Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
euclidiano de 4
dimensões
Rotações isoclínicas …
3 3
Isso implica que S ×S é o grupo de
L R
cobertura universal de SO (4) - sua
3 3
cobertura dupla única - e que S eS
L R
são subgrupos normais de SO (4). A
rotação identidade I e o centro de
inversão - I formam um grupo C }} de
2
ordem 2, que é o centro de SO (4) e de
3 3
ambos S eS . O centro de um grupo
L R
é um subgrupo normal desse grupo. O
grupo de fatores de C em SO (4) é
2
isomórfico a SO (3) × SO (3). Os grupos
3 3
de fatores de S por C e de S por C
L 2 R
são, cada um, isomórficos a SO (3). Da
2
mesma forma, os grupos de fatores de
3 3
SO (4) por S e de SO (4) por S são,
L R
cada um, isomórficos a SO (3).
Álgebra de rotações 4D
SO(4) is commonly identified with the
group of orientation-preserving isometric
linear mappings of a 4D vector space
with inner product over the real numbers
onto itself.
Isoclinic decomposition …
Let
be its matrix with respect to an arbitrary
orthonormal basis.
and
Hopf coordinates …
2 2 2
Porque u + x + y + z2 = 1, the points
lie on the 3-sphere.
Visualização de rotações 4D
angulares na proporção de 1: 5
Fig.3: uma rotação geral com deslocamentos
angulares na proporção de 5: 1
Todas as imagens são projeções estereográficas .
Gerando matrizes de
rotação 4D
As rotações quadridimensionais podem
ser derivadas da fórmula de rotação de
Rodrigues e da fórmula de Cayley. Seja A
uma matriz simétrica 4 × 4 . A matriz
assimétrica A pode ser decomposta
exclusivamente como
into two skew-symmetric matrices A1
and A2 satisfying the properties A1A2 = 0,
A13 = −A1 and A23 = −A2, where ∓θ1i and
∓θ2i are the eigenvalues of A. Then, the
4D rotation matrices can be obtained
from the skew-symmetric matrices A1
and A2 by Rodrigues' rotation formula
and the Cayley formula.[5]
and
Then,
is a rotation matrix in E4, which is
generated by Rodrigues' rotation formula,
with the set of eigenvalues
Also,
Veja também
Vetor Laplace-Runge-Lenz
Grupo Lorentz
Grupo ortogonal
Matriz ortogonal
Plano de rotação
Grupo Poincaré
Quaternions e rotação espacial
Notas
a. Two flat subspaces S1 and S2 of
dimensions M and N of a Euclidean
space S of at least M + N
dimensions are called completely
orthogonal if every line in S1 is
orthogonal to every line in S2. If
dim(S) = M + N then S1 and S2
intersect in a single point O. If
dim(S) > M + N then S1 and S2 may
or may not intersect. If
dim(S) = M + N then a line in S1 and
a line in S2 may or may not intersect;
if they intersect then they intersect in
O.[1]
b. Assuming that 4-space is oriented,
then an orientation for each of the 2-
planes A and B can be chosen to be
consistent with this orientation of 4-
space in two equally valid ways. If
the angles from one such choice of
orientations of A and B are {α, β},
then the angles from the other
choice are {−α, −β}. (In order to
measure a rotation angle in a 2-
plane, it is necessary to specify an
orientation on that 2-plane. A rotation
angle of −π is the same as one of
+π. If the orientation of 4-space is
reversed, the resulting angles would
be either {α, −β} or {−α, β}. Hence
the absolute values of the angles are
well-defined completely
independently of any choices.)
c. Example of opposite signs: the
central inversion; in the quaternion
representation the real parts are +1
and −1, and the central inversion
cannot be accomplished by a single
simple rotation.
Referências
1. Schoute 1902, Volume 1.
2. Karcher, Hermann, "Bianchi–Pinkall
Flat Tori in S3" , 3DXM
Documentation, 3DXM Consortium,
retrieved 5 April 2015
3. Pinkall, U. (1985). "Hopf tori in S3"
(PDF). Invent. Math. 81 (2): 379–386.
Bibcode:1985InMat..81..379P .
doi:10.1007/bf01389060 . Retrieved
7 April 2015.
4. Banchoff, Thomas F. (1990). Beyond
the Third Dimension . W H Freeman
& Co;. ISBN 978-0716750253.
Retrieved 8 April 2015.
5. Erdoğdu, M.; Özdemir, M. (2015).
"Generating Four Dimensional
Rotation Matrices" .
Bibliografia
L. van Elfrinkhof: Eene eigenschap van
de orthogonale substitutie van de
vierde orde. Handelingen van het 6e
Nederlandsch Natuurkundig en
Geneeskundig Congres, Delft, 1897.
Felix Klein: Elementary Mathematics
from an Advanced Standpoint:
Arithmetic, Algebra, Analysis.
Translated by E.R. Hedrick and C.A.
Noble. The Macmillan Company, New
York, 1932.
Henry Parker Manning : Geometry of
four dimensions. The Macmillan
Company, 1914. Republished unaltered
and unabridged by Dover Publications
in 1954. In this monograph four-
dimensional geometry is developed
from first principles in a synthetic
axiomatic way. Manning's work can be
considered as a direct extension of the
works of Euclid and Hilbert to four
dimensions.
J. H. Conway and D. A. Smith: On
Quaternions and Octonions: Their
Geometry, Arithmetic, and Symmetry.
A. K. Peters, 2003.
Arthur Stafford Hathaway (1902)
Quaternion Space , Transactions of the
American Mathematical Society
3(1):46–59.
Johan E. Mebius, A matrix-based proof
of the quaternion representation
theorem for four-dimensional
rotations. , arXiv General Mathematics
2005.
Johan E. Mebius, Derivation of the
Euler–Rodrigues formula for three-
dimensional rotations from the general
formula for four-dimensional
rotations. , arXiv General Mathematics
2007.
P.H.Schoute : Mehrdimensionale
Geometrie. Leipzig: G.J.Göschensche
Verlagshandlung. Volume 1
(Sammlung Schubert XXXV): Die
linearen Räume, 1902. Volume 2
(Sammlung Schubert XXXVI): Die
Polytope, 1905.
Stringham, Irving (1901). "On the
geometry of planes in a parabolic
space of four dimensions" .
Transactions of the American
Mathematical Society. 2 (2): 183–214.
doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1901-
1500564-2 . JSTOR 1986218 .
Melek Erdoğdu, Mustafa Özdemir,
Generating Four Dimensional Rotation
Matrices,
https://www.researchgate.net/publicati
on/283007638_Generating_Four_Dime
nsional_Rotation_Matrices , 2015.
Daniele Mortari, "On the Rigid Rotation
Concept in n-Dimensional Spaces",
Journal of the Astronautical Sciences
49.3 (July 2001),
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f7d8
/63ceb75277133592ef9e92457b6705b
1264f.pdf
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