MATERIALS COST ESTIMATE

QTY UNIT ITEM UNIT AMOUNT TOTAL

PRICE
1 BOX THHN/THWN Wire #5.5mm2 3,500.00 3,500.00 3,500.00
1 BOX THHN/THWN Wire #3.5mm2 3,750.00 3,750.00 3,750.00
20 Meters 8.0 mm2 THHN 78.00 1,160.00 1,160.00
2 Pcs. 15 AT 369.00 730.00 730.00
5 Pcs. 20 AT 369.00 1825.00 1825.00
1 Pcs. 40 AT 539.00 539.00 539.00
25 Pcs. 20 mm dia. PVC PIPE 85.00 2,125.00 2,125.00
10 Pcs. 20 mm dia. PVC Locknut and Bushing 12.00 120.00 120.00
1 Can PVC Solvent Cement 200cc 140.00 140.00 140.00
15 Pcs. Junction Box metal deep type ga. 16" "FUMACO 27.00 525.00 525.00
20 Pcs. Utility Box metal deep type ga. 16 "FUMACO" 33.00 500.00 500.00
15 Pcs. 4x4 Square box 50.00 750.00 750.00
3 Pcs. Electrical tape 25.00 75.00 75.00
1 Set 1Gang Switch, 10A, 24OV 110.00 110.00 110.00
1 Set 2Gang Switch, 10A, 24OV 140.00 140.00 140.00
1 Set 1Gang Convenience Outlet, 10A, 24OV 250.00 250.00 250.00
1 Set 2Gang Convenience Outlet, 10A, 24OV 351.00 351.00 351.00
50 Pcs. Cable Tie 2.00 50.00 50.00
1 Kls. Concrete nail no.3 120.00 120.00 120.00
1 Pcs. Panel Board (All Bolt-On Type Breakers) 10 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00
holes

Sub Total 24,240.00

 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

R.S.W.

BUILDING UTILITIES - 2

“MECHANICAL SYSTEM”

INSTRUCTOR: MAYDICKSON CRUZ UAP,

STUDENT: ATIAGAN JR. ROMEO AMPONG
 MECHANICAL SYSTEM

Introduction
HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort.
Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.

(Figure 1, Rooftop HVAC unit with view of fresh air

intake vent.)

HEATING
 Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for
the building.
 This can be done via central heating. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace,
or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a
furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building.
 The heat can be transferred by convection ,conduction, or radiation

(Figure 2, Central Heating Unit)

 GENERATION
Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including solid fuels, liquids, and gases.
Another type of heat source is electricity, typically heating ribbons made of high
resistance wire of nichrome. Heat pumps can extract heat from various sources,
such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground.

(Figure 3, a Heat Pump)

Initially, heat pump HVAC systems were used in moderate climates, but with
improvements in low temperature operation and reduced loads due to more
efficient homes, they are increasing in popularity in other climates.

(Figure 4, How a Heat Pump works)

DISTRIBUTION

(Figure 5, Air Flow)

 Warm air systems distribute heated air through duct work systems of supply
and return air through metal or fiberglass ducts.
 Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator
coil for air conditioning.
WATER /STEAM

(Figure 6, Water Steam)

 In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to
the rooms. Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator,
which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as
opposed to older gravity-fed systems).
 The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using radiators, hot water
coils (hydro-air), or other heat exchangers.
 The radiators may be mounted on walls or installed within the floor to give
floor heat.
 The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as hydronics . The
heated water can also supply an auxiliary heat exchanger to supply hot water
for bathing and washing.

DANGERS
 The use of furnaces, space heaters, and boilers as means of indoor heating
may result in incomplete combustion and the emission of carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, and other
combustion by-products.
 Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be lethal at concentrations
of 1000 ppm (0.1%).
 The primary health concerns associated with carbon monoxide exposure are
its cardiovascular and neuro behavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause
atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks.

VENTILATION
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control
temperature or remove any combination of moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust,
airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen.
 (Figure 7, Ventilation) (Figure 8, Ventilation)

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air with the outside as well as circulation
of air within the building.
Methods for ventilating a building maybe divided into
1. mechanical /forced
2. natural types.

MECHANAICAL / FORCED VENTILATION

(Figure 8, Ceiling Fun) (Figure 9, Wall Fun)

 "Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is provided by an air handler and used to

control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odours, and contaminants can
often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air.
 Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odours
and sometimes humidity.
 Ceiling fans and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of
reducing the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of perspiration
on the skin of the occupants.

(Figure 10, Air hanging unit, use for heating, cooling, and feltering the air)
 (Figure 11, Airflow Pattern)

NATURAL VENTILATION

(Figure 12, Natural Ventilation scheme for a 4 storey building)

 Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without

using fans or other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows,
louvers, or trickle vents when spaces are small and the architecture permits.
 In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flow out high
building openings to the outside (stack effect), causing cool outside air to be
drawn into low building openings.
 Air conditioning systems are used, either as backups or supplements.

(Figure 13, Natural Ventilation)

 Room pressure can be either positive or negative with respect to outside the
room. Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than
exhausted, and is common to reduce the infiltration of outside contaminants.
 An important component of natural ventilation is air change rate or air
changes per hour: the hourly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the
space. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical.

(Figure 14, Natural Ventilation Strategies diagram)

ADVANTAGES
 Natural ventilation is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses
such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza and meningitis.
 Opening doors, windows, and using ceiling fans are all ways to maximize
natural ventilation and reduce the risk of airborne contagion.
 Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is inexpensive.

AIR CONDITIONING

(Figure 15, Air-conditioning)

 An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling

and humidity control for all or part of a building.
 Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into the indoor
heat exchanger section, creating positive air pressure. The percentage oaf
return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the
opening of this vent.
 Refrigeration conduction media such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are
referred to as refrigerants.
REFRIGERATION CYCLE

The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool:

 The system refrigerant starts its cycle in a gaseous state.The compressor
pumps the refrigerant gas up to a high pressure and temperature.
 From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a condensing coil
or condenser) where it loses energy (heat) to the outside, cools, and
condenses into its liquid phase.
 An expansion valve (also called metering device) regulates the refrigerant
liquid to flow at the proper rate.

(Figure 16, Refrigerator Cycle)

The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat ex-changer where it is allowed to
evaporate, hence the heat ex-changer is often called
an evaporating coil or evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant evaporates it
absorbs energy (heat) from the inside air, returns to the compressor, and repeats
the cycle. In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred outdoors,
resulting in cooling of the building.

(Figure 17, A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle)

1. Condensing coil
2. expansion valve
3. evaporation coil
4. Compressor
FREE COOLING
 Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes
combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so the cold of winter can be
used for summer air conditioning.
 Some systems with small storage’s are hybrids, using free cooling early in the
cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation
coming from the storage.

(Figure 18, Free Cooling)

CENTRAL VS SPLIT SYSTEM

Central, 'all-air' air conditioning systems (or package systems) with a combined
outdoor condenser/evaporator unit are often installed in modern residences,
offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to
retrofit (install in a building that was not designed to receive it) because of the
bulky air ducts required.

(Figure 19, Central Air Conditioning)

An alternative to central systems is the use of separate indoor and outdoor
coils in split systems. These systems, although most often seen in residential
applications, are gaining popularity in small commercial buildings. The evaporator
coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using refrigerant piping between an
indoor and outdoor unit instead of ducting air directly from the outdoor unit.
Indoor units with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or
fit into the ceiling.

(Figure 20, Split Air Conditioning)

DEHUMIDIFICATION
Dehumidification (air drying) in an air conditioning system is provided by the
evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below the dew point,
moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tubes. This moisture is
collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a pan and removed by piping to a
central drain or onto the ground outside.

(Figure 21, Demihudifier)

A dehumidifier is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a
room or building. It is often employed in basements which have a higher relative
humidity because of their lower.

MAINTENANCE
 All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are
equipped with internal air filters. Failure to replace these filters as needed will
 contribute to a lower heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy,
shortened equipment life, and higher energy bills.
 low air flow can result in "iced-up" or "iced-over" evaporator coils, which can
completely stop air flow.
 Because an air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the
outdoor coil, both air filter and condenser coil must be kept clean. Failure to
keep the condenser clean will eventually result in harm to the compressor,
because the condenser coil is responsible for discharging both the indoor heat
and the heat generated by the electric motor driving the compressor.

Definition of terms under HVAC

HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is a major sub discipline of
mechanical engineering. The goal of HVAC design is to balance indoor
environmental comfort with other factors such as installation cost, ease of
maintenance, and energy efficiency. The discipline of HVAC includes a large
number of specialized terms and acronyms, many of which are summarized in this
glossary.
Air changes per hour
The hourly ventilation rate divided by the volume of a space. For perfectly
mixed air or laminar flow spaces, this is equal to the number of times per hour that
the volume the space is exchanged by mechanical and natural ventilation. Also
called air change rate or air exchange rate. Abbreviated ACH or ac/hr.
Air conditioner
An appliance, system, or mechanism designed to dehumidify and extract heat
from an area. Usually this term is reserved for smaller self contained units such as
a residential system.
Air handling unit
A central unit consisting of a blower, heating and cooling elements, filter racks
or chamber, dampers, humidifier, and other central equipment in direct contact
with the airflow. This does not include the ductwork through the building.
Abbreviated AH or AHU.
Any of several units of energy (heat) in the HVAC industry, each slightly more
than 1 kJ. One BTU is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree
Fahrenheit, but the many different types of BTU are based on different
interpretations of this “definition”. In the United States the power of HVAC
systems (the rate of cooling and dehumidifying or heating) is sometimes
expressed in BTU/hour instead of watts. Abbreviated BTU or Btu.
Centrifugal fan
A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases.
Chiller
A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or
absorption refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building
and passes through coils in air handlers, fan-coil units, or other systems, cooling
and usually dehumidifying the air in the building. Chillers are of two types;
air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers are usually outside and consist of
condenser coils cooled by fan-driven air. Water-cooled chillers are usually inside a
building, and heat from these chillers is carried by recirculating water to a heat
sink such as an outdoor cooling tower.
Coil
Equipment that performs heat transfer to air when mounted inside an air
handling unit or duc twork. It is heated or cooled by electrical means or by
circulating liquid or steam within it.
Condenser
A component in the basic refrigeration cycle that ejects or removes heat from
the system. The condenser is the hot side of an air conditioner or heat pump.
Condensers are heat exchangers, and can transfer heat to air or to an
intermediate fluid (such as water or an aqueous solution of ethylene glycol) to
carry heat to a distant sink, such as ground (earth sink), a body of water, or air (as
with cooling towers).
Constant air volume
A system designed to provide a constant air flow. This term is applied to HVAC
systems that have variable supply-air temperature but constant air flow rates.
Most residential forced-air systems are small CAV systems with on/off control.
Abbreviated CAV.
Controller
A device that controls the operation of part or all of a system. It may simply
turn a device on and off, or it may more subtly modulate the set point of
components. Most controllers are automatic but have user input such as
temperature set points, e.g. a thermostat. Controls may be analog or digital.
Damper
A plate or gate placed in a duct to control air flow by increasing friction in the
duct.
Deep lake water cooling
The heat is rejected to deep lake regions to cool homes and offices, reducing
the energy costs.
ΔT
(Also delta T) a reference to a temperature difference. It is used to describe
the difference in temperature of a heating or cooling medium as it enters and as it
leaves a system.
Duct
Specialized housing for the air flow.
Dehumidifier
A dehumidifier is the equipment that extracts and removes humidity from the
air. It works by cooling air to the point where water turns to liquid from vapor form
and then the liquid is removed.
Diffuser
A diffuser is placed over ductwork, and it separates air with vanes going in
differing directions. It evenly distributes air flow in the desired directions.
Dry bulb temperature
Dry bulb temperature is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer
which is freely exposed to the air while it is shielded from radiation and moisture.
It is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic
temperature. It is a measurement of heat intensity independently of humidity and
a dry bulb thermometer is used to measure it.
Dry bulb thermometer
A dry bulb thermometer is a device that measures air temperature
independently of humidity. It is freely exposed to the air it is measuring and is
protected from the radiation and moisture.
Economizer
An HVAC component that uses outside air, under suitable climate conditions,
to reduce required mechanical cooling. When the outside air’s enthalpy is less
than the required supply air during a call for cooling, an economizer allows a
building’s mechanical ventilation system to use up to the maximum amount of
outside air.
Enthalpy
For a given sample of air, a measure of the total heat content (the sum of the
heat energy of the dry air and heat energy of the water vapor within it). It is
typically used to determine the amount of fresh outside air that can be added to
recirculated air for the lowest cooling cost.
Evaporator
A component in the basic refrigeration cycle that absorbs or adds heat to the
system. Evaporators can be used to absorb heat from air or from a liquid. The
evaporator is the cold side of an air conditioner or heat pump.
Fan coil unit
A small terminal unit that is often composed of only a blower and a heating
and/or cooling coil, as is often used in hotels, condominiums, or apartments.
Abbreviated FCU.
Flow
A transfer of fluid volume per unit time.
Fresh air fraction
Fresh air fraction quantifies action of the economizer, and is defined by (Mass
flow rate of fresh-air / Total air flow rate). Abbreviated faf.
Fresh air intake
An opening through which outside air is drawn into the building. This may be
to replace air in the building that has been exhausted by the ventilation system, or
to provide fresh air for combustion of fuel. Abbreviated FAI.
Furnace
A component of an HVAC system that adds heat to air or an intermediate fluid
by burning fuel (natural gas, oil, propane, butane, or other flammable substances)
in a heat ex-changer.
Gas furnace heat ex-changer
A gas furnace heat ex-changer is responsible for the transfer of heat from
inside the furnace into the air outside the furnace. The duct system then transfers
this exchanged air to different rooms in the building or space.
Grille
A facing across a duct opening, often rectangular in shape, containing multiple
parallel slots through which air may be delivered or withdrawn from a ventilated
space. The grille directs the air flow in a particular direction and prevents the
passage of large items.
Heating coil
A heating coil is the part of the system that conducts heat. It allows electricity
to act as fire.
Heat ex-changer
A heat ex-changer is the part of the system that transfers heat from the hot
parts of the machine or a system to the cold parts of the machine or system.
Heat gain
Heat load
Heat loss
Terms for the amount of cooling (heat gain) or heating (heat loss) needed to
maintain desired temperatures and humidities in controlled air. Regardless of how
well-insulated and sealed a building is, buildings gain heat from sunlight,
conduction through the walls, and internal heat sources such as people and
electrical equipment. Buildings lose heat through conduction during cold weather.
Engineers use heat load calculations to determine the HVAC needs of the space
being cooled or heated.
Heat pump
A heat pump is a compressor that cycles hot or cold air. It is a device that is
designed to move thermal energy in the opposite direction of heat flow by
absorbing heat from a cold space which is released to a warmer space.
Heat transfer
Heat transfer happens when heat moves from one area to another. It is an
important and vital step in the process of cooling a space.
hspf - (Heating Seasonal Performance Factor)
Heating Seasonal Performance Factor is the measurement of heat efficiency over
the period of a heating season.
Industrial refrigerator
An industrial refrigerator is a refrigeration equipment designed for
low-temperature processing of food products by creating and maintaining inside
the object a specified operating cooling mode, including temperature, humidity,
speed for the cooling environment, and sometimes may include pressure and gas
composition.
Intermediate fluid
A liquid or gas used to transfer heat between two heat exchangers. An
intermediate fluid is used when the hot and cold fluids are too bulky (such as air)
or difficult to handle (such as halocarbon refrigerant) to directly transfer the heat.
louver
1. Components made of multiple smaller blades, sometimes adjustable, placed
in ducts or duct entries to control the volume of air flow. When used inside of
ducts, their function is similar to that of a damper, but they can be manufactured
to fit larger openings than a single-piece damper.
2. Blades in a rectangular frame placed in doors or walls to permit the movement
of air.
Makeup air unit
An air handler that conditions 100% outside air. Typically used in industrial or
commercial settings, or in "once-through" (blower sections that only blow air
one-way into the building), "low flow" (air handling systems that blow air at a low
flow rate), or "primary-secondary" (air handling systems that have an air handler
or rooftop unit connected to an add-on makeup unit or hood) commercial HVAC
systems. Abbreviated MAU.
Minimum outside air
T he lowest amount of fresh air flow that can be allowed into a recirculating
system. This limit is set to ensure that the interior air remains safe and
comfortable to breathe.
Outside air damper
An automatic louver or damper that controls the fresh air flow into an air
handler and modulates to the most energy efficient setting.
outside air temperature
A measure of the air temperature outside a building. The temperature and
humidity of air inside and outside the building are used in enthalpy calculations to
determine when outside air can be used for free heating or cooling. Abbreviated
OAT.
Packaged terminal air conditioner
An air conditioner and heater combined into a single, electrically powered unit,
typically installed through a wall and often found in hotels. Abbreviated PTAC.
Air handler
An air-handling unit, defined as either "recirculating" or "once-through"
design, made specifically for outdoor installation. They most often include,
internally, their own heating and cooling devices. Very common in some regions,
particularly in single-story commercial buildings. Also called a rooftop unit (RTU)
Plenum space
An enclosed space inside a building or other structure, used for airflow. Often
refers to the space between a dropped ceiling and the structural ceiling, or a
raised floor and the hard floor. Distinct from ductwork as a plenum is part of the
structure itself. Cable and piping within a plenum must be properly rated for its
fire and smoke indices. See also: plenum chamber
Psychrometrics
The study of the behavior of air-water vapor mixtures. Water vapor plays an
important role in energy transfer and human comfort in HVAC design.
rooftop unit (RTU)
Same as Air handler.
radiant ceiling panels
Usually metal panels suspended under the ceiling, insulated from the building
structure. The primary cooling/heating agent temperature is close to the room's
temperature.
Radiant floor
A type of radiant heating system where the building floor contains channels or
tubes through which hot fluids such as air or water are circulated. The whole floor
is evenly heated. Thus, the room is heated from the bottom up. Radiant floor
heating eliminates the draft and dust problems associated with forced air heating
systems.
Radiation
The transfer of heat directly from one surface to another (without heating the
intermediate air acting as a transfer mechanism).
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio
The SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) rating of a unit is the cooling
output during a typical cooling-season divided by the total electric energy input
during the same period. The higher the unit's SEER rating the more energy
efficient it is.
Smoke damper
A damper or adjustable louver designed to augment the ventilation of a space
during a fire.
Split system
A split system is the combination of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit. This is
the most common type of system.
Super heat
The number of degrees a vapor is above its boiling point at a specific pressure.
Sub cooling
The condition where liquid refrigerant is colder than the minimum
temperature required to keep it from boiling which would change it from a liquid
to a gas phase. Sub cooling is the difference between its saturation temperature
and the actual liquid refrigerant temperature.
System
General term used to refer to the set or a subset of components that perform
a specific HVAC function within a building.
terminal unit
A small component that contains a heating coil, cooling coil, automatic damper, or
some combination of the three. Used to control the temperature of a single room.
Abbreviated TU.
Thermal zone
An individual space or group of neighboring indoor spaces that the HVAC
designer expects will have similar thermal loads. Building codes may require
zoning to save energy in commercial buildings. Zones are defined in the building
to reduce the number of HVAC subsystems, and thus initial cost. For example, for
perimeter offices, rather than one zone for each office, all offices facing west can
be combined into one zone. Small residences typically have only one conditioned
thermal zone, plus unconditioned spaces such as garages, attics, and crawlspaces,
and basements.
thermostat
A thermostat is a system that monitors and regulates a heating or cooling system.
It can be used to set the desired temperature at which it keeps the environment
either heated or cooled.
Two-stage (cooling and heating)
A two-stage air conditioner is designed to operate on high and low settings
during different weather conditions and seasons. The high setting is used during
extreme weather, and the low setting is used during moderate weather. This type
of air conditioner produces a balanced temperature and is in use for a longer
period of time.
Txv - Thermostatic Expansion Valve
A thermostatic expansion valve is a piece of equipment that meters the flow of
liquid refrigerant into the evaporator while measuring the vapor refrigerant
leaving the evaporator. It thereby controls the superheating at the outlet of the
evaporator.
Underfloor air distribution
A method for providing ventilation and space conditioning by using the air
plenum below a raised floor to distribute conditioned air through diffusers directly
to the occupied zone. Abbreviated UFAD.
unitary controller
A unitary controller is a device that controls only one zone in a building.
Variable air volume
An HVAC system that has a stable supply-air temperature, and varies the air
flow rate to meet the temperature requirements. Compared to constant air
volume systems, these systems conserve energy through lower fan speeds during
times of lower temperature control demand. Most new commercial buildings have
VAV systems. VAVs may be bypass type or pressure dependent. Pressure
dependent type VAVs save energy while both types help in maintaining
temperature of the zone that it feeds. Abbreviated VAV
Zoning system
A zoning system sections a building or a space into zones which are controlled
independently of each other. This is beneficial when different areas or rooms of a
building have different temperatures as well as when the desired temperatures in
different rooms are different. Temperature is controlled by different thermostats.

Air-condition Systems-types, Components and Application

Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily
temperature and humidity) to more favorable conditions. The control of these
conditions may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants,
or to meet the requirements of industrial processes irrespective of the
externalclimatic conditions.

TYPE OF AIR-CONDITIONING
1. Window air-conditioning system
2. Split air-conditioning system
3. Central air-conditioning system
4. Package air-conditioning system
Split Air-Conditioning System
The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the
indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the
compressor, condenser and expansion valve.

Windows Air-conditioning System

Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest
type of air conditioners.Window air-conditioner units are reliable and
simple-to-install solution to keep a room cool while avoiding the costly
construction of a central air
system.

(Figure 22, Windows Air-conditioning System)

Central Air-Conditioning System

The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large
buildings,hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air conditioned
completely.
The window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small office
spaces.Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls,
auditoriums, receptions areas etc.

Packaged Air-Conditioning System

The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air
conditioning capacities up to 5 tons. The packaged air conditioners are used for
the cooling capacities in between these two extremes.

(Figure 23, Circuit Diagram winter Air conditioning system)

The Main Components
the main components of refrigeration system:
1. The Compressor
2. The Condensing Coil
3. The Metering Device
4. The Evaporator

Thermal expansion Valves

A very common type of metering device is called a TX Valve (Thermostatic
Expansion Valve). This valve has the capability of controlling the refrigerant flow.
If the load on the evaporator changes, the valve can respond to the change and
increase or decrease the flow accordingly.

(Figure 24, Thermal Expansion Valves)

The Evaporator
The evaporator is where the heat is removed from your house , business or
refrigeration box. The cooler refrigerant in the evaporator tubes, absorb the warm
room air. The change of temperature causes the refrigerant to “flash” or “boil” and
changes from a low pressure liquid to a low pressure cold vapor.

(Figure 25, The low pressure vapor is pulled into the compressor and the cycle
starts over.)
Main Features of Cooling Towers

(Figure 26, Main Features of Cooling Towers)

Components of a cooling tower

Frame and casing: support exterior enclosures
 Fill: facilitate heat transfer by maximizing water / air contact
 Splash fill
 Film fill
 Cold water basin: receives water at bottom of tower

Components of a cooling tower

Drift eliminators: capture droplets in air stream
 Air inlet: entry point of air
 Louvers: equalize air flow into the fill and retain water within tower
 Nozzles: spray water to wet the fill
 Fans: deliver air flow in the tower
1.1 Types of Evaporators
Evaporators are divided mainly into three groups. Natural circulation
evaporator
Types:
1. Natural Circulation
 Evaporating pans
 Evaporating stills
 Short tube evaporator.

2. Forced circulation evaporator.

3. Film evaporator
Types:
 Wiped Film evaporator
 Long Tube Evaporator
 Climbing film evaporator
  Falling film evaporator
NATURAL CIRCULATION EVAPORATORS
Working principle
The movement of the liquid results from convection currents set up by the
heating process.
Convection currents: The process in whichheat moves through a gas or liquid
as the hotter parts rises and the cooler part sinks.
Evaporating Pans
“On a manufacturing scale, liquid extracts containing water are evaporated in
open pans called evaporating pans.”
Construction:
The evaporating pan consists of :
Hemispherical shallow made of
 Copper
 Stainless steel
 Aluminum
 Enameled iron
Steam jacket
The hemispherical shape gives the best surface\volume ratio for heating and the
largest area for the disengagement of vapour.
Working
The dilute solution is taken in the pan. Steam is introduced through the steam
inlet into the jacket to heat the pan. In these evaporators the movement of the
liquid results from convection currents set up by the heating process. The
concentrated liquid is collected through the outlet placed at the bottom of the pan.

(Figure 27, Evaporating Pans)

Advantages
1. They are simple, easy and cheap to construct.
2. They are easy to use and clean.
3. Stirring of the evaporating liquids can be
done easily.
Disadvantages
1. The whole of the liquid is heated all the time which may lead to decomposition
of the components.
2. On the evaporating surface foam is rapidly formed which decreases
evaporation. Solids may be deposited at the bottom which make the stirring
necessary.
3. This pan can only be used for evaporating aqueous and thermostable liquid
extracts.
4. They can not be used for evaporating extracts containing organic solvents like
alcohol etc.

Evaporating still
Construction
It consists of a jacketed-evaporating pan with a cylindrical cover that
connects it to a condenser. The over all assembly is called still. The cover is
clamped with the evaporating pan.

(Figure 28, Evaporating Still)

Advantages:
 Easy to clean and maintain.
 Allow the equipment to be used for solvents other than water. E.g.
ethanol.
Disadvantages:
 All the liquor is heated all the time.
 The heating surface is limited.
Working
The dilute liquid is fed into the still, the cover is clamped. Steam is
introduced into the jacket. The liquid is evaporated and condensed in the
condenser and collected. The product (i.e. concentrated liquid) is collected
through the product outlet.
Short tube evaporator
Construction:
The evaporator is a cylindrical vessel. The lower portion of the vessel consists
of a nest of tubes with the liquor inside and steam outside– this assembly is called
calendria.
 The specifications of calendria are as follows:
 Tube length: 1 – 2 m
 Tube diameter: 40 – 80 mm
 Diameter of evaporator: 2.5 m
 Number of tubes: 1000
The feed inlet is at the top of the calendria. The product outlet is placed at the
bottom of the evaporator. Steam inlet and outlet is placed from the side of the
calendria.

(FIgure 29, Short Tube Evaporator)

Working:
The liquor in the tubes is heated by the steam and begins to boil, when the
mixture of liquid and vapor will shoot up the tubes (in a similar manner to that
of a liquid that is allowed to boil to vigorously in a test-tube).
 The product is collected through the product outlet.
Advantages
Use of tubular calendria increases the heating area, possibly by a factor of 10
to 15 compared to that of an external jacket. Increasing the rate of heat transfer.
Condenser and receiver can be attached to run the evaporation under vacuum
with non aqueous solvents.
Disadvantages
Since the evaporator is filled to a point above the level of the calendria, a
considerable amount of liquid is heated for a long time. The effect of this continual
heating can be reduced to some extent by removing concentrated liquor slowly
from the outlet at the bottom of the vessel. Complicated design, difficult for
cleaning and maintenance.
1.2 Types of Condensers
Condensers
Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat. some process like heating,
cooling, condensation, boiling or evaporation. Different heat exchangers are
named according to their application. for example, heat exchanger used for
boiling purposes are called boilers, heat exchanger being used to condense are
known as condensers. The condenser is a heat exchanger that usually rejects all
the heat from the system
The condenser accept all the hot, high-pressure refrigerant usually a super
heated gas, from the compressor. The condenser is usually air cooled by natural
or forced convection to increase the cooling effect of the condenser.
Function
The purpose of the condenser in the refrigeration system is to removeheat
from the refrigerant vapor leaving the compressor (or generator incase of
absorption system) so that the refrigerant will condense to its liquid state.
This liquid refrigerant will then be able to achieve the refrigerating effect in the
evaporator.

(Figure 30, Simple Refrigerating System)

Working of a Condenser
In a typical refrigerant condenser, the refrigerant enters the condenser in a
superheated state. It is first super heated and then condensed by rejecting heat to
an external medium. The refrigerant may leave the condenser as a saturated or a
sub cooled liquid, depending upon the temperature of the external medium
and design of the condenser .
Classification of Condensers
1. Air-cooled Condensers
a. Natural convection air-cooled condensers
b. Forced convection air-cooled condensers
2. Water-Cooled Condensers
a. Tube-in-tube or double-tube condensers
b. Shell and coil condensers
c. Shell and tube condensers
3. Evaporative Condensers
Air Cooled Condensers

(Figure 31, Natural Convection Types)

Air is used as fluid for cooling purpose i.e. refrigerant rejects heat to air
flowing over a condenser.
Further Classifications:
1. Natural Convection Type:
 he finned type condensers are mounted either below the refrigerator at an
angle or on the backside of the refrigerator.
 In case, it is mounted below, then the warm air rises up and to assist it an air
envelope is formed by providing a jacket on backside of the refrigerator. The
fin spacing is kept large to minimize the effect of fouling by dust and to allow
air to flow freely with little resistance.
A thin wires are welded to the serpentine tube coil. The wires act like fins for
increased heat transfer area. wire-and-tube type condenser commonly used in
domestic refrigerators. Hence these condensers are used for small capacity
refrigeration systems like household refrigerators and freezers.
Forced Convection Type

(Figure 32, Forced Convection Type)

forced convection type condensers, the circulation of air over the condenser
surface is maintained by using a fan or a blower.
 These condensers are normally uses fins on air- side for good heat transfer.
The fins can be either plate type or annular type.
 Forced convection type condensers are commonly used in window, air
conditioners, water conditioning plants.
Double Type Tube-In-Tube type
Double pipe condensers are normally used up to 10 TR capacity.
 The cold water flows through the inner tube.Refrigerant flows through the
annulus in counter flow.
 Headers are used at both the ends to make the length of the condenser small
and reduce pressure drop.
 The refrigerant in the annulus rejects a part of its heat to the surroundings by
free convection and radiation.
 The heat transfer coefficient is usually low because of poor liquid refrigerant
drainage if the tubes are long.

(Fgure 16, Double Type Tube-In-Tube type)

Shell-and-coil type

(Figure 17, Shell-and-coil type)

These condensers are used in systems up to 50 TR capacity.
 The water flows through multiple coils, which may have fins to increase the
heat transfer coefficient. The refrigerant flows through the shell.
 In smaller capacity condensers, refrigerant flows through coils while water
flows through the shell.
 When water flows through the coils, cleaning is done by circulating suitable
chemicals through the coils.
1.3 Types of Compressors
Compressor
Compressor is the mechanical equipment which is used to increase the
pressure of the air by reducing its volume. They are somehow similar to the
pumps both increase the pressure and both transport the fluid through their pipes

(Figure 18, Reciprocating Compressor)

These compressors use the piston driven by the crankshaft. They can be
either stationary or portable. It can be single staged or multistage and can
be driven by the electric motors or internal combustion engines as well.
They are made for intermittent duty.
Reciprocating Types
Compressor which compresses the air in one direction only having single
piston.

(Figure 18, Single Acting Comp)

Double Acting Compressor

(Figure 19, Double Acting Compressor)

 It also has just one cylinder but is pipe up such way that its capable of taking
in discharging fluids from both ends and hence increases the efficiency
Multistage Compressors

(Figure 20, Multistage Compressors)

Multistage compressor is simply the compression of the fluid in two or more
cylinders instead of one cylinder.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Reciprocating Compressors
Advantage:
• Suitable for high pressure ratios
• Easy maintenance
• Easy to operate
• Relatively cheap
Disadvantage:
• Multiple Machines are required
• Maintenance prone
• Sounds too much
• High outlet temperature of compressed air
Cooling Methods
Heat dissipation is happened with the help of fins over the cylinder. Air blows
across the fins and hence decreasing the effect of heat during pistons movement
is created.
Efficiency
Reciprocating compressor with double or more acting piston is very efficient
hese compressors are more efficient when not running at full load while running
on full load screw compressors are more suitable.

1.4 Air-Conditioning Equipment and Controls

Airside Controllers

(Figure 21, Air-side Controllers)

 Duct static pressure control to automatically adjust fan speed
 Space dehumidification
 Filter status monitoring

(Figure 22, Chillers Controllers)

A chilled water plant is a substantial investment and significant energy
consumer in any building. Trane also realizes that the chillers themselves are just
one facet of a larger system. Trane has the comprehensive experience and
product lines to deliver intelligent automation and chiller controls in the equipment
room, and far beyond. The end result is an optimized, integrated system to
minimize the entire building’s energy consumption.
Variable Frequency Drives

(Figure 23, Variable Frequency Drives)

Today more than ever, facility professionals are required to use a range of
strategies for energy efficiency. A variable frequency drive (VFD) is an electronic
system that provides infinitely variable speed control of three-phase AC induction
motors.
Controlling the flow of air and water in HVAC systems is an effective,
permanent way to meet the ever-changing demands put on the system. A Trane
Variable Frequency Drive benefits include:
 Energy savings
 Cost savings
 Trouble-free operation
 Ease of installation
 Ease of use
1.5 Air Cleaning

(Figure 24, Air Cleaning)

An air purifier or air cleaner is a device which removes contaminants from the
air in a room to improve indoor air quality. These devices are commonly marketed
as being beneficial to allergy sufferers and asthmatics, and at reducing or
eliminating second-hand tobacco smoke. The commercially graded air purifiers
are manufactured as either small stand-alone units or larger units that can be
affixed to an air handler unit (AHU) or to an HVAC unit found in the medical,
industrial, and commercial industries. Air purifiers may also be used in industry to
remove impurities from air before processing. Pressure swing adsorbers or other
adsorption techniques are typically used for this.
Air purifiers essentially work by sanitizing the air, which may include pollutants,
allergens, and toxins. They’re the exact opposite of essential oil diffusers and
humidifiers, which add particles to indoor air.
Air purifiers also act differently than filters. While filters only remove particles,
purifiers can sanitize them, too.
The exact particles removed via an air purifier ultimately depends on the type
you choose. Certain versions are made with filters to trap particles as air runs
through them, while others may neutralize other particles in the air without
filtering them first.
Another option is a negative ion emitting air purifier, which helps to attract
positive ion particles in the air so that they’re neutralized. The downside to this
option is the possibility of ozone emissions.
4. Air-Conditioning Systems Fundamental Design
As a UT, it is necessary that you be able to recognize the basic types of
air-conditioning systems and understand the operation, maintenance, and repair
methods and procedures.
A complete air-conditioning system includes a means of refrigeration, one or
more heat transfer units, air filters, a means of air distribution, an arrangement for
piping the refrigerant and heating medium, and controls to regulate the proper
capacity of these components. In addition, the application and design
requirements that an air-conditioning system must meet make it necessary to
arrange some of these components to condition the air in a certain sequence. For
example, an installation that requires reheating of the conditioned air must
benarranged with the reheating coil on the downstream side of the dehumidifying
coil; otherwise, it is impossible to reheat the cooled and dehumidified air. There
has been a tendency by many designers to classify an air-conditioning system by
referring to one of its components.
For example, the air-conditioning system that
includes a dual duct arrangement to distribute the conditioned air; is referred to as
a dual duct system. This classification makes no reference to the type of
refrigeration, the piping arrangement, or the type of controls.
For the purpose of classification, the following definitions are used:
An air-conditioning unit is understood to consist of a heat transfer surface for
heating and cooling, a fan for air circulation, and a means of cleaning the air,
motor, drive, and casing.
 A self-contained air-conditioning unit is understood to be an air-conditioning
unit that is complete with compressor, condenser, evaporator, controls, and
casing. NAVEDTRA 14265A 13-9
 An air-handling unit consists of a fan, heat transfer surface, and casing.
 A remote air-handling unit or a remote air-conditioning unit is a unit located
outside the conditioned space that it serves.
Self-Contained Air-Conditioning Units
Air-conditioning units that are self-contained may be divided into two types:
window mounted and floor-mounted units. Window-mounted air-conditioning
units usually range from 4,000 to 36,000 Btu per hour in capacity The use of
windows to install these units is not a necessity. They may be installed in transoms
or directly in the outside walls (commonly called a "through-the-wall" installation).
A package type of room air conditioner, showing airflow patterns for cooling,
ventilating, and exhausting services,

(Figure 25, Self -Contained Air-Conditioning Units)

 In construction and operating principles, the window unit is a small and
simplified version of much larger systems. the basic refrigeration components are
present in the window unit. The outside air cools the condenser coils. The room air
is circulated by a fan that blows across the evaporator coils. Moisture, condensed
from the humid air by these coils, is collected in a pan at the bottom of the unit; it
is usually drained to the back of the unit and discharged.

(Figure 26, Airflow patterns of a package type air conditioner.)

(Figure 27, Refrigerant cycle of a package air conditioner)

(Figure 28, Air-handling components of a package room air

conditioner.)
Most window units are equipped with thermostats that maintain a fixed
dry-bulb temperature and moisture content in an area within reasonable limits.
These units are installed so there is a slight tilt of the unit towards the outside,
toward the condenser, to assist in drainage of the condensate. It is a good idea to
mount the unit on the east side of the building to take advantage of the afternoon
shade. These units require very little mechanical attention before they are put
into operation. Window units are normally operated by the user, who should be
properly instructed on their use.