Reference 16.
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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 CONCLUSIONS

1. REVIVAL INTEREST IN THIN CONCRETE SHELLS CAN

LEAD TO MORE SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT DESIGNS

2. OPTIMIZATION OF SHELL DESIGNS TO ALLOW FOR MORE

REDUCTION IN TOTAL WEIGHT OF STRUCTURE AND ALLOW
FOR MORE OPEN SECTION IN THE SHELL SURFACE

3. AVAILABILITY OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AS 3D PRINTING

MAY ALLOW TO EXPLORE FOR MORE EFFICIENT AND
ECONOMICAL ORGANIC FORMS

4. COMPLEXITY OF THE MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF

SHELLS CAN NOT BE AN OBSTACLE TO LIMIT THE USE OF
THEM AS A VIABLE AND SUITABLE DESIGN SOLUTION

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 CONCLUSIONS

5. SHELLS MAY BE A SUITABLE SOLUTION FOR LOW-COST

HOUSING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES USING THE
APPROPRIATE LOCAL MATERIALS AND LABOR FORCE.

6. DIVERSE APPLICATIONS OF SHELLS CAN BE IMPLEMENTED

IN AREAS OF SEISMIC PRONE REGIONS FOR MORE
PERMANENT SHELTER SOLUTIONS USING ADAPTABLE
FABRIC FORMED SHELLS.

7. INNOVATIVE REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELL DOMES CAN

BE USED FOR MILITARY AND CIVILIAN PROTECTION
PURPOSES IN AREAS SUBJECT TO BOMBINGS.

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 REFERENCES
1. Duerr, H., and Off, R.; “From Membrane Form to Rigid Shell”, Tensinews NR. 27, September 2014.

2. Billington, D.P.; “Thin Shell Concrete Structures”, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, NY 1982.

3. Brown, N.; “Form, Use, and Sustainability: A Geometric and Structural Feasibility Study of Hypar
Shells”, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, 2012.

4. Candela, F.; “General Formulas for Membrane Stresses in Hyperbolic Paraboloidical Shells”,
Journal of the American Concrete Institute, October 1960.

5. Allen, E.; “Form and Forces, Designing Efficient, Expressive Structures”, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

6. Moore, F.; “Understanding Structures”, McGraw-Hill Co., NY, 1999,

7. Ekkehard R. and Eberhard S.; “Heinz Isler, Schalen”, Die Deutsche Bibliothek, 2002.

8. Timoshenko, S.P., and Gere, J.M.; “Theory of Elastic Stability”, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, 1961.

9. Timoshenko, S.P., and Woinowsky, S.; “Theory of Plates and Shells”, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Ed. 1959.

10. Brush, D.O., and Almroth, B.O.; “Buckling of Bars, Plates, and Shells”, McGraw-Hill, 1975.
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1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
 REFERENCES
11. ACI 318-14, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and
Commentary”; An ACI Standard, American Concrete Institute, 2014.

12. ACI Committee 334, “Concrete Shell Structures – Practice and Commentary (ACI 334.1R-92)
(Reapproved 2002),”; American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1992, 10 pp.

13. ACI Report SP-28, “Concrete Thin Shells,”; American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
1971, 424 pp.

14. ACI Report SP-110, “Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells,”; American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, MI, 1988, 184 pp.

15. ACI Report SP-67, “Concrete Shell Buckling,”; American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
MI, 1981, 234 pp.

16. IASS Working Group No. 5, “Recommendations for Reinforced Concrete Shells and Folded
Plates,”; International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, Madrid, Spain, 1979, 66 pp.

17. Tedesko, A., “Construction Aspects of Thin Shell Structures,”; ACI Journal, Proceedings V.49,
No. 6, Feb. 1953, pp. 505-520.

18. Adriaenssens, S, et. al., “Shell Structures for Architecture – Form Finding and Optimization,”;
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2014.
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 QUESTIONS ???

THANK YOU !!!

Muchas Gracias !!!
pedro.munoz.us@ims-institute.org
ims-usa@att.net
www.ims-institute.org

Copyrights © 2016 by Pedro R. Munoz, Ph.D., P.E., All Rights Reserved

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1er Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura Textil de IMS e.V. en Latinoamerica – Febrero 17-19 de 2016 – Ciudad de Panama, PANAMA
1st International Seminar of Textile Architecture of IMS e.V. in Latin America – February 17-19 of 2016 – Panama City, PANAMA
PRESENTACIÓN – SPANISH TRANSLATION OF SLIDES

2. Cascarones de Concreto usando Membranas Textiles como Formaleta.

Desarrollo de un método para construir estructuras de membrana pre-esforzadas usando una formaleta textil y concreto lanzado, usando la
membrana textil como refuerzo y formaleta permanente.
Materiales;
- Ferrari Mesh, Precontraint 392
- Perfil de aluminio y acopamiento de borde
- Perfiles de acero como vigas rectilíneas de borde
- Cables de suporte de la membrana textil
- Cables de anclaje de los puntos altos de los perfiles de acero
- Aparatos para medir tensión en los cables
- Fundaciones de concreto

3. OBJETIVOS DE LA PRESENTACION
- INTRODUCCION
- REVISION DE LITERATURA DEL TEMA
- CONCEPTOS ARQUITECTONICOS Y DE INGENIERIA
- CONCEPTOS BASICOS DE ANALISIS Y DISEÑO
- EXPERIMENTOS E INVESTIGACION DEL TEMA
- MODELOS DE CASCARONES DE MEMBRANA USANDO ELEMENTOS FINITOS
- CONCLUSIONES

4. INTRODUCCION – FORMAS NATURALES DE CASCARONES

- HUEVO DE GALLINA – CRANEO – CONCHA DE OSTRAS
- TORTUGA – CONCHA MARINA – HOJA RETICULAR AMAZONICA

5. INTRODUCCION – FORMAS DE CASCARONES ANTIGUOS HECHOS POR EL HOMBRE

- VIVIENDAS RURALES EN SYRIA – TUMBAS LABRADAS EN ROCA IN ITALIA – TEMPLOS
- CASCOS MILITARES ROMANOS – TUMBAS MEDITERRANEAS – DOMOS DE ALMACENAMIENTO
- DOMOS PARA ALMACENAMIENTO DE AGUA EN IRAN – HORNOS DE LADRILLO EN MEXICO

6. FORMAS GEOMETRICAS BASICAS CONICALES

- CIRCULO – ELIPSE – PARABOLA – HYPERBOLA – ECUACONES MATEMATICAS
7. CASCARONES ESTRUCTURALES

- SUPERFICIES – DESARROLLABLES – SYNCLASTICA – ANTICLASTICA – FORMAS LIBRES

- CILINDRICAS – ESFERICAS – PARABOLOIDE HYBERBOLICO – SUPERFICIES COMBINADAS

- CASCARONES PUEDEN SER DEFINIDOS COMO SUPERFICIES DELGADAS CURVAS O DOBLADAS QUE SOPORTAN LAS CARGAS EXTERIORES
PRINCIPALMENTE POR ESFUERZOS AXIALES DE TENSION COMPRESION Y ESFUERZOS DE CORTE.
- R = RADIO DE CURVATURA – t = ESPESOR

- LOS ESFUERZOS DE FLEXION EN LOS CASCARONES DELGADOS SON GENERALMENTE EVITADOS PARA MINIMIZAR EL ESPESOR Y EL PESO
DEL CASCARON FINAL.

- MATERIALES COMUNMENTE USADOS PARA LOS CASCARONES INCLUYEN:

CONCRETO – MADERA – TRIPLEX – ALUMINIO – ACERO

- CASCARONES DELGADOS TIPICAMENTE SON AQUELLOS EN LOS CUALES R/t VARIA DE 20 A 1000

8. CURVATURA DE LOS CASCARONES

LA ARQUITECTURA DE LOS CASCARONES ESTA INSPIRADA FOR FORMAS GEOMETRICAS Y MATEMATICAS

LOS PIRAMIDES ANTIGUAS Y LOS TEMPLOS SON TESTAMENTO DE LA CONECCION DE LA ARQUITECTURA Y LAS MATEMATICAS.

CURVATURA SENCILLA EN UNA DIRECCION - CURVATURA DOBLE EN DOS DIRECCIONES

BOVEDA CILINDRICA – BOVEDA CONOIDAL HYPAR ANTICLASTICA – DOMO ESFERICO SINCLASTICA

9. TIPOS BASICOS DE LAS SUPERFICIES DE LOS CASCARONES - SUPERFICIES DE TRASLACION

PARABOLA A LO LARGO DE UNA LINEA – PARABOLOIDE CILINDRICO – CURVATURA GAUSIANA NULA

PARABOLA A LO LARGO DE UNA ELIPSE CON CURVATURAS EN LA MISMA DIRECCION DEL MISMO SIGNO
PARABOLOIDE ELIPTICO – CURVATURA GAUSIANA POSITIVA SYNCLASTICA

PARABOLA A LO LARGO DE OTRA PARABOLA CON CURVATURAS EN DIRECCIONES OPUESTAS DE SIGNOS OPUESTOS – CURVTURA GAUSIANA
NEGATIVA ANTICLASTICA
10. SUPERFICIES DE REVOLUCION

CILINDRICAS – CONICAS - ESFERICAS - PARABOLICAS - HIPERBOLOIDES - TOROIDAL

11. TRES SUPERFICIES DESARROLLADAS CON LINEAS RECTAS

PARABOLOIDE HIPERBOLICO HYPAR - HIPERBOLOIDE - CONOIDE

12. PARABOLOIDE HIPERBOLICO – HYPAR – VOLADIZO DOBLE CON BORDES RECTILINEOS

SUPERFICIE GENERADA UNIENDO SEGMENTOS DE LINEAS RECTAS ENTRE LADOS OPUESTOS

CASOS TIPICOS USANDO MATERIALES DE MADERA Y CONCRETO REFORZADO

13. HIPERBOLOIDE - EJEMPLOS DE SUPERFICIES GENERADAS CON DOS FAMILIAS DE LINEAS RECTAS

EJEMPLOS DE TORRES DE ENFRIAMIENTO PARA PLANTAS NUCLEARES Y TANQUES ELEVADOS METALICOS PARA ALMACENAMIENTO DE AGUA
EN INGLATERRA Y POLONIA

14. CONOIDE USADO COMO CUBIERTA DE TECHO CURVO

SUPERFICIE GENERADA USANDO UNA LINEA RECTA CONECTADA ENTRE DOS CURVAS A LO LARGO DE SUS EXTREMOS

EJEMPLO DE UN CONOIDE EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUIDO POR F. CANDELA EN MEXICO, 1950

TECHO DE LA ESCUELA DE LA IGLESIA DE LA SAGRADA FAMILIA EN ESPAÑA – A. GAUDI

15. CONOIDE USADO COMO PAREDES DE CARGA CURVAS

EJEMPLO DE LA IGLESIA DE CRISTO TRABAJADOR EN LA ATLANTIDA – E. DIESTE URUGUAY

ESTRUCTURA CONFORMADA POR LADRILLO REFORZADO

16. REPASO DE LITERATURA DEL TEMA DE CASCARONES DELGADOS

ESCUELA EUROPEA

FRANZ DISCHINGER, INGENIERO CIVIL ALEMAN – 1887-1953

CONSIDERADO UN INGENIERO PIONERO – EN 1922 DISEÑO EL PLANETARIO DE ZEISS. USANDO UN CASCARON DELGADO DE CONCRETO DE
FORMA ESPERICA PARA EL TECHO. SU SISTEMA FUE PATENTADO Y MAS TARDE PUBLICO UN ARTICULO CON LA FORMULACION MATEMATICA EN
1928.
ULRICH FINSTERWALDER, ARQUITECTO E INGENIERO ALEMAN – 1897-1988
PUBLICO POR PRIMERA VEZ FORMULAS PARA EL DISEÑO DE CASCARONES EN FORMA DE BOVEDA EN 1933. SU TEORIA ES CONOCIDA COMO
TEORIA DE MEMBRANA USADA EXTENSIVAMENTE EN EL DISEÑO DE CASCARONES EN LOS CUALES SE IGNORAN LOS EFECTOS DE FLEXION. SU
TESIS SE TITULO “ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES PARA CALCULAR LA DEFLECCION DE CASCARONES EN FORMA DE BOVEDA”.

HEINZ ISLER, INGENIERO ESTRUCTURAL SUIZO, 1926-2009

NOTABLE INGENIERO FAMOSO POR SUS DISEÑOS NOVEDOSOS DE CASCARONES DELGADOS DE CONCRETE. DEJO UN LEGADO DE MAS DE 1000
FORMAS ELEGANTEDS DE CASCARONES DELGADOS EN EUROPA. EL MAS NOTABLE ES UN CASCARON PARA EL TECHO DE UN COMPLEJO DE
DEPORTES Y PISCINA EN NORWICH, 1987-1991. ISLER DEMOSTRO TRES METODOS PARA DARLE FORMA A SUS CASCARONES, 1. USANDO
MONTONES DE TIERRA, 2. USANDO MEMBRANAS INFLADAS, 3. USANDO TEXTILES COLGADOS.

17. ESCUELA DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMERICA

ANTON TEDESKO, NACIDO EN ALEMANIA Y CRIADO EN AUSTRIA -1903-1994

TRABAJO EN LA MISMA COMPAÑÍA CON DISCHINGER AND FINSTERWALDER ES RECONOCIDO POR INTRODUCIR EXITOSAMENTE LOS
CASCARONES DELGADOS DE CONCRETO EN LOS ESTAODS UNIDOS.
EN 1934 DISEÑO EL HAYDEN PLANETARIO EN NEW YORK.

25. FORMA - FUNCION - FUERZAS

LA CLAVE DE UN DISEÑO LIVIANO DEPENDE LA HABILIFAD DE REMOVER MATERIAL I NO RESISTENCIA.

LAS VIRTUDES DE RESISTENCIA DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS QUE DISEÑAMOS DEPENDEN DE SU FORMA; ES A TRAVEZ DE LA FORMA QUE ELLAS SON
ESTABLES Y NO DEBIDO A LA ACUMULACION DE MATERIALES. NO HAY NADA MAS NOBLE Y ELEGANTE DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA INTELECTUAL,
QUE ADQUIRIR RESISTENCIA A TRAVEZ DE LA FORMA. BY ELADIO DIESTE, ARQUITECTO E INGENIERO URUGUAYO.
1917-2000
63. FORMAS LIBRES E IRREGULARES DE CASCARONES

“THE CAPACIDAD DE LOS CASCARONES DE RESISTIR ESFUERZOS DE TENSION Y COMPRESSION PERMITE UNA MAYOR LIBERTAD DE GENERACION
DE FORMAS”

79. ANALYSIS DE INGENIERIA DE LOS CASCARONES

- 1. USANDO TEORIA DE LA MEMBRANE Y DE FLEXION. SOLUCIONES EXACTAS DE ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES PARCIALES DE ALTO
GRADO PARA CIERTAS CONFIGURACIONES GEOMETRICAS Y CONDICIONES DE SUPORTE.
 - 2. SOLUCIONES SIMPLIFICADAS A CONFIGURACIONES DE CASCARONES USANDO COMBINACIONES DE VARIOS TIPOS DE SOLUCIONES
ANALOGAS DE FORMAS BASICAS PARA OBTENER SOLUCIONES APROXIMADAS. RECOMENDABLE REALIZAR ENSAYOS EXPERIMENTALES
PARA VALIDAR LAS SIMPLIFICACIONES.

- 3. USAR METODOS DE ELEMENTOS FINITOS Y METODOS DE COMPUTACION AVANZADOS PARA RESOLVER CUALQUIER TIPO DE
CONFIGURACION DE LOS CASCARONES, TENIENDO EN CUENTA LAS PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES, LAS CONDICIONES DE SUPORTE,
Y LAS CONDICIONES DE BORDE.

81. CONCLUSIONES

- 1. REVIVIR EL INTERES EN LOS CASCARONES DELGADOS DE CONCRETO PUEDE CONDUCIR A DISEÑOS MÁS SOSTENIBLES Y RESISTENTES.

- 2. OPTIMIZACION DE LOS DISEÑOS DE LOS CASCARONES DE CONCRETO PERMITIRA MAS REDUCCION EN EL PESO TOTAL DE LA
ESTRUCTURA Y PERMITIRA TENER CASCARONES CON SECCIONES ABIERTAS EN SU SUPERFICIE. MAS LUZ Y ESPACIOS VIVOS.

- 3. DISPONIBILIDAD DE TECNOLOGIAS NUEVAS COMO IMPRESIONES EN 3D PUEDE PERMITIR EXPLORAR FORMAS MAS EFICIENTES,
ECONOMICAS, Y ORGANICAS.

- 4. LA COMPLEJIDAD DEL ANALYSIS MATEMATICO DE LOS CASCARONES NO PUEDE SER UN OBSTACULO PARA LIMITAR EL USO DE ELLOS
COMO SOLUCIONES VIABLES Y ADECUADAS DE DISEÑOS

- 5. LOS CASCARONES DE CONCRETO PUEDEN SER UNA SOLUCION ADECUADA PARA CONSTRUCIONES DE BAJO COSTO EN PAISES EN
DESARROLLO USANDO MATERIALES LOCALES Y FUERZA DE TRABAJO NATIVA DE LA LOCALIDAD

- 6. APLICACIONES DIVERSAS DE LOS CASCARONES PUEDEN SER IMPLEMENTADAS EN AREAS DE ALTO RIEGO SISMICO PARA PRODUCIR
SOLUCIONES PERMANENTES DE REFUGIOS USANDO CASCARONES ADAPTABLES BASADOS EN MEMBRANA TEXTIL Y CONCRETO
LANZADO.

- 7. CASCARONES INNOVATIVOS DE DOMOS DE CONCRETO REFORZADO PUEDEN SER USADOS PARA PROTECCION DE MILITARES Y
CIVILES EN AREAS SUJETAS A ALTOS RIEGOS DE EXPLOSIVOS Y BOMBARDEOS.