Taj Mahal

Heaven on Earth
from
Mystic Lands

catalog # 3260

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 MYSTIC LANDS
Grades 9-12

SERIES INTRODUCTION

Mystic Lands, a 13-part documentary series, takes the viewers on an

incomparable journey of discovery to some of the world’s most unique
spiritual places. From the cloud-shrouded majesty of Peru’s Machu
Picchu to the pagoda-studded plains of Myanmar’s Bagan, and from
the architectural grandeur of India’s Taj Mahal to the simplicity of a
rural Haitian village’s vodou hounfor (temple), Mystic Lands explores
the allure of these sacred spaces and vividly documents their contin-
ued powerful influence on the daily lives of countless believers. The
Mystic Lands series, in its artistic blending of the past and present,
details the legends, mysteries, history, and facts that surround these
great spirit lands of the world. Intended for grades 9-12, the series high-
lights the “living faith” embodied in the architecture, expressive arts,
contemporary spiritual practices, lifestyle, people, and cultures that
surround these spiritual sites today.

Through worldwide, on-location, live-action video, original illustra-

tions, maps, excerpts and translations of sacred writings and oral tra-
ditions, as well as interview footage, Mystic Lands acquaints the view-
ers with the world’s “sacred geography,” identifying the mystical sites,
temples, holy cities, places of pilgrimage, prophets, gods and beliefs
that have molded the world’s diverse spiritual traditions. Mystic Lands
is narrated by acclaimed actor Edward James Olmos and features origi-
nal music by international recording artist Chris Spheeris.

Programs in this series are ideal for use in multi-cultural studies. View-
ers will gain an appreciation for cultural diversity and become more
globally conscious through learning about religious differences, how
other societies relate to the natural world, and lifestyles totally differ-
ent than their own.

Titles in the series include:

Anasazi - The Ancient Ones

The mysteries of the Anasazi culture from America’s southwest desert
unfold through their myths and legends. Sunbaked ruins, broken pot-
tery sherds, elaborate road systems, ceremonial great houses and kivas
weave an amazing tale of the spiritual life of this great Native-Ameri-
can culture.
2
Australia - Dreamtime
The legends, ceremonies, songs, dances, sacred beliefs, and aspects of
everyday life of Australia’s indigenous Aboriginal Anangu and Tiwi
tribes are explored. These native people see the landscape as a living
embodiment of the myths and stories of their creation–an age of leg-
endary heroes called “the Dreamtime.”

Bali - Island Of A Thousand Temples

On the magical island paradise of Bali, religion and spirits blend them-
selves into all aspects of Balinese life. The Balinese spiritual beliefs are
richly expressed through their arts. Delicate weavings, intricate carv-
ings, vivid paintings and imaginative dances are an integral part of
Balinese life.

Bhutan - Land Of The Thunder Dragon

In this secluded Himalayan Kingdom, Buddhism is not just a religion;
it is a way of life. From fluttering prayer flags to the rhythmic spin of
prayer wheels, worship to Lord Buddha permeates every aspect of life
in Bhutan.

Burma - Triumph Of The Spirit

Burma (Myanmar) is a devout Buddhist nation struggling to find its
way in today’s post-industrial world. This reclusive country, graced
by golden pagodas and teak temples, is considered one of the last magi-
cal destinations in the Orient. The spiritual life of Burma is explored
through its historic religious sites.

Egypt - Cycle Of Life

Rising from the windswept desert sands along the banks of the life-
giving Nile, the great pyramids of Egypt rise to the heavens–eternal
monuments in stone to the pharaohs’ quest for immortality. This pro-
gram delves into the complex culture of Ancient Egypt and its rich
spiritual traditions.

Greece - Isle Of Revelation

From the majestic Athenian Acropolis to the cloud-shrouded top of
Mount Olympus, Greek ruins dot an epic landscape. Greece was once
home to a powerful pantheon of gods, but a new religion, a legacy of
the historic visits of the Christian disciples John and Paul, shattered
the old myths and still shapes the faith of Greece today.

3
Haiti - Dance Of The Spirit
Dispelling the myths and preconceptions that surround the practice of
Vodou, this provocative episode dramatically explores the truth and
beauty of mystical Haitian Vodou spirituality through fantastic dance
and fire ceremonies.

Jerusalem - Mosaic Of Faith

Claimed by three living religions, Jerusalem is perhaps the most spiri-
tually charged city in the world. The historic and mystic roots of Chris-
tianity, Islam, and Judaism unfold in an exploration of this ancient city
of faith.

Maya - Messages In Stone

The mysterious cities of the Maya–Tikal, Chichen Itza, and Palenque–
are explored, focusing on the legends, history and facts derived from
the “rock records” left by the ancient Maya. Human sacrifice is ex-
plained through Maya religious beliefs.

Peru - Kingdom In The Clouds

Considered to be the most significant archaeological site on the South
American continent, Machu Picchu was built and then abandoned by
the Inca after only 100 years. The influence of the Inca spiritual beliefs
on their lifestyle, architecture and astronomical achievements will be
explored in the ruins of Machu Picchu and the spiritual centers of Peru’s
Sacred Valley, including Ollantaytambo and Pisac.

Taj Mahal - Heaven On Earth

Located in Agra, India, the Taj Mahal is a complex of gardens, mosques,
and minarets constructed as a tribute to Shah Jahan’s wife, Mumtaz
Mahal, after her death. In his grief, Shah Jahan vowed to build the
most beautiful tomb that ever existed. The spiritual motivations be-
hind the building of the Taj Mahal and the ghost city of Fatehpur Sikri
are highlighted.

Varanasi - City Of Light

Located on the banks of India’s great river Ganges, Varanasi is consid-
ered by Hindus to be the holiest place on earth. The eternal city of
Varanasi has been a center of enlightenment and civilization for more
than 2,000 years. The spiritual and cultural aspects of the Hindu faith
continue to define this sacred city. Rituals and beliefs surrounding death
by cremation and the end of the cycle of reincarnation are explored.

4
Each program in the Mystic Lands series includes one video, the aver-
age length is approximately 25 minutes; a Teacher's Guide with lesson
plans, suggested student activities, Internet listings, and script; and
a set of reproducible blackline masters for classroom use.

INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES
It is suggested that you preview the video and review this teacher's
guide before involving your students in the lesson activities. In this
way you will become familiar with the materials and be better pre-
pared to adapt them to the needs of your students. You may find it
necessary to make some changes, deletions or additions to fit the spe-
cific needs of your class. We encourage you to do so, for only by tailor-
ing this program to your students will they obtain the maximum ben-
efits afforded by the materials.

It is also suggested that the video presentation take place before the
entire group under your supervision. The lesson activities grow out of
the content of the video; therefore, the presentation should be a com-
mon experience for all students.

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 TAJ MAHAL - Heaven On Earth
from the Mystic Lands Series

Viewing Time: 25 Minutes

Grade Level: 9-12

BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION

OF THE PROGRAM

The Taj Mahal was described by Rudyard Kipling in the 1890s as “the
embodiment of all things pure, all things holy, and all things unhappy.”
It has also been called “the most extravagant monument to love.” Lo-
cated in Agra, India, the Taj Mahal, which translates to mean “Crown
of the Region,” is the world’s most famous Mughal monument. Now
considered a national symbol of India, the Taj Mahal stands as an ex-
quisite memorial to love, to faith, to vision. For many, the Taj Mahal
transcends the boundaries of time, place, space and speaks a universal
language of the mystical, the sacred, the divine.

The Taj Mahal is an otherworldly complex of gardens, canals, mosques,

and minarets that has become an “international symbol of love, purity
of design, and architectural perfection.” Mughal ruler, Shah Jahan,
erected the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and, many
believe, to honor his belief in Islam. There are many stories concerning
the how’s and why’s of the Taj Mahal’s creation. While some of the
tales are no doubt accurate, many are probably based more on legend
than fact.

Mumtaz Mahal (Chosen of the Palace) was the second wife, constant
companion, and quasi-advisor of Shah Jahan. Following their marriage
in 1612, she bore him thirteen children. Mumtaz was a strong, chari-
table woman known for her kindness and incredible beauty. Mumtaz
developed a reputation for her “civilizing” influence on the Mughal
court. She became famous for her work with the poor and needy.
Mumtaz took a special interest in widows and orphans.

When Mumtaz died in 1629 while giving birth to their fourteenth child,
Shah Jahan was so overcome with grief that he locked himself in his
room for eight days stating, “the empire has no sweetness, life itself
has no relish for me now.” According to legend, when he reemerged
his black hair had turned white. He decided to express his grief through
his passion for architecture and vowed to build the most beautiful tomb
that ever existed.
6
The Taj Mahal was completed in 1653 after 22 years of construction.
More than 20,000 artisans from as far away as France, Italy, and Turkey
were involved in completing the ornate mausoleum. The Taj was con-
structed of brick encased in white marble brought from Makran in
Rajasthan. Hundreds of elephants were used to transport the marble
alone.

Merchants from exotic places such as Baghdad and Tibet came to Agra
bringing precious stones to decorate the Taj. Lapis lazuli, coral, agate,
and turquoise were inlaid into the marble in beautiful patterns. When
the tomb was finally completed, more than 2000 men were deployed
to stand guard. Holy men were brought in to offer prayers.

When Shah Jahan fell ill in 1657, his four sons plotted for his throne.
One son, Aurangzeb, killed his three brothers and then deposed his
father. Shah Jahan was confined to a room in the Red Fort. From this
vantage point across the Yamuna River, Shah Jahan had a clear view of
the Taj Mahal. Shah Jahan died, still as his son’s prisoner, eight years
later. It has been written that his last wish was to be carried to a win-
dow where “dimly looking across the water at the glowing whiteness
and glittering of the melody in marble, he fell into a deep and endless
sleep.” Aurangzeb buried his father in the Taj Mahal alongside Mumtaz
Mahal.

Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire fell into a slow decline. During
this time the Taj was badly neglected. It was pillaged by local Marathas
and Jat forces. The gardens became weed choked. Drunken soldiers
wandered the grounds. Souvenir hunters chiseled marble pieces from
the exterior. It wasn’t until 1803, when the British established their pres-
ence in Agra, that the Taj was restored and once again properly main-
tained. Today, the Taj Mahal is under assault again. This time environ-
mental pollution is the culprit.

In this program, shot on location in India, the love story and religious
devotion that inspired the creation of the Taj Mahal will be highlighted.
This program also explores the ghost city of Fatehpur Sikri, built by
Akbar, the third of the Mughal rulers and Shah Jahan’s grandfather.
Fatehpur Sikri was just one of many efforts attempted by Akbar to
spiritually unite the people of India. Today, the Taj Mahal stands as an
exquisite, sacred reminder of the incredible vision, architectural skills,
and spiritual devotion of the Mughals.

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 PROGRAM GOALS

The overall goals of this program are to…

• Explore the spiritual motivations behind the construction of the city

of Fatehpur Sikri and the Taj Mahal, as well as the symbolism inherent
in the architectural details of the Taj Mahal.

• Explore the spiritual diversity of India as reflected in the architec-

tural achievements of Mughal emperors Akbar and Shah Jahan.

USES OF THE PROGRAM

This program can be used in a variety of ways and in different courses

of study. The lesson activities focus on the following:

Cultural Studies
Religion
Geography
History

A thematic approach is suggested, but not required, in order to achieve

the student objectives and thereby accomplish the program goals.

STUDENT OBJECTIVES

After viewing Taj Mahal - Heaven on Earth and participating in the

lesson activities, the viewers should be able to…

• Discuss the legend surrounding the creation of Fatehpur Sikri, and

explain how the city’s architecture reflects Akbar’s commitment to re-
ligious tolerance.

• Discuss why the creators of the Taj Mahal considered it heaven on

earth, and explain the spiritual symbolism of the garden design.

• Explain why the Taj Mahal could be considered a symbolic repre-

sentation of India’s diverse spirituality.

• Discuss the changes initiated by Akbar to reduce religious intoler-

ance and promote unity in his empire.

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• Explain why many believe that the creation of the Taj Mahal reflects
more than the love of Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal.

INTRODUCING THE VIDEO/BLACKLINE MASTERS

• Map Activity: On a large wall map point out India. If possible lo-
cate and point out the state of Uttar Pradesh which is situated in the
northern part of India and shares a border with Nepal. The cities of
Agra and Fatehpur Sikri are located slightly south and east of the city
of New Delhi in the state of Uttar Pradesh. New Delhi is the capital of
India.

• Before viewing the video, ask a few leading questions. For example:

-What do you already know about the Taj Mahal? Where is it lo-
cated? Why was it built? Why is it famous?

-What do you know about India’s Mughal Emperors, their place in

the history of India, and/or the achievements in the arts, literature,
and architecture during their reigns?

-Can you think of any examples from other cultures where archi-
tecture has been used to reflect spiritual beliefs?

-What do you know about India’s diverse spiritual traditions, cus-

toms and practices?
Although the majority of Indians (80%) are practicing Hindus, there
is probably more spiritual diversity in India than anywhere else in
the world. All the world’s major religions are represented in India, as well
as many sects. Jainism, a very old religion peculiar to India, is still prac-
ticed, as is Zoroastrianism, one of the world’s most ancient religions. These
faiths exist side by side in India – centuries old traditions, rituals, devo-
tions, and prayers reflecting the philosophies, beliefs, and deep spirituality
of India’s faithful.

• Distribute Blackline Master 1, Vocabulary Guide. This will help ac-

quaint viewers with some of the unusual terminology used in the vid-
eotape presentation. It is suggested that this list be duplicated and dis-
tributed before viewing the program.

• Distribute Blackline Master 2, Viewer’s Guide. It is recommended

that you duplicate and distribute this before viewing the program. Some
questions may require additional reading. Have viewers answer the
questions either while watching the video or shortly after the video

9
presentation. You may want to divide the group into smaller units,
assign each group certain questions, and share answers with the entire
group.

• Present the video. The viewing time is 25 minutes.

• Blackline Master 3, Word Match, will test students on their com-

prehension of the terms presented in the video and on Blackline Mas-
ter 1.

• Blackline Master 4, Quiz. This quiz may be taken immediately fol-

lowing the video or at a later date after viewers have participated in
other follow-up activities. The quiz is a brief check on what the view-
ers have retained from this lesson.

FOLLOW-UP DISCUSSION

Immediately after viewing the video, ask for questions and comments
about the content of the video.

Use Blackline Master 2, Viewer’s Guide questions as a basis for a dis-

cussion of the information presented in the video. If the discussion
leads to details that were not covered in the video, you may want to
have the students or groups of students research the subject and report
back to the class. An answer key for the Viewer’s Guide is provided,
beginning on page 13 of this teacher’s guide. Some additional sug-
gested discussion questions are…

1. What are some of the different religious traditions that are prac-
ticed in India today?
Answers will vary. India has been described as “a veritable kaleidoscope of
religions.” Some of the many different religions represented in India are Hin-
duism, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, Christianity, and Judaism.

2. What are some examples of Akbar’s religious nature and “eclectic

spirituality”?
Answers will vary. According to legend, as a child Akbar spoke with angels.
As a young man, Akbar meditated alone in the desert. And as an emperor, he
prayed regularly at the tombs of Muslim saints. He relocated his capital and
built the city of Fatehpur Sikri in tribute for the fulfillment of the prophecy of
the mystic saint, Sheikh Salim. The use of Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim ar-
chitectural elements in the city of Fatehpur Sikri is one example of his reli-
gious tolerance. Although he prayed at Fatehpur Sikri’s mosque, he faced, not

10
as a Muslim towards Mecca, but rather to the sunrise, as is the Hindu prac-
tice. He held theological debates with Muslim, Christian, Hindu, and Bud-
dhists advisors. When Akbar died in 1605, no one knew for sure what faith he
followed. Most Muslims believed he was Hindu. The Christians thought he
was Muslim.

3. What are some of the descriptions that have been given for the Taj
Mahal? What do you think it is about the Taj that seems to engender
such positive responses from so many?
Answers will vary. It has been called the most beautiful monument in the
world, a monument to love, heaven on earth. It has also been described as “an
ivory gate through which all good dreams pass.” Others have called it a dream
in marble, a love poem in stone, a perfect work of art.

4. How do you think the “seeds” of religious tolerance sown by Akbar

came to fruition in the creation of the Taj Mahal?
Answers will vary. Nearly every detail of Taj Mahal is imbued with spiritual
meaning. There are minarets for calling Muslims to prayer. From Hindu In-
dia there are lotus blossoms, the symbol of creation. From Christian Italy comes
the technique of pietre dura. The gardens represent the Islamic Garden of Para-
dise. The Taj Mahal is a Muslim monument in a predominately Hindu land
that strikes a spiritual chord among people of all faiths. The fusion of Shah
Jahan’s romantic and spiritual visions as embodied in the Taj Mahal seem to
touch the “universal soul.”

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS

1. You may choose to assign individuals or groups to research and

prepare written or oral reports on the following topics:

• Akbar the Great

• Shah Jahan and/or Mumtaz Mahal
• Fatehpur Sikri - legends, history, architectural sites, reasons for aban-
donment
• The Mughals as architects and builders. Compare and contrast them
to the classical Greeks, ancient Egyptians, Turks (Ottoman Empire) or
Persians as builders and architects.
• Agra Fort - its history, legends, and description of sites. You may
want to have the students include a labeled diagram, also.
• The Taj Mahal, its legends, history, construction, and theories re-
garding its symbolism
• The effects of environmental pollution on the Taj Mahal
• The Persian garden - its history, symbolism and the use of its design

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principles in the landscape surrounding the Taj Mahal. You may want
to have the students include a labeled diagram.

Work with the school librarian. Have him/her pull books and other
resource materials related to different aspects of the culture, history,
religion, and/or royal court life of India during the reign of the Mughal
Emperors. Also gather any materials available on the Taj Mahal. If pos-
sible have the materials available in your classroom. Distribute a list of
materials available through the school library/media center.

• Architecture as a reflection of spiritual values. Have students choose

a church, temple, shrine, or sacred monument from any culture and
describe how the architectural design, choice of site, building materi-
als, and/or decorative elements combine to “embody a vision of the
divine.”

• Have the students imagine that they have friend who is preparing
to go on a trip to Agra and Fatehpur Sikri, India. The friend needs
some advice on what to see while in India. Have the students choose
five sites they would suggest as “must see” for their friend. Have the
students write a letter describing the sites and reasons why they feel
those sites should not be missed.

EXTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. You may choose to assign individuals or groups to research and

prepare written or oral reports on the following topics:

• The Taj Mahal as reflected in literature

• Lord Curizon and the restoration of the Taj Mahal
• Hindu extremists and their efforts to “capture” and “convert” the
Taj. These groups claim that the Muslims forcibly seized the Taj, and
other significant monuments, adding Quranic verses and calligraphy
to give them Islamic character.
• Shah Jahan and Louis XIV – parallels between the two sovereigns –
architectural projects, court life, personal extravagance
• Mughal Court life
• Islam in India – historically and today
• Calligraphy as an art form in Islamic tradition and its use as a sig-
nificant decorative element of the Taj Mahal
• Mughal painting – they are best known for their highly detailed,
colorful, miniature paintings depicting life in the palaces. Instead of a
report or presentation, the students could create their own miniature
painting of an event from their life.

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• Sufi poets – their role in the process of interaction and integration
of the Hindu and Islamic faiths.

2. Have students create a travel brochure promoting travel to Agra

and Fatehpur Sikri, India. Have them illustrate the brochures. The bro-
chures could be used to create a bulletin board display.

3. Have students divide into smaller groups and create a newspaper

from the time of the Mughal Emperors. The newspaper should include
at least five different topic areas that are found in today’s newspapers
such as business, entertainment, lifestyle, comics, food, travel, sports,
national, metro, and editorial. The articles should written in historical
context.

INTERNET ACTIVITIES

1. Access the alphabetical listing for India in the World Factbook at

http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/95fact/index.html
This website lists facts about the country’s geography, people, govern-
ment, economy, transportation, communication, defense forces, and a
map. Discuss the differences between this country and others around
the world. How do the country’s features contribute to its position
within the world economy? Locate Agra on the map of India. Does
the fact that the Taj Mahal is the most popular tourist site in India help
or hinder the country’s economy, ecology, and global image?

2. Visit Northern India and the Ganges at

http://www.lonelyplanet.com.au/dest/ind/nor.htm
Read and discuss the information about Agra; use the hypertext links
to access the photographs of the Taj Mahal. How does the appearance
of the structure change in the different lights of day?

3. Check out The Majestic Taj Mahal website at

http://rubens.anu.edu.au/studentprojects/tajmahal/home
This fascinating site includes a floorplan of the Taj Mahal. Links pro-
vide access to photographs of its Main Gateway, Garden and Water
Devices, Mosque, Rest House, and Actual Tomb. Also provided are
links to pages on Historical Significance, Mughal Agra (the rulers re-
sponsible for the construction of the Taj Mahal and other monuments),
Believe It Or Not! facts, and Artwork. Use this site to inspire creative
writing, travelogue, and art projects.

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 ANSWER KEY

Blackline Master 2, Viewer’s Guide

1. What is the Taj Mahal, where is it located, and why is it thought to

symbolically express India’s diverse spirituality?
Answer: The Taj Mahal, located in Agra, India, is the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal
and her husband Shah Jahan. It was built by Shah Jahan as an architectural
expression of the love they shared and, many believe, to honor his profound
belief in Islam, and the love of his god, Allah. Considered by its creators as a
heaven on earth, the Taj Mahal has become a symbol of India, reflecting in
architectural perfection and symmetry, that country’s diverse, intense spiri-
tuality. It is a Muslim monument in a predominantly Hindu land and as such
seems to strike a spiritual cord among peoples of all faiths. Nearly every detail
of the Taj Mahal is imbued with spiritual meaning. The four towers surround-
ing the tomb are traditional minarets for calling Muslims to prayer. From
Christian Italy came pietre dura, the technique of inlaying precious stones in
marble. From Hindu India came the lotus blossom, symbol of creation.

2. How did the Mughals choose to express their empire’s power and
glory?
Answer: The Mughals used architecture to express their empire’s power and
glory. Architectural elements that they favored include distinctive sculpted
columns, minarets, the arch, and the round dome on a square base.

3. How did Akbar attempt to realize religious tolerance in his empire?

Answer: Realizing that his empire would fail if it remained divide by religion,
Akbar began a campaign for religious tolerance. He eliminated taxes that dis-
criminated against Hindus. He banned the enslavement of captives taken in
war, and he married into royal Hindu families.

4. Who was Sheikh Salim and why was he important to Akbar?

Answer: Sheikh Salim was a mystic saint who had a great influence on the life
and spiritual development of Akbar. Akbar had a chance encounter one day
with the mystic. During their meeting, Sheikh Salim prophesied that Akbar
would soon have an heir to his throne. After the realization of the mystic’s
prophecy, Akbar was so grateful he relocated his capital to be near the holy
man. In 1571, Akbar began to build his grand, utopian city of Fatehpur Sikri.

5. How did the architecture of Fatehpur Sikri demonstrate Akbar’s

commitment to religious tolerance?
Answer: The city’s architectural marriage of Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist
details in many of its buildings created a complex of rare beauty. The Panch
Mahal, five story palace, was designed in the style of a Buddhist temple. The

14
Hindu architectural form chhatri was also used. Akbar’s three favorite wives
– a Hindu, Muslim and Christian – all are believed to have had their own
living quarters that included artistic and architectural details specific to their
faith.

6. What were some of the main elements of Akbar’s Din-i-Illahi reli-

gion?
Answer: In Akbar’s religion the sun was worshipped. The Hindu tenets of
reincarnation and karma were also accepted, yet Akbar was greeted with the
Muslim phrase “Allahu Akbar” which means god is great. Some scholars say
that “Allahu Akbar” could also be translated to mean Akbar is God. Prayers
were said three times a day. The eating of meat was forbidden. Forgiveness,
kindness, and tolerance toward all living creatures were also stressed.

7. Who was Mumtaz Mahal?

Answer: Mumtaz Mahal was the wife, constant companion, and quasi-advi-
sor of Shah Jahan. She died giving birth to their 14th child. Shah Jahan was
devastated by her death. After he emerged from a period of solitary mourning,
he vowed to build the most beautiful tomb that ever existed. The outcome of
his desire and vision would be the Taj Mahal.

8. What were some of the construction logistics involved in the build-

ing of the Taj Mahal?
Answer: More than 20,000 men were involved in the construction of the Taj
Mahal. This labor force included stonecutters, gardeners, calligraphers and
masons. Precious stones, sapphires, diamonds, emeralds and rubies were
brought from all over the world to be inlaid in marble.

9. Many believe that the Taj Mahal was inspired by Shah Jahan’s love
for Mumtaz Mahal. Are there any other theories about the reasons be-
hind the construction of the Taj?
Answer: In addition to the love of his wife, many suggest that Shah Jahan had
even a greater vision for the tomb. It is believed that the Taj Mahal was also
meant to reflect Akbar’s profound belief in Islam and the love for his god,
Allah.

10.What are some of the symbolic elements in the design of the Taj
Mahal?
Answer: The gardens surrounding the Taj Mahal represent the Islamic gar-
den of paradise. As such they are filled with flowers and fruit trees. The num-
ber four and its multiples are holy numbers in Islam. The gardens each have
four lawns and each lawn has sixteen flowerbeds. This symmetry is consid-
ered the symbol of perfection and completion. The canals that divide the gar-
dens into quadrants are seen as the rivers of paradise. The white marble of the

15
Taj Mahal symbolizes the purity of faith. It recalls a white pearl. Islamic tradi-
tion suggests that the world was made from pearls. The dome of the Taj Mahal
symbolizes the vault of heaven. Some even believe that the Taj Mahal repre-
sents the heavenly throne where Allah sits on the Day of Judgment.

11. What happened to Shah Jahan after the Taj Mahal was completed?
Answer: Deposed by his son Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan spent the last eight years
of his life as a prisoner in the Red Fort. From there he could gaze across the
river to the Taj Mahal.

Blackline Master 3, Word Match

1. G 6. C
2. F 7. B
3. D 8. J
4. I 9. H
5. E 10. A

Blackline Master 4, Quiz

Part 1
1. The Qur’an is the Muslim Holy book. Muslims believe that it is the
infallible word of God sent down from heaven.
2. Sheikh Salim was a mystic saint that predicted the birth of an heir
to Akbar’s throne.
3. This utopian city was built by Akbar. Deserted after only twenty
years, Fatehpur Sikri remains today one of the world’s best preserved
ghost towns. The city’s architectural marriage of Muslim, Hindu, and
Buddhist details on its buildings created a complex of extraordinary
beauty.
4. The chhatri is a small, domed, umbrella-shaped finial. This archi-
tectural form is a common feature in the palaces of Rajasthan and west-
ern India.
5. Din-i-Illahi was the name of the religion founded by Akbar. Its
name translates to mean “the ultimate religion of God.”
Part 2
6. F The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.
7. F Akbar was very tolerant, flexible and open in spiritual
matters.
8. T
9. T
10.T

16
 LIST OF RESOURCES/SUGGESTED READINGS

Begley, Wayne E. “The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its
Symbolic Meaning.” Art Bulletin 61: 7-37, March ‘79.

Begley, W. E. Taj Mahal: The Illumined Tomb. Harvard University, 1989.

Bragg, Rebecca. “The Legacy of the King of the World.” World Press
Review, October 1992, p. 51.

Brand, Michael and Lowry, Glenn, Editors. Fatehpur Sikri: Selected Pa-
pers. Marg Publications, 1987.

Carroll, David. The Taj Mahal. Newsweek Book Division, 1972.

Ellis, Kirsten. The Insider’s Guide To India. Hunter Publishing, 1990.

Finley, Hugh. India: A Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet, 1993.

Gascone, Bamber. Great Mughuls. Harper and Row, 1971.

Ingpen, Robert and Wilkinson, Philip. Encyclopedia Of Mysterious Places:

The Life And Legends Of Ancient Sites Around The World. Viking Studio
Books, 1990.

Israel, Samuel and Grewal, Bikram, Editors. Insight Guides: India. APA
Publications, 1989.

Kusy, Frank. Cadogan Guides: India, Kathmandu Valley - Nepal. Cadogan

Books, 1993.

Lal, Muni. Akbar. Vikas Publishing House, 1980.

Lall, John. Taj Mahal and the Saga of the Great Mughals. Lustre Press.

Nath, R. Architecture of Fatehpur Sikri (Forms, Techniques and Concepts -

Being Supplement to History of Moghul Architecture. Historical Research
Documents Program, 1988.

Nath, R. Taj Mahal and Its Incarnation. Historical Research Documents

Program, 1985.

Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad. Akbar and Religion. Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delhi,

1989.

17
Shearer, Alistair. The Traveler’s Key to Northern India: A Guide to the Sa-
cred Places of Northern India. Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.

Tillotson, G. H. R. Architectural Guides for Travellers: Mughal India. Pen-

guin Books, 1990.

“A Love Poem in Marble.” Scholastic Update (Teacher’s Edition), March

10, 1989.

“The Taj Mahal.” History Today, May 1993, pp. 62-63.

18
 SCRIPT OF RECORDED NARRATION

It's been called the most beautiful building in the world. But faith and
the spirit of the people of India make it more––a monument to the love
of husband and wife, to the quest for artistic beauty and its one god,
Allah. For its creators, the Taj Mahal was, quite literally, heaven on
earth.

In India, the search for life's meaning takes many paths – Sikh, Mus-
lim, Buddhist, Hindu. It is a spiritual journey expressed with count-
less ceremonies, rituals and prayers, that has shaped the soul of mil-
lions.

Life in India winds its way through centuries-old traditions, dense with
activity, and filled with spirituality and mysticism.

The great faiths of the world exist side by side through the business of
living and the passage of dying.

If there is one symbol of this intensely spiritual country, it is a tomb, a

building many consider perfect – the Taj Mahal.

A Muslim monument in a predominantly Hindu land, the Taj Mahal

strikes a spiritual chord among people of all faiths.

English writer Rudyard Kipling described the Taj as "The ivory gate
through which all good dreams pass."

Shah Jehan, the emperor who built it, wrote "The nymphs of Paradise
clean it with their eyelids, it’s so tender and sacred." But Shah Jehan
had no way of knowing that his beloved monument would come to
symbolize a nation.

The Taj Mahal is located in north-central India in the city of Agra,

roughly one hundred miles southeast of the modern Indian capital of
New Delhi.

Agra was built on the banks of the Yamuna River and was once the
capital of the powerful Mughal Empire.

The story of the Taj Mahal begins in 1526 with the arrival of the Mughals,
Muslim conquerors from the north. They built a permanent capital in
Agra, an ancient Hindu city first settled around 3000 B.C.

19
The Mughals expressed their empire's power and glory with architec-
ture, including distinctive sculpted columns, minarets, the arch, and
the round dome on a square base.

Under the Mughals, music, art and literature flourished, so did reli-
gious tolerance.

Tradition says that Krishna, a principal Hindu god, was born near here.
An ancient Hindu epic calls the city "Agrabana," which means para-
dise.

During the rule of Akbar, the third of the Moghul rulers, the empire
reached out to the soul of its people.

The first Mughal born on Indian soil, Akbar realized that his kingdom
could not stand if it became divided by religion.

From the grand palace at his massive fort in Agra, Akbar began his
campaign for religious tolerance. He eliminated taxes that discrimi-
nated against Hindus. He banned the enslavement of captives taken
in war, and he married into royal Hindu families.

But Akbar was more than clever politician and wise ruler. He was a
man with a restless soul. While wandering in the hills west of Agra,
Akbar encountered a mystic saint named Sheikh Salim who inspired
him to abandon his old ways and follow a new path. Their meeting
was destined to change the face of India forever.

Spirituality in India is nearly universal – today as in the past. During

the 16th century, the Islamic Mughal emperor was a powerful religious
leader. But the emperor Akbar followed his own spirit. As a child, he
is said to have spoken with angels. As a young man, Akbar meditated
alone in the desert. And as emperor, he prayed regularly at the tombs
of Muslim saints.

When the Muslim mystic Sheikh Salim prophesized that Akbar would
soon have an heir to his throne, one of his wives delivered a long
awaited son. Akbar was so taken with Salim's prophesy that he relo-
cated his capital to be near the holy man.

In 1571, Akbar built a grand city called Fatehpur Sikri. Today, it’s
among the most well preserved ghost towns in the world. But shortly
after its construction, Fatehpur Sikri became a grand cultural center
housing more than two hundred thousand people.

20
Akbar built his city in only 15 years, but he built it well. The marriage
of Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist details creates a rare beauty. The five-
story palace called Panch Mahal was designed in the style of a Bud-
dhist temple. No two columns are alike.

The Hindu architectural form "chhatri," which means umbrella, is also

represented.

Some believe Akbar had three favorite wives – a Christian, Hindu and
Muslim. Each is believed to have had their own living quarters, which
included artistic and architectural details specific to their faith.

And the tomb of the Muslim Sheikh Salim remains the architectural
jewel of the ancient city.

But grand buildings were not enough for Akbar. He also became an
architect of the spirit.

At an early age, Akbar began developing a personal vision of spiritu-

ality, one which looked deeply into many religions. Although his first
building at Fatehpur Sikri was a mosque which faced Mecca, he was
known to pray each morning in the opposite direction, toward the sun-
rise, like a Hindu.

Following a series of mystical experiences, he decreed himself the ulti-

mate authority in all religious matters. He called his new religion Din-
i-Allahi, which means "the ultimate religion of god."

In the hall of private audience known as Diwan-I-Khas, Akbar would

hold theological debates with his advisors – including Muslims, Hin-
dus, Christians, and Buddhists. Some sought to enlighten the emperor,
others to convert him.

Those who followed Akbar worshipped the sun as divine. They be-
lieved in the Hindu tenants of reincarnation and Karma, yet they
greeted him with the Muslim phrase "Allahu Akbar," which means “god
is great.” But Allahu Akbar could also be translated as Akbar is God.

God or man, Akbar could not inspire many to follow. His religion
faltered when the toils of war called him to battle in Afghanistan.

During his long absence, Akbar's court returned to Agra. Some be-
lieve lack of water in Fatehpur Sikri caused them to leave. Others sug-
gest it was the impractical location of the city for defending the north-

21
west frontier. The truth remains a mystery, but within 20 years of its
construction, Akbar's once grand city was virtually abandoned. His
utopia had failed.

But the seeds Akbar planted for a united India took root, and the sa-
cred fruits would soon yield a spiritual expression unequaled the world
over.

When Akbar, India's greatest Mughal emperor died in 1605, no one

knew for sure which faith he followed. Most Muslims believed he was
a Hindu. Christians thought he was Muslim.

Akbar's tomb, which is located in Sikandra five miles northwest of

Agra, reveals the same religious tolerance that motivated the emperor
through much of his life.

Architectural influences include Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Christian

designs. For nearly two generations following Akbar's death, his tomb
represented the pinnacle of Mughal architecture.

But it would be Akbar's grandson, Shah Jehan, who would build the
monument many believe symbolizes heaven on earth.

The Taj Mahal had been called a dream in marble, a poem in stone, a
perfect work of art. Shah Jehan had a passion for architecture that
eclipsed even Akbar's.

As a young man, he completely rebuilt the palace inside his

grandfather's huge Agra Fort, indulging his love of marble.

But even greater than his love for building was Shah Jehan's love for
his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. His constant companion and political advi-
sor, her name meant “chosen one of the palace.” But three years into
Shah Jehan's reign, Mumtaz died suddenly during the birth of their
fourteenth child.

From his palace in Agra Fort, the emperor mourned for nearly two
years. The outcome of his solitude was a grand monument to his love
– the Taj Mahal.

The true architect behind the Taj Mahal remains a mystery. Some say
he was a jeweler from Venice or a goldsmith from France, the court
mathematician or a religious mystic who saw the design in a sacred
dream.

22
But most scholars agree that the Taj Mahal represents Shah Jehan's vi-
sion.

From the time construction began in 1632, more than twenty thousand
men labored at the site, an army of stonecutters, gardeners, calligra-
phers and masons. It's been said that the Mughals "designed like ti-
tans and finished their work like jewelers."

The emperor imported lapis lazuli from Ceylon, turquoise from Tibet,
onyx from south India, coral from the sea. Merchants from through-
out Asia brought sapphires, emeralds, rubies and diamonds to the ar-
tisans who skillfully embedded the precious stones in marble. The
grandeur of the Taj Mahal made it famous around the world before it
was even finished. Perhaps appropriately, its name means “crown of
the region.” Romantics also suggest its name is a tribute to Mumtaz
Mahal.

But was love all that inspired the grandeur of the Taj Mahal? Some
suggest Shah Jehan had an even greater vision for his beloved wife's
tomb.

The Taj Mahal emerges from the morning fog, its beauty enhanced by
the gentle light of dawn.

Although the Taj may be the world's greatest monument to love, some
might ask "a love of what?" It certainly represents Shah Jehan's love
for his ill-fated wife. But could the Taj Mahal also reflect Jehan's love
for his god, Allah? At the time Jehan ordered the construction of the
Taj, his profound belief in Islam may have moved him to create a vi-
sion of heaven on earth.

Whether for god or mortal, some believe the expression of love exhib-
ited here transcends the human spirit. It is a place of pilgrimage for
visitors from around the world.

Nearly every detail is infused with spiritual meaning. The four tow-
ers surrounding the tomb are traditional minarets for calling Muslims
to prayer. From Hindu India comes the lotus blossom, symbol of cre-
ation; from Christian Italy, pietre dura, the technique of inlaying pre-
cious stones into smooth white marble. These delicate carvings as-
sured that Mumtaz Mahal's gravesite would always be covered with
flowers, for in Islam, heaven is always filled with blossoms.

23
As the Islamic garden of paradise, the grounds around Taj Mahal are
filled with flowers and fruit trees. Because four and its multiples are
holy numbers in Islam, each garden has four lawns, each lawn sixteen
flowerbeds. This symmetry is considered the symbol of perfection and
completion.

The rivers of paradise flow here too, brought to earth as canals that
divide the garden into quadrants.

The white marble symbolizes the purity of faith. To the devout Mus-
lim, it recalls a white pearl. Islamic tradition suggests the world was
made from these precious white gems. The dome itself symbolizes the
vault of heaven.

Some believe the Taj Mahal represents the heavenly throne where Al-
lah sits as he judges humankind. It is this vision that the faithful may
see as they enter paradise.

Calligraphy reinforces the vision with graceful quotations from the

Muslim holy book, the Qur'an. Judgment Day, says the Qur'an, will
bring fire, pain, and doom to the wicked, and happiness in heaven to
the good. A passage over the south arch urges the faithful – "Enter
thou among my servants, and enter thou my paradise."

Shah Jehan lived to construct more grand buildings and an entire city
which today is called "Old Delhi." But he never created another para-
dise like the Taj Mahal.

The final years of Shah Jehan's life were spent in solitude inside his
palace in Agra Fort. His despotic son, Aurangzeb, overthrew Jehan,
killed his own brothers, and created a rule of stern religious ortho-
doxy.

From this spot in his private chambers, Shah Jehan did little during his
exile but gaze across the river at his perfect Taj Mahal. No one can
know his thoughts, or the depth of his sorrow and grief. But when
Jehan died in 1666, legend says he was found facing his wife's glorious
tomb, his eyes still open.

He was laid to rest beside his wife, and after his death, he received the
title "Dweller In Paradise."

24
Today, the vision of Akbar and Shah Jehan lives on in India. Despite
the cultural and political differences, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Chris-
tian and Hindu live side by side, often seeking the same spiritual toler-
ance professed by Akbar.

The Mughals had created a grand empire. Akbar had tried to build a
perfect city. But in one building, the Taj Mahal, the romantic and spiri-
tual vision of Shah Jehan would touch the universal soul.

25
 Name__________________________________
1 TAJ MAHAL - Heaven On Earth
from the Mystic Lands Series
VOCABULARY
Agra - Situated on the banks of the Yamuna River in north-central India, Agra at the time of the Mughals,
during the 16th and 17th centuries, was the capital of India. Agra is still known for its superb monuments from
that era, especially its Fort and the world famous Taj Mahal. Today the city of Agra, located roughly 100 miles
southeast of the modern Indian capital of New Delhi, is a typical north Indian city.

Agrabana - Means “paradise;” was the name given to Agra in the epic Mahabharata.

Akbar - Third of the Mughal rulers, first Mughal ruler born on Indian soil, and grandfather of Shah Jahan,
known for his attempts to increase religious tolerance in his empire and the construction of his utopian city
Fatehpur Sikri. A man of deep spirituality, he took an eclectic, open, and tolerant approach to his faith life.
Following a series of mystical experiences he declared himself the ultimate authority in all religious matters.
He called his new religion Din-i-Illahi which means “the ultimate religion of god.”

chhatri - A small, domed Mughal kiosk (umbrella). This umbrella-shaped finial is a common feature in the
palaces of Rajasthan and western India.

Din-i-Illahi - The religion founded by Akbar. The name translates to mean “the ultimate religion of god.”

Fatehpur Sikri - Is the well-preserved “City of Victory,” built by the Mughal ruler Akbar in grateful tribute for
the successful realization of the prophecy of the mystic saint Sheikh Salim. The mystic had prophesied the
birth of a son for Akbar. Now considered one of the best preserved ghost towns in the world, at its peak,
Fatehpur Sikri was a grand cultural center with a population of more than two hundred thousand people. The
city’s architectural marriage of Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist details on its many buildings created a complex
of rare beauty. The city was abandoned after just twenty years. Theories suggest that Fatehpur Sikri’s lack of an
adequate water supply caused the abandonment of the city. The Panch Mahal, the living quarters of Akbar’s
three wives, and the tomb of Sheikh Salim are notable sites at Fatehpur Sikri.

Krishna - Vishnu’s eighth incarnation, often colored blue; a popular Hindu deity, he revealed the Bhagavad
Gita to Arjuna.

Mumtaz Mahal - The beloved wife of Shah Jahan died during the birth of their 14th child. Known as a strong,
charitable, beautiful woman, Mumtaz was considered a “civilizing” influence on the Mughal court. After her
death, Shah Jahan created the Taj Mahal as her tomb and as a beautiful architectural expression of the love they
had shared.

pietre dura - The technique of inlaying precious stones into marble.

Qur’an - The Muslim holy book. Muslims believe that the Qur’an is the infallible word of God sent down from
heaven.

Shah Jahan (1592-1666) - Fifth emperor of India from the Mughal dynasty. He had a passion for architecture
that surpassed even Akbar’s. As a young man he rebuilt the palace inside of Agra Fort. He built the Taj Mahal
in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan was deposed by his son, Aurangzeb, and spent the last
eight years of his life gazing at the Taj Mahal from his room in Agra’s Red Fort. On his death, to avoid the
additional expense of building another mausoleum, Aurangzeb buried Shah Jahan next to Mumtaz Mahal in
the Taj Mahal.

Sheikh Salim - The mystic saint encountered by Akbar, who inspired Akbar to follow a new spiritual path.
Salim prophesied that Akbar would soon have an heir to his throne. With that prophecy realized, Akbar relo-
cated his capital to be near the holy man. In 1571 Akbar began construction on a grand new city called
Fatehpur Sikri.

Taj Mahal - Considered by many to be the most beautiful building in the world, a “heaven on earth,” the Taj
Mahal was a tomb built in memory of Mumtaz Mahal, by her husband Shah Jahan. Located in Agra, India, the
Taj Mahal has come to symbolize the nation of India.

©1997 The Duncan Group, Inc. Distributed by AGC/United Learning

1560 Sherman Av., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 1-800-323-9084 Fax 847-328-6706
www.agcunitedlearning.com e-mail: info@agcunited.com
 Name__________________________________
2
TAJ MAHAL - Heaven On Earth
from the Mystic Lands Series
VIEWER’S GUIDE

Directions: Answer the following questions immediately after viewing the video or as instructed by
your teacher. Use the back of this sheet if necessary.

1. What is the Taj Mahal, where is it located, and why is it thought to symbolically express India’s
diverse spirituality?

2. How did the Mughals choose to express their empire’s power and glory?

3. How did Akbar attempt to realize religious tolerance in his empire?

4. Who was Sheikh Salim and why was he important to Akbar?

5. How did the architecture of Fatehpur Sikri demonstrate Akbar’s commitment to religious
tolerance?

6. What were some of the main elements of Akbar’s Din-I-Illahi religion?

7. Who was Mumtaz Mahal?

8. What were some of the construction logistics involved in the building of the Taj Mahal?

9. Many believe that the Taj Mahal was inspired by Shah Jahan’s love for Mumtaz Mahal. Are
there any other theories about the reasons behind the construction of the Taj?

10. What are some of the symbolic elements in the design of the Taj Mahal?

11. What happened to Shah Jahan after the Taj Mahal was completed?

©1997 The Duncan Group, Inc. Distributed by AGC/United Learning

1560 Sherman Av., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 1-800-323-9084 Fax 847-328-6706
www.agcunitedlearning.com e-mail: info@agcunited.com
 Name__________________________________
3
TAJ MAHAL - Heaven On Earth
from the Mystic Lands Series
WORD MATCH

Directions: Match the term in the left column with the correct definition in the right column.

1. _____ Taj Mahal A. Beloved wife of Shah Jahan; Taj Mahal was built in her memory.

2. _____ Qur’an B. The technique of inlaying precious stones into marble.

3. _____ Agra C. Following a series of mystical experiences he declared himself the

ultimate authority in all religious matters. He called his new religion
4. _____ Din-i-Illahi Din-i-Illahi.

5. _____ Krishna D. At the time of the Mughals during the 16th and 17th centuries,
this city was the capital of India. It is the location of the Taj Mahal.
6. _____ Akbar
E. A popular Hindu deity, he revealed the Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna.
7. _____ pietre dura
F. The Muslim holy book. Muslims believe it is the infallible word of
8. _____ Agrabana God sent down from heaven.

9. _____ Fatehpur Sikri
10. _____ Mumtaz Mahal
G. Considered by many to be the most beautiful building in the
world; built in memory of Shah Jahan’s wife.
H. The well-preserved “City of Victory,” built by the Mughal ruler
Abkar in grateful tribute for the successful realization of the prophecy
of the mystic saint Sheikh Salim. Now considered one of the best
preserved ghost towns in the world.

I. The religion founded by Akbar. The name translates to mean “the

ultimate religion of god.”

J. Means “paradise” - name given to Agra in the epic Mahabharata.

©1997 The Duncan Group, Inc. Distributed by AGC/United Learning

1560 Sherman Av., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 1-800-323-9084 Fax 847-328-6706
www.agcunitedlearning.com e-mail: info@agcunited.com
 Name__________________________________
4
TAJ MAHAL - Heaven On Earth
from the Mystic Lands Series
QUIZ

Part 1
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the missing term.

1. The ___________ is the Muslim Holy Book. Muslims believe that it is the infallible word of God
sent down from heaven.

2. ______________ was a mystic saint that predicted the birth of an heir to Akbar’s throne.

3. This utopian city was built by Akbar. Deserted after only twenty years, ____________ remains
today one of the world’s best preserved ghost towns. The city’s architectural marriage of Muslim,
Hindu and Buddhist details on its buildings created a complex of extraordinary beauty.

4. The __________ is a small, domed, umbrella-shaped finial. This architectural form is a common
feature in the palaces of Rajasthan and western India.

5. _____________ was the name of the religion founded by Akbar. It’s name translates to mean “the
ultimate religion of God.”

Part 2
Directions: Place a “T” before the True statements, and an “F” before the False statements.

6. ___ The Taj Mahal was built by Aurangzeb.

7. ___ Akbar was extremely intolerant and closed minded in matters of faith and
religion.

8. ___ India is a country of diverse spiritual practices.

9. ___ Shah Jahan is considered the visionary behind the creation of Taj Mahal.

10. ___ The gardens surrounding the Taj Mahal are thought to represent the Islamic
garden of Paradise.

©1997 The Duncan Group, Inc. Distributed by AGC/United Learning

1560 Sherman Av., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 1-800-323-9084 Fax 847-328-6706
www.agcunitedlearning.com e-mail: info@agcunited.com