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 HEAT IN MINES
Measurement:
Mercury Thermometers Alcohol Thermometers
Less Sensitive More Sensitive
(Coefficient of expansion 6 times)
Freezing point: 233K 173K

Normally mine air temperature  Dry bulb temperature

So better to keep 315 mm away from the surface

Special case: Assessment in narrow space

radiation from rock wall is significant
Measurement of radiant temperature
Covering the bulb by black globe

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 SOURCES OF HEAT IN MINES
 High Temperature of Surface Air:
Temperature of the surface air is higher than the u/g

 Heat due to Auto-Compression:

Weight of the shaft air coloumn compresses air.
@ 1.1 kPa per 100 m depth
Potential energy is converted in to heat energy
Rise in dry bulb temperature of air due to AC is
0.976 K /100 m
Wet bulb temperature also rises with depth
In summer wb temp may rise @ 0.3 – 0.25 K / 100
m depth

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 SOURCES OF HEAT IN MINES
 Heat from Rock:
Heat flows out of the hot core of the earth
Constant rate @ 0.05 W m-2
So with depth temperature rises

Rate of increase of temperature with depth is called

Geothermic Gradient
Varies from place to place
Depends on Physical properties of rock e.g.
Thermal Conductivity, Specific heat & Density

Steep: Rocks of lower Thermal Conductivity e.g. coal

measure rocks
Age of rocks and presence of dykes, sulphide ore
bodies nearby. www.promining.in
 SOURCES OF HEAT IN MINES
 Surface temperature varies wrt to place & time
 At a depth of 15 m or so it remains constant throughout year
 Usually this is annual average temperature at surface
 G G is thus rate of rise in temp above this temp.

Determination of G G:
 Virgin rock temp at various depths
 For accuracy at the bottom of hole, no effect of ventilating air
current

Thermal Conductivity of Strata in W/m°K

G G = --------------------------------------------------------- m/°k
Heat flow value of the region in W/m2

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Geothermic gradient

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Geothermic gradient

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 SOURCES OF HEAT IN MINES
 Heat from Men:
Process of metabolism
Even at rest by basal metabolism (58 W)(Av. Wt 50 Kg)
Depends on body weight and work being performed
While working (loading of coal) up to 350 W (Indian)
For European or South African miner
as high as 470 W from the basic 70 W

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 SOURCES OF HEAT IN MINES
 Heat produced by machinery:
Large source particularly in mechanised mines
All works e.g. cutting, drilling, loading, transport

2000 kW Internal hoist at 60% efficiency 800 kW

Diesel Locomotive: 2.93 kW per kW of Locomotive power
1 kW per kW of rated engine power
(Average as it doesn’t works all the time)

Compressed air machinery: No heat to mine air

Compensated by the expansive
cooling of exhaust air

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 SOURCES OF HEAT IN MINES
 Heat from Lights:
Significant when carbide lamps are used

One Carbide Lamp: 156 g of carbide / shift

96.5 J of heat / sec

An Electric Lamp (Two Cell Type):

2.6 J per second
An ordinary Electric bulb:
40 J per second

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 SOURCES OF HEAT IN MINES
 Heat Due to Oxidation:
Major source of heat in coal mines
80-85 % is added by this in coal mines
8.79 MJ M-3 of O2 absorbed

Not appreciable in metal mines, only due to

timber oxidation
except producing Sulphidic ores
Oxidation of Pyrites: 18 MJ M-3

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 SOURCES OF HEAT IN MINES

 Heat Due to Blasting:

Considerable Magnitude
But
Instantaneous

Dissipated away by ventilating current

before men return to work

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 SOURCES OF HEAT IN MINES

 Heat Due to Rock Movement:

Practically: Only 1% of total
Theoretically: about 9% of total

Most of the heat is dissipated in the broken rock

mass itself

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 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HEAT

Human body is Homeotherm. 36.9 +/- 1 °C

If Rate of heat loss from the body > Rate of
metabolic heat generation
 Heart rate slows down
 Blood vessel contracts
 Shivering
If continues:
 Leading to hypothermia
 Collapse

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 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HEAT

Increase in body temp  Sweating

May result in to heat stroke:

 Reduction in sweat rate due to gland failure

 Rectal temp goes up to 40.6 °C
 Failure of thermoregulatory control mechnism
 Skin becomes dry and hot
 Brain & nervous system gets affected leading to
unconsciousness, coma and ultimately death

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 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HEAT
Early Warning Symptoms:
Restlessness Twitching of muscle
Discomfort Headache
Tiredness Vomiting
Lethargy Increased thrust
Confused Behaviour Weakness & Dizziness
Later on:
 Pulse becomes weak, rapid and irregular
 respiration becomes stertorous
 Skin may turn blue
 May lead to coma
Treatment:

 Body temp needs to bring down quickly


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 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HEAT
Heat Collapse:
Working in hot & humid atmosphere
Less severe and more common
May occur at lower body temperature

Caused by:
Changes in Cardio Vascular system as more blood is
supplied to skin and availability to brain is reduced.

Symptoms:
Mental Fatigue, Nausea, Giddiness, Headache, Vomiting,
Blurred vision, finally collapse.

Treatment:
Make the patient lie down, take rest and cool down the body

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 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HEAT
Dehydration & Chloride Loss:
During hard work a man may loose 0.45 – 0.7 Kg of sweat / hour
Continuous hard work may lead to it
Sweat Contains: 0.5% of NaCl

Symptoms: Cramps or wide spread,

Intense and painful cramps of the muscle

Avoidance: Drinking of water at interval

Precaution: Ingestion of salt tablets during heat exposure is not

recommended

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