e9_1_hewitt_simulation.

edr
e9_1_hewitt_simulation.bjt Ai-Coolul Heat litchunged 381
3t0 Pmess llcat Tmnsfcr

Tablc g.l, Typical overall Heat Transfcr cocfficicnts for Alr-coolcd Heat Exchangcrs'

Outsidc diamcter of tubes D , - ? j . . 4x l 0 - r m

Fin height h - 12.7x l0-r m
^ A (rr)._(fr)ou
Fin spacing w r s - 2.31x lO-t m (11finsperinch)
tE)",:lEl; L-type aluminum fins
ft and Tz !.c rc? Intorchangeobto uo
-Nru2. AUQ [w//(mr.K)l
ProcessSide Fluid
t.0 85
Low-presure gas (- I bar)
tligh-prcssure gas (- 20 bar)
450
09 7m
Trcated 60ling watcr
l,ow-viscosiry organic liquid 550
08 tm
High-viscosiry liquid
1.4 Condensingsteam
8m
07 5m
Condc nsing hydrocarbon
1.6
Condcnsing hydrocarbon + H2
450
I's 06 300
s-l t 1.8 Condensing hydrocubon plus incrt gas
<le
2.O 'Thc hcat cxchanger'
Its 05 budlc cost for such cxchangcrs is gcncrally lbout 60% o[ lhc total
n bRcfcncrl to thc outside of a barc tubc.
25
0.4
3.0
Example 9.1 Air-CooledHeat Exchanger
0.3
4.0
50

0.1

00
03 04 UO 0.7
heat exchanger?
proPerties of air and water:
Properties. The following may be taken as the appropriatc
Watcr(I - 305K) Air (I - 300K)
p-'995kg/mt p.'l.16lks/mt
Dcnsity
- ' L - o : e t *cr-1 [ -- r4178
Spccifit hcat s ) / mK)2
1 x .J,/(ks-
i:-;;.y
r- 08 A- - o'620w/(m' K)
.El.s conducrivity
4l< Prandtlnumber Pr-'5.20
I
r 07 ro calctlate the air'side heat transfer coefficient
ttlethod. Use the method given in Section2'45'2
combin;'ili;iltil;;ter-side hcar transfer coefficient given bv Equation
6 for the finned rubing. Then use the appropriate
L
n""iit""rr"i t"in"i""i, q' *i$-eJg-tl-3^'12'
06 2.3tn ro obtain the overall
5 inart (FiSure 9'17) to obtain the water exit temferature'
a
tr""
o "*i""iii
F
o
o os Solution.
tr
|' . A i r $ i d e H e a t T r a n s f e r C o e f i c i e n t . T h e f i r s t s t e p i s t h e c a lculationofthegeometricfeaturesof
rlr-os:used in Figure 9.18).. .
1i,"-riU"'U""ai" u, foffo*l'itte symbotsTe 2.224,i-e-'
ar"a if in" dnn"a tubcs is givcn by Equation
Thc rotal surfoce

o3 A - Ar+n,,- #{it"l - o})+ o,* + o,s}

0.6 0.9
(Iz)u-(Iz). 8 0 x 3 x o - l L u s r . z l ' - ( 2 s . 4 )+' ?s)7 . 2 x 0 . 4 0 6 + 2 s ' 4tx' e o r lx t o - 6
-

fur;r._1r,,,,.-, j
Frs.e.r7 *.on ,"-o",oJo-n,":"::::-r::,:::-",1l,,.lil',3,],rubc ros, rourpascs,
unnrixcd A = 451.3, 451.3 m2 total
betwecn passes.(From Trhorck. 198j. Wirh ocrmission.) - 452.2m2
Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation
Aspen Htfs+ Aerotrn Simulation
 Wfin = 0.016 in
!E2 Precss Hcat I'mnrfer Air-Cmlcd Hcat Excho4gen 383

w=04O€m'1 The surfacc area of thc fins is given by Equation 2-28, i.e.,
+lt+
r+s=23oe'nm 11 fin/in
:ll l- ,
i l | "=reoomm NLr ll. I
AF- _ Ol) + o'wl

hfin = 5/8 in
t---
h = 1 5 . 9m m
Dfin tip = 2.25 in
' 7------:l
( s + w ) 1 2_(D?
80x3xr
\ ' '
I
f l 1
-
,,ofi -"If ttsr.zl'-(8.4)'l + s7'2x0.c06J
x l0-6

1 in OD, 10 BWG ==> I

Q=572m

q=254m
T; - 436.4m2

4 = 186rm The surfacearea of the tube between6ns is given by Equation 2.226,i.c.,

ID = 0.732 in, t = 0.134 in qo

I I
NLr
lj Aw_
71;y@,s)
Transverse Pitch
to * t t o.(rr.4
Pt = 2 3/8 in x r.m3)x ro-5
2.n9 x l0-'
t- p2 *l
52.07nm
Total numb€t d i.O63 /v= 80- rhc toiatcxrcrnat
surracc
;:::;. rubcwirhout
finsis
Nurnber ol fubG ir a tow n Number of tubes per row per pass Ar'NLID,
Tube rows deep Number of ttibes h a rclv frt= 4
-80x3x2x25.4x10-r
- 19.15
m2
Note that the ratio of the total surfacearcaofthe finncdtubebankto thc cxtcrndsurfaccarca
H Rows of the sametubeswithout fins is

Abare = 19.2 m2 A 452.2

- u5'
Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation ^r' *E
The four tube rows are in a staggeredarray and corbels are included to avoid blpass flour, as
shown in Figure 9.18.The height ol cach corbel is p,/2, lcaving a vertical ga-pfor thc tube row
equal to 20p,; the total height of the enctosure is, therefore, 20.5pt ot t-Tl Y. _
The minimum flow area, *hich occurs in the vertical plane of eich row, is given by Equation
2.228:
gE
6

| Zwh \
oo S.in-?,L{ - -,'r--\
NO
tt' ( w +s)/

ts'gi
- 8.4-2 x o'ryx
- zox r{oo.33 t ro-'
L=3m \ 2:o9 |
- 1 . 7 6 0m 2

The frontal area of the array is

So-1.237x3-3.?llm2

and
6-9.,n/Jo-0.474
I r-*
I ]i;""
I
The next step is to calculate rhc velociry and Reynoldsnumber of the air passingthrough thc
Flg. 9.lE Air-coolcd hcar cxchanger(Examplc 9 I) minimum cros section:

Va, max = 10.54 m/s u'pp.-.h

- J- - lo.55m,/s
c- m d- -
Aspen Htfs+ Aerotran Simulation o 0.414
 Air-Colcd Heat Erchaagcrs 3t5

Prcccsslh ot Trunsler
ma = 21.9785 kg/s Hence
Thc corrcsPonding
air flow ralc
Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation Rea = 16,220 tanh(0.839)
-o.r'
-''J _
,tf, - u... S.'n Po Aspen Htfs+ Aerotran Simulation 0.939

- l0 55 x l.7r)0x l.lr,l - 2l.56kg/s arca is given bY

Theeffccriveair.sidcheattransfercocfficicntbascdontotalsurfacc
Equation 2.Ll5,i-c.'
numbcris h = 66.8 W/(m2 K) a, Base Area
onclrh" .,rtr.tpondingReynolds | r y A 6+ A s \ -
Rea, 1 = 17,706 u;_\T)u, Aspen Htfs+ Aerotran Simulation
t''^t D'Po
nr." -;:-
^
Rea, 2 = 17,209 + ls.8
x 43-d.4
Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation - {0.817 )rn * - 58.2w/(m2.K)
1 0 5 5 x 2 5 . 4 x 1 0 - r x l . 1 6 =l \ 4s2'2 I
1 . 6 8x l 0 l
t . 8 5x l 0 - Theair-sidcheattranslercoefficientreferredtothceflemalsurfaceofthetubcwithouifinsis
lhe ESDU corrclation for high-fin
Thc air-side hcirr transfcr cocfficicnr is obtained using x 2 3 ' 6 r -l 3 ? 4w / ( m 2 'K )
array hcat exchangcrsgivcn by Equation 2'244' i'e" o , . , ' d" LA,, + ' 58'2
,t.il"tJ
-ooel
/ r \0:97l t. \
ffi -o.zqzaro^,^l=l I al Ptt/tFiFi 2.Water.SideHeatTransferCoefrcient.Thewater-sidehcaltransfercoefficientiscalculatedfrom
\ht \Pzl Equation 2.300,i.e.'
M - 0.023Rco'8Pro'
Fi and F! arc both unity for this examplc; hence' ha, Base Area = 1,459.9 W/(m2 K)
Thc total water mass flow rate is
Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation
Ni - o.2a2u.$',0.f"('i;5)""'(#)-' (0.707)r/r
Vw, 1 = 0.93 m/s
- 68.26 and the vclocitY is
Vw, 2 = 0.92 m/s
air-sidehcattransfcrcoeflicicntis
and the corresponding Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation
Vw = 0.92 m/s
,.-I.o, Aspen Htfs+ Aerotran Simulation 5.0 - 0.925ut,/ s
2 0 x r / 4 x ( 1 8 . 6 x 1 0 - r ) x 995
2.63x10-:x68.26
--S" : 7068W,z(m'K) hw = 3,292.7, 4,425.2 W/(m2 K)
, --
u-Di Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation
ln dcrivingthc cffecrivchcattransfercocfficicntfrom dn,-allowance mustbe madefor fin n,-- --i- P* Aspen Htfs+ Aerotran
.fifi"n.v. ff," etficienryof high fins is givenby Equations2'247and2'248'i'c"
Simulation
0 . 9 2 5 x 1 8 . 6 x 1 0 - 3 x 9 9- 52.226x lO'
t-r)- 0.769x 10-
,,-.^*(,/Er'+
''
2-a/wAt x
1f {t
Hencc
Rew = 23,401
x 101)0r(5'?f,]'o'''133j
F.iu*' o'OZSQ226
and
Aspen Htfs+ Aerotran Simulation
r- +(7-')(' 03sh?) Rew, 1 = 26,202
and
Nu.xA* 1 3 3 . 7 x 0 ' 6 2-0M S . W / ( m 2 . K )
-
Rew, 2 = 21,183 _ -
18.6xr0-,
"..,'--T-
Hence
Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation
q bv Equation 3'12' For this example
z 5 . 4 x r O t- s' 7 . 2 \/ ttjl_20.42xto-rm Orcmll Hcot TrattsferCoelficienr. The value "{ 9l junction
{i-tl of tic fin and tube are neglectcd'
at tlic
v", It*-tJlt+o'rstnrt.o, foulinq rcsistancesand the tn.t "i i*li""t"
surfaci of the rubc without fins' i'e" to radius D"
Hence-,the valuc of u' ,"rut"i to iit;;;i
and raking the thcrmal conductivityof the aluminum fins, '\1, as 205 W(m' K)'
r I D,. D, . I D.
-ln- + =--
-"-, + Di' a-'i Di
- xt0-J- 0.83e
x zo.4z U,"
urn"^,",,, /--1t10':=
 llcat Tmrulcr
Process Air-Caled Heot Excharyca *t

'K) firr carbon

wherc 1,, thc thermal conductivityof thc tube miltcrial, is taken as ffiw/(n Thc effcctiveness ofthc hcat crchangcr as a mcan:r ofcooling thc watcr is rcprcpcntcd by pR:
slecl. Then
pp- 1'" - tii - t
I I 25.4xt0-r t25.t1 I /25.4\ r-.,n - ?,-'--T--
40 - "
- * --t;a--|"[ . ?i,n
r+ r3r4 J *sr I te6J
"n
- ' 1 2 . 8 x l 0 - r + 6 . 6 x l 0 - 5 + 3 0 . 6x l o - t - I l 0 x 1 g - : ( 6 2 . K , / W
9.4.3 Effects of Tube Configuration on Performance
and In Example 9.1 the thcrmal pcrformancc of a four pass.countcrllow, cross-flow hcat cxchangcr for
UD = 949.3 W/(m2 K) cooling watcr was predicted. Thc countcrflow modc was choscn in ordcr to obtain thc maximum
l J , - 9 O qw / ( m ? . K )
Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation rcduction in water tcmperaturg and a tcmperaturc drop of I lJ'C was obtaincd with a corresponding
hcat cxchangcr effcctiveness of 0.46. Howcvcr, if thc total ratc of hcat transfer rathcr than outlct
IJsc ol Thcrmal Effeaiueness Chan n Ohnin fuil llater Tempemtut. Having obtained U., the water tempcraturc were the main critcrion, a simplc crss-flow design would bc morc cffectivc. For
valuc of NTUlair) can be calculatedand userl together with the value of R to idcntif the example,if all the 80 tubes were conncctcd dircctly between two hcadersand the same watcr vclocity
operating point in Figure 9.t7. The valueof thc water exit tcmperaturecan thcn be dctcrmined was maintained, then the total walcr f,ow would bc four timcs that in Example 9.1 and the cxit watcr
from either 0 or P as follows: tcmperature would be 36'C, giving an cffcctivcncss of 0J2, i.c., grcatcr than that of a counterflorr
atTangemcnl.
AU A,U. 19.15x 909
Nru2- - - 0'802 Choicc of configuration dcpcnds upon design rcquircmcnts. It should be noted, howevcr, that
T d,- rtrr r57 there are constraints imposed upon fluid vclocitics, for cxamplc, the liquid vclocity in thc tubes
should be high enough to avoid deposition of parriclcs and to limit fouling. A liquid velocity grcatcr
LMTD = 13.52, 13.78 C c. M-c-- 21.55x1007 than about I m/s is recommcndcd. Air vclocity must bc such that thc fan is capable of wcrcoming
Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation R- q - --:--!::----i^r^ asociated pressurc losses;usually this means an air approach vclocity in the range 2 to 4 m1.
i.co.. 5.0x 4178 The number of rows of tubcs is also a factor influcncing thcrmal pcrformance. Figure 9.lv sno*s
Aspen Htfs+ Aerotran Simulation the cffect on the pcrformancc ofthe hcat cxchanger in Examplc 9.1 ofchanging the number ofrows.
Reading from the chart for thesc values, As thc number is increased, thc thcrmal pcrformancc inprovcs and, conscqucntly, a lowcr water
outlct temperaturc is achieved. However, the pressure drop on both the air side and thc water sidc is

Q = 245.8, 241.1 kW - -oss roughly proportional to the numbcr of rows, so that a pricc has to bc paid in terms of fan and watcr

Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation

c*ti ti$t pumping powcrs. Thcre is also a reduction in the cffcctivc tcmp€ralurc diffcrence, AT11 as thc
numbcr of rows is increased, so that thcrmal performance gains are pmgressively diminishing and
Aspen Htfs+ Aerotran Simulation - 15)- 1375K
dL - 0.55(10 therc is lcss and less retum for thc cnra capital cost involvcd. ln gencral, air-cooled hcat cxchangcrs
operatc in a range of NTU.,. bctwccn 0.8 and 1.5,and thc numbcr of rona is usually in thc rangc 4 to
Hencethe total ratc of heattransfcrfromwaterto air is givenby 8.

Q ' U,A, AT^ Problems

- 909x 19.15 l. A finncdtube hcat exchangcr (in mctcrs):
hasthe followingdimensions
x 13.75- 2.394x 105W
Tw, O = 28.49 C Tubeinncrdiametcr 4 - 18.0x l0-]
Tubeouterdiamcter o'' x'l x to-l
o 2.394x 105 Ta, O = 25.92 C Finheight i-t2.lxtD-t
' P . r n - T' r . o l
T - r-0.r0X l0-l
M_Ce,, 2.089x l0' Aspen Htfs+ Aerotran Simulation Finthic-kncss
Finspacing rv +s - 2.31x l0-r

o 2.!94x lO5 The tubcsarc carbonstcctlconductivitv- 60 W,(m'K)t and thc fins are aluminum[conduc'
' a , o u ' t-t ,Ti a '
T - - - ll'oK tivity - 296w,z(m ' Kl. Thiy arc ananlcd in a ff riangulararraywith a.pitchof 56mm (i'c-
M",* tl?o x ror pr'56.O x lO-t m) What is the cffcitivc air'sidc hcat transfcrcocfficientfor 8 m8ximum
vilocity of l0 m/s, assumingthc mcan air tcmpcraturcis 27C?
Hence,
2 Calculatethc ovcrall hcat transfer cocfficicntsfor thc finncd tubcs in Problcm I with liquids
L,-,-4- ll.5 - 28.5'C Tw, O = 28.26 C through them
flowing through them that havc hcat
rhar havc transfcr @ctllclcnts
hcar transfcr of )ur'
coctficicntsot 1000'5000' and 10'000
5fl), ruru
Ta, O = 26.11 C w/(^
W /(^' ' K). Comparc thc rclativc mcrits of finncd tubcs in thc four cascs'
4,o.,- 15+ ll.0 - 26.ffC Aspen Htfs+ Acol+ Simulation
Notc lhnt thesc values agrcc with thc value of P read from the chcrt, i.c., P - 0.44,because

26-lS
- - - 0.{.1
40-t5 (Usc Figurc 19.4.)
exchanger?
Acol+ Number of Bays/Bundles/Fans per Unit