HOW TO CALCULATE LOADS ON THE

STRUCTURE?

Er.P.SABARINATHAN
B E (Civil) M E(Strut) C Eng A M I E A I V
B.E.(Civil).,M.E(Strut).,C.Eng.,A.M.I.E.,A.I.V.,
Chief Executive
SP STRUCTURES
Chennai &Tirupur
Mob:+9787075645
 Loads actingg on a structure?

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 CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS
 Static Loads(Vertical Load)
 The load acting at a place such as dead load (fixed)

 Dynamic Loads(Vertical Load)

 The load acting in a structure place such as dead load
(fixed)

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 Loads Acting on a Structure
 Natural and Man made loads acting on the structure

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 DIFFERENT LOADS
 Dead Loads (Vertical Load)
 The load that is fixed in magnitude and position
 Dead weight of different materials are provided in IS 875
Part 1

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 C td
Contd..
 Imposed Loads (Live Loads) (Vertical Load)
 It is nothing but gravity load other than dead load such as
occupancy by people, moveable equipment and furniture
etc.,
 Imposed loads are provided in IS 875 Part 2

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 C td
Contd..
 Wind Loads (Horizontal Load)
 Winds are produced by the differences in atmospheric
pressures, which are primarily due to the differences in
temperature.
 Wind loads are provided in IS 875 Part 3

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 C td
Contd..
 Earthquake Loads (Horizontal Load)
 The plates are collide at their boundaries earthquakes occur
 Earthquake loads are provided in IS 1893 Part 1&4

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 Eff t off loads
Effects l d
 Mass and gravitational effect
 Ex: Dead Load, Imposed Loads, Snow, Ice and Earthquake
loads and Hydraulic pressure

 Mass and its acceleration effect

 Ex: Earthquake , Wind, Impact and Blast Loads

 Environmental effect
 Ex: Temperature Difference, Settlement and Shrinkage
(Indirect Loads)

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 ACTION OF FORCES ON
STRUCTURE
 Axial Force Action
 It is a force passing through the centroidal axis and
inducing axial stresses only

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 C td
Contd..
 Bending Action
 It is a force either parallel or transverse to the member
axis and contained in the plane of bending induces
bending (tension and compression) stresses.
 The bending may be about one or both axes which are
perpendicular to the member axis

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 C td
Contd..
 Shear Action
 It is caused by in-plane parallel forces inducing shear
stressses

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 C td
Contd..
 Twisting Action
 It is caused by out of plane parallel forces(i.e., forces not
contained in the plane of axis of the member but in a
plane perpendicular to axis of the member inducing
torsional moment and hence shear stresses in the
member.

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 C td
Contd..
 Membrane Action
 This occurs in the case of two dimensional structures
like plates and shells.
shells
 This induces forces along the axial surface only

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 Computation of Loads for Building
 Roof Slab
 Floor Slab
 Loads
L d on beam
b
 Loads on Column
 Loads on Foundation

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 Roof Slab Load
aa. Self weight of slab
b. Plastering
c. Weathering
W th i C Course
d. If any partitions loads on the slab as per IS 875 Part 2
Cl 3 1 2 suggests
Cl.3.1.2 t
Min. = 1kN/m2
Max.= 1.5kN/m2
e. Live load as per IS 875 Part 2 Table .2- 1.5kN/m2

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 Floor Slab Load
aa. Self weight of floor slab
b. Plastering
c. Floor
Fl Finish
Fi i h
d. If any partitions loads on the slab as per IS 875 Part 2
Cl 3 1 2 suggests
Cl.3.1.2 t
Min. = 1kN/m2
Max.= 1.5kN/m2
e. Live load as per IS 875 Part 2 Table .1 - 2 kN/m2

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 Self weight of beam
The self weight of the beam in kN/m
= Unit weight of conc. x breadth of beam x Depth of
conc.
conc

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 Two way slab load on beam

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 Two way slab load on beam
As per IS 456: 2000
In longer span loads shall be distributed in the form of
trapezoidal

In the shorter span loads shall be distributed in the form of

ti l
triangle
Let,

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 One way slab load on beam
The loads distributed only on the longer span

Lx

Ly
The loads along Ly shall be calculated as follows
W* Lx /2
W= Load / unit area
Lx = Shorter Span

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 Wall load on beam
The wall loads distributed on the beam in kN/m

L d on beam
Load b due
d tto wallll / m llength
th off bbeam
= Unit weight of wall x tk of wall x Height of wall

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 Cantilever Slab load on beam
The Cantilever Slab load distributed on the beam in kN/m

= W* Lx
L

W Load / unit area

W=
Lx= Shorter Span

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 Cantilever Slab load on beam

B
Beam Cantilever
Slab

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 Other loads on beam
• The secondary beam reaction on the primary beam
• The stair case load on the beam
• Self
S lf Standing
St di C Column
l lloadd on B
Beam
• Water tank slab load on beam

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 Roof Slab Load
Rooff Sl
R Slab
b load
l d
(RESIDENTIAL) Thickness Density Loads/ m2

Dead load

Slab Self weight 0.13 25 3.25kN/Sqm

C ili plastering
Ceiling l t i 0 25kN/S
0.25kN/Sqm

Weathering course 0.115 19 2.19kN/Sqm

Total Dead load 5.69kN/Sqm

liveload
(RESIDENTIAL) 1 50kN/Sqm
1.50kN/Sqm

Total load 7.19kN/Sqm

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 Floor Slab Load
Floor slab load
( RESIDENTIAL)
S ) UNITS
S

Dead load

Slab Self weight 0.13 25 3.25kN/Sqm

Ceiling plastering 0.25kN/Sqm

Floor finish 1.00kN/Sqm

Unknown partition 1.00kN/Sqm

Total dead load 5.50kN/Sqm

liveload-
(RESIDENTIAL) 2.00kN/Sqm

Total load 7.50kN/Sqm

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 How to calculate Axial column loads
There is an approximate method to calculate loads on the
column or algebraic sum of the shears at the end of all
beams meeting at the column

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 Contd..
• The above slab area load transfer the load to column
through beam.
• The slab load will transfer trapezoidal form to the two longer
g
side beams then it will be distributed equally on the two
columns
• The slab load will transfer triangular form to the two shorter
side beams then it will be distributed equally on the other two
columns
• Self weight of the column has to be considered and any
eccentricity load on the column will have to be considered

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 How to calculate Footing loads ?
• The total axial load on the column and moment due to any
eccentricity of load on the top of footing
• Moment due to lateral load at the top of footing
g
• Any uplift due to water pressure

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 Partial Safety Factors for Loads.
• IS 456 Table No.18 has given partial safety factor for
different load combinations

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 What is the partial safety factor for
temperature
p load?

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 Contd..
• When differential settlement, creep, shrinkage, or
temperature effects are significant, the following partial
safety factors for limit state of collapse
• UL= 0.75(1.4D.L+1.4T.L+1.7IL) must be greater than
(1.4D.L+TL)
• For serviceability limit states partial safety factor can be
taken as unity for this case.

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 Why Partial Safety?
• Possibility of unfavorable deviation of the load from the
characteristic value
• Possibilityy of inaccurate assessment of load
• Variation in dimensional accuracy
• Uncertainty in the assessment of effects of the load
• Uncertainty in the assessment of the limit state being
considered
• To take into account live load variation

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 Stair Case Loading

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 Stair Case Loading

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 Stair Case Loading

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 Transversely Supported

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