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22 December 2016
Introduction to
Gas Transportation
Oil & Gas Industry
Upstream Midstream Downstream
Multi-stage booster pump, use the same principle like booster compressor
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
• Gas is compressed up to 20-25 Mega (million)
Pascal / 2900-3600 psi and stored in a hard tank,
normally in cylindrical or spherical shape, known
as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas). CNG only
occupy less than 1% of space compare to volume
in atmospheric pressure.
• CNG can be transported via road & sea, and can
be easily used by reducing its pressure.
• However, for large quantity over long distance,
CNG is considered not economical.
CNG transportation
CNG transportation
concept vessel
(enersea.com)
CNG distribution
truck
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
o
• In this method, gas is cooled down to -161 C / -
o
256 F at atmospheric pressure till condenses to a
clear, colorless, and odorless, liquid know as LNG.
• This liquefaction reduce the volume by 600 times,
makes it very economic for large volume
transportation over very long distance.
• Natural gas must be purified to contain only
methane and ethane (or 100% methane) before
supercooled to form LNG.
• LNG will be converted back to a gas form in the
receiving facility, known as regasification terminal.
LNG process diagram
Conversion
ratio is about
10 thousand
of cubic feet
(mcf) raw gas
into 1 barrel
liquid product.
Gas To Wire (GTW)
• GTW is a term of converting gas into electricity in a location
close to (or even on top of) a gas field and transfer the
electric power to the customer via transmission and
distribution lines.
• Gas is used as a fuel of gas turbine (or gas engine in a
small scale) driving a power generator.
• In a large scale, waste heat from a gas turbine can be used
to convert water into steam to turn steam turbine connected
to other or same power generator. This configuration is
known as Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant.
• Technical-commercial evaluation must be carefully
conducted whether building power plant close to gas field
(GTW) or transfer gas to power plant close to consumer.
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
1. Air is compressed
in a compressor,
then mixed with the
gas fuel
2. Combustor ignites
air-gas mix, then
turn the gas turbine
3. Hot excess gas
convert water into
steam in a Heat
Recovery Steam
Generator (HRSG)
4. Steam turns steam
turbine
5. Both gas & steam
turbine drive single
Simplified CCGT Power Plant block diagram
generator to
produce electricity
Methane Hydrate
• Methane hydrate / gas hydrate / methane ice / fire ice /
methane clathrate is a solid clathrate (chemical substance
consisting of a lattice that trap molecules) in which large
amount of methane (the biggest portion of natural gas) is
trapped within crystal structure of water, forming a solid
similar to ice.
• It is found naturally under sediments on the ocean floor.
• Method to transfer natural gas in the form of methane
hydrate is still under experiment, yet to commercialized.
Gas Sales Agreement (GSA)
• Due to high investment of gas production facility, long term
gas sales agreement must be established first prior to gas
field development.
• Normally, agreement must exist for at least 10 years.
• The most critical factor is gas price calculation.
• Gas price depends on field complexity, gas delivery
volume, sales period, seller economic criteria, buyer
capability, and local law & regulation.
• Gas price may be fixed over sales period, but normally it is
a function of oil price with floor (min) price to protect seller
and ceiling (max) price to protect buyer.
• That’s why, not like oil price which is same for similar oil
quality, gas price can vary even for the similar gas quality.
Thank You – Terima Kasih