Heart Failure – Epidemiology Symptoms & Risk

Generals, Risks Factors

& Treatments Symptoms of Heart Failure

What is heart failure?

Heart failure is a
pathophysiological state in
which an abnormality in cardiac
function results in the failure of
the heart to pump blood under
normal cardiac pressures at a
rate that meets the requirements
of metabolozing tissues
Risk Factors
Anatomy
 Screening &
Diagnosis
Screening
 Medical history : family story
symptoms of congestion,
hypoperfusion
 Physical examination:
assessment of vital signs, presence of
congestion, assess cardiac output
 Laboratory evaluation :
assessment of renal function,
measurement of serum potassium
level, Measure of cholesterol and
glucose in blood
 level of natriuretic peptides
Diagnosis
 Transthoracic echocardiography
(TTE)
 Blood-Test & Chest X-ray
 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Echocardiogram
 Nuclear Stress test
 Cardiac computerized tomography
(CT) scan
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) /
PET imaging
 Cardiac magnetic resonance
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
 Coronary angiogram)
 Myocardial biopsy
Treatment Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of a heart failure can
show changes at the genetic and molecular
levels as well as in the cell structure.
Pathologists can detect abnormalities such as
sarcomere depletion, glycogen deposition,
myofibril dysfunction and prolongation of
action potentials. Additionally altered stress
responses, apoptosis and autophagy might
Pharmacological Therapy be involved in a propagating heart failure.
 RAAS inhibitors, Beta-adrenergic
system modulation
 ACE inhibitor
Laboratory Results -
 Angiotensin receptor blocker
 Diuretics Biomarkers
 Statins NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro brain
 Anti-arrhythmia natriuretic peptide)
 Cardiac peptide hormone
Medical Support
Implanted Devices  Build in atrium and left ventricle
 ICDs  Released if the myokard is
 LVAD stretched due to hemodynamic
Surgery overexertion
 Heart transplantation  Vessels extend, is inhibiting
 Angioplasty Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
 Coronary Bypass Surgery
system
 Heart Valve Replacement Creatine Kinase (CK)
!Exercise and Eat right! CK-myocardial band (MB)
Myoglobin
Cardiac Troponins (cTn)
Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)