John Barber (1791) - Gas turbine (Barber's turbine was used to burn gas obtained from wood,

coal, oil, or other substances, heated in a retort or producer, from where

the gases were conveyed into a receiver and cooled. Air and gas were then
to be compressed in different cylinders and pumped into an "exploder"
(combustion chamber) where they were ignited, the mixture of hot gas
then being played against the vanes of a paddle wheel. Water was to be
injected into the explosive mixture to cool the mouth of the chamber and, by producing
steam, to increase the volume of the charge. Barber's concept was sound, but given the
technology of that day, it was not possible for the device to create sufficient power to both
compress the air and the gas and produce useful work. Nevertheless, the credit for the idea
that leads to the modern gas turbine can clearly be given to John Barber)
TYPES OF RECEPROCATING ENGINES
RADIAL ENGINES - consists of a row, or rows of cylinders arranged around a crankcase.
 rotary-type radial engines -The cylinders of a rotary-type radial engine are
mounted radially around a small crankcase and rotate with the propeller, while the
crankshaft remains stationary. Some of the more popular rotary-type engines
 static-type radial engines - the crankcase remains stationary and the crankshaft
rotates to turn the propeller. Static radial engines have as few as three cylinders
and as many as 28.

Etienne Lenoir (1861) - Stationary Gas Engine (Lenoir based his engine on the principles of
the horizontal double-acting steam-engine.
Lighting gas and air are alternately drawn in at either end of the sliding
piston up to the stroke centre and then ignited by a spark plug. The
forwardly propelled piston expels the exhaust gases of the preceding
combustion on the other piston side. The gas change is controlled by flat
slide valves driven by the crankshaft via the eccentric.
This engine was uneconomical but provided a basis for the construction of other engines,
including the Otto four-stroke engine.)
Dr. Nikolaus August Otto (1876) - Four stroke cycle gasoline The Otto
engine was designed as a stationary engine and in the action of the
engine, the stroke is an upward or downward movement of a piston in a
cylinder. Used later in an adapted form as an automobile engine, four
strokes are involved:
IN-LINE ENGINES - In-line reciprocating engines generally have an even number of cylinders
aligned in a single row parallel with the crankshaft. The pistons are either upright above or
inverted below the crankshaft. This engine can be either liquid-cooled or air cooled. Inline
engines are typically liquid-cooled or are limited to only four or six cylinders
V-TYPE ENGINES- In-line engines evolved into V-type engines. Two rows of cylinders, called
banks, are oriented 45, 60, or 90 degrees apart from a single crankshaft. Two banks of
cylinders typically produce more horsepower than an in-line engine. Because the cylinder
banks share a single crankcase and a single crankshaft, V-type engines have a reasonable
power-to weight ratio with a small frontal area. The pistons can be located either above the
crankshaft or below the crankshaft. Most V-type engines had 8 or 12 cylinders.
OPPOSED-TYPE ENGINES - Opposed engines always have an even number of cylinders, with
each cylinder on one side of a crankcase "opposing" a cylinder on the other side.

WANKEL ENGINES - Wankel engines have a good power-to-weight ratio, and their compact
1. downward intake stroke—coal-gas and air enter the piston
design can be enclosed by streamlined nacelles or cowlings. Instead of using a crankshaft,
combustion chamber,
connecting rods, pistons, cylinders, and conventional valve train, the Wankel engine uses an
2. upward compression stroke—the piston compresses the mixture,
eccentric shaft and triangular rotor turning in an oblong combustion chamber. This reduction
3. downward power stroke—ignites the fuel mixture by flame and later electric spark,
in moving parts contributes to increased reliability. Early designs had problems associated
4.  upward exhaust stroke—releases exhaust gas from the piston chamber.
with sealing the combustion chamber, which affected efficiency and engine life.

Section A ENGINE COMPONENTS

Heat engines convert thermal energy into mechanical energy. A specific volume of air is
compressed, and then heated through the combustion of a fuel. In a reciprocating engine, the
heated air expands, creating a force that moves a piston and in turn, the piston rod,
crankshaft, and propeller or rotor. Reciprocating engines derive their name from the back-
and-forth (or reciprocating) movement of their pistons. It is the downward motion of pistons,
caused by expanding gases, which generates the mechanical energy needed to accomplish
work.
CRANKCASE - The crankcase is the core of a reciprocating engine. It contains the engine's
internal parts and provides attach points for the cylinders, external accessories, and airframe
installation. Additionally, the crankcase provides a tight enclosure for the lubricating oil. Due
to great internal and external forces; crankcases must be extremely rigid and strong. A
crankcase is subjected to dynamic bending moments that change continuously in direction
and magnitude. For example, combustion exerts tremendous forces to the pistons and the
propeller exerts unbalanced centrifugal and inertial forces. To remain functional, a crankcase
must be capable of absorbing these forces while maintaining its structural integrity.