Multiple Choice Questions: B. C. D. E

Chapter 17 - Reproduction
Chapter 17
Reproduction

Multiple Choice Questions

1. SRY
A. Protein is normally coded for by a gene that is present on the Y chromosome
B. Protein is normally coded for by a gene that is present on the X chromosome
C. Gene codes for testosterone
D. Gene is indirectly involved in differentiation of the indifferent gonad and directly involved
in the regression of the Müllerian ducts
E. Both protein is normally coded for by a gene that is present on the Y chromosome and gene
is indirectly involved in differentiation of the indifferent gonad and directly involved in the
regression of the Müllerian ducts are correct
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Section 17B.03
Topic: Reproductive System

2. Sexual differentiation of the embryo is normally determined by

A. The presence of two X chromosomes, which directs the undifferentiated gonads to develop
into ovaries
B. The presence of the Y chromosome, which directs the undifferentiated gonads to develop
into testes (when there is one X chromosome present as well)
C. Hormones produced by the placenta
D. Both the presence of two X chromosomes, which directs the undifferentiated gonads to
develop into ovaries and hormones produced by the placenta
E. Both the presence of the Y chromosome, which directs the undifferentiated gonads to
develop into testes (when there is one X chromosome present as well) and hormones
produced by the placenta
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Section 17B.03

17-1
3. In the differentiation of a normal male,

A. Undifferentiated gonads develop into testes during the fifth week of embryonic life
B. The Wolffian ducts regress
C. Pituitary LH causes fetal Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
D. Testosterone directly stimulates development of the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal
vesicles
E. Testosterone directly stimulates development of the penis and scrotum

Section 17B.03

4. In the differentiation of a normal female,

A. Müllerian inhibiting substance causes the Müllerian ducts to regress
B. The uterus and uterine tubes are formed from the Wolffian ducts
C. Female genitalia form in the absence of hormonal stimulation
D. The gonads remain undifferentiated throughout fetal life
E. None of the choices are true

Section 17B.03

5. Which of the following best describes the reproductive organs of a genetic male who lacks
androgen receptors (i.e., has androgen insensitivity)?
A. He will have normal male genitals and sex accessory organs
B. He will have female-appearing genitals and sex accessory organs
C. He will have female-appearing external genitals but normal male sex accessory organs
derived from the Wolffian ducts
D. He will have male genitals but will have female-appearing sex accessory organs derived
from the Müllerian ducts
E. He will have female-appearing external genitals but no internal sex accessory organs
derived from the duct structures
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Section 17B.03

17-2
6. The onset of puberty is triggered by an increase in

A. Sensitivity of the gonads to pituitary gonadotropins
B. Sensitivity of the pituitary to GnRH
C. GnRH secretion
D. Sensitivity of the gonads to pituitary gonadotropins and sensitivity of the pituitary to
GnRH
E. All of the choices are correct

Section 17C.05

7. Meiosis
A. Differs from mitosis in that in meiosis cell division occurs without chromosome replication
B. Differs from mitosis in that in meiosis two cell divisions follow one chromosomal
replication
C. Allows for mixing of paternal and maternal genes on homologous chromosomes
D. Both differs from mitosis in that in meiosis cell division occurs without chromosome
replication and allows for mixing of paternal and maternal genes on homologous
chromosomes are correct
E. Both differs from mitosis in that in meiosis two cell divisions follow one chromosomal
replication and allows for mixing of paternal and maternal genes on homologous
chromosomes are correct

Section 17B.01

8. Spermatogenesis
A. Begins with the mitotic division of a single spermatogonium
B. Results in four primary spermatocytes for every spermatogonium
C. Results in four spermatozoa for every primary spermatocyte
D. Both begins with the mitotic division of a single spermatogonium and results in four
spermatozoa for every primary spermatocyte are correct

Section 17C.02

17-3
17-4
9. The process of spermatogenesis from primary spermatocyte to sperm

A. Takes about three weeks in the human
B. Takes place in an environment different from that of the mitotic cell divisions that precede
it
C. Requires participation of Sertoli cells
D. Both takes about three weeks in the human and takes place in an environment different
from that of the mitotic cell divisions that precede it are correct
E. Both takes place in an environment different from that of the mitotic cell divisions that
precede it and requires participation of Sertoli cells are correct

Section 17C.02

10. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Sperm formed in the testes enter the epididymis before entering the vas deferens
B. The seminal fluid is alkaline and rich in nutrients
C. The Sertoli cells produce androgen-binding protein
D. Sperm entering the epididymis are fully motile
E. Most of the seminal volume is provided by the secretions of the seminal vesicles and
prostate gland

Section 17C.02

11. Sperm
A. Are stored in the vas deferens and the last part of the epididymis
B. Mature in the vas deferens
C. Become concentrated in the epididymis
D. Both are stored in the vas deferens and the last part of the epididymis and become
concentrated in the epididymis are correct

Section 17C.03

17-5
12. The androgen-binding protein functions to

A. Confer responsiveness of certain cells to male sex hormones
B. Transport androgens in the plasma
C. Bind and maintain high concentrations of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules
D. Both confer responsiveness of certain cells to male sex hormones and transport androgens
in the plasma
E. Do all of these things

Section 17C.02

13. Sertoli cells
A. Form a barrier between the blood and developing germ cells
B. Secrete inhibin
C. Protect spermatagonia from chemicals in the blood that might damage them
D. Both form a barrier between the blood and developing germ cells and secrete inhibin are
correct

Section 17C.02

14. Which of the following statements about the male sex accessory organs is true?
A. The prostate gland secretes prostaglandins
B. The seminal vesicles secrete prostaglandins
C. The bulbourethral glands secrete mucus
D. Both the prostate gland secretes prostaglandins and the bulbourethral glands secrete mucus
are true
E. Both the seminal vesicles secrete prostaglandins and the bulbourethral glands secrete
mucus are true

Section 17C.01

17-6
15. As sperm travel from their site of production in the testes to the exterior, the sequence of
ducts through which they will pass is:
A. Rete testis; efferent ductules; epididymis; vas deferens; ejaculatory duct; prostatic urethra;
penile urethra
B. Efferent ductules; rete testis; epididymis; vas deferens; ejaculatory duct; prostatic urethra;
penile urethra
C. Rete testis; efferent ductules; epididymis; vas deferens; prostatic urethra; ejaculatory duct;
penile urethra
D. Rete testis; afferent ductules; epididymis; vas deferens; ejaculatory duct; prostatic urethra;
penile urethra
E. Rete testis; efferent ductules; epididymis; vas deferens; prostatic urethra; penile urethra;
ejaculatory duct

Section 17C.03

16. Which of the following is not true regarding erection of the penis?

A. It is a spinal reflex
B. It is a result of sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle in the erectile tissue of
the penis
C. It can be triggered by stimulation of tactile receptors in the penis
D. It is a result of arteriolar vasodilation and venous constriction of blood vessels in the penis
E. It can be inhibited by input to the autonomic nerves from higher brain centers

Section 17C.03

17. Ejaculation is accompanied by dilation of the pupils. This pupillary dilation

A. Occurs because ejaculation is triggered by a parasympathetic reflex
B. Occurs because ejaculation is triggered by a sympathetic reflex
C. Is a coincidence unrelated to reflexes
D. Is a consequence of prior intense physical exertion
E. Is a myth

Section 17C.03

17-7
17-8
18. Which of the following would be likely to occur in an adult male whose Sertoli cells have
begun to produce excessive amounts of inhibin?
A. FSH secretion would be selectively inhibited, but LH secretion would be normal
B. Spermatogenesis would be depressed but testosterone secretion would be normal
C. Spermatogenesis would be enhanced because of the elevated production of testosterone
D. Both FSH secretion would be selectively inhibited, but LH secretion would be normal and
spermatogenesis would be depressed but testosterone secretion would be normal are correct
E. Both FSH secretion would be selectively inhibited, but LH secretion would be normal and
spermatogenesis would be enhanced because of the elevated production of testosterone are
correct

Section 17C.04

19. A female whose adrenal glands began secreting unusually high levels of androgen would
probably have increased
A. Subcutaneous fat deposition
B. Growth of facial hair
C. Development of skeletal muscle strength
D. Subcutaneous fat deposition and growth of facial hair
E. Growth of facial hair and development of skeletal muscle strength

Section 17D.06

20. The uterine tubes

A. Are also called fallopian tubes
B. Are also called oviducts
C. Connect the uterus to the ovaries
D. Both are also called fallopian tubes and are also called oviducts are correct

Section 17D.01

17-9
21. Menstrual cycles
A. Refer only to events occurring in the uterus
B. Are caused by changes in hormone levels
C. In normal women repeat every 28 days
D. Both refer only to events occurring in the uterus and are caused by changes in hormone
levels are correct

Section 17D

22. If you start at the plasma membrane of an oocyte in a mature follicle and move outward,
which is the correct order in which you would encounter the three structures listed below?
A. Zona pellucida; granulosa cells; theca cells
B. Zona pellucida; theca cells; granulosa cells
C. Granulosa cells; zona pellucida; theca cells
D. Granulosa cells; theca cells; zona pellucida
E. Theca cells; zona pellucida; granulosa cells

Section 17D.02

23. The dominant follicle

A. Undergoes atresia
B. Continues to develop after other antral follicles have begun to degenerate
C. Undergoes ovulation
D. Both undergoes atresia and undergoes ovulation are correct
E. Both continues to develop after other antral follicles have begun to degenerate and
undergoes ovulation are correct

Section 17D.02

17-10
24. The maturation of ovarian follicles

A. Promotes the maturation of the oocyte so that it can be fertilized after ovulation
B. Results in the secretion of estrogen, which stimulates the LH surge that in turn causes
ovulation
C. Culminates with the second meiotic division of the egg
D. Both promotes the maturation of the oocyte so that it can be fertilized after ovulation and
results in the secretion of estrogen, which stimulates the LH surge that in turn causes
ovulation are correct

Section 17D.02

25. At ovulation,
A. The follicle ruptures
B. The second meiotic division of the oocyte occurs
C. The oocyte, along with its surrounding thecal layer, is expelled onto the ovarian surface
D. The follicle ruptures and the second meiotic division of the oocyte occurs
E. All of the choices occur

Section 17D.02

26. Which of the following organs can produce androgens?

A. Testes
B. Ovaries
C. Adrenal cortices
D. Both testes and ovaries are correct

Section 17D.03

17-11
27. According to the two-cell mechanism of follicular estrogen synthesis,

A. Granulosa cells synthesize an androgen which the theca cells convert to estrogen
B. Sertoli cells synthesize an androgen which the granulosa cells convert to
dihydrotestosterone
C. The ca cells synthesize an androgen which luteal cells convert to estrogen
D. Production of progesterone by the corpus luteum requires cooperative interaction between
two cell types
E. Theca cells synthesize an androgen which the granulosa cells convert to estrogen

Section 17D.03

28. Beginning on the first day of the menstrual cycle, the order of events in the uterus is
A. Proliferative, secretory, menstrual phases
B. Secretory, proliferative, menstrual phases
C. Menstrual, secretory, proliferative phases
D. Menstrual, proliferative, secretory phases
E. Secretory, menstrual, proliferative phases

Section 17D.03

29. The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coincides with which phase or phases of the
uterine cycle?
A. The menstrual phase
B. The proliferative phase
C. The secretory phase
D. The last half of the proliferative and the first half of the secretory phases
E. Both the menstrual phase and the proliferative phase are correct

Section 17D.04

17-12
30. Shedding of the endometrial lining occurs

A. Because the corpus luteum of that cycle is regressing
B. As a result of a fall in plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone
C. Soon after the LH surge
D. Both because the corpus luteum of that cycle is regressing and as a result of a fall in
plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone are correct

Section 17D.04

31. LH
A. Stimulates androgen production by theca cells
B. Is required for estrogen secretion by granulosa cells
C. Secretion during the latter part of the follicular phase is decreased by inhibin secreted by
granulosa cells
D. Both stimulates androgen production by theca cells and is required for estrogen secretion
by granulosa cells are correct

Section 17D.03

32. Which of the following statements about estrogen is not true?

A. In low plasma concentration, estrogen inhibits pituitary secretion of LH and FSH
B. In high plasma concentration, estrogen stimulates pituitary sensitivity to GnRH
C. In the presence of high plasma concentration of progesterone, estrogen stimulates
increased secretion of GnRH
D. Estrogen secretion is required for the LH surge
E. Estrogen stimulates follicular growth

Section 17D.03

17-13
33. Effects of the LH surge on the mature follicle include

A. Stimulation of estrogen secretion
B. Stimulation of prostaglandin secretion
C. Luteinization of the unovulated granulosa cells
D. Stimulation of estrogen secretion and stimulation of prostaglandin secretion
E. Stimulation of prostaglandin secretion and luteinization of the unovulated granulosa cells

Section 17D.03

34. On day 1 of the menstrual cycle, FSH levels will be ________. The follicle that will
become dominant is in the ________ stage of maturation. Progesterone levels in blood are
________.
A. Rising; primordial; low
B. Rising; preantral to antral; low
C. Rising; preantral to antral; high
D. Falling; expanding; low
E. Falling; atretic; high

Section 17D.03

35. On day 14 of a typical 28 day menstrual cycle, LH levels will be ________. The
endometrium will be ________. Estrogen levels in the blood are ________.
A. Level; sloughing off; low
B. At or near a peak; near the end of the proliferative phase; relatively high
C. Low but rising; in the secretory phase; high
D. At or near a peak; in the secretory phase; low
E. Level; starting the proliferative phase; level but high

Section 17D.04

17-14
36. During the early part of the menstrual cycle, ________ acts on granulosa cells, which
________. ________ acts on theca cells, which ________.
A. LH; convert androgens to estrogens; FSH; synthesize androgens
B. LH; synthesize androgens; FSH; convert androgens to estrogens
C. FSH; convert androgens to estrogens; LH; synthesize androgens
D. FSH; synthesize androgens; LH; convert androgens to estrogens
E. Progesterone; synthesize androgens; LH; secrete estrogens

Section 17D.03

37. The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A. Corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
B. Refers to the endocrine function of the endometrium
C. Requires both estrogen and progesterone
D. Both corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and refers to the endocrine
function of the endometrium are correct
E. Both corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and requires both estrogen and
progesterone are correct

Section 17D.04

17-15
38. The transition between the (X) ________ and the (Y) ________ phases of the uterine
cycle coincides with ________. The (X) phase is terminated by ________ in the plasma
concentration of ________ and ________ in the concentration of ________.
A. Follicular; luteal; a rise in basal body temperature; a decrease; estrogen and progesterone; a
decrease; inhibin
B. Proliferative; secretory; ovulation; a decrease; estrogen; an increase; progesterone
C. Menstrual; proliferative; the onset of follicular growth; an increase; estrogen; a decrease;
progesterone
D. Secretory; proliferative; the LH surge; a decrease; FSH; an increase; estrogen and
progesterone
E. Proliferative; secretory; the LH surge; an increase; inhibin; a decrease; estrogen and
progesterone

Section 17D.04

17-16
39. Estradiol is proconception because it

A. Stimulates follicle and oocyte maturation and promotes ovulation
B. Changes cervical mucus to make it penetrable by sperm
C. Increases libido, or sex drive, in women
D. Both stimulates follicle and oocyte maturation and promotes ovulation and changes
cervical mucus to make it penetrable by sperm are correct
E. Does all of these things

Section 17D.04

40. Which of the following is not an action of estrogen?

A. Stimulation of fat deposition under the skin in the breasts and hips
B. Vaginal cornification
C. Stimulation of myometrial contractions
D. Stimulation of bone growth and strength
E. Stimulation of growth of pubic hair

Section 17D.05

41. The actions of progesterone

A. On the female reproductive tract are often antagonistic to those of estrogen
B. Are limited to the female reproductive tract and breasts
C. Are mediated through plasma membrane receptors
D. Both on the female reproductive tract are often antagonistic to those of estrogen and are
limited to the female reproductive tract and breasts are correct
E. Both on the female reproductive tract are often antagonistic to those of estrogen and are
mediated through plasma membrane receptors are correct

Section 17D.05

17-17
42. Regarding transport of the egg,

A. During ovulation the secondary oocyte is ejected from the ovary directly into the uterine
tube
B. Movement of the oocyte into the uterine tube is facilitated by cilia beating toward the
ovary
C. Movement of the oocyte into the uterine tube is facilitated by cilia beating toward the
uterus
D. Both during ovulation the secondary oocyte is ejected from the ovary directly into the
uterine tube and movement of the oocyte into the uterine tube is facilitated by cilia beating
toward the ovary are correct
E. Both during ovulation the secondary oocyte is ejected from the ovary directly into the
uterine tube and movement of the oocyte into the uterine tube is facilitated by cilia beating
toward the uterus are correct

Section 17D.09

43. Regarding transport of sperm in the female reproductive tract,

A. Most of the ejaculated sperm arrive in the vicinity of the ovum (if there is one)
B. Sperm transport through the cervix is made possible by actions of progesterone on the
cervical mucus
C. During this transport sperm acquire the ability to fertilize an ovum
D. Both most of the ejaculated sperm arrive in the vicinity of the ovum (if there is one) and
sperm transport through the cervix is made possible by actions of progesterone on the cervical
mucus are correct
E. Both sperm transport through the cervix is made possible by actions of progesterone on the
cervical mucus and during this transport sperm acquire the ability to fertilize an ovum are
correct

Section 17D.09

17-18
44. Normally, only one sperm can fertilize an egg because

A. The first sperm to fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane triggers a process whereby
enzymes begin to inactivate other nearby sperm
B. The first sperm to fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane triggers a process whereby the
zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to other sperm
C. Only one sperm normally makes it to the vicinity of the egg
D. Only one sperm undergoes the acrosome reaction
E. Only one sperm undergoes capacitation

Section 17D.09

45. The blastocyst implants in the uterus on about the ________ day of the 28 day menstrual
cycle. At this time, the endometrium is ________ and progesterone levels are _______.
A. 21st; thick and secretory; high
B. 28th; thick and secretory; low
C. 14th; thick and secretory; low
D. 7th; thin and proliferating; high
E. 1st; thin and proliferating; low

Section 17D.09

46. The implanting blastocyst "rescues" the corpus luteum by secreting

A. Large quantities of FSH and LH
B. GnRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH
C. Chorionic gonadotropin
D. Progesterone and estrogen
E. All of these things

Section 17D.09

17-19
47. Implantation
A. Outside the uterus is said to be myopic
B. Normally occurs midway through the luteal phase
C. Is a result of digestion of myometrial cells by enzymes in the trophoblast
D. Both outside the uterus is said to be myopic and normally occurs midway through the
luteal phase are correct
E. Both normally occurs midway through the luteal phase and is a result of digestion of
myometrial cells by enzymes in the trophoblast are correct

Section 17D.09

48. The placenta
A. Is an organ of nourishment for the embryo/fetus
B. Functions as the lungs and kidneys of the fetus prior to birth
C. Allows for mixing of fetal and maternal blood
D. Both is an organ of nourishment for the embryo/fetus and functions as the lungs and
kidneys of the fetus prior to birth are correct

Section 17D.09

49. Functions of estrogen during pregnancy include each of the following except

A. Stimulation of myometrial growth
B. Maintenance of the endometrium
C. Stimulation of prolactin secretion
D. Stimulation of breast development
E. Stimulation of milk synthesis

Section 17D.09

17-20
50. During pregnancy, the

A. Corpus luteum must remain functional for 38 weeks
B. Placenta secretes steroid and peptide hormones
C. Placenta requires precursors from the fetal adrenal cortex for estrogen synthesis
D. Both corpus luteum must remain functional for 38 weeks and placenta requires precursors
from the fetal adrenal cortex for estrogen synthesis are correct
E. Both placenta secretes steroid and peptide hormones and placenta requires precursors from
the fetal adrenal cortex for estrogen synthesis are correct

Section 17D.09

51. During pregnancy, an important role of progesterone is to inhibit

A. The sensitivity of the myometrium to stimuli that promote contraction
B. Penetration of the uterus by producing thickened cervical mucus
C. Growth of the mammary glands
D. Both the sensitivity of the myometrium to stimuli that promote contraction and penetration
of the uterus by producing thickened cervical mucus
E. All of these things

Section 17D.09

52. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The mother and the fetus exchange nutrients by exchanging blood in the placenta
B. Chorionic gonadotropin maintains the corpus luteum
C. Chorionic gonadotropin levels are the highest at the end of pregnancy
D. From the time of implantation through delivery, the corpus luteum is the major source of
progesterone
E. All of the choices are true

Section 17D.09

17-21
53. During pregnancy, placental lactogen serves to

A. Inhibit glucose utilization by maternal tissues
B. Promote breast growth
C. Increase maternal metabolism of fatty acids
D. Inhibit glucose utilization by maternal tissues and promote breast growth
E. Do all of these things

Section 17D.09

54. Normal physiological consequences of pregnancy to the mother include

A. Increased appetite
B. Increased blood volume
C. Increased blood pressure
D. Increased appetite and increased blood volume
E. All of the choices

Section 17D.09

55. At the end of pregnancy, the uterus becomes responsive to stimuli to which it was
previously refractory because
A. Plasma progesterone levels fall while the levels of estrogen continue to rise
B. The ratio of progesterone to estrogen decreases
C. The myometrium has reached the limits of its distensibility
D. All of the choices are correct
E. None of the choices are correct

Section 17D.09

17-22
56. Parturition
A. Refers to delivery of the infant and placenta
B. Normally occurs between the 27th and 28th weeks of pregnancy
C. Is an example of positive feedback
D. Includes refers to delivery of the infant and placenta and is an example of positive
feedback

Section 17D.09

57. Which of the following statements regarding the control of parturition is not true?
A. Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by cervical dilation
B. Coordinated uterine contractions cause the cervix to dilate
C. Oxytocin increases myometrial estrogen receptors
D. Prostaglandins stimulate myometrial contractions
E. Stretching of the myometrium is one signal that begins uterine contractions

Section 17D.09

58. Which of the following statements regarding breast growth is correct?

A. During puberty, ductal growth is stimulated by rising estrogen levels in plasma
B. Some alveolar growth occurs after ovulatory cycles start because of the combined actions
of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin
C. During pregnancy, full lobulo-alveolar growth is stimulated by the combined actions of
estrogen, progesterone, and placental gonadotropin
D. Both during puberty, ductal growth is stimulated by rising estrogen levels in plasma and
some alveolar growth occurs after ovulatory cycles start because of the combined actions of
estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin are correct

Section 17D.09

17-23
59. Lactation normally does not occur during pregnancy because

A. The breasts are not fully developed until the end of pregnancy
B. The high levels of estrogen and progesterone in maternal plasma inhibit milk synthesis by
the breasts
C. Maternal plasma levels of prolactin are low during pregnancy
D. Both the breasts are not fully developed until the end of pregnancy and the high levels of
estrogen and progesterone in maternal plasma inhibit milk synthesis by the breasts are correct
E. Both the high levels of estrogen and progesterone in maternal plasma inhibit milk synthesis
by the breasts and maternal plasma levels of prolactin are low during pregnancy are correct

Section 17D.09

60. At the time of birth, the mother's breast is filled with a fluid that
A. Is called colostrum
B. Has a high concentration of immune globulins and other proteins
C. Has the same composition as the milk that is produced throughout lactation
D. Both is called colostrum and has a high concentration of immune globulins and other
proteins are correct
E. Both has a high concentration of immune globulins and other proteins and has the same
composition as the milk that is produced throughout lactation are correct

Section 17D.09

61. Oxytocin is a hormone that

A. Is secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions
B. Is synthesized by the hypothalamus and promotes contraction of myoepithelial cells
C. Facilitates the birth process
D. Both is secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions and is
synthesized by the hypothalamus and promotes contraction of myoepithelial cells are correct
E. Does all of these things

Section 17D.09

17-24
62. Lactation is maintained by

A. The suckling stimulus
B. Removal of milk from the breast
C. The secretion of oxytocin
D. The secretion of prolactin
E. All of these choices

Section 17D.09

63. Menopause
A. Is the cessation of menstrual cycles
B. Results in low plasma levels of estrogens
C. Occurs as a result of cessation of gonadotropin secretion
D. Both is the cessation of menstrual cycles and results in low plasma levels of estrogens are
correct

Section 17D.10

64. The source of the estrogens; estradiol and progesterone is the

A. Thyroid gland
B. Adrenal gland
C. Testis
D. Ovary
E. Uterus

Section 17D.02

17-25
65. Which of the following hormones is formed by the placenta during pregnancy?

A. Aromatase
B. Estradiol
C. Estrone
D. Progestin
E. Andromin

Section 17D.09

66. Following crossing-over in Meiosis I - all of the following are true, except:

A. Maternal and paternal chromatids will always orient to opposite poles of the cell,
remaining segregated from one another
B. Random orientation of maternal and parental chromatids to either pole of the cell allows
mixing of these in resultant gametes
C. It is extremely unlikely that that all 23 maternal and paternal chromosomes will end up in
the same gamete
D. A resulting gamete may have over eight million possible different combinations of
maternal and paternal chromosomes
E. It is possible for one gamete to carry only maternal chromosomes or paternal chromosomes

Section 17B.01

67. In the second part of meiosis - Meiosis II

A. Replicated DNA undergoes additional genetic recombination
B. The final product is two haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each
C. Additional recombinations occur, producing an even higher number of different paternal
and maternal chromosomal combinations
D. Both replicated DNA undergoes additional genetic recombination and the final product is
two haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each are correct
E. Both the final product is two haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each and
additional recombinations occur, producing an even higher number of different paternal and
maternal chromosomal combinations are correct

Section 17B.01

17-26
17-27
68. During in utero (fetal) development of the ovary

A. Cell division of primary oogonia stops at 7 months following conception
B. Cell division of primary oogonia begins and does not cease until menopause begins, long
after birth at age 40-50
C. Production of primary oocytes is initiated and continues to the point of producing fully
functional ova (egg cells) at the time of birth
D. The mitotic division of primary and secondary oocytes produces cells with 23
chromosomes each

Section 17D.02

69. To promote pregnancy, sexual intercourse must introduce spermatozoa into the vagina no
more than ______ days before ovulation, and no more than ______ days after ovulation.
A. 0, 3
B. 1, 1
C. 2, 3
D. 2, 4
E. 5, 1

Section 17D.09

70. Implantation of the blastocyst

A. Occurs within the uterine (fallopian) tube
B. Takes place during days 14-21 of the typical menstrual cycle
C. Is dependent upon the proper preparation of the endometrial epithelium of the uterus
D. Takes place only if levels of progesterone in the blood have risen to the point of relaxing
smooth muscle in the uterus
E. Both takes place during days 14-21 of the typical menstrual cycle and is dependent upon
the proper preparation of the endometrial epithelium of the uterus are correct

Section 17D.09

17-28
71. The retention of a developing embryo from a zygote and implantation in the wall of the
uterine tube creates an extreme risk of rupture, hemorrhage, and spontaneous abortion and is
called a(n) _______.
A. Stillbirth
B. Erythroblastosis fetalis
C. Ectopic pregnancy
D. Endometriosis
E. Placenta previa

Section 17D.09

72. Umbilical arteries
A. Provide the means for distribution of oxygen and nutrients between maternal and fetal
blood
B. Deliver oxygen and nutrient rich blood from the fetus to the placenta
C. Direct blood with low oxygen and high metabolic wastes away from the fetus to the
placenta
D. Carry highly oxygenated blood to the fetus
E. Transport poorly oxygenated blood low rich in nutrients toward the fetal heart

Section 17D.09

True / False Questions

73. One way in which gametogenesis in males differs from gametogenesis in females is that
mitosis of primordial germ cells occurs in males only during fetal life.
FALSE

Section 17B.01

17-29
74. Meiosis results in germ cells with 23 maternal chromosomes in one daughter cell and 23
paternal chromosomes in the other.
FALSE

Section 17B.01

75. The testes are located outside the abdomen because spermatogenesis requires a
temperature lower than core body temperature.
TRUE

Section 17C.02

76. In the testis, spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous tubules and testosterone is
produced by the Leydig cells.
TRUE

Section 17C.02

77. Prostaglandins were given their name because they are secreted in high concentration into
semen by the prostate gland.
FALSE

Section 17C.01

17-30
78. The products of the first meiotic division of spermatogenesis are spermatids.

FALSE

Section 17C.02

17-31
79. Conversion of spermatids to spermatozoa involves cell division.

FALSE

Section 17C.02

80. The part of the spermatozoan that enables it to swim through fluid is the acrosome.
FALSE

Section 17C.02

81. The only endocrine cells of the testis are the Leydig cells.
FALSE

Section 17C.01

82. One function of semen is to buffer the acidic secretions of the vagina.

TRUE

Section 17C.01

83. The primary storage site for sperm is the seminal vesicles.

FALSE

Section 17C.03

17-32
84. Vasectomy results in sterility because it inhibits sperm production.

FALSE

Section 17C.03

85. Erection of the penis is a result of vasodilation brought about by a reflex involving

nonadrenergic, noncholinergic autonomic neurons.
TRUE

Section 17C.03

86. Luteinizing hormone stimulates testosterone secretion by the Leydig cells of the testes.
TRUE

Section 17C.04

87. Spermatogenesis and testosterone production are interdependent events, meaning that

neither process can occur without the other.
FALSE

Section 17C.02

88. The female external genitalia are collectively called the vulva.

TRUE

Section 17D.01

17-33
17-34
89. At birth, the ovaries of a female baby contain about one million oogonia.
FALSE

Section 17D.02

90. Most of the primordial follicles a woman is born with eventually are ovulated.
FALSE

Section 17D.02

91. With respect to hormonal control and secretion, theca cells in the ovary are analogous to
Leydig cells in the testis.
TRUE

Section 17D.02

92. Inhibin secreted by granulosa cells selectively inhibits secretion of FSH by the pituitary.
TRUE

Section 17D.03

93. Atresia of all but the dominant follicle is a result of the diminished secretion of FSH
during the second week of the follicular phase.
TRUE

Section 17D.03

17-35
17-36
94. The secretory phase of the uterus coincides with the follicular phase of the ovary.
FALSE

Section 17D.04

95. Progesterone increases the thickness of the myometrium in preparation for implantation.

FALSE

Section 17D.04

96. Cervical mucus secreted under the influence of estrogen alone is clear and nonviscous,
while that secreted under the influence of both estrogen and progesterone is thick and sticky.
TRUE

Section 17D.04

97. Most of the hormonal effects on female accessory sex organs and secondary sex
characteristics are attributable to progesterone.
FALSE

Section 17D.05

98. Dysmenorrhea refers to pain or discomfort during menses.

TRUE


17-37
17-38
99. The mechanisms underlying the physiological response of females to sexual stimulation

are similar to those resulting in erection in males.
TRUE

Section 17D.08

100. The fertilization of an egg normally occurs in the uterus.

FALSE

Section 17D.09

101. Detection of LH in the urine or blood of a woman is an indicator that she is pregnant.

FALSE

Section 17D.09

102. While passing down the uterine tube, the zygote undergoes several meiotic cell
divisions.
FALSE

Section 17D.09

103. Blood in the umbilical arteries is well-oxygenated, whereas that in the umbilical vein is
poorly oxygenated.
FALSE

Section 17D.09

17-39
17-40
104. Amniocentesis is the removal of a sample of amniotic fluid for diagnosis of genetic or

chromosomal disorders of the fetus.
TRUE

Section 17D.09

105. Symptoms of preeclampsia generally include glucose in the urine, abnormal fluid

retention, and hypertension.
FALSE

Section 17D.09

106. Oxytocin stimulates myometrial contractions most strongly when plasma progesterone

levels are low relative to estrogen.
TRUE

Section 17D.09

107. The major constituents of milk are water, protein, fat, and glucose.
FALSE

Section 17D.09

17-41
108. Milk ejection is a neural reflex arc involving afferent input to the hypothalamus from
receptors in the nipples and a neural efferent output to the myoepithelial cells in the ducts of
the mammary glands.
FALSE

Section 17D.09

109. A woman cannot become pregnant while she is lactating.

FALSE

Section 17D.09

110. A compound that inhibits the binding of progesterone to its receptor would be an
effective contraceptive.
TRUE

Section 17D.09

111. Combination oral contraceptives act by inhibiting ovulation, interfering with endometrial

proliferation, and inducing changes in the composition of the cervical mucus.
TRUE

Section 17D.09

17-42
112. The gene on the Y chromosome that determines whether gonads will be testes or ovaries
codes for a protein called Müllerian inhibiting substance.
FALSE

Section 17B.03

113. The presence of sex chromatin in a smear of epithelial cells indicates that the donor of
the cells is a genetic female.
TRUE

Section 17B.03

114. An individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome is a genetic male with female
internal reproductive organs.
FALSE

Section 17B.03

115. The onset of puberty may be delayed indefinitely in girls who are very thin.
TRUE

Section 17D.07

17-43
116. Postmenopausal women are at increased risk, compared to premenopausal women, for

osteoporosis and atherosclerosis.
TRUE

Section 17D.10

17-44
117. All steroid hormones act in the same general way; they bind with internal receptors, and
then control the rate of formation of mRNA's called for to synthesize protein.
TRUE

Section 17A

118. During meiosis crossing-over results in the exchange of homologous genes from one of
a pair of chromatids to the other with no net change in possibilities for genetic expression.
FALSE

Section 17B.01

119. Within the ovary, there are always a large number of ovarian follicles poised to release an
ovum at ovulation.
FALSE

Section 17D.02

120. Since many (10-25) antral follicles may begin the process of development but only one
will usually progress to the point of ovulation it is likely that those that do are induced to
proceed by increased levels of estrogens.
TRUE

Section 17D.02

17-45
121. Infertility treatments most often involve the administration of aromatases through

injections leading to enhanced numbers of developing early ovarian antral follicles.
FALSE

Section 17D.09

122. 99.9% of the ovarian follicles a woman produces in her lifetime are viable and capable of
being fertilized.
FALSE

Section 17D.02

123. If an egg (ovum) is present in the uterine tube, fertilization is promoted only after several
hours of capacitation have passed for sperm cells.
TRUE

Section 17D.09

17-46

Multiple Choice Questions: B. C. D. E

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Chapter 17 - Reproduction

Multiple Choice Questions

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

2. Sexual differentiation of the embryo is normally determined by

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

3. In the differentiation of a normal male,

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

4. In the differentiation of a normal female,

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

6. The onset of puberty is triggered by an increase in

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

9. The process of spermatogenesis from primary spermatocyte to sperm

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

10. Which of the following statements is false?

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

12. The androgen-binding protein functions to

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

16. Which of the following is not true regarding erection of the penis?

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

17. Ejaculation is accompanied by dilation of the pupils. This pupillary dilation

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

20. The uterine tubes

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

23. The dominant follicle

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

24. The maturation of ovarian follicles

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

26. Which of the following organs can produce androgens?

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

27. According to the two-cell mechanism of follicular estrogen synthesis,

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

30. Shedding of the endometrial lining occurs

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

32. Which of the following statements about estrogen is not true?

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

33. Effects of the LH surge on the mature follicle include

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

37. The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

39. Estradiol is proconception because it

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

40. Which of the following is not an action of estrogen?

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember