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Why do we need to use Common-Mode Feedback Circuits ?
• In the past, circuits have mainly one input and one output and both
referred to ground.
• Low voltage power supply make single ended circuits very difficult
to perform optimally. An alternative to single-ended circuits is to
use fully differential circuits.
• To double the output swing a fully differential circuit are used.
• The output terminals of fully differential circuits are equal and
opposite polarity.
• Additional properties of fully differential circuits are: improved
output swing, linearity and common-mode rejection ratio.
• How are the differential outputs referred to ?
• How are the common-mode signals eliminated in a Fully differential
circuit ?
· A CMFB circuit, in a fully differential circuit, is
generally needed for two reasons:
R Vb M2
ID
Vo1 Vo1
Vin M1 Vin M1
VSS=0 VSS=0
Let us first consider the case of one transistor and one resistor.
Vo1
ID1 saturation
omhic VGSn
M1 VDD
saturation R
VGS2
Vo1 = Vin - VT1 VGS1
M1 ohmic
Vin VDS
M1 Vo2 VDD
OFF Analog and Mixed-Signal Center
Second case: Two transistors one n-type and one p-type Vo1
ID1 M1 triode M1 saturation VDD I II III IV
P2 VGS1 = VIB
VDD - (VSG - P1’
P1 |Vtp|)
V =V GS1 IA
Vo1B P2’
VDS
Vo2B VDD - VSG VDD VI
I M1 cutoff
For VSS ≠ 0 VDD - (VSG - |Vtp|) II M1 sat, M2 triode
III M1 sat, M2 sat
IV M1 triode, M2 sat
K ′pW2
K ′N W1
2 L1
( )
Vin − V SS − VT1 (1 + λ N (V01 − VSS )) =
2
2 L2
( )[
VDD − Vb − VT2 2 1 + λ p (VDD − V01 ) ]
KCL
I D1 = I D2
• Small variations due to process (or to the input) could force the operations in III to
move to regions II or IV.
• V01 is difficult to fix and the regions of operation of M1 and M2 a re very sensitive
to process variations and input variations.
Ip
rop
Ip - In
Vo ro = rop // ron
In ron
Vin MD Is Ic Ib2
Vo
Vb Vin MD M2
- M3 V Vb
Vo Vo in MD
Vref + Vo M4
Vin MD R Vin MD Vo
Ib Vc Ib1
Vin+ Vin-
Vin+ Vin- Vin+
VB
- -
+ +
- Vo + - Vo +
Vb - Vo + VB
Fully-Differential
Vb3
Vb2
Vin+ Vin- Vin+
Vo+ Vin- Vin- - Vo +
-Vo + -Vo +
Vb
Vb4
How is the common source amplifier related to common-mode
feedback?
• Fully differential (FD) circuits need common-mode feedback to
operate properly and to fix the DC of the output nodes.
VDD VDD
Vb
RD RD M2 M2’
- +
Vo Vo
- + - +
Vin+ Vin Vo Vin+
M1 M1’ Vin- M1 M1’ Vin-
+ -
ISS ISS
Reference.-J.F. Duque-Carrillo, “ Control of the Common-Mode Component in CMOS Continuous-Time Fully Differential
Signal Processing, Analog Integrated and Signal Processing,Vol. 4, No.2, pp131-140, Sept. 1993
Effects of drain current mismatches on the DC output
voltage: An example of a FD “resistor equivalent”:
VDD
W
W M2 M2’ L
L
P- MB2
+ -
P-
-
Vo
+
P+
Vo
- + P+
Rb M1 M1’
MB3 M3 ISS
W W
2
L L
Suppose that the drain currents of M2 and M2’ (in the saturation
region) are slightly smaller than ISS /2, to satisfy KVL at nodes P - and
P+, then V p- and Vp+ must drop forcing M3 to enter in triode region,
producing only 2IDM2, DM2’.
Also if drain currents of M2 and M2’ are slightly greater than
ISS/2 then both M2 and M2’ must enter into the triode region, so
that their drain currents remain ISS /2.
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center (AMSC)
Closed loop negative feedback effects on the DC output voltage
ICMC
-
CM +
Sense +
Current -
Iref
Amp - +
Transconductance
Level Sense Circuit
io+ Vo+
Icmc icm
MY’ MX’ MY MX
io- Vo-
Iref
2R + 2
βI B
CM Detector 3
α1 = 1 • High DC offset
Vo- Vo+ • Highly non-linear CM signal
∆β ∆VT β detector
VS α2 = + ⋅
4β 4 IB
1 β
α3 = J.F. Duque-Carrillo, “ Control of the Common-Mode Component in CMOS
8 IB Continuous-Time Fully Differential Signal Processing, Analog Integrated
and Signal Processing,Vol. 4, No.2, pp131-140, Sept. 1993
Amplifier performance with CM control by current steering.
ACM GBWCM THD VDD
STRUCTURE
*
ADC =
ADM GBWDM ± 1V p − p @ 100KHz M1A Vbias1 M1B
M2A
Vbias2 M2B
To gates Vo- Vo+
of M1A- + mean=8.2 dB
Vi+ Vi -
MA M3A
M1B CM
Vo
- σ=11.1 dB 1.1 0.05 % MB Vbias3 M3B
Vref detector Vo WC=21 dB
M4C M4A
Vbias4 M4B
2
Vbias5
VSS
To gates
of M1A- +
Vo
mean=20 dB
1.2
A folded amplifier as an
M1B CM σ=9.5 dB 0.22 %
Vref -
detector Vo WC=33.7 dB example of a FD amplifier
3
To
To gates gates
of M1A- mean=22.1 dB
+ - σ=9.6 dB of M1A-
M1B Vo Vo 1.3 0.06 %
Vref WC=36.2 dB M1B -
+ Vo
Vbias Vo Vref
Vbias
To gates
of M1A- mean=9.4 dB Low-distortion CM steering loop.
M1B - σ=8.5 dB 1.2 0.015 %
+ Vo
Vo WC=23 dB
Vref
Vbias
Example of a compensated Op Amp and a CM sense circuit
Vi1 Vo1
-
+ -
Vcm +
Vi2 - + -
Vo2 Vcm +
VCMC VCMC
VDD
VB1 VB1
M10 M5 M7 M25
ICMS
Vo2
Vo1 VCM
Vi1 Vi2
M1 M2 M21 M22 M23 M24
C C
VB2 VB3 VB3
M9 M3 M4 M6 M26 M27
-VSS
op amp CM sense
What is a common-mode feed-forward
correction circuit ?
(a)
Vbias
Vin+ = Vcm + Vin / 2 I −0 I +0
Vin− = Vcm − Vin / 2 VC
(
I +C , d = g md Vcm + Vin / 2 ) M1
(
I −C , d = g md Vcm − Vin / 2 )
Vin+ M2
Vin−
M1 M2
W W W
I +0 = I C+ , d − I C = g md Vin / 2
L L 2L
I −0 = I C− ,d − I C = − g md Vin / 2
(b)
Pseudodifferential BiCMOS transconductor with feed-forward common-mode
cancellation. (a) Conceptual idea. (b) BiCMOS implementation.
[*] F. Rezzi, A. Baschiroto, and R. Castello, “A 3V 12-55 MHz BiCMOS Pseudo Differential Continuous-Time
Filter”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Systems I, vol. 42, pp 896-903, November 1995.
Let us explore how a common-mode feedforward can be sensed and then
applied. Consider a fully differential OTA with two current-mirrors
aIo+ aIo-
Vcm
Icm
Io- Io- level sensing
V o+ V o- circuit
Vin+ Vin-
Itail
Ibias CM
Ibias
correcting Sense
signal Amp Iref
FD OTA
• Correcting signal can be voltage or current. Note that Io+, and Io- are
equal to gmDRIVER (Vin+- Vin-) and gmDRIVER( Vin- -Vin+) , respectively. That is, we
are sensing the input voltage. We are not sensing the output voltage.
• aIo + and aIo - are copies of Io + and Io -, respectively. In practice the value
of aIo is a = 1 or a = 1/2.
FD OTA with common-mode feedforward (current-mode)
M3 M4 M2 M3 M4
M2
V o- V o+
Vin- Vin+
Vcm
Vcm
Itail
MX’ MY’ Vb Vb MY MX
• Since Vreference = 0, V correction = Vcm and can be applied to MY’ and MY.
M4 M3 M3 M4
M2 M2
io- io+
Vo- Vo+
M1 M1
Vin- Vin+
Iref
MY’ MX’ MX MY
VREF Mref
Am
Am
Mode Mode
pli
pli
Feedforward Feedforward V o-
fie
fie
r
r
Detector Detector
V cm
g m5
+
g m1 V1 I1
Vin +
Io1
g m2
g m3 g m6 -
1 Vx= Vc m
+ 2 g m4
g m1 V2 I2
Vin- g m3 g m6 - Io2
g m2
+
g m5
M3 V1 V2 M3
Vref M7 M5 M2 M2 M5 M7 Vref
I 2 − I1
I1 I1 I1 I2 I2
Io1 I2 2
Vo+ Vo-
I1 − I 2
vin+ M1 M1 vin -
Io2
I1 + I 2
2 2 I1 + I 2
M4 2
VCMFB M8 M6 M6 M8 VCMFB
M4 Vx
(from next stage)
NEXT OTA IS DETECTING THE COMMON MODE FROM THIS OTA AND
FEEDING BACK TO THIS OTA
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR):
a) CMFF b) CMFB c) CMFB & CMFF
Transient Response
Total Harmonic Distortion
(Single-ended)
Total Harmonic Distortion
(Double-ended)
COMMON-MODE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS:
Characterization and Simulation
Ideal Response
Merged Amplifiers
1
v s = α 1v o,cm ; α1 =
Vi +
Vi −
+
-
. Vo+
2
Taking into account mismatches on the
VREF +
H1
. Vo−
Amplifiers H1 and H i yields:
- v s = α 1v o,cm + α 2v o, dm + α 3 vo2, dm
VS H 1'
H 1'
H2
CM +
Detector +
vs . ADS
ACS
Vi,cm ACD ASC Vo,cm
ACC
gm
ACL = ; LG DM ,ex = f ADD
f
+
(vOCM − VCM )
- VREF = VCM
• Negative Feedback, H1H 2 H 3 < 1 H3
H DM = H1 In Differential - Mode
• Stability determined by open loop H1' H x H 3
• H3 is the CM-sense (or comparator) Amplifier.
• Goal to force vOCM = VREF
(
• H 1' is defined as the gain between input vCMC and the output Vo+ − Vo− )
i.e. two examples
VDD
Vbias
Vo+ VFIX determines the current for
vCMC = 0.
Vo−
vin+ vin−
vCMC VFIX
− VSS
A Simple Fully-Differential Op Amp
VDD
Vbias1
• Inherent CM detector
Vbias2 Vbias2
vOCM • vOCM ≅ −VGS ?
vi+ vi−
Vo+ Vo−
Vbias3 Vbias3
vCMCV
− VSS
A Simplified Folded-Cascode Fully Differential Op Amp
STABILITY REMARKS
• The poles of the common-mode feedback are given by the open loop gain
H1' ( s ) H 2 ( s ) H 3 ( s )
+ L
+ + .
Vocm
. CM
L Detector
- -
V
.−
ocm
+- v i ,cm +
- Vref
Vi,p+ Vi,p-
Vref Vref Vx
CL
IT IT
Vi,p+ Vi,p-
Vref
- - + +
A
CL Vx
Vi + Vi -
A
R -- ++ R
Vref Main Transistor Aspect Ratios (in µm) and
Vi,p+ Vi,p- Element Values of the Amplifier
Based on a Single Input Pair (Fig 3).
I I
M1A, M1B 1000/6 M6 1600/2
M2A, M2B 600/4 M7 - M10 300/4
VDD
MA1 - MA4 50/2 M11 700/2
MA5, MA6 300/4 R1 - R2 15 kΩ
M1B
MA5 M1A MA6 M2D 150/2 RM 5 kΩ
Vi + Vi - M1, M2 200/2 CM 5 pF
M3 - M5 400/2 IB = IT/2 10 µA
R1 MA1 MA2R2
Vi,p+ Vi,p-
Vref M2D
MA3MA4
CL Vx
IT IT
M2A M2C
M2B
J.F. Duque-Carillo, J.L. Ausin, G. Torelli, J.M. Valverde and M.A. Dominguez, “1-V Rail-to-Rail Operational Amplifiers in
Standard CMOS Technology,” IEEE Journal Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 33-44, Jan. 2000.
Input CM Adapter
CM input voltage
CM input voltage
Input CM voltage and shifted CM voltage
Very LV Op Amp based on CM Adapter
• Pros
– The amp could work as low as 1V for conventional CMOS
technology
– The DC gain and unity gain frequency are not much affected by
the extra circuitry
• Cons
– Power consumption, input DC offset voltage and current, and input
referred noise are increased due to the resistive dynamic voltage
shifter
– Input resistance is in the order of output resistance of a MOS
transistor instead of infinity compared with conventional CMOS
amplifier
DC Sweep
DC gain = 75.13 dB
VDD
M4 M5
Vbias M6
Vi + Vi,p+
CM
M1 M2 M7 M8
Adapter RM CM
Vi - Vout
Vi,p-
M9 M10 M11
Frequency Response
VBIAS1
−
ICMFB V
o
+
Vi − Vi + V
i
VBIAS2 V
ref,i
Rail-to-rail very LV amplifier in unity-gain
configuration with input common-mode
feedback (ICMFB)
A simple PMOS input stage
R V
2 DD
V+ V
ref,i
o +
V+x V-
Vin+
R
1 +
− −
+ −
+ I Rs
Vin- Vx •
Vref,i- ICMFB OCMFB V s • V-
ref,o
−
−
+ +
I • V+
Vx-• −
Rs
R V+ s +
1
Vo− I I
Vx - s s
R
2
VB1 VB2
IB IB IB IB
Typical OTA connection in
fully differential OTA-C
based circuits.
Vin+ Vin-
The common-mode voltage
is obtained from the input of - + VC
VSS
VDD
IB IB IB IB
Vo IB
Vin- GND
Vin+
R1 R1
MC M1 M1
IB IB IB IB IB
VSS