Edel Christian B.

Palad, LPT
Social Science Instructor
▪“ Who are you?”
▪ Play a Video regarding the self
▪Philosophy
▪“ love of wisdom”- is the study of Knowledge, or “
thinking about thinking”
▪The disciplined is concerned with questions of
how one should live ( ethics): what sort of thing
exist and what are their essential nature (
metaphysics): what count as genuine knowledge (
epistemology) and what are the correct principles
of reasoning ( logic)
▪ Investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality,
knowledge, or values based on logical reasoning rather
than empirical methods.
▪ The study of the ultimate nature of existence, reality,
knowledge and goodness, as discoverable by human
reasoning.
▪ The rational investigations of questions about existence
and knowledge and ethics.
▪ The search for knowledge and truth, especially about the
nature of man and his behavior
▪ The rational and critical inquiry into basic
principles
▪ The study of the most general and abstract
features of the world and categories with which
we think: mind, matter, reason, proof , truth.
▪ Careful thought about the fundamental nature of
the world: the grounds for human knowledge, and
the evaluation of human conduct.
▪ Socrates- The Greek thinkers sometimes collectively called the pre-Socratic while
others existed around Socrates time as well, every man is composed of body and
soul. This means that every human person is dualistic, that is, he is composed of two
important aspect of his personhood. For Socrates this means that all individuals have
an imperfect, impermanent aspect to him, and the body while maintaining that, there
is also a soul that is perfect and permanent.

▪ “ the only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing”

Know thyself
“ only the pursuit of goodness bring happiness”
Socratic method- Questions and answer that led to students to think themselves.
▪ Plato- claimed in his dialogs that Socrates affirmed that the unexamined life is not
worth living.
▪ Socrates student, basically took off from his masters and supported the idea that man
is dual nature of body and soul. Plato added that there are three components of the
soul. In his Magnum Opus, The Republic” (Plato 2000), Plato emphasizes that justice in
the human person can only be attained if the three parts of the soul are working
harmoniously with one another.
▪ The rationale soul- Reason and intellect has to govern the affairs of the human person
▪ The spirited Soul- which is In charge of emotions should be kept at bay
▪ Appetitive Soul – in charge of base desires like, eating drinking and sleeping, and
having sex are controlled as well.
▪ When this ideal state is attained, then the human person’s soul becomes just and
virtuous
▪ St Augustine- Augustine’s view of the human person reflects the entire spirit
of the medieval world when it comes to man. Following the ancient view and
infusing it with the newfound doctrine of Christianity.
▪ Augustine agreed that man is of bifurcated nature. An aspect man dwells in
the world and is imperfect and continuously yearns to be the Devine and the
other is capable of reaching immortality.
▪ The body is to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living eternally in a
realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God. This is because the body can
only thrive in the imperfect, physical reality that is the world. Whereas the
soul can also stay after death in a eternal realm with the all transcendent
God. The goal of every human person is to attain this communion and bliss
with the Devine by living his life on earth in virtue.
▪ Thomas Aquinas- is the most eminent thirtieth century scholar
and stalwart of the medieval philosophy, appended something to
this Christian view. Adopting some ideas from Aristotle. Aquinas
said that indeed, man is composed of two parts: Matter and Form.
Matter. Or Hype in Greek refers to the common stuffs that makes
up everything in the universe. “Man’s body is part of this matter.
Form on the other hand, Morphe in Greek refers to the “essence
of a substance or thing”. It is what makes it what it is.
▪ The soul is what animates the body; it is makes a human.
▪ Rene Descartes- Father of modern Philosophy, Conceived of the
human person as having a body and a mind. In his famous treaties,
the meditation of the first philosophy, he claims that there is so much
that we should doubt. In fact, he says that since much of what we think
and believe are not infallible. They may turn out to be false. One
should only believe that since which can pass the test of doubt.
▪ If something so clear and Lucid as not to be even doubted.
▪ With his ties to dualism, Descartes believed the mind is the
seat of our consciousness. Because it houses our drives, intellect, and
passions, it gives us our identity and our sense of self. ... He also
believed that the idea of a mind controlling the body is as erroneous
as the idea of ghosts controlling machines.
▪ JHON LOCKE (1632–1704) added the chapter in which he treats persons and
their persistence conditions (Book 2, Chapter 27) to the second edition of An
Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1694, only after being encouraged to
do so by William Molyneux (1692–1693).[1] Nevertheless, Locke’s treatment of
personal identity is one of the most discussed and debated aspects of his corpus.
Locke’s discussion of persons received much attention from his contemporaries,
ignited a heated debate over personal identity, and continues to influence and
inform the debate over persons and their persistence conditions. This entry aims
to first get clear on the basics of Locke’s position, when it comes to persons and
personal identity, before turning to areas of the text that continue to be debated
by historians of philosophy working to make sense of Locke’s picture of persons
today. It then canvases how Locke’s discussion of persons was received by his
contemporaries, and concludes by briefly addressing how those working in
metaphysics in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have responded to
Locke’s view—giving the reader a glimpse of Locke’s lasting impact and
influence on the debate over personal identity.
▪ DAVID HUME-Hume asks us to consider what impression gives us our
concept of self. We tend to think of ourselves as selves—stable entities that
exist over time. But no matter how closely we examine our own experiences,
we never observe anything beyond a series of transient feelings, sensations,
and impressions. We cannot observe ourselves, or what we are, in a unified
way. There is no impression of the “self” that ties our particular impressions
together. In other words, we can never be directly aware of ourselves, only of
what we are experiencing at any given moment. Although the relations
between our ideas, feelings, and so on, may be traced through time by
memory, there is no real evidence of any core that connects them. This
argument also applies to the concept of the soul. Hume suggests that the self is
just a bundle of perceptions, like links in a chain. To look for a unifying self
beyond those perceptions is like looking for a chain apart from the links that
constitute it. Hume argues that our concept of the self is a result of our natural
habit of attributing unified existence to any collection of associated parts. This
belief is natural, but there is no logical support for it.
▪ IMMANUEL KANT- According to him, we all have an
inner and an outer self which together form our
consciousness. The inner self is comprised of our
psychological state and our rational intellect. The
outer self includes our sense and the physical world.
When speaking of the inner self, there is apperception.
▪Maurice Merleau-Ponty believed the
physical body to be an important part of what
makes up the subjective self. This concept
stands in contradiction to rationalism and
empiricism. Rationalism asserts that reason
and mental perception, rather than physical
senses and experience, are the basis of
knowledge and self.
▪ Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, and a primary
assumption of Freudian theory is that the unconscious mind governs behaviour to a greater
degree than people suspect. Indeed, the goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious
conscious.
▪ According to Freud, our personality develops from the interactions among what he proposed as
the three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego. Conflicts among
these three structures, and our efforts to find balance among what each of them “desires,”
determines how we behave and approach the world. What balance we strike in any given
situation determines how we will resolve the conflict between two overarching behavioural
tendencies: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives vs. our socialized internal
control over those drives.
▪ The Id
▪ The id, the most primitive of the three structures, is
concerned with instant gratification of basic physical
needs and urges. It operates entirely unconsciously
(outside of conscious thought). For example, if your id
walked past a stranger eating ice cream, it would most
likely take the ice cream for itself. It doesn’t know, or care,
that it is rude to take something belonging to someone
else; it would care only that you wanted the ice cream.
▪ The Superego
▪ The superego is concerned with social rules and morals—similar to
what many people call their” conscience ” or their “moral
compass.” It develops as a child learns what their culture considers
right and wrong. If your superego walked past the same stranger, it
would not take their ice cream because it would know that that
would be rude. However, if both your id and your superego were
involved, and your id was strong enough to override your
superego’s concern, you would still take the ice cream, but
afterward you would most likely feel guilt and shame over your
actions.
▪ The Ego
▪ In contrast to the instinctual id and the moral superego, the ego is the rational, pragmatic part of
our personality. It is less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and partly unconscious.
It’s what Freud considered to be the “self,” and its job is to balance the demands of the id and
superego in the practical context of reality. So, if you walked past the stranger with ice cream
one more time, your ego would mediate the conflict between your id (“I want that ice cream
right now”) and superego (“It’s wrong to take someone else’s ice cream”) and decide to go buy
your own ice cream. While this may mean you have to wait 10 more minutes, which would
frustrate your id, your ego decides to make that sacrifice as part of the compromise– satisfying
your desire for ice cream while also avoiding an unpleasant social situation and potential
feelings of shame.
▪ Freud believed that the id, ego, and superego are in constant conflict and that adult personality
and behaviour are rooted in the results of these internal struggles throughout childhood. He
believed that a person who has a strong ego has a healthy personality and that imbalances in
this system can lead to neurosis (what we now think of as anxiety and depression) and
unhealthy behaviors.
▪DAVID RYLE- a collection of different
perceptions which rapidly succeed each other
• self = in a perpetual flux and movement
▪• we want to believe that there is a unified ,
coherent self, soul, mind, etc. but ~~actually~~
it is all just a combination of experiences.