Effective (RMS) Value of a Sinusoidal Waveform

The fact that the effective value is defined in terms of an equivalent dc

quantity provides us with average-power formulas for resistive circuits
which are identical with those used in dc analysis:
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚 2 𝑅 𝑉𝑚 2
𝑃𝑅 = = =
2 2 2𝑅
2
2 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓
∴ 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑅 = [𝑊]
𝑅
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
and for a source: 𝑃𝑆 = cos 𝜃−𝜑
2
∴ 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 cos 𝜃 − 𝜑 [W]

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 Effective (RMS) Value of a Sinusoidal Waveform
Example:
A typical tungsten light bulb has a resistance of 144 [Ω]. If the voltage
across it is 𝑣 𝑡 = 120 cos 120𝜋𝑡 [𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ],
a) Find the average power absorbed by the bulb?
b) Compute the cost to operate the bulb for 8 hours a day for 30 days if
the price of electricity is 0.175 [$/kWh]?
Solution:
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 (120)2
a) 𝑃 = 𝑅
=
144
= 100 [𝑊]
𝑣(𝑡) 120 cos(120𝜋𝑡) 5 cos(120𝜋𝑡) 5 2 cos(120𝜋𝑡)
b) 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑅
=
144
=
6
𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
6
[𝐴]
the rate at which energy is absorbed by the bulb equals:
𝒅𝒘(𝒕)
= 𝒑 𝒕 = 𝒊 𝒕 𝒗 𝒕 = 200 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 120𝜋𝑡 [𝑊]
𝒅𝒕

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Effective (RMS) Value of a Sinusoidal Waveform

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Effective (RMS) Value of a Sinusoidal Waveform
The energy absorbed by the bulb in 1 hour (3600 [s]) is:
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑾= 200 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 120𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝟎
100sin(240𝜋𝑡) 3600
= 100𝑡 + = 360000 J = 0.36 [MJ]
240𝜋 0

The energy absorbed by the bulb in 8 hours a day for 30 days is:
𝑾 = 0.36 × 8 × 30 = 86.4 [MJ]

1 𝑘𝑊ℎ = 3600 𝑘𝑊𝑠 = 3600 𝑘𝐽 = 3.6 [𝑀𝐽]

86.4
∴𝑾= = 24 𝑘𝑊ℎ
3.6
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 24 ∗ 0.175 = 4.2 [$]

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 Effective (RMS) Value of a Sinusoidal Waveform
Find the average and effective values for the following functions:
a) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡, 0≤𝑡≤𝑇
Ans. 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0 𝑉
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
2

b) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 , 0≤𝑡≤𝑇
2𝑉𝑚
Ans. 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = [𝑉]
𝜋
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
2

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 Effective (RMS) Value of a Sinusoidal Waveform
𝑇
c) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 , 0≤𝑡≤
2
𝑇
= 0, ≤𝑡≤T
2
𝑉𝑚
Ans. 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = [𝑉]
𝜋
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
2

𝑇
d) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 , 0≤𝑡≤
4
𝑇
= 0, ≤𝑡≤T
4
𝑉𝑚
Ans. 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = [𝑉]
2𝜋
𝑉
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
2 2

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Effective Value with Multiple-Frequency Circuits
The effective value of a periodic or non-periodic waveform which is
composed of the sum of a number of sinusoids of different frequencies,
𝜔1 ≠ 𝜔2 ≠ ⋯ ≠ 𝜔𝑁 , can be determined from the total average power:
𝑃 = 𝐼1 𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 + 𝐼2 𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑁 𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 𝑅

∴ 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼1 𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 + 𝐼2 𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑁 𝑒𝑓𝑓 2

Similarly,
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉1 𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 + 𝑉2 𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑁 𝑒𝑓𝑓 2

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 Effective Value with Multiple-Frequency Circuits
Example: Find the effective value for each of the following voltages:
8
a) 𝑣 𝑡 = 8 sin 200𝑡 [𝑉] 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = = 5.657 [𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ]
2
b) 𝑣 𝑡 = 8 sin 200𝑡 − 6 cos(200𝑡 − 45𝑜 ) [𝑉] (same 𝝎)
𝑽 = 8∠ − 90𝑜 − 6∠ − 45𝑜 = 5.667∠ − 138.5𝑜
5.667
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = = 4.007 [𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ]
2
c) 𝑣 𝑡 = 8 sin 200𝑡 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛100𝑡 [𝑉] (d𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝝎)
8 2 4 2
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + = 6.325 [𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ]
2 2
d) 𝑣 𝑡 = 8 sin 200𝑡 − 6 cos 200𝑡 − 45𝑜 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛100𝑡 + 4 [𝑉]
𝑣 𝑡 = 5.667 cos 200𝑡 − 138.5𝑜 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛100𝑡 + 4 [𝑉]
5.667 2 5 2 2
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + + 4 = 6.675 [𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ]
2 2
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 Apparent Power and Power Factor
For a sinusoidal waveform, the Apparent Power AP is given as:
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝐴𝑃 = = 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝐴
2
Note that Apparent power is not a concept which is limited to sinusoidal
forcing functions and responses. It may be determined for any current
and voltage waveforms by simply taking the product of the effective
values of the current and voltage.
The Power Factor PF is given as:
𝑃 −1
𝑋
𝑃𝐹 = = cos 𝜃 − 𝜑 = cos arg 𝑍 = cos 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝐴𝑃 𝑅
𝑃𝐹 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, ∴ 0 ≤ 𝑃𝐹 ≤ 1,
𝑃𝐹 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,
𝑃𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 if φ > 𝜃, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,
𝑃𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑳𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 if 𝜃 > 𝜑, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,
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 Complex Power
Complex power concept allows us to calculate the various contributions to
the total power in a clean, efficient fashion.
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝑗 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔. 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
or
𝑺 = 𝑷 + 𝒋 𝑸 = 𝑨𝑷∠𝜽 − 𝝋

where,
S is the complex power measured in [VA]
real (S) is the average power P measured in [W]
img (S) is the Reactive or Quadrature power Q measured in [VAR]
mag(S) = 𝑺 is the Apparent Power AP measured in [VA]
𝒂𝒓𝒈 𝑺 = 𝜽 − 𝝋 is the Power Factor Angle (PFA)
The complex power can be represented graphically by a power triangle.
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 Complex Power
𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑗 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑃∠𝜃 − 𝜑
𝑆 = 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝜑 + 𝑗 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝜑 = 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∠𝜃 − 𝜑
𝑆 = 𝐴𝑃 × 𝑃𝐹 + 𝑗 𝐴𝑃 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑃𝐹
∗
𝑆 = 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∠𝜃 − 𝜑 = (𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∠𝜃) (𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∠ − 𝜑) = 𝑽𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑰𝑒𝑓𝑓
For an impedance 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋,
2 2 2
2 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑆𝑍 = 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑍 = 2
Z= ∗
𝑍=
𝑍 𝑍×𝑍 𝑍∗
Note: the voltage is that measured across Z as a whole.

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