1. A patient is performing a Phase I (inpatient) cardiac rehabilitation exercise session.

The physical therapist should

terminate low-level activity if which of the following changes occurs?

1. The diastolic blood pressure increases to 120 mm Hg.

2. The respiratory rate increases to 20 breaths per minute.

3. The systolic blood pressure increases by 20 mm Hg.

4. The heart rate increases by 20 bpm.

2.A patient is being evaluated for possible carpal tunnel syndrome, and a nerve conduction velocity test is
performed. Which of the following findings would MOST strongly support the diagnosis?

1. Decreased latency at the elbow

2. Decreased latency at the carpal tunnel

3. Increased latency at the carpal tunnel

4. Increased latency at the forearm

3.When examining a patient with a history of alcohol abuse, a physical therapist notes that the patient
demonstrates fine resting tremors and hyperactive reflexes. The patient reports frequent right upper quadrant pain.
Which of the following additional signs is MOST likely?

1. Jaundice

2. Hyperhidrosis

3. Hypotension

4. Nocturnal cough

4. Which of the following sensory testing locations corresponds to the C7 nerve root?

1. Volar aspect of the little finger (5th digit)

2. Dorsal aspect of the middle finger (3rd digit)

3. Lateral aspect of the upper arm

4. Medial aspect of the upper arm

1
5.Which of the following examination findings would be expected in a patient who also had sustained ankle clonus?

1. An upgoing great toe when the sole of the foot is stroked

2. Weakness of ankle plantar flexors with one-repetition strength testing

3. Absence of sensation to sharp/dull testing over the posterior lower leg

4. Hyporeflexia when deep tendon reflexes are elicited in the lower leg

6. A 3-month-old infant has poor midline head control. During evaluation, the physical therapist notes facial
asymmetry and observes that the infant has limitation of cervical rotation to the left and cervical lateral flexion to
the right. A radiology report indicates premature fusion of the infant’s cranial sutures. The infant MOST likely has:

1. right congenital muscular torticollis.

2. left congenital muscular torticollis.

3. right cervical facet hypomobility.

4. left cervical facet hypomobility.

7.A patient had a split-thickness skin graft for a partial-thickness burn injury to the upper extremity. The surgeon
has requested range-of-motion exercises for the patient. Currently, the patient is able to actively move the upper
extremity through one-third of the range of motion for shoulder flexion. Based on this finding, what is the MOST
appropriate action for the physical therapist to take at this time?

1. Defer any range-of-motion exercises until the patient is able to participate more actively.

2. Begin active assistive range-of-motion exercises.

3. Begin bed mobility training to facilitate increased use of the upper extremity.

4. Continue with active range-of-motion exercises.

8.Which of the following modalities BEST addresses the cause of calcific tendinitis in the bicipital tendon?

1. Sensory level interferential current at 80 Hz to 100 Hz

2. Iontophoresis with acetic acid at 60 mA/minute

3. High-volt pulsed electrical stimulation at 200 pps

4. Diathermy with a parallel treatment set-up

2
9.To minimize skin irritation during functional electrical nerve stimulation, a physical therapist should use:

1. lower intensity, larger interelectrode distance, and larger electrodes.

2. lower intensity, larger interelectrode distance, and smaller electrodes.

3. higher intensity, smaller interelectrode distance, and smaller electrodes.

4. lower intensity, smaller interelectrode distance, and larger electrodes.

10.Manual muscle testing of a patient’s pelvic floor muscles reveals a grade of Poor (2/5). Which of the following
positions is BEST to begin strengthening?

1. Supine

2. Standing

3. Seated

4. Walking

11.During an examination of elbow strength using manual muscle testing, a patient supinates the forearm when
attempting elbow flexion. Which of the following muscles is MOST likely doing the major part of the work?

1. Biceps brachii

2. Brachialis

3. Supinator

4. Brachioradialis

12.During evaluation of a patient’s balance, a physical therapist gently pushes the patient backward slightly and
observes how the patient recovers from the perturbation. What strategy is the patient MOST likely to use to correct
for the perturbation?

1. Knee

2. Hip

3. Ankle

4. Stepping

3
 13. Which of the following findings BEST describes normal capillary filling?

1. Rebound vasodilation after icing

2. Blood pressure of 120/76 mm Hg

3. Pulse oximetry measurement of 98%

4. Blanching of the nail bed with color return in <3 seconds

14.Which of the following instructions is MOST appropriate for teaching a patient with C6 quadriplegia to transfer
from a wheelchair to a mat?

1. Keep fingers extended to give a broader base of support.

2. Rotate head and shoulders in the same direction as the desired hip motion.

3. Rotate head and shoulders in the direction opposite to the desired hip motion.

4. Keep both hands next to the knees to lock the elbows.

15.A patient has a spinal cord injury that resulted in damage to the sacral segments and disruption of the sacral
reflex arc. The patient is MOST likely to have which of the following characteristics?

1. Voluntary control of defecation

2. Tonic contraction of the external anal sphincter

3. Flaccidity of pelvic floor musculature

4. Permanent absence of the gastrocolic reflex

16.A patient who reports double vision has ptosis, lateral strabismus, and a dilated pupil in the left eye. Which of
the following cranial nerve test results is MOST likely to be abnormal?

1. Pupillary light reflex

2. Facial muscle strength

3. Jaw-jerk reflex

4. Pain sensation on the face

4
 17.In addition to standard precautions, what other precaution should a physical therapist observe when working
with a patient infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?

1. Airborne

2. Sterile

3. Droplet

4. Contact

18.The physical therapist is positioning a patient for postural drainage. To BEST drain the posterior segment of both
lower lobes, the patient should be placed in which of the following positions?

1. Prone, head down at a 45° angle

2. Supine, flat surface

3. Sidelying, head elevated at a 30° angle

4. Sitting, leaning forward

19.Clubbing of the fingers is MOST associated with which of the following pathologies?

1. Lymphedema

2. Pulmonary disease

3. Chronic venous insufficiency

4. Complex regional pain syndrome

20.A patient who is 8 months pregnant has an abdominal diastasis recti with a separation of 1.5 in (4 cm). Which of
the following exercises would be the MOST appropriate initial exercise for abdominal strengthening in a supine
position?

1. Trunk curls

2. Hooklying head lifts

3. Pelvic-tilt leg sliding

4. Bilateral leg lowering

5
 21.A patient with Parkinson disease has just been admitted to a rehabilitation unit. The patient is dependent in all
transfers and requires moderate assistance of one person to walk 30 ft (9.1 m) with a standard walker. To facilitate
good carryover for activities, instruction of the family in transfers should occur:

1. during a home visit after the patient is discharged.

2. just prior to discharging the patient.

3. early in the rehabilitation program.

4. when the family feels ready to take the patient home.

22.A patient with a right transfemoral prosthesis will be able to maintain the knee in extension while weight
bearing if the center of gravity of the body is shifted so that the gravitational line falls:

1. posterior to the axis of the right knee joint.

2. lateral to the axis of the right knee joint.

3. anterior to the axis of the right knee joint.

4. medial to the axis of the right knee joint.

23.During manual muscle testing of the hip flexors in the sitting position, a patient exhibits lateral (external)
rotation with abduction of the thigh as resistance is applied. The physical therapist should suspect muscle
substitution by the:

1. sartorius.

2. tensor fasciae latae.

3. adductor longus.

4. semimembranosus.

24.A physical therapist reads that the interrater reliability of a new hand-held dynamometer is .93. What is the
MOST appropriate interpretation of this value?

1. Similar scores were obtained for a group of subjects when different therapists measured the subjects.

2. Similar scores were obtained for a group of subjects when the same therapist repeated the measures.

3. Dissimilar scores were obtained for a group of subjects when different therapists measured the subjects.

4. Dissimilar scores were obtained for a group of subjects when the same therapist repeated the measures.

6
 25.A physical therapist researcher is developing a study to compare differences in range of motion outcomes in
two groups of patients who have had a total knee arthroplasty. Over an 8-week period, one group of patients
receives outpatient physical therapy 1 time/week and the other group receives outpatient physical therapy 3
times/week. In this study, what is the dependent variable?

1. Range of motion

2. Frequency of visits

3. Total knee arthroplasty

4. 8 weeks

26.Which of the following teaching strategies is MOST appropriate for an older adult patient with mild dementia?

1. Use auditory or visual input separately.

2. Use metaphors to reinforce new concepts.

3. Establish a consistent pace for teaching.

4. Present one piece of new information at a time.

27.A patient with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities is MOST likely to exhibit:

1. normal superficial veins, no edema, ulceration, and patches of gangrene around the toes.

2. dilation of superficial veins, edema, and stasis ulceration.

3. no edema, faint dorsalis pedis pulse, and cold, hairless extremities.

4. dilation of superficial veins and edema made worse during sitting or elevation of the lower extremities.

28.A patient with muscular dystrophy was removed from mechanical ventilation 1 day ago. The patient is currently
unable to independently clear secretions, despite receiving instruction in the bronchopulmonary hygiene
techniques of positioning, percussion, shaking, and vibration. Which of the following interventions is MOST
appropriate to help this patient clear the secretions?

1. Nasotracheal suctioning

2. Manual costophrenic assist

3. Supplemental oxygen

7
 4. Inspiratory muscle training

29.An older adult patient had a total hip arthroplasty following a hip fracture from a fall in his home. The patient
lived alone and was previously able to perform all activities of daily living independently. He has been admitted to a
skilled nursing facility for rehabilitation. The patient’s goal is to return home. His family believes he should be
admitted to a long-term care facility for his own safety after acute rehabilitation is completed. The physical
therapist’s MOST appropriate action is to:

1. advise the family that the patient should determine his own discharge environment.

2. recommend a team conference with the patient and his family to discuss discharge plans.

3. schedule a home visit to determine if home modifications are needed before discharge.

4. implement a treatment plan with a long-term goal of discharge to home.

30.Which of the following reasons is the PRIMARY purpose for applying statistical analyses to single-subject
research?

1. To substantiate visual analysis of graphically displayed data

2. To determine whether observed changes are real or chance occurrences

3. To advocate changes in intervention methods

4. To establish credibility for the intervention technique

31.Upon removal of a wet-to-dry dressing from a patient’s draining wound, a physical therapist observes that the
skin immediately surrounding the wound is macerated. What should the therapist recommend for future wound
care?

1. Continue using the current dressing type.

2. Make the dressing more absorbent.

3. Leave the dressing on longer between dressing changes.

4. Change to a pressure-type dressing.

32. A 50-year-old patient had an uncomplicated open repair of a rotator cuff tear 2 weeks ago. The patient asks the
physical therapist when the shoulder will be normal again. Which of the following expected outcome time frames
MOST accurately addresses this patient’s question?

1. 3 weeks to lift a 5-lb (2.3-kg) object

8
 2. 3 weeks to sleep on the involved side

3. 3 months to lift the upper extremity overhead to reach into a cabinet

4. 3 months to play golf

33.A physical therapist is preparing to evaluate a patient who had a closed reduction with cast fixation for an ankle
fracture 1 day ago and currently has non-weight-bearing status. The patient reports foot pain in the injured
extremity. Based on the patient’s report, which of the following procedures should the physical therapist perform?

1. Gait examination

2. Transfer abilities

3. Capillary refill in toes

4. Blood pressure examination

34.Which of the following motions are MOST restricted with a hip capsular pattern?

1. Medial (internal) rotation and abduction

2. Lateral (external) rotation and abduction

3. Extension and adduction

4. Flexion and lateral (external) rotation

35.The parent of a 4-year-old child who has myelomeningocele is interested in obtaining orthoses for the child’s
gait training. The child has an L1 neurological level lesion. Which of the following orthoses is the MOST appropriate
selection for the physical therapist to discuss with the parent?

1. Hip-knee-ankle-foot with locked hips

2. Reciprocating-gait

3. Knee-ankle-foot with a pelvic band

4. Ankle-foot

36. A patient who has rheumatoid arthritis comes to physical therapy with signs of muscle atrophy, ecchymosis,
puffy cheeks, and a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Which of the following medications is the patient MOST likely
receiving?

9
 1. Penicillin (Ampicillin)

2. Prednisone (Deltasone)

3. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

4. Gold salts

37. Regular aerobic exercise lasting at least 30 minutes should be MOST beneficial in decreasing the pathology
associated with which of the following conditions?

1. Type 1 diabetes

2. Type 2 diabetes

3. Multiple sclerosis

4. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

38. A patient has been receiving physical therapy for a large wound on the lower leg. After 3 weeks of treatment,
the wound is free of necrotic tissue, but a copious amount of exudate is present. Which of the following dressings is
MOST appropriate for the wound at this time?

1. Saline-saturated gauze

2. Semipermeable film

3. Gauze impregnated with zinc oxide

4. Hydrocolloid paste

39. A patient with a right transtibial prosthesis describes right-knee buckling in the foot flat (loading response)
stance phase of gait. Which of the following conditions in the patient is MOST likely present to cause this problem?

1. Excessive plantar flexion

2. Stiff heel cushion

3. Low shoe heel

4. Excessive foot inset

10
 40. Which of the following recommendations is MOST appropriate for a patient with gastroesophageal reflux
disease?

1. Sit upright for at least 10 minutes after a meal.

2. Lie on the right side before performing exercises.

3. Head-lifting exercises should be performed in the upright position.

4. Activities that require the supine position should be performed before a meal.

41. A physical therapist is completing an examination of an inpatient with multiple comorbidities who had a total
knee arthroplasty 2 days ago. The therapist observes a bluish discoloration of the toes on the operative extremity.
This finding should be documented as:

1. cyanosis.

2. deep vein thrombosis.

3. Raynaud disease.

4. cardiac pathology.

42. A physical therapist is evaluating a 70-year-old female patient who reports the onset of midthoracic pain after
working in a garden for several hours. The presence of which of the following history items should increase the
therapist’s suspicion of a thoracic compression fracture in the patient?

1. Bowel and bladder dysfunction

2. Smoking and prolonged steroid use

3. Hypertension and diabetes

4. Emphysema and hormone replacement therapy

43. Which of the following modalities is MOST appropriate for decreasing pain and increasing tissue extensibility
prior to active hand exercises in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis?

1. Cold gel pack

2. Direct contact ultrasound

3. Continuous short-wave diathermy

4. Paraffin wax bath

11
 44. Which of the following trunk strengthening exercises is BEST for a patient to help minimize the complications
associated with osteoporosis?

1. Flexion

2. Rotation

3. Extension

4. Lateral flexion

45. A physical therapist is working on progressive functional mobility with a patient who had a transverse
colectomy 2 days ago. The patient has developed a low grade fever. What is the MOST appropriate examination for
the therapist to perform prior to continuation of the patient’s intervention?

1. Heart rate

2. Blood pressure

3. Respiratory rate

4. Auscultation

46. A patient is entering a cardiac rehabilitation program. The physical therapist should FIRST ask the patient to:

1. describe the correct aspects of exercise demonstrated by the therapist.

2. list problems associated with poor nutritional habits.

3. identify the harmful effects of smoking with regard to cardiac disease.

4. describe the type of angina that the patient experiences.

47. A physical therapist who works in a home health agency is treating a patient with diabetes mellitus. The patient
reports that he is longer taking insulin. The therapist’s FIRST course of action should be to:

1. instruct the patient in the proper technique for injection of insulin.

2. contact the patient’s home health nurse.

3. tell the patient’s family to report this information to the physician.

4. have the patient perform a urine glucose test while the therapist is in the home.

12
 48. A measurable objective for a community education program on proper exercise techniques would be for
participants to:

1. understand the importance of a sufficient warm-up period.

2. list five stretching techniques that can be used when warming up.

3. overcome lower extremity problems and adhere to a regular exercise program.

4. appreciate the effects of increasing intensity of exercise on heart rate.

49. While ascending stairs, an older adult patient leans forward with increased hip flexion. Which of the following
muscles is being used to BEST advantage with this forward posture?

1. Rectus femoris

2. Tensor fasciae latae

3. Semitendinosus

4. Lumbar paraspinal

50. The authors of a research article describe a favorable study outcome as insignificant because the study results
were not statistically significant. The insignificant finding would MOST likely be due to poor research methods if
which of the following study characteristics was present?

1. Small sample size

2. Small within-group variance

3. 85% analysis power

4. Controlled alpha level

51. As a patient progresses in learning a new motor skill, there should be a resultant increase in which of the
following types of feedback?

1. Tactile

2. Visual

3. Intrinsic

4. Verbal

13
52. A patient is undergoing a treadmill stress test. The appearance of abnormally wide, irregularly spaced QRS
complexes on the electrocardiogram represents:

1. ventricular depolarization.

2. premature ventricular contractions.

3. atrial fibrillation.

4. atrial repolarization.

53. While working in a private practice clinic, a physical therapist observes a patient fall in the parking lot outside
the office. The patient sustains a severe laceration to the forearm. The therapist secures a pressure dressing to the
wound site but notes that blood is soaking through the dressing and the bandage. Which of the following actions
should the therapist perform NEXT?

1. Elevate the limb and apply pressure to the wound.

2. Remove the dressing and bandage and start over with a tighter bandage.

3. Apply additional dressings and bandages and apply pressure to the brachial artery.

4. Call the patient’s physician and arrange transportation for medical care.

54.A physical therapist is conducting a reflex text as shown in the photographs. The arrow indicates the path of the
applied stimulus. The results of the test are MOST likely to indicate:

1. a peripheral nerve injury.

2. a lesion of the anterior horn cells.

3. a normal response.

4. an injury to the spinal cord.

55. The work modification (standing) shown in the photograph is MOST appropriate for a patient with which of the
following pathologies?

1. Central lumbar stenosis

2. Deep vein thrombosis

3. Thoracolumbar scoliosis

4. Posterolateral lumbar disc bulge

14
56. A long-distance runner comes to physical therapy with insidious onset of lower leg pain. The patient’s
examination results reveal weakness of toe flexion and ankle inversion. The physical therapist suspects vascular
compromise associated with this presentation. Palpation at which of the following locations is MOST likely to reveal
diminished arterial pulses in the patient?

1. Dorsal aspect of the foot

2. Posterior to the lateral malleolus

3. Posterior to the medial malleolus

4. Lateral aspect of the popliteal fossa

57. During an intervention session with a patient with a recent onset of hemiplegia, a physical therapist plans to
focus on transfers to and from a wheelchair, a bathtub, and an automobile. Which of the following methods should
be MOST effective for long-term retention of these skills?

1. Practice the activities in random order.

2. Sequence the activities from easiest to most difficult.

3. Allow the patient to determine the sequence of activities.

4. Establish a predictable but variable practice sequence.

58. A patient is lying supine with hips and knees extended and hands behind the head. The patient is able to raise
the head, shoulders, and thorax from the treatment table but is unable to come to a complete long-sitting position.
What muscle should the physical therapist target for a strengthening program?

1. Iliopsoas

2. External abdominal oblique

3. Quadratus lumborum

4. Upper rectus abdominis

59. A patient has medication-induced Cushing syndrome. Which of the following physiological problems is a
common manifestation of this disorder?

1. Hypotension

15
 2. Hypercalemia

3. Muscle catabolism

4. Decreased protein metabolism

60. A 90-year-old patient with chronic congestive heart failure has been nonambulatory and has resided in a nursing
home for the past year. The patient was recently admitted to the hospital after an episode of dehydration. Which of
the following plans for prophylactic respiratory care is MOST appropriate?

1. Turning, coughing, and deep breathing every 1 to 2 waking hours

2. Vigorous percussion and vibration 4 times/day

3. Gentle vibration with the foot of the bed elevated 1 time/day

4. Segmental postural drainage using standard positions throughout the day

61.Which of the following joint mobilizations would be MOST effective for improving a patient’s ability to progress
into terminal stance?

1. Posterior glide of the talus on the tibia

2. Posterior glide of the calcaneus on the talus

3. Plantar glide of the 1st proximal phalanx on the metatarsal

4. Dorsal glide of the 1st proximal phalanx on the metatarsal

62.A physical therapist is examining muscle strength in a patient. The patient is asked to move the leg along the
path indicated by the arrow shown in the photograph and to hold the leg in place while the therapist applies
resistance to the leg. The patient moves through the range of motion shown and is able to take maximal resistance.
Intervention should address which of the following problems?

1. Tightness of the hip medial (internal) rotators

2. Weakness of the gluteus minimus and medius

3. Correction of the right lateral (external) trunk shift

4. Piriformis weakness

63.A patient with a complete thoracic spinal cord injury is sitting in a wheelchair on a custom-made cushion.
Pressure relief activities should be performed:
16
 1. when the patient shows signs of pressure sores.

2. every 15 to 20 minutes.

3. every 1 to 2 hours.

4. if the patient does not have an appropriate cushion.

64.Which of the following lower extremity findings is MOST likely to be the FIRST sign of vascular occlusive disease?

1. Edema of the legs and ankles

2. Brown discoloration at the ankles

3. Increased cyanosis when legs are dependent

4. Lack of hair on the toes

65.A physical therapist is teaching a patient who has recently undergone knee surgery to use a cane while
descending stairs without a railing. The patient has partial weight-bearing status on the right. Which of the following
instructional methods should the therapist use to teach the patient this activity?

1. The therapist stands behind the patient, and the patient descends with the cane and left leg first.

2. The therapist stands beside the patient, and the patient descends with the right leg first and then the cane.

3. The therapist stands below the patient, and the patient descends with the cane and right leg first.

4. The therapist stands behind the patient, and the patient descends with the left leg first.

66.A patient with low back pain also reports constipation, occasional nausea and vomiting, and unexplained weight
loss. The pain worsens when the patient is supine and decreases when the patient leans forward when sitting. The
sclerae are yellow. The signs and symptoms are MOST consistent with which of the following disorders?

1. Appendicitis

2. Cholecystitis

3. Pancreatic carcinoma

4. Irritable bowel syndrome

17
67.Excessive upward rotation of the right scapula is noted when a patient attempts to perform shoulder flexion.
Which of the following exercises is MOST appropriate to help correct the excessive scapular rotation?

1. Right scapular protraction against resistance with the right arm at 90° of flexion

2. Bilateral scapular elevation with the upper extremities at 180° of flexion

3. Wall push-ups with an isometric hold at end range with the elbows extended

4. Bilateral scapular adduction with the upper extremities medially (internally) rotated and adducted across the
back

68.Which of the following diagnoses is MOST associated with urinary incontinence?

1. Orchitis

2. Testicular cancer

3. Testicular torsion

4. Benign prostatic hyperplasia

69.A physical therapist is working on transfers with a patient who had a brainstem cerebrovascular accident. The
patient has ataxia in all four extremities and a high level of extensor tone in the lower extremities. The patient has
fair to good trunk control. Which of the following transfers is BEST for this patient?

1. Squat pivot

2. Sliding board

3. Standing pivot

4. Dependent tuck

70.A physical therapist wants to examine the relationship between lower extremity manual muscle test grades and
five ranked categories of functional ambulation ability in a group of older adults. Which of the following statistics is
MOST appropriate for testing this relationship?

1. Paired t test

2. Pearson product-moment correlation (r)

3. Mann-Whitney U test

18
 4. Spearman rho (rs)

71.In a research study, a correlation coefficient of .30 was found for the relationship between two variables. Which
of the following interpretations of this finding is MOST appropriate?

1. The variables have a low correlation.

2. Thirty percent of the variability in one variable can be accounted for by the other variable.

3. There are no significant differences between the variables.

4. There is low positive predictive value between the variables.

72.Which of the following conditions is the MOST likely cause of a reduced vital capacity in a patient who has
quadriplegia at the C5–C6 level?

1. Decreased anterolateral chest expansion resulting from paralysis of the external intercostal muscles

2. Inability of the patient to generate a negative intrapleural pressure secondary to a denervated diaphragm

3. A relatively high resting position of the diaphragm resulting from paralysis of the abdominal muscles

4. Reduced rib-cage elevation due to paralysis of the anterior scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles

73. physical therapist places electrodes on a patient to monitor surface electromyographic activity. The electrode
placement shown in the photograph is MOST appropriate to monitor which of the following muscles?

1. Tensor fasciae latae

2. Sartorius

3. Rectus femoris

4. Gluteus minimus

74.A physical therapist places a patient on a strength training program for the lower extremities. The mode of
exercise is a double-leg press unit using free weights. After 1 week, the patient shows a 10-lb (4.5-kg) increase in the
amount of weight the patient is able to lift. What is the MOST likely cause of the patient’s increase in strength?

1. Muscle fiber hypertrophy

2. Neurological adaptation

19
 3. Hyperplasia of the muscle fibers

4. Increase in the amount of actin and myosin

75.physical therapist is considering the use of phonophoresis as part of an intervention plan. Which of the following
steps is the correct FIRST step in the decision-making process to use phonophoresis?

1. Outline the therapeutic goals and outcomes.

2. Select the appropriate coupling agent and medication.

3. Decide on the dosimetry by choosing the appropriate mode and frequency.

4. Determine if there are any contraindications.

76.A physical therapist is evaluating a patient who has shoulder pain. The patient notices the shoulder pain at work
when stocking shelves that are overhead. The pain is not apparent when stocking shelves at waist or chest level.
The patient MOST likely has weakness in which of the following muscles?

1. Pectoralis minor

2. Upper trapezius

3. Deltoid

4. Rhomboid major

77.A patient who sustained a mild cerebrovascular accident 3 weeks ago is being prepared by a physical therapist
for discharge to home and an adult day program. To facilitate the discharge plan, the MOST appropriate health
professional for the therapist to consult with is the:

1. skilled nursing coordinator.

2. occupational therapist.

3. medical social worker.

4. primary physician.

78.In a research study, a physical therapist performs the same goniometric measurement on the same group of
control subjects during two consecutive testing sessions. This process is used to demonstrate which of the following
measurement properties?

1. External validity

2. Instrument reliability
20
 3. Intrarater reliability

4. Interrater reliability

79.Sensory-level electrical stimulation is MOST appropriate for a patient with which of the following conditions?

1. Chronic low back pain of somatic origin

2. Acute ankle sprain with edema

3. Supraspinatus tendonitis

4. Active Raynaud syndrome

80.A patient with which of the following diagnoses would MOST likely benefit from pursed-lip breathing during
exercise?

1. Peripheral vascular disease

2. Congestive heart failure

3. Emphysema

4. Sarcoidosis

81.A patient has a history of neck pain that is aggravated by long periods of sitting and becomes progressively worse
by evening. Range of motion and strength of the neck and shoulders are within normal limits. Sensation and
reflexes are intact in both upper extremities. The patient has a forward head and excessive thoracic kyphosis. The
MOST appropriate exercise program should focus on:

1. stretching of the neck flexors and pectoral strengthening.

2. upper trapezius strengthening and pectoral stretching.

3. pectoral strengthening and rhomboid stretching.

4. rhomboid strengthening and axial neck retraction.

82.A patient suspected of having hypoglycemia is MOST likely to show which of the following signs?

1. Fruity smelling breath

2. Thirst, nausea, and vomiting

3. Dry, crusty mucous membranes

21
 4. Difficulty speaking and concentrating

83.A patient is limited in shoulder abduction, as shown in the displayed radiograph. Which of the following
mobilization techniques is MOST likely to assist the patient in achieving increased shoulder abduction?

1. Posterior glide

2. Anterior glide

3. Inferior glide

4. Superior glide

84.Which of the following assignments is MOST appropriate for a physical therapist to delegate to a volunteer?

1. Restocking treatment booths with linens, ultrasound gel, and massage lotion

2. Attending a patient who is on a tilt table while the therapist takes a phone call

3. Transporting a patient who reports dizziness back to the patient's room

4. Transferring a patient from the mat table to a wheelchair

85.A physical therapist is teaching a motor skill to a patient with chronic hemiplegia. Which of the following
teaching approaches should be MOST emphasized?

1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

3. Compensatory strategy

4. Recovery of normal movement

86.A patient has low back and leg pain, with symptoms extending to the bottom of the foot. During the physical
therapy examination, the patient does not report leg pain in the first test position (photograph #1) but reports a
severe increase in symptoms in the second test position (photograph #2). Which of the following conclusions is
MOST likely?

1. The pain is the result of a herniated disc.

2. The patient may be displaying nonorganic symptoms.

3. The symptoms are the result of an inflamed sciatic nerve.

22
 4. The hamstrings are in a facilitated state of contraction.

87.A patient is referred for recommendations regarding purchase of a wheelchair. The measurements of the patient
while sitting are 16 in (40.6 cm) across the widest point of the hips and 18 in (45.7 cm) from the rear of the buttocks
to the popliteal crease. Which of the following wheelchair dimensions would be BEST suited for this patient’s
needs?

1. Seat width and seat depth of 18 in (45.7 cm)

2. Seat width of 18 in (45.7 cm) and seat depth of 16 in (40.6 cm)

3. Seat width and seat depth of 16 in (40.6 cm)

4. Seat width of 16 in (40.6 cm) and seat depth of 18 in (45.7 cm)

88.A physical therapist is initiating intervention with a postoperative patient who is taking 20 mg of oral oxycodone
(Oxycontin) for pain relief. In planning an intervention for this patient, the physical therapist should anticipate that:

1. the patient may be hypertensive.

2. the medication may trigger cardiac arrhythmias in the patient.

3. the patient will have an increased likelihood for developing diarrhea.

4. the patient may demonstrate respiratory depression.

89.During which of the following scenarios would gloves be required to comply with standard precautions?

1. During all patient care in the hospital setting

2. Performing range of motion on a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

3. Massaging the neck of a patient with hepatitis C

4. Changing an infant’s diaper in a pediatric setting

90.Which of the following structures is indicated by the arrow in the radiograph?

1. Intertubercular groove

2. Greater tubercle

3. Lesser tubercle

4. Coracoid process

23
91.Which of the following descriptions accurately reports a NORMAL patient response to deep tendon reflex
testing?

1. 2 or plus (+)

2. 3 or plus (++)

3. 0 or minus (-)

4. 1 or minus (-)

92.A patient presents with weakness throughout the right lower extremity with normal strength on the left side.
Sensory testing shows a loss of pressure sensation over the right thigh and leg and a loss of pain and temperature
sensation over the left thigh and leg. The patient has a positive Babinski sign on the right. Which of the following
associated findings is MOST likely to be found during further examination of this patient?

1. The presence of clonus in the left ankle

2. Marked atrophy in the right lower extremity muscles

3. Spasticity in the left lower extremity

4. Increased deep tendon reflexes on the right side

93.While a physical therapist is performing transfer training from bed to chair with a patient who had a total knee
arthroplasty 2 days ago, the electrocardiograph monitor alarms and the therapist notes that premature ventricular
contractions have developed. What is the therapist’s BEST course of action at this time?

1. Position the patient on a stable surface and discontinue physical therapy for the day.

2. Continue the transfer to the chair and monitor the patient’s oxygen saturation levels.

3. Continue the transfer to the chair and immediately notify the nurse about the premature ventricular
contractions.

4. Position the patient on a stable surface and determine the stability of the premature ventricular contractions.

94.Which of the following postural drainage positions is MOST appropriate for a patient who has aspiration
pneumonia in the right middle lobe and who had a craniotomy 2 days ago?

1. Right sidelying with one-quarter turn toward supine

2. Left sidelying with one-quarter turn toward supine with head of bed down approximately 20°

3. Right sidelying with one-quarter turn toward supine with head of bed down approximately 20°

24
 4. Left sidelying with one-quarter turn toward supine

95.To help students apply a newly learned skill to clinical practice, the MOST effective action for the clinical
instructor to take is to:

1. point out possible clinical situations and discuss how the skill would apply to them.

2. have the students research reference materials and compile a list of the steps required to acquire the skill.

3. prepare a list of indications and contraindications for the skill.

4. have the students provide examples of clinical situations where the skill would be appropriately applied.

96.During the shoulder examination of a patient, a physical therapist notes the presence of a capsular pattern
without radicular pain. To help establish the cause of the capsular pattern, the therapist should NEXT:

1. perform axial compression on the cervical spine to check for nerve root compression.

2. ask the patient if there has been any prior trauma to the shoulder joint.

3. check for a painful arc during active range of motion.

4. examine the shoulder for a rotator cuff tear.

97.A patient had knee surgery 4 weeks ago. Which of the following neuromuscular electrical stimulation parameters
would be MOST appropriate to use for strengthening the patient’s quadriceps muscle?

1. 1 to 4 pps, 100 microseconds

2. 1 to 4 pps, 350 microseconds

3. 40 to 50 pps, 350 microseconds

4. 100 pps, 100 microseconds

98.A patient is asked to grip a white card between the thumb (1st digit) and index finger (2nd digit) with both
hands. The physical therapist pulls on the card in the direction of the arrow shown. As the therapist pulls on the
card the patient’s right thumb flexes at the interphalangeal joint. The results indicate weakness in which of the
following muscles?

1. Flexor pollicis longus

2. Abductor pollicis brevis

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 3. Adductor pollicis

4. Extensor pollicis longus

99.During the gait evaluation of a patient, a physical therapist notices that the patient laterally bends excessively
toward the right side during the midstance phase on the right. For the therapist to test the suspected muscle for
Normal strength (5/5), the patient should FIRST be positioned:

1. prone with the knee straight.

2. supine with the knee bent.

3. seated with the hip flexed to 110°.

4. sidelying on the left side.

100.A patient with a cerebellar stroke has received functional balance training for 4 weeks. Which of the following
tests is MOST appropriate to measure the effectiveness of the physical therapy intervention?

1. Romberg Test

2. Berg Balance Scale

3. Fugl-Meyer Assessment

4. Barthel Index

101.A patient in the eighth month of pregnancy has numbness and tingling of the left hand, except for the little
finger (5th digit). She demonstrates edema of the hand and fingers, a positive Tinel sign at the wrist, and a Good
(4/5) muscle test grade of the wrist and finger flexors. The MOST appropriate intervention is:

1. a wrist splint to position the wrist in full extension.

2. a hot pack followed by tendon gliding exercises.

3. resistive exercises for the wrist and finger flexors.

4. frequent rest and elevation of the left upper extremity.

102. Which of the following locations corresponds to the sensory function of the nerve root exiting between the
third and fourth lumbar vertebrae?

1. Lateral knee joint line

2. Medial knee joint line

26
 3. Plantar aspect of the heel

4. Dorsal web space between the first and second toes

103.An inpatient physical therapy department has only one physical therapist and one physical therapist assistant
on duty, due to staff illness. Treatment of a patient with which of the following conditions and circumstances is
MOST appropriate for the therapist to delegate to the assistant?

1. Ataxia, who is undergoing a trial to determine an appropriate assistive device

2. Hemiparesis, whose initial evaluation has not been completed

3. Multiple sclerosis, who is receiving gait training with a rolling walker

4. Alzheimer disease, who is easily agitated and is receiving initial gait training

104.When considering special tests for orthopedic assessment, selection of a test with adequate validity is
important because the:

1. results of the test can be standardized.

2. test measures what it is supposed to measure.

3. results of the test are reproducible.

4. test can be accurately performed by someone else.

105.A patient who recently had bilateral transtibial amputations wants to have a ramp built to travel from the back
deck of his house to the pool in his wheelchair. The vertical distance from the door to the ground level is 5 ft (1.5
m). Which of the following ramp specifications is BEST for the patient?

1. One continuous ramp, 60 ft (18 m) long

2. One continuous ramp, 30 ft (9 m) long

3. Two ramps, each 60 ft (18 m) long, connected by a level area

4. Two ramps, each 30 ft (9 m) long, connected by a level area

106. A physical therapist is developing an exercise program for an older adult to improve routine health
maintenance and fitness. The patient has a history of a right ankle fracture 15 years ago, aortic aneurysm repair 3
years ago, and open-heart surgery for a valve replacement 6 years ago. Which of the following activities is
CONTRAINDICATED?

1. Aquatic exercise for 30 minutes

2. Cycling at 60% of maximum heart rate

27
 3. Endurance exercise using basic calisthenics

4. Weight lifting at 50% of maximum voluntary contraction

107.Which of the following home programs is MOST appropriate for a patient with chronic lateral epicondylitis?

1. Using a forearm cuff to increase loading on the extensor tendons

2. Performing exercises for wrist strength and stretching

3. Administering iontophoresis with dexamethasone (Decadron) and lidocaine (Xylocaine)

4. Doing friction massage of the brachioradialis tendon

108.A patient is receiving mechanical intermittent cervical traction with an on/off duty cycle of 20 seconds/10
seconds. The patient reports increased pain each time the traction unit cycles on, which then subsides over the
duration of the on time. Which of the following modifications to the duty cycle is MOST appropriate?

1. Increase the off time to 20 seconds.

2. Increase the on time to 25 seconds.

3. Decrease the off time to 5 seconds.

4. Decrease the on time to 15 seconds.

109.Which of the following arterial blood gas readings indicates acidemia?

1. 7.3

2. 7.4

3. 7.45

4. 7.5

110.A patient with testicular cancer is most likely to report which of the following signs or symptoms INITIALLY?

1. Back pain

2. Pain referred to the groin

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 3. Swelling of superficial lymph nodes

4. Diffuse testicular pain and swelling

111.Which of the following positions is BEST to assess the length of a patient’s rectus femoris muscle?

1. Sidelying with tested hip in flexion

2. Supine with tested hip and knee in flexion

3. Prone with tested knee in flexion

4. Sidelying with tested hip in extension

112.What is the closed packed position of the wrist?

1. Flexion with ulnar deviation

2. Flexion with radial deviation

3. Extension with ulnar deviation

4. Extension with radial deviation

113.A patient fell while rock climbing 2 days ago. The fall resulted in a fracture of the right ankle, requiring an open
reduction and internal fixation. The patient also sustained a nerve injury that resulted in significant weakness in the
muscles in the right C6–C7 myotome. The patient is restricted to non-weight-bearing status on the right lower
extremity. Which of the following assistive devices is MOST appropriate for the patient?

1. Axillary crutches

2. Wheelchair

3. Standard walker

4. Forearm crutches

114.A physical therapist is examining the feet of a patient with type 2 diabetes. Which of the following tests is BEST
to determine the patient’s risk for developing foot ulceration?

1. Pain sensation

2. Pressure threshold

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 3. Two-point discrimination

4. Temperature awareness

115.A physical therapist is planning a three-session educational series on physical therapy evaluation of the low
back for fourth-year medical students. Which of following activities is MOST important to include in the first
session?

1. An overview of the material that will be covered in all three sessions

2. A pretest to determine the level of knowledge of the participants

3. Active participation of the students in a low back evaluation

4. A complete demonstration of a low back evaluation

116.A physical therapist reads in a report that a child has a standard score of -2.0 on a measure of development.
Which of the following interpretations of this score is BEST?

1. The child’s score is well below the mean score, compared to other children’s scores.

2. The child’s score is close to the mean score, compared to other children’s scores.

3. The child is doing better on this measure than approximately 85% of children.

4. The child is doing worse on this measure than approximately 85% of children.

117.A patient with an L4–L5 posterolateral herniated nucleus pulposus is MOST likely to have sensory deficits in
which of the following locations?

1. Medial knee

2. Over the popliteal fossa

3. Plantar aspect of the fifth toe

4. Dorsum of the great toe

118.A 72-year-old patient reports bilateral calf pain which gets progressively worse while walking. The pain
episodes have been gradually increasing in frequency and severity, after an insidious onset 2 years ago. Sitting
decreases the patient’s symptoms. Which of the following pathologies is the MOST likely cause of the patient’s leg
pain?

1. Lumbar foraminal stenosis

30
 2. Gluteal artery claudication

3. Herniated nucleus pulposus

4. Deep vein thrombosis

119.A patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome who is experiencing progressive paralysis is admitted to an intensive
care unit. Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate for a physical therapist to perform as a member
of the interdisciplinary team managing the patient’s care?

1. Alter the patient’s mechanical ventilation settings.

2. Develop the patient’s medication schedule.

3. Perform airway clearance techniques.

4. Discuss the patient’s medical prognosis with the family.

120.A physical therapist examining wrist-joint play finds restriction in the direction indicated by the arrow. The
therapist should suspect a decrease in which joint motion?

1. Radial deviation

2. Ulnar deviation

3. Flexion

4. Extension

121.Which of the following nervous system complications would indicate the poorest prognosis for a patient with
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

1. Toxoplasmosis

2. Leukoencephalopathy

3. Myelopathy

4. Polyneuropathy

122.Which of the following examination findings is consistent with dehydration?

1. Poor turgor

2. Dependent edema

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 3. Pitting edema

4. Hypertension

123.A patient who is a waitress reports weakness in the right hand that causes her to drop dishes at work whenever
she is distracted. The patient also reports wrist and hand pain and numbness over the thenar eminence, both of
which occur during the day and at night. The patient’s thenar muscle strength is Poor (2/5) throughout. Which of
the following long-term physical therapy goals is MOST appropriate for this patient?

1. The goal is to increase tactile sensitivity in 4 weeks, so that the patient is able to hold objects and not drop
dishes at work.

2. The patient will demonstrate decreased pain in the wrist in order to be able to sleep at night.

3. The long-term goal is to increase strength in the thenar muscles and decrease pain in the wrist back to normal
levels.

4. The patient will demonstrate thenar muscle strength of Good (4/5) grade in 6 weeks and be able to hold
objects in hand while at work.

124.A patient with a severe cerebellar lesion can sit independently, can stand with minimal assistance, and
requires moderate assistance of one person to walk safely. The patient wants to transfer independently from a
wheelchair to a bed. Which of the following transfer techniques is MOST appropriate for the patient?

1. Standing pivot

2. Manual pivot

3. Mechanical lift

4. Sliding

125.A physical therapist is examining a patient who has unilateral lower extremity pain when walking. The pain is
relieved by rest. Which of the following descriptions of symptom behavior reported by the patient will help the
therapist confirm a diagnosis of intermittent claudication?

1. Pain relief upon forward bending or sitting

2. Pain relief upon standing

3. Cramping pain that occurs at a predictable distance walked

4. Numbness and tingling that occurs at a predictable distance walked

126.A patient reports dizziness and blurred vision when walking and turning the head to either the left or the right.

32
The patient has no problem when the head is kept still while walking. Which of the following systems is MOST likely
involved?

1. Visual

2. Vestibular

3. Somatosensory

4. Musculoskeletal

127.A physical therapist is preparing for gait training with a young adult patient with paraplegia. Which of the
following gait training options is MOST appropriate for the patient’s first session?

1. Swing-through gait pattern with a walker

2. Swing-through gait pattern with forearm crutches

3. Swing-to gait pattern with axillary crutches

4. Swing-to gait pattern in the parallel bars

128.A physical therapist is treating a patient with chronic range of motion limitation due to tight hamstrings.
Which of the following applications of ultrasound and stretching is BEST to restore normal range of motion?

1. Pulsed ultrasound at 1 MHz with onset of stretching 10 minutes after the ultrasound treatment

2. Pulsed ultrasound at 1 MHz with stretching for 10 minutes during and immediately after the ultrasound
treatment

3. Continuous ultrasound at 1 MHz with onset of stretching 10 minutes after the ultrasound treatment

4. Continuous ultrasound at 1 MHz with stretching for 10 minutes during and immediately after the ultrasound
treatment

129.During an initial physical therapy evaluation, a patient reports occasional breathlessness. Which of the
following patient reports indicates the PRIMARY need for a more thorough pulmonary examination by the physical
therapist?

1. There is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

2. The symptoms are relieved by leaning forward.

3. There has been a recent change in physical activities.

4. The breathlessness is associated with light-headedness.

33
 130.A 90-year-old hospitalized patient was referred for physical therapy evaluation and intervention following a C5
fracture secondary to a fall. The patient describes neck pain and left knee pain but reports no other postinjury
changes in the extremities. The rehabilitation prognosis for the patient should PRIMARILY be based on:

1. prior level of function.

2. left knee range of motion.

3. use of a cervical collar.

4. upper extremity sensory integrity.

131.During examination of a patient, a physical therapist visually observes signs of Charcot disease. Which of the
following signs or symptoms would MOST likely be present and consistent with this diagnosis?

1. Erythema

2. Sharp or stabbing pain in the forefoot

3. Increased sensitivity to touch

4. Open ulcer over the second metatarsal head

132.A physical therapist is reviewing the medical record of a patient in the intensive care unit. The patient was
admitted the previous night through the emergency department after a motorcycle accident resulting in a fractured
right femur. The therapist notes a physician’s order for a Doppler study of the left leg. The therapist should:

1. proceed with the evaluation and intervention without any changes.

2. withhold physical therapy until results of the study are obtained and interpreted by the physician.

3. proceed with the evaluation and limit intervention to transfer to a bedside chair.

4. obtain clearance from the nurse to provide intervention for the patient.

133.A physical therapist is working with an outpatient who had a cerebrovascular accident and currently lives in an
assisted-living facility. Which of the following statements is the MOST appropriate functional goal for this patient?

1. The patient will be able to don an ankle-foot orthosis with assistance.

2. The patient will independently walk 165 ft (50 m) with a straight cane from the bedroom to the cafeteria.

3. The patient will have Normal (5/5) strength of the quadriceps muscles.

4. The patient’s balance will improve to be able to independently stand on the involved lower extremity for 20
seconds.

34
134.A physical therapist is examining a patient with congestive heart disease who takes diuretics. Which of the
following lower extremity conditions is MOST likely?

1. Pallor

2. Shiny skin

3. Pitting edema

4. Absence of hair growth

135.A physical therapist is examining the integumentary system of a patient and notes an area of black, hardened
eschar on the tip of the first toe. The therapist would MOST likely conclude that the patient has which of the
following conditions?

1. Frostbite

2. Diabetes

3. Only superficial damage of the skin at that site

4. At least full-thickness damage of the skin at that site

136.A physical therapist is prescribing an exercise program to assist a patient in a weight loss program. The patient
has type 1 diabetes. The patient should be advised to begin an exercise session only if the blood glucose level is:

1. below 60 mg/dL.

2. above 250 mg/dL.

3. between 60 and 100 mg/dL.

4. between 100 and 250 mg/dL.

137.In planning a physical therapy program for geriatric patients, an important age-related change that should be
taken into consideration is:

1. the inability to learn new motor tasks.

2. decreased pain sensation.

3. decreased motivation.

4. the inability to select alternative movement strategies.

35
138.A physical therapist is examining the integumentary system of a patient with dark skin pigmentation and
notices a deepening of the skin color over the left posterior aspect of the calcaneus. Which of the following findings
would indicate a Stage I pressure ulcer at that site?

1. Decreased skin temperature, compared to the surrounding tissue

2. Increased skin temperature, compared to the surrounding tissue

3. Blanching with applied pressure that returns to previous coloring within 30 seconds after the removal of
pressure

4. Blanching with applied pressure that returns to previous coloring 1 hour after the removal of pressure

139.A physical therapist is studying the effects of three treatments of ataxia. Patients were recruited from a local
clinic and were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment conditions. Functional measurements were taken
at 6 months after the start of treatment. Which of the following statistical tests is MOST appropriate for data
analysis in this study?

1. Factorial analysis of variance

2. One-way analysis of variance

3. Independent sample t-test

4. Repeated-measure t-test

140.A physical therapist is evaluating the cranial nerves of a child who has a medulloblastoma. The child’s right eye
deviates medially. The child has impairment of which of the following cranial nerves?

1. Oculomotor (III)

2. Trochlear (IV)

3. Abducens (VI)

4. Vagus (X)

141.A physical therapist is preparing to teach a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome to transfer from wheelchair to
mat table. The patient weighs 150 lb (68 kg) and has Poor (2/5) strength in both of the lower extremities and Fair
(4/5) strength in the left upper extremity. The right upper extremity has Normal (5/5) strength. Which of the
following assisted transfers is MOST appropriate for the patient’s initial session?

1. Two-person lift to the right side

2. Sliding-board transfer to the right side

36
 3. Hydraulic lift from wheelchair to mat

4. Full standing-pivot transfer to the right side

142.A physical therapist has been working with a patient who has a spinal cord injury. To document that the patient
has been educated about skin care, the therapist should record that the patient:

1. is unable to tolerate more than 1 hour in a wheelchair.

2. has good strength of the scapular depressors and elbow extensors.

3. is able to state three causes of skin breakdown.

4. is able to perform 10 push-ups in the wheelchair.

143.Increased residual volume is LEAST likely to be a finding in pulmonary function testing of a patient with which
of the following conditions?

1. Atelectasis

2. Bronchiectasis

3. Chronic bronchitis

4. Emphysema

144.During pregnancy, which of the following exercises is CONTRAINDICATED?

1. Curl-ups

2. Bridging

3. Double leg lifts

4. Deep breathing with forced expiration

145.A patient who is being taught a new motor task is MOST likely to require full attention to the task and extrinsic
feedback during which phase of motor learning?

1. Cognitive

2. Associative

3. Autonomous

4. Executive

37
146.A patient with a recent ankle injury reports anterior ankle pain while walking. Pain is reproduced ONLY during
passive rotation of the lower leg. The patient most likely sustatined which of the following injuries?

1. Syndesmosis sprain

2. Calcaneocuboid sprain

3. Fifth metatarsal fracture

4. Tibial stress fracture

147.To avoid the appearance of increased motion, what movement MUST be prevented during goniometric
measurement of shoulder abduction?

1. Upward rotation of the scapula

2. Medial (internal) rotation of the shoulder

3. Lateral (external) rotation of the shoulder

4. Lateral flexion of the trunk to the opposite side

148.Which of the following pulmonary function tests measures the average total amount of air moved during
inspiration in a patient with normal breathing?

1. Vital capacity

2. Inspiratory capacity

3. Tidal volume

4. Inspiratory reserve volume

149.A physical therapist is evaluating a patient who has a chest tube. The therapist accidentally knocks over the
collection reservoir. The therapist should return the reservoir to the upright position and:

1. hang it on an intravenous pole.

2. place it on the patient’s bedside table.

3. hang it from the side of the bed.

4. contact the physician.

38
150.A physical therapist is examining a patient with an upper lumbar radiculitis. Which of the following
combinations of movements is MOST likely to reproduce the pain associated with the radiculitis?

1. Supine knee extension with hip flexion

2. Supine knee flexion with hip flexion

3. Prone knee flexion with hip extension

4. Prone knee extension with hip extension

151.A patient with an impairment that limits hip flexion to 105° will benefit MOST from which of the following
assistive devices and modifications to accomplish activities of daily living?

1. Elevated chair-seat height

2. Long-handled reacher

3. Decreased rise in stair height

4. Sock aid

152.A patient with hemiparesis demonstrates foot drop during the swing phase of gait. The MOST appropriate
application of functional electrical stimulation would be to treat both the tibialis anterior and which of the following
muscles?

1. Gastrocnemius

2. Tibialis posterior

3. Extensor digitorum longus

4. Fibularis (peroneus) longus

153.A physical therapist plans to study the effect of cold compresses on passive range of motion in two groups of
subjects: an experimental group and a control group. For the experimental group, the cold compress will be applied
to the hamstring muscles 1 time/day for 5 days. Which of the following experimental methods is MOST appropriate
for this study, in order to compare the effect of the cold compresses between the two groups.?

1. For the experimental group, gather range-of-motion data prior to each treatment.

2. For both groups, measure range of motion on day 5.

3. For both groups, measure range of motion on days 1 and 5.

39
 4. For the experimental group, measure range of motion every day. For the control group, measure range of
motion on days 1 and 5.

154.A physical therapist is working with a patient who is aware of being terminally ill. What is the MOST appropriate
intervention when the patient wants to talk about the prognosis?

1. Discourage discussion of death or dying.

2. Refer the patient for pastoral counseling.

3. Relate the therapist’s experiences with other patients.

4. Encourage the patient’s expression of feelings.

155.A physical therapist is examining a patient who was unaware of a circular ulcer on the plantar surface of the
second metatarsal head. The patient is noted to have hammer toes. Which additional findings are MOST likely?

1. Normal arterial pulses

2. Increased sweating over the foot

3. Increased pain with elevation of the foot

4. Altered biomechanics when weight-bearing

156.A physical therapist examining wrist-joint play finds restriction in the direction indicated by the arrow. To
address the restriction, the therapist should include an intervention to increase which motion of the index finger
(2nd digit)?

1. Flexion

2. Extension

3. Abduction

4. Rotation

157.A physical therapist is treating a patient who has diabetes mellitus. Which of the following information is MOST
important to include when educating the patient about the benefits of exercise?

1. Blood glucose levels increase during exercise.

2. Weight training is preferred to aerobic exercise for patients with diabetes.

40
 3. Exercise can reduce the amount of insulin the patient must administer.

4. Exercising before meals is recommended for patients with diabetes.

158.A patient has pain, edema, and tenderness over the medial border of the hand. The patient also shows changes
in the color and temperature of the skin, hyperhidrosis, and progressive joint stiffness in the wrist and hand. The
MOST likely cause of the patient’s signs and symptoms is:

1. cervical disc disease.

2. Raynaud phenomenon.

3. complex regional pain syndrome.

4. carpal tunnel syndrome.

159.A physical therapist should expect a patient to describe pain associated with a 5-year history of rheumatoid
arthritis as:

1. morning pain with stiffness that improves with activity.

2. pain that is worse at the beginning of an activity.

3. constant pain that lasts throughout the day.

4. pain that increases throughout the day.

160.A physical therapist is planning a patient education program for a group of patients with chronic low back pain.
The therapist should use which of the following strategies to MOST increase the likelihood that the patients will
utilize the proper body mechanics they learn?

1. Ask the patients to demonstrate use of proper body mechanics.

2. Provide a reference list of articles describing body mechanics.

3. Ask the patients to describe actions they do that increase their back pain.

4. Provide information on the frequency of low back injuries due to improper body mechanics.

161.Use of ice massage to affected area(s) is MOST appropriate for a patient who has which of the following
problems?

41
 1. Trigger point in the upper trapezius muscle

2. Spasticity of the plantar flexor muscles after stroke

3. Exercise-induced soreness of abdominal muscles

4. Decreased extensibility of bilateral hamstrings muscles

162.A patient presents with sudden onset of weakness of the facial muscles on the right side. The patient is unable
to wrinkle the forehead, smile, pucker the lips, or wrinkle the nose. There is an absence of tearing in the patient’s
right eye, diminished taste sensation on the right side of the tongue, and dryness of the mouth. The patient’s
corneal reflex is absent on the right but normal on the left, and pinprick and temperature sensation are normal on
both sides of the face. This presentation is characteristic of:

1. trigeminal neuralgia.

2. Bell palsy.

3. left cortical cerebrovascular accident.

4. oculomotor nerve damage.

163.Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate for a patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who is
experiencing painful swelling of both knees?

1. Resistive exercises

2. Stretching to prevent contractures

3. Gentle, active exercises

4. Walking program

164.A physical therapist is considering whether the results of a study can be usefully applied to practice settings
other than the one in which the study was conducted. Which of the following types of validity is of MOST concern in
this scenario?

1. Internal

2. Construct

3. Concurrent

4. External

42
165.Treatment of a patient with hemophilia who has a subacute hemarthrosis of the knee should INITIALLY include:

1. active assistive range-of-motion exercise to the knee.

2. instruction of the patient for weight bearing to tolerance.

3. gentle resistive range-of-motion exercise to the knee.

4. continuous immobilization of the knee in an extension splint.

166.A patient with a traumatic brain injury is being discharged to home after completion of inpatient
rehabilitation. Which of the following assessment tools should be used to BEST assess the patient’s potential?

1. Glasgow Outcome Scale

2. Fugl-Meyer Assessment

3. Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale

4. Sickness Impact Profile

167.Which of the following examination findings would MOST likely be positive in a patient with cauda equina
syndrome?

1. Ankle clonus

2. Babinski sign

3. Urinary retention

4. Positive prone knee flexion test

168.A patient with low back pain has been undergoing treatment for two sessions. During the current treatment
session, the patient tells the physical therapist that the pain is centralizing with the extension exercises but is as
intense as it was at the first treatment session. The patient is frustrated by this reaction. The therapist's MOST
appropriate response is to:

1. continue with the present program.

2. eliminate the extension exercises.

3. consult the patient’s physician about the situation.

4. progress to trunk flexion exercises.

43
169.A patient is receiving physical therapy intervention for rheumatoid arthritis, which is in remission. Which of the
following interventions is MOST appropriate for the patient?

1. Contract-relax stretching for tight structures

2. End-range mobilization techniques

3. Elimination of functional activities of involved parts

4. Strengthening exercises for weak muscles

170.A patient with chest pain from myocardial ischemia will MOST likely exhibit:

1. increased pain upon chest-wall palpation.

2. increased pain with deep breathing.

3. relief with nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) ingestion.

4. relief with antacid ingestion.

171.During a posture examination, the physical therapist notes that both of the patient’s patellae point inward
when viewed from the front of the patient. The MOST likely cause of this problem is excessive:

1. femoral anteversion.

2. weakness of the vastus medialis.

3. genu varum.

4. medial tibial torsion.

172.Which of the following statements does NOT document patient outcome?

1. The patient propelled his wheelchair independently after 4 weeks.

2. The patient demonstrated independent performance of a home program after 2 weeks.

3. The patient walked 100 ft (30.5 m) with minimal assistance after 1 week.

4. The patient attended physical therapy sessions 3 times/week for 2 weeks.

173.A patient sustained a gunshot wound to the spine in the area of L1. The patient has weakness of the left lower
extremity and inability to move the knee, ankle, or foot. The patient’s patellar tendon and Achilles tendon reflexes

44
are increased on the left side. There is also loss of proprioception in the patient’s left ankle and knee, a positive
Babinski sign on the left side, and diminished sensation to pinprick and temperature changes in the right thigh, leg,
and foot. Results of all of the patient’s cranial nerve tests are normal. These findings are consistent with which of
the following injuries?

1. Complete severance of the spinal cord

2. Injury to the left anterior horn of the spinal cord

3. Injury to the left side of the spinal cord

4. Injury to the central area of the spinal cord

174.Which of the following interventions would MOST specifically address expected complications from radiation
therapy to the pelvic region?

1. Anterior hip stretching

2. Splinting while coughing

3. Progressive abdominal strengthening

4. Pelvic stabilization exercises

175.Which of the following types of patients should have the most detailed and lengthy home exercise program?

1. A patient with acute symptoms

2. A patient with irritable symptoms

3. A patient who has good body awareness

4. A patient who has physical therapy visits once a week

176.A physical therapist measures the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of a patient with mild
pulmonary obstructive disease and determines a FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) ratio of 60%. The therapist should
recognize that the patient:

1. has a normal FEV1 value.

2. will require careful monitoring during aerobic exercise.

3. should not exercise beyond 60% of the patient’s predicted maximal heart rate.

4. should not perform aerobic exercise without physician approval.

45
177.Which of the following skin color changes is MOST likely to be sign of liver disease?

1. Pallor

2. Jaundice

3. Cyanosis

4. Hyperpigmentation

178.Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is MOST likely present in a patient with which of the following
hematologic conditions?

1. CD4 count of 150 cells/mL

2. High antinucleoprotein antibody titer

3. High human leukocyte antigen titer

4. Neutrophil count of less than 5000 cells/mm3

179.A patient with leukemia has developed thrombocytopenia after a bone-marrow transplant. Which of the
following measures is indicative of the status of the thrombocytopenia?

1. T4 lymphocyte count

2. Red blood cell count

3. Platelet count

4. White blood cell count

180.Which of the following factors is considered to be a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis?

1. Stress

2. Obesity

3. Cigarette smoking

4. Sedentary lifestyle

181.Which of the following statements is an appropriately written short-term goal?

46
 1. In 2 weeks, the patient will increase walking distance from 50 ft to 100 ft (15 m to 30 m) with a wheeled
walker.

2. The patient will walk 100 ft (30 m) with a wheeled walker and minimal assistance in 3 weeks.

3. In 4 weeks, the patient will walk with minimal assistance 100 ft (30 m) without loss of balance.

4. The patient will increase walking distance from 50 ft to 100 ft (15 m to 30 m) with a wheeled walker
independently by discharge.

182.Which of the following nerves innervates the pelvic floor muscles?

1. Sciatic

2. Pudendal

3. Inferior gluteal

4. Genitofemoral

183.A patient with a recent onset of rheumatoid arthritis is MOST likely to report which of the following symptoms?

1. Heat intolerance

2. Malaise and fatigue

3. Tension headaches

4. Nausea and diarrhea

184.For a patient with type 1 diabetes who is completing a cardiovascular fitness program, what change in diabetic
management is MOST likely to be instituted as fitness increases?

1. Switching to oral rather than injected medication

2. Decreasing caloric intake for 2 to 3 hours following exercise sessions

3. Decreasing the amount of insulin taken daily

4. Increasing the amount of insulin taken daily

185.A physical therapist is evaluating a patient who had a cerebrovascular accident and is exhibiting poor foot and
ankle control. When asked to lift the foot more during the midswing phase of gait, the patient dorsiflexes the ankle
with excessive eversion. To correct this problem, facilitory electromyographic biofeedback is MOST likely to be used
with which of the following muscles?
47
 1. Extensor digitorum longus

2. Tibialis anterior

3. Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

4. Flexor hallucis longus

186.What skin change associated with aging has the GREATEST effect on wound healing?

1. Reduction in sensation

2. Decreased elasticity of the skin

3. Decreased epidermal proliferation

4. Change in pigmentation

187.Which of the following questions is MOST appropriate for a functional outcome measurement tool?

1. How high can you lift your arm?

2. How long have you had this pain?

3. How often do you walk with a limp?

4. How much does this leg bother you?

188.A patient has adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder joint. The range-of-motion examination reveals restricted
lateral (external) rotation and abduction of the shoulder. Which of the following mobilization procedures should be
performed for the patient FIRST?

1. Posterior glide

2. Distraction

3. Anterior glide

4. Lateral (external) rotation

189.A patient with right piriformis syndrome is referred to physical therapy for evaluation and intervention. The
patient’s history includes a total hip arthroplasty on the right side 2 years ago. Which of the following interventions
requires added precaution for this patient?

48
 1. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

2. Continuous ultrasound

3. Hot packs

4. Massage to the right hip

190.An adult patient who was involved in a motor vehicle accident has sustained multiple traumas, including
fractured ribs on the right side. The patient is unconscious, intubated, and receiving mechanical ventilation in the
intensive care unit. Chest radiographs show the development of an infiltrate in the right lower lobe during the past
2 days. Crackles and wheezing are heard over the right lower lung fields. Which of the following chest physical
therapy programs is MOST appropriate?

1. Manual hyperventilation and suctioning while positioned on the left side

2. Positioning in supine for suctioning, followed by manual hyperventilation while positioned on the left side

3. Suctioning, percussion, and vibration while positioned on the right side

4. Positioning on the left side for deep breathing exercises only

191.A physical therapy student’s learning style is described as a preference for active experimentation and concrete
experience. For mastering evaluation of musculoskeletal dysfunction, which of the following educational strategies
would be the LEAST effective approach for the supervising physical therapist to use with this student?

1. Practicing and providing feedback on examination skills

2. Role-playing the interview process

3. Assigning readings about the dysfunction

4. Self-pacing performance of the evaluation

192.A physical therapist is planning a full-immersion hydrotherapy treatment. This treatment is CONTRAINDICATED
for which of the following conditions?

1. Osteoporosis

2. Peripheral edema

3. Exercise-induced asthma

4. Uncontrolled hypertension

193.During examination of a patient, a physical therapist notes bradycardia. The patient reports constipation and
cold intolerance. Which of the following conditions is the MOST likely cause of this sign and symptoms?

49
 1. Hypothyroidism

2. Hyperthyroidism

3. Hyperparathyroidsim

4. Hypoparathyroidsim

194.A patient who had a C6 traumatic spinal cord injury 1 month ago reports a severe, pounding headache and
restlessness while standing in a standing frame. The patient’s vital signs indicate hypertension and bradycardia. The
MOST appropriate immediate response of the physical therapist is to:

1. instruct the patient in deep breathing techniques.

2. apply a cervical cold pack.

3. remove the abdominal gait belt.

4. assess for catheter blockage.

195.Which of the following lower extremity proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation patterns is MOST
appropriate for a patient who needs strengthening of the tibialis posterior?

1. Hip extension, abduction, and medial (internal) rotation, with ankle plantar flexion and eversion

2. Hip flexion, adduction, and lateral (external) rotation, with ankle dorsiflexion and inversion

3. Hip extension, adduction, and lateral (external) rotation, with ankle plantar flexion and inversion

4. Hip flexion, abduction, and medial (internal) rotation, with ankle dorsiflexion and eversion

196.A physical therapist is evaluating a patient with low back pain and associated symptoms. Which of the following
findings should cause the therapist to refer the patient back to the physician?

1. Good (4/5) strength of the hamstrings

2. Pain radiating down the back of the thigh into the calf

3. Positive straight-leg test at 60° of hip flexion

4. Saddle anesthesia around the perineum

197.Which of the following afferent fiber types transmits information regarding aching pain?

50
 1. Large unmyelinated fibers

2. Small unmyelinated fibers

3. Small myelinated fibers

4. Large myelinated fibers

198.A therapist is measuring passive knee range of motion in a patient. The measurements obtained are shown in
photographs A and B. The MOST likely cause of the difference in knee range of motion is:

1. restriction in the knee joint capsule.

2. tightness in the rectus femoris.

3. weakness of the hamstrings.

4. tightness in the vastus medialis.

199.Which of the following monofilament grades indicates that only protective sensation is intact?

1. 3.61

2. 4.37

3. 5.07

4. 6.65

200.Which of the following changes is a result of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?

1. Increased blood flow to skin

2. Decreased blood glucose

3. Dilation of bronchioles

4. Rise in heart rate

51
1. 1
During Phase I (inpatient) cardiac rehabilitation, vital sign parameters with activity that warrant termination are:
diastolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg or greater, systolic blood pressure above 210 mm Hg or an increase greater
than 20 mm Hg from resting, and a heart rate that increases beyond 20 bpm above resting. The normal resting
respiratory rate can range from 12 to 20 breaths per minute in adults, so an increase to 20 breaths per minute with
low-level activity would not be a reason to terminate the activity.

2. 3
Nerve conduction above and below the local nerve compression is usually normal. Latency is typically increased, not
decreased, across the carpal tunnel compression site. Nerve conduction above and below the local nerve
compression is usually normal.

3. 1

With a history of alcohol abuse and the presence of fine resting tremors and right upper quadrant pain, the patient
is presenting a history and signs and symptoms consistent with liver disease. Jaundice is a skin change associated
with disease of the hepatic system. Hyperhidrosis can be present with endocrine disorders but is not associated
with liver disease. Hypotension is not listed as a sign of liver disorders. A nocturnal cough can be associated with
rheumatic fever, but is not characteristic of liver disease.

4. 2
The C7 nerve root supplies sensation in the dorsal middle finger.

5. 1
Sustained ankle clonus indicates a central nervous system dysfunction, as does the presence of a Babinski sign (that
is, an upgoing great toe with stroking of the plantar foot). The other options are associated with lower motor
neuron problems

6. 1
The infant exhibits signs of torticollis affecting the right sternocleidomastoid muscle. Torticollis is named for the side
of the limited lateral flexion. Asymmetry and premature closure of sutures (plagiocephaly) are not typically seen
with cervical facet hypomobility in infants.

7. 2

Deferring any range-of-motion exercises is not a practical choice, as contracture will develop postoperatively.
Because this patient cannot achieve full range of motion by himself, active assistive range of motion is indicated to
prevent contracture postoperatively. Although bed mobility training is a creative way to possibly increase upper
extremity range of motion, given the acuity of the patient’s surgical wound, the patient would need more range of
motion for this intervention to be more beneficial. Continuing with only active range of motion would not facilitate
adequate increases in range of motion and would not prevent contractures.

8. 2

52
Sensory level interferential current at 80 to 100 Hz does not address the problem itself but may address any related
pain. Iontophoresis with acetic acid can address the cause of calcific tendinitis, not just the symptoms. High-volt
pulsed electrical stimulation at 200 pps does not address the problem itself but may address any related pain.
Diathermy with a parallel treatment set-up is not the best choice, as deep heat will not address the pathology

9. 1
Several things can be done to decrease the current density and the possibility of skin irritation. These include
decreasing the intensity of the stimulation, increasing the inter-electrode distance, and using larger electrodes.

10.1
A grade of Poor (2/5) is defined as full excursion in a gravity-eliminated position. All of the other options are against
gravity positions, which would be inappropriate, given this grade of weakness.

11. 1
The biceps brachii is both an elbow flexor and supinator, and it is most effective as a supinator with the elbow
flexed to about 90° (approximately the muscle testing position). The brachialis does not cause supination (only
flexion). The supinator does not flex the elbow. The brachioradialis would move the forearm to a midposition rather
than fully supinating it. Therefore, when the elbow both flexes and supinates, the biceps brachii would be the most
likely muscle causing this action.

12. 3
Regarding options 1 and 2, for larger perturbations, individuals utilize hip and knee muscles to recover the balance.
Regarding option 3, for slight perturbations, most individuals use an ankle strategy. Ankle musculature is used to
control the perturbation and recover the balance. Regarding option 4, if the perturbation is strong enough to cause
the individual’s center of mass to move outside the base of support, a stepping strategy would be employed by
taking a step and increasing the size of the base of support.

13. 4
By definition, the blanching of nail bed with color return in < 3 seconds is normal capillary refill

14. 3
The position described creates the necessary force to move the lower body in this transfer, given the level of the
spinal cord injury. Finger extension against resistance would be difficult for a patient with C6 quadriplegia. The
patient’s hands would be kept near the thigh or hips with one hand on the mat and one on the wheelchair.

15. 3
The external anal sphincter and pelvic floor muscles are composed of striated muscle fibers. They receive somatic
innervation from sacral cord segments 2 through 4. With damage to these segments, the sphincter and the pelvic
floor muscles remain flaccid. The individual loses voluntary control of defecation. The gastrocolic reflex, mediated
by the intrinsic nervous system of the GI tract, returns after resolution of spinal shock.

16. 1
The cranial nerve involved is the oculomotor nerve. This nerve innervates the medial rectus, which, if weak, would
cause a lateral strabismus. The oculomotor nerve is also responsible for mediating papillary constriction and a lesion

53
would cause papillary dilation. The ptosis is caused by loss of innervation to the levator palpabrae superioris muscle,
which elevates the eyelid. The double vision would be caused by the inability to move the eyeball normally, because
four of the six ocular muscles are controlled by the oculomotor nerve. The oculomotor nerve is also important in
mediating the pupillary light reflex. The facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression. The trigeminal
nerve mediates the jaw-jerk reflex and pain sensation from the face.

17. 4
Since methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is spread by contact, wearing a face shield or mask is not
necessary. Sterile precautions or techniques are not necessary for the physical therapist to use with a patient
infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

18. 1
The best position for draining the posterior segment of both lower lobes would be prone lying with the head down
and the lower extremities and hips elevated to about 45°.

19. 2
Conditions that chronically interfere with tissue perfusion and nutrition may cause clubbing. Pulmonary disease is
the most predominant cause of digital clubbing, present 75% to 85% of the time clubbing is noted. Since the other
conditions also affect tissue perfusion, they could contribute to the condition, but are not listed as common
findings.

20. 2
Trunk curls are contraindicated for a patient with diastasis recti. Supine hooklying head lifts emphasize the rectus
abdominis muscle and are least likely to increase the separation of the diastasis recti. Pelvic-tilt leg sliding is more
advanced than head lifts. Bilateral leg-lowering is an advanced abdominal strengthening exercise that causes
excessive low back strain and should not be performed during pregnancy.

21. 3
The family should be involved in all stages of planning and treatment. Family involvement can shorten the
rehabilitation process and facilitate the patient’s return to the community. It is important to have the family
involved early in the rehabilitation process rather than wait until the patient is ready to be discharged.

22. 3
Static alignment for knee stability is established by positioning of the knee so that the lateral reference line falls
anterior to the knee joint.

23. 1
The sartorius flexes, laterally (externally) rotates, and abducts the hip joint. With resisted hip flexion, the sartorius
will be recruited to perform all three actions, giving the observed substitution pattern. The tensor fasciae latae is a
medial (internal) rotator and flexor of the hip, so substitution by it would involve medial (internal) rotation and
abduction. The adductor longus would adduct the hip. Substitution by the semimembranosus would cause hip
extension.

24. 1

54
Interrater reliability concerns variation between two or more raters who measure the same group of subjects. The
reliability coefficient has values from 0.00 to 1.00. A reliability of 1.00 means there was total agreement. Thus a
value of .93 means there was a high degree of agreement on the scores from the dynamometer among several
therapists. Agreement of measures by the same therapist would be intrarater reliability.

25. 1
The dependent variable (ROM) is the factor that is caused by the independent variable (frequency of visits).

26. 4
To minimize confusion, the patient should be presented with one new item at a time. The pace of learning should
be set by the patient. Visual and auditory input together can promote learning. Concrete examples are easier to
understand than metaphors.

27. 2
With venous insufficiency, the limbs would be edematous and the superficial veins would be dilated. If the venous
insufficiency is not corrected, ulceration could develop. Options 1 and 3 are ruled out because they indicate no
edema. Option 4 is not correct because the condition is relieved by sitting or leg elevation.

28. 2
While nasotracheal suctioning is a viable option to clear a patient’s secretions, it is usually the last resort when a
patient does not have an artificial airway. So if a manual costophrenic assist doesn’t work, then suctioning may be
needed. Any patient who has been receiving mechanical ventilation will likely have some respiratory muscle
deconditioning. However, with superimposed neuromuscular disease, the respiratory muscle weakness will be
further exacerbated. Therefore, providing manual assist at the lower ribs during cough will assist the patient in
successfully clearing secretions. Supplemental oxygen can help a patient’s ventilatory muscle endurance but does
not ensure that the patient will be able to generate enough force during the cough. Inspiratory muscle training
would be beneficial for this patient, but not at this acute stage just after removal of ventilation. Once secretions are
under control, then muscle training can begin.

29. 2
The best answer would be for the therapist to recommend a team conference. That conference would bring
together members of the health care team, as well as the patient and family members, to arrive at joint decision for
placement of the patient. The best time for such a meeting would be prior to discharge, because such meetings are
difficult to arrange after discharge. Allowing the patient to determine his own discharge environment may be fine if
there are no safety concerns; however, a decision whether or not the patient is competent to make that decision
must be made first. Scheduling a home visit or the implementation of a treatment plan for home care would be
premature until a decision on placement has been made.

30. 2
Data analysis in single-subject research is based on evaluation of measurements within and across design phases, to
determine if behaviors are changing and if observed changes during intervention are associated with the onset of
treatment. While visual analysis of graphic display of data is the most commonly used data analyses method in
single-subject design, statistical analysis provides a more quantitative approach to determine whether observed
changes are real or chance occurrences.

55
31. 2
Macerated tissue results from excessive moisture. A more absorbent dressing would soak up the excessive moisture
and prevent the maceration.

32. 3
Three weeks is too early to lift 5-lb (2.3-kg) objects. Three weeks is too early to sleep on the involved side. Usually
by 8 to 12 weeks, a patient who has had an uncomplicated open repair of a rotator cuff 2 weeks ago is able to
actively elevate the arm to functional heights. Three months is too early to play golf.

33. 3

34.1
The capsular pattern of restriction at the hip is loss of medial (internal) rotation and abduction, followed by a loss of
flexion and extension; loss of lateral (external) rotation is insignificant.

35. 2
Options 1, 3, and 4 would provide insufficient orthotic support for the child to walk. A child with an L1 lesion can
walk only with support of reciprocating gait orthoses or thoracic lumbar sacral orthosis.

36. 2
Prednisone is a glucocorticoid that exhibits the side effects described in the stem. The primary side effect of
penicillin is an allergic reaction, such as skin rashes and difficulty breathing. The primary side effect of aspirin is
gastritis. The primary side effect of gold therapy is diarrhea, irritation of oral mucosa, and skin rashes.

37. 2
Exercise is a major contributor in controlling hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes by improving skeletal muscle glucose
transport and whole-body glucose homeostasis. Regular exercise can help the body respond to insulin and is known
to be effective in managing blood glucose. Exercise can lower blood glucose and possibly reduce the amount of
medication needed to treat diabetes, or even eliminate the need for medication. Exercise has not been shown to
improve glycemic control for the person with type 1 diabetes. Patients with degenerative neuromuscular diseases
such as multiple sclerosis should use caution when exercising to avoid excessive fatigue, which can result in
permanent losses in strength. Respiratory system impairment in individuals with multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis may lead to poor tolerance of intense aerobic exercise.

38. 4
Saline-saturated gauze is not advised to control copious amounts of drainage. Semipermeable film cannot absorb
copious amounts of exudate. Gauze impregnated with zinc oxide has not been shown to be beneficial. Hydrocolloid
paste is the only option given that would be appropriate for managing wounds with high levels of exudate.

39. 2
Excessive prosthetic plantar flexion can cause insufficient knee flexion. A stiff heel cushion can cause excessive knee
flexion and therefore buckling. A low prosthetic shoe heel can cause delayed knee flexion. Excessive prosthetic foot
inset can cause excessive lateral thrust.

56
40. 4
Exercises that require a supine position should be performed before eating so that the stomach is relatively empty.
The recommended time to remain upright after a meal is 3 hours. Head lifting in supine is the recommended
exercise to strengthen the upper esophageal sphincter muscle. If performed in upright, the head falls into gravity
and the exercise is no longer resistive. A patient should lie on the left side to reduce reflux, because lying on the
right side makes it easier for acid to flow into the esophagus, since the lower esophagus bends to the left and this
straightens out with right sidelying.

41. 1
Cyanosis is described in the stem. Although this finding often accompanies cardiac / pulmonary pathology or may
occur with hematological or central nervous system disorders, the objective description is cyanosis.

42. 2
Bowel and bladder dysfunction are related to spinal cord/upper motor neuron dysfunction. Smoking and steroids
can weaken bone and increase the likelihood for a compression fracture. Hypertension and diabetes are not risk
factors for a compression fracture. By themselves, neither emphysema nor hormone replacement therapy increases
the likelihood of a compression fracture.

43. 4
Paraffin wax baths are used in the nonflare phases to decrease pain and increase tissue extensibility in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis. The increase in collagen extensibility associated with heating may decrease pain perception
and increase tolerance for and participation in active exercise. Option 1 is incorrect because cyrotherapy (cold gel
pack) decreases tissue extensibility. Options 2 and 3 are incorrect because these modalities are not easily applied
over areas with thin soft tissue (hands and fingers). Paraffin allows for even distribution of heat to fingers (all joints).

44. 3
Trunk extension is the safest exercise for patients with osteoporosis and is necessary, given the high risk for
kyphosis with vertebral fractures. The other trunk motions are contraindicated for patients with osteoporosis.

45. 4
Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or respiratory rate can accompany fever, but none of those measurements
will help in delineating the cause of the fever. Common causes of immediate postoperative fevers are atelectasis or
pneumonia. Ausculation of the lungs would help the therapist in delineating this as a cause of the fever and
determining the appropriate physical therapy intervention.

46. 4
In order to best intervene with a patient who has had cardiac dysfunction, a full examination and evaluation are
necessary to properly form a treatment plan. An important aspect of the examination is ascertaining the type of
angina that the patient experiences so that the therapist will know how to prevent angina with exercise or
recognize it if it does occur during the treatment session. The other options provided are all outcomes that would
occur after the patient has completed a cardiac rehabilitation program.

47. 2

57
Contacting the patient’s home health nurse is the appropriate first course of action because of the possible safety
risk associated with the patient’s not taking insulin. Injections and glucose testing would go beyond the scope of
practice for physical therapy. Placing the responsibility on the family would not be appropriate because of the
gravity of the situation.

48. 2
Objectives must be measurable, and the specific behavior expected should be stated. Understanding, overcoming,
and appreciating elude tangible measurement, while listing five techniques is an activity that can be documented
and is therefore measurable.

49. 3
The hamstrings are hip extensors that are more active when the hip is in flexion, especially in functional activities
such as stair climbing. In this case, the patient flexes the hip, placing the semitendinosus on stretch and increasing
its moment arm and increasing its ability to produce hip extension. Therefore, the patient is leaning forward to
maximize the ability of the hamstrings to extend the hip during the stair climbing activity. The other muscles listed
would not benefit as much from the increased hip flexion.

50. 1
A small sample size can be linked to errors in statistical conclusions because there may not be enough participants
to allow application of the findings to all patients in the population of interest. The within-group variance being
smaller enables less overlapping of sample distributions. Greater than 80% analysis power is linked with a higher
probability that study conclusions are accurate. An inflated alpha level (i.e., noncontrolled) results in a higher level
of statistical significance and greater probability of a type 1 error.

51. 3
As learning progresses, feedback should progress from extrinsic (which included tactile, visual, verbal) to intrinsic
feedback from the muscle spindle and joint receptors.

52. 2
The QRS complex represents ventricular contraction. Atrial contraction is represented by the P wave. When an area
of the ventricle becomes irritable and develops an ectopic foci, the ventricle will depolarize prematurely before the
normal conduction sequence (e.g., prior to SA node firing in the atria) and presents as a wide, irregularly spaced
QRS complex. In normal ventricular depolarization, the QRS would be narrow and regularly spaced and atrial
fibrillation would appear as the P wave changes. Atrial repolarization occurs within the QRS complex and is not
normally visible on EKG.

53. 1
Elevation and pressure is the correct next step in controlling bleeding. Removal of the dressing and bandage would
potentially irritate the wound and increase the hemorrhage. Elevation and pressure should be applied first, before
additional dressings, bandages, and pressure to the brachial artery. While calling the patient’s physician to arrange
transportation for medical care may be necessary, it does not immediately control the bleeding.

54. 4

58
The therapist is testing for a positive Babinski sign. When the Babinski sign is positive, the toes flare at the end of
the test. The presence of a positive Babinski sign indicates an upper motor neuron lesion such as a spinal cord
injury. If no upper motor neuron lesion is present, the toes will flex. The only upper motor neuron lesion is injury to
the spinal cord. Peripheral nerve injuries and lesions of the anterior horn cells are lower motor neuron lesions.

55. 4
The photograph shows a standing desk/work station. A patient with stenosis will do better in sitting, not standing. A
patient with a deep vein thrombosis will need to move, not be stationary. A scoliosis alone does not warrant a
standing work station. Sitting increases intradiscal pressure, so standing is often preferred to sitting.

56 . 3
The posterior tibial artery is most likely to be involved in chronic posterior compartment syndrome, which is
described in the question. This artery should be palpated posterior to the medial malleolus. The dorsal aspect of the
foot is the site for palpation of the dorsalis pedis pulse. The dorsalis pedis artery is not involved in posterior
compartment syndrome. The palpation site posterior to the lateral malleolus is used to access the fibular (peroneal)
artery. The fibular (peroneal) artery is not involved in posterior compartment syndrome. Palpation in the popliteal
fossa is a poor choice of palpation location in association with posterior compartment syndrome. The popliteal
artery may be palpated here, but the compartment syndrome manifestations are distal to this site.

57. 1
It has been determined that a critical factor in improving learning is that the subject must do something different on
consecutive trials. Therefore the traditional approach for retraining by practicing one skill repeatedly is not the most
effective. It is believed that having a patient practice a number of tasks in random order would probably be more
successful for long-term retention. The other options do not provide for randomization of the activities and are
therefore less likely to provide for long-term retention.

58. 1
The abdominal muscles are active during a sit-up (with the knees extended) up until the spine is completely flexed
(head, shoulders, thorax lifted from surface). In order to come to a long-sitting position, however, the hips must be
flexed, and the abdominals cannot perform this action because they do not cross the hip joint. Therefore, the hip
flexors (iliopsoas among others) would have to complete this motion. The inability to achieve a long-sitting position
would suggest weakness in the iliopsoas muscle.

59. 3
Corticosteroid-induced myopathies are common after prolonged use of the drug, and they are common in the
proximal musculature of the extremities. The other options are the opposite of symptoms commonly found with
steroid-induced conditions. Usually there are problems with hypertension, hypocalemia, and increased protein
metabolism.

60. 1
A patient who is immobile and restricted to bed is at risk for developing atelectasis (partial collapse of lung tissue),
which can then lead to pneumonia. Frequent position changes with deep breathing and coughing will help prevent
development of atelectasis. Given that this patient is elderly and does not have a diagnosis of secretion retention,

59
vigorous percussion and vibration is not indicated. Vibration with the head down or standard postural drainage
positions will not be tolerated in this elderly patient with chronic congestive heart failure.

61. 4
Extension of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint is needed in terminal stance. The distal metatarsal is convex. The
proximal portion of the articulating phalanx is concave. According to the convex-concave rule, when a therapist
moves a concave joint surface on a convex joint surface, the concave joint surface is moved in the same direction as
the range-of-motion limitation. Therefore, the appropriate accessory glide is a dorsal glide of the proximal phalanx
on the metatarsal. Posterior glide of the talus on the tibia and plantar glide of the 1st proximal phalanx on the
metatarsal promote plantar flexion. Posterior glide of the calcaneus on the talus is not as relevant for terminal
stance, which involves the 1st MTP joint.

62.The fact that the patient has normal muscle strength of the hip lateral (external) rotators along with limitation of
range of motion indicates either tightness of the medial (internal) rotators or hip capsule tightness. The gluteus
medius and minimus are medial (internal) rotators of the hip. The trunk shift is a normal substitution pattern found
in individuals who lack hip range of motion. The problem is related to the hip, not the trunk. The patient’s piriformis
shows normal strength, so it is not weak.

63. 2
A patient with a thoracic spinal cord level injury is able to perform independent pressure relief strategies and should
complete pressure relief every 15 to 20 minutes

64. 4
vPoor hair growth is characteristic for arterial disease due to inadequate cellular nutrition. The first sign of arterial
disease is often loss of hair on the toes. Edema may be present with advanced cases of arterial disease. Increased
cyanosis with legs in the dependent position is present in advanced disease. Brownish discoloration at the ankles is
characteristic of chronic venous disorders.

65. 3
Options 1, 2, and 4 are neither safe nor appropriate. When descending stairs, it is generally best for the therapist to
be positioned below the patient as protection from falling. However, the patient should always descend stairs
leading with the involved leg, the right leg in this case, and the cane

66. 3
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by nonspecific and vague symptoms, which can include nausea, weight loss, pain
radiating to the back or back pain alone, and jaundice. Sitting up and leaning forward may provide some relief by
taking pressure off the pancreas. Irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by abdominal pain with constipation and
diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, but not referred back pain or jaundice. Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the
gallbladder and typically produces right upper quadrant abdominal pain. There may be nausea and vomiting, weight
loss, and jaundice. However, the pain is referred to the upper back or right shoulder, not the low back. There is also
anorexia, nausea and vomiting with appendicitis, but the pain is present generally over the right lower quadrant.
Bending forward may worsen the symptoms because of the resultant increase in intraabdominal pressure.

67. 4

60
Excessive upward rotation of the scapula can result from weakness of the rhomboids and latissimus dorsi
(downward rotators). The scapular adduction with medial (internal) rotation and adduction of the arm would
require action by those muscles. Option 1 would help strengthen the serratus anterior, an upward rotator of the
scapula. Option 2 would activate the upper trapezius as well as the rhomboids, and, since the upper trapezius is also
an upward rotator of the scapula, this would not be the best exercise to use. Option 3 would also help strengthen
the serratus anterior, which would tend to aggravate the problem.

68. 4
The nodular hyperplasia that occurs with benign prostatic hyperplasia causes obstruction of the urethra, resulting in
urinary frequency and urge incontinence. Testicular torsion, orchitis, and testicular cancer are not associated with
urinary dysfunction.

69. 1
A squat-pivot transfer avoids full lower extremity extension, thus minimizing lower extremity extensor tone. A
sliding-board transfer is not appropriate with a high level of ataxia in the upper extremities. A standing-pivot
transfer is not appropriate because it may increase the extensor tone in the lower extremities. A dependent tuck
transfer does not encourage active patient participation or promote independence.

70. Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question

The research question is one of relationship or correlation between measures, not comparison of group means, so
the t test and the Mann-Whitney U test are not appropriate. Because the data for both variables are ranked
(ordinal), Spearman rho (Spearman rank correlation coefficient) should be used. This is the nonparametric analog of
the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The Pearson r requires continuous, not ordinal, data.

71. 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

correlation coefficient of .26 to .49 is considered low

72. Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly

The rib cage would not be able to expand normally during inspiration due to weakness of the external intercostal
muscles, which are innervated by thoracic nerve segments. With a spinal cord lesion at the C5–C6 level, the
diaphragm would still receive innervation from the phrenic nerve (C4). The anterior scalene (C4–C6) would be
partially innervated and the sternocleidomastoid (C2–C3) would be fully innervated. The abdominal muscles would
not be innervated since they receive their innervation from thoracic nerve segments. Paralysis of the abdominal
muscles would cause the diaphragm to assume a low resting position.

73.The electrode placement in the photograph is the best placement for the tensor fasciae latae. The electrodes are
placed over the muscle belly and lined up parallel to the muscle fibers. The sartorius is found more distally and
medially and following the direction of the muscle fibers. The rectus femoris is found more distally and central to
the thigh. The gluteus minimus is a deep muscle that cannot be easily monitored directly by surface
electromyography

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74. Correct Answer: 2 You have incorrectly answered the question.
Strength increase in muscle is due to a number of factors, including neurological adaptation and muscle fiber
hypertrophy with an increase in actin and myosin. Hyperplasia in humans is still controversial. Long-term changes in
muscle strength are due to all of the factors listed. However, short-term changes, such as changes in 1 week, are
most likely to due to neurological factors such as more efficient motor unit recruitment, autogenic inhibition, and
more efficient co-activation of muscle groups.

75. Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly

Although all of options are involved in the decision-making process, the determination of contraindications is the
first thing to consider, because all other options are unnecessary if the patient has other pathologies that could be a
contraindication

76. Correct Answer: 2 You have incorrectly answered the question.

Weakness in the pectoralis minor would not cause restriction of the scapula but would likely cause scapular
hypermobility. Weakness in the upper trapezius would decrease upward rotation of the scapula during shoulder
flexion and abduction. The more the shoulder is elevated, the more noticeable this would be. The decreased
scapular movement would increase the predisposition toward impingement. Weakness in the deltoid would cause
the humerus to move downward, not upward, during shoulder elevation.Weakness in the rhomboid major would
not cause restriction of the scapula, but would likely cause scapular hypermobility.

77. Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

Medical social service staff deal with home situations and financial supports and act as a resource director on behalf
of the patient. Social services would be the most appropriate choice to help arrange and coordinate rehabilitative
services for the patient while the patient is at home. Although nurses, occupational therapists, physical therapists,
and physicians may all be involved with direct patient care, they would not be the most appropriate for this level of
discharge planning.

78. Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

Intrarater reliability describes the repeatability of measurements made by one person (repeatability within that
person).

79. Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question

Regarding chronic low back pain of somatic origin, the patient has a chronic problem, so will most likely require
motor-level stimulation, because it provides a longer-lasting analgesia. There is no evidence to indicate that
sensory-level stimulation is effective in the treatment of edema. For edema reduction, rhythmic muscle contraction
is preferred. Iontophoresis is more appropriate than sensory-level electrical stimulation for treatment of a
tendonitis, because it involves the delivery of anti-inflammatory medications. Raynaud syndrome is a condition in
which the smallest arteries that bring blood to the fingers or toes constrict when exposed to cold or from an
emotional upset. Sensory-level stimulation over nerve roots and trunks can increase peripheral vasodilatation.

62
80. Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

Peripheral vascular disease is a vascular problem, not a pulmonary problem. Congestive heart failure may lead to
pulmonary problems, but not obstructive problems. Emphysema is an obstructive lung disease, for which pursed-lip
breathing may be beneficial. Sarcoidosis is a restrictive lung disease for which pursed-lip breathing is not beneficial.

81. Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question

The history suggests that prolonged improper positioning of the cervical spine resulted in neck pain. A chronic
forward head and kyphosis results in hyperextension in the upper cervical spine and excessive flexion in the upper
thoracic spine. Further muscle length adaptation occurs with tight anterior muscles and stretched posterior
muscles. Treatment should include correction of muscle weakness or imbalance. Rhomboid strengthening and axial
neck extension are the only options that are both correct

82. Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly

A common mental state manifestation of hypoglycemia is difficulty speaking and concentrating, whereas in
hyperglycemia there is outright confusion. The other options are all signs of hyperglycemia and not signs of
hypoglycemia.

83.Neither posterior glide, anterior glide, nor superior glide, would improve abduction. The radiograph shows
limitation of glenohumeral motion causing the reduction in shoulder abduction. Inferior glide assists with improving
abduction

84. Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly

The restocking of treatment booths with supplies is the only option that does not involve direct patient contact or
care and thus is the MOST appropriate activity to delegate to a volunteer. Although volunteers may at times be
involved with patient care activities (i.e., transporting patients), the patients in the situations described in options 2,
3, and 4 are at potential risk and would require supervision by someone other than a volunteer.

85. Correct Answer: 3 You have incorrectly answered the question.

A patient with chronic hemiplegia is unlikely to recover normal function. Compensatory strategies are used when
there is a permanent loss of function which prevents reacquiring normal movement patterns. Habituation is a
decrease in responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a nonpainful stimulus. In the acute
patient, the emphasis is on recovery of normal function, but this patient has a chronic condition. Sensitization is an
increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimulus.

86.correct answer 2
Because sitting knee extension and the straight-leg raise culminate in essentially identical positions, symptomatic
responses to the two types of maneuvers should be similar. If the patient had a symptomatic herniated disc, both
positions would result in a similar symptom increase. If the patient had an irritated sciatic nerve, both positions

63
would result in a similar symptom increase. If the patient had a facilitated hamstring, both positions would result in
a similar symptom response

87. Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly

The seat width should be slightly wider than the width of the widest body part, and the depth should come to
within 1 inch of the popliteal fossa

88. Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question

Regarding the patient being hypertensive, the opposite is likely. Orthostatic hypotension is a potential side effect.
Arrhythmias are not listed as a recognized side effect of opioids. Regarding developing diarrhea, gastrointestinal
motility is decreased, so the opposite effect of constipation is a frequent problem. Opioids tend to make the
medullary chemoreceptors less responsive to carbon dioxide, thus slowing down respiratory rate and inducing a
relative hypoxia and hypercapnia. The respiratory response to exercise may be blunted

89. Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly

Gloves are required only during contact with blood or body fluids, not during patient care that does not involve
coming in contact with blood or body fluids. Gloves are required whenever changing an infant’s diapers, because
this activity involves coming into contact with body fluids

90.The structure indicated by the arrow is the greater tubercle. The arm is medially (internally) rotated in this
radiograph.

91. Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question

A normal response is 2 or plus (+). Minus (-) or 0 indicates an absent reflex, and minus (-) or 1 indicates a diminished
response. Plus (++) or 3 indicates an exaggerated response, and plus (+++) or 4 indicates clonus.

92. Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

The presence of clonus would be on the right side, not the left side. Spasticity would be on the right side, not the
left side. This is a case of hemisection of the spinal cord, Brown-Séquard syndrome. The lesion is on the right side of
the spinal cord, and it is an upper motor neuron lesion (positive Babinski sign) with damage to the corticospinal
tract, posterior columns, and lateral spinothalamic tract. Upper motor neuron spinal cord lesions present with
hyperactive tendon reflexes (in this case on the right side), clonus, and spasticity ipsilateral to the side of the lesion.
Pressure sensation is lost on the ipsilateral side, and pain and temperature are lost contralateral to the side of the
lesion due to the crossing of those fibers in the spinal cord

93. Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly

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Option 1 would apply only after the therapist has done further analysis of the situation. Monitoring oxygen
saturation is useful but not the most immediate thing to monitor. The therapist should monitor the
electrocardiogram and blood pressure of the patient. Although notifying the nurse is something the therapist
should do, this should be done after an initial evaluation of the stability of premature ventricular contractions.
Onset of premature ventricular contractions can be benign or stable. Less than six contractions/minute is generally
stable, while greater than six contractions/minute is considered less stable. A physical therapist should be able to
determine this stability.

94. Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly

Option 1 is incorrect because the traditional position to drain the right middle lobe is left sidelying, not right
sidelying. Option 2 is the traditional drainage position for right middle lobe, but does not take into account the
intracranial pressure issues. Option 3 is the traditional drainage position for right middle lobe but does not take into
account the intracranial pressure issues. The traditional position to drain the right middle lobe is left sidelying with
one-quarter turn toward supine, head of bed down approximately 20°. However, because of the recent craniotomy,
the patient’s increased intracranial pressure is a major issue to monitor and keep stable. Therefore, this traditional
position should be modified to flat sidelying, as described in option 4.

95.Behavioral objectives should be learner centered, outcome oriented, specific, and measurable. Option 4 is the
only one that is learner (student) centered and specific to a situation. Options 1 and 3 require action by the clinical
instructor, not the student. Option 2, which may be a step in the process, is not as learner centered or outcome
centered as Option 4

96. Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly

A nerve root impingement commonly gives radicular pain. One of the most common causes of a capsular pattern in
the shoulder is traumatic arthritis following injury to the shoulder. The capsular pattern may gradually develop over
time. A painful arc is often associated with a noncapsular pattern such as seen with bursitis or tendonitis at the
shoulder. A torn rotator cuff is associated with weakness and loss of active shoulder elevation

97. Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

The pulse width of 100 microseconds makes it difficult to achieve a strong enough motor response. A 1 to 4 pps
frequency may lead to a twitch motor response, but not tetany, which is needed for strengthening. The correct
answer requires a frequency that will lead to tetany (something above about 30 Hz) and a long enough pulse width
to recruit motor fibers (usually something greater than 200 microseconds). Therefore, of the options, 40 to 50 pps
with a pulse width of 350 microseconds is the best. Option 4 describes the typical parameter for conventional
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for acute pain management. However, the pulse width of 100
microseconds makes it difficult to achieve a motor response, and the higher frequency of 100 pps leads to rapid
fatigue.

65
98.The test shown in the photograph is the Froment test. Both thumbs (1st digits) should stay extended during the
test. If the thumb (1st digit) flexes, it is indicative of weakness of the adductor pollicis with substitution by the flexor
pollicis longus, which is usually due to a lesion of the ulnar nerve

99. Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

Prone with the knee straight would be used to test for a Poor (2/5) grade. Supine with knee bent is used to isolate
the gluteus maximus. Seated hip flexion is used to test the hip flexor muscle strength. The most likely cause of
laterally bending toward the stance limb is abductor weakness on the stance side. The lateral bending helps
compensate for weak abductors. The right abductors would be tested from a left sidelying position for Fair (3/5) or
greater strength

100. Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Although the Romberg Test is a measure of the role of vision in balance, it alone would not be the most appropriate
measure for functional balance. The Berg Balance Scale is an objective measure of static and dynamic balance
abilities and consists of 14 commonly performed functional tasks; therefore, it is the most appropriate tool to use as
a measure of intervention effectiveness. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment is appropriate for cortical strokes and would
not be the most appropriate for a cerebellar stroke. It is not as comprehensive in balance tasks as the Berg Balance
Scale. The Barthel Index is a more global instrument and is not as focused on functional balance as the Berg Balance
Scale.

101. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

Compression on the median nerve (carpal tunnel syndrome) is occurring, most likely as a result of swelling
associated with the individual being in the eight month of pregnancy. In this case, rest and elevation would do the
most to decrease the edema and relieve the symptoms. The wrist should not be positioned in full extension. Initial
conservative treatment sometimes includes cock-up splinting to hold the wrist in neutral to 10° of extension, but
not full extension. Although tendon gliding exercises may be used, heat would not be indicated since it may increase
the edema. Resistive exercises for the wrist and fingers may aggravate the compression in the carpal tunnel.

102. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

The L3 nerve root exits between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae and supplies sensory information from the
region of the medial knee joint line.

103. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

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A physical therapist would be required to perform the initial evaluation, plan of care, reevaluations, modifications to
the plan of care, and discharge plans for the patient. The patient who is stable and has an existing program would
be the most appropriate patient to be delegated to the assistant. Therefore, the patient who has multiple sclerosis
and who has an established gait training program would be the most appropriate. The other three patients are
receiving their initial treatments.

104. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Option 2 is the definition of validity. Options 3 and 4 refer to reliability measures. Option 1 is incorrect because
results can be standardized even though they are not valid.

105. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

One continuous ramp that is 60 ft (18 m) long is too long of a run without a level area to rest. One continuous ramp
that is 30 ft (9 m) long is too steep a slope. Two ramps, each 60 ft (18 m) long, even if connected by a level area,
would be unnecessarily long. The rise should not be greater than 30 in (76 cm) for any one run and should be 1 ft (.3
m) in length per each 1 in (2.5 cm) rise.

106. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

Resistive exercise is contraindicated for a patient with a history of aortic aneurysm, even after surgical repair.

107. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Lateral epicondylitis is caused by overuse of the wrist extensors that originate on the lateral epicondyle of the
humerus, especially the extensor carpi radialis brevis. If the lateral epicondylitis is at a chronic stage, conditioning of
the extensor muscles and sustained grip activities will be most effective in long-term management. A forearm cuff is
thought to decrease the muscle loading. Iontophoresis would not be appropriate for a home program. Friction
massage of the brachioradialis would not be appropriate since the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle is usually
the one affected.

108. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

When patients have severe symptoms, it is often useful to have increased on and off times to reduce the movement
caused by the cycling. Increasing the off time allows for longer recovery time prior to re-initiating the traction and
reduces the cycling. As the pain symptoms decrease, the relaxation time can be decreased. Options 2, 3, and 4 do
not allow for a longer off or recovery period.

109. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

Normal range of arterial blood gas is a pH between 7.35 and 7.45. A pH of 7.35 or lower indicates acidemia, also
called an acidotic state.

67
110. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question.

The most common initial sign is enlargement of the testis with diffuse testicular pain, swelling or hardness. Back
pain may be present, as well as pain referred to the groin or swelling of superficial lymph nodes, but testicular pain
and swelling are the most common predominant symptoms initially.

111. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

Option 1 does not mention the knee position and has the hip flexed, which shortens the rectus femoris. Option 2
has the hip flexed, which shortens the rectus femoris. Prone with the knee in flexion keeps the hip in neutral and
does not allow the hip to flex. This position is used in the Ely test. Option 4 has the hip in the correct position, but
does not mention the knee position.

112. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

The closed packed position for the radiocarpal joint is full extension with radial deviation. The closed packed
position for the mid carpal joint is extension with radial deviation.

113. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 2 You have incorrectly answered the question.

The axillary crutches, standard walker, and forearm crutches all require adequate strength in the elbow extensors
and latissimus dorsi, especially due to the non-weight-bearing status of the patient. The non-weight-bearing status
on the right could indicate any of the options; however, because the patient has weakness of the muscles in the C6–
C7 dermatome, the patient would have difficulty using any assistive device that requires use of the elbow extensors
and latissimus dorsi muscles. Therefore, the best option is the wheelchair, because it provides mobility.

114. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Pressure thresholds using nylon filaments are the most sensitive and specific. Several studies support the use of the
10-gram (Semmes-Weinstein 5.07) nylon filament as the threshold for protective sensation. Patients unable to feel
a 10-gram nylon filament are considered unable to protect their feet from injury and are at risk of ulceration.

115. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.
An overview presented on the first day would imply that the therapist is not going to modify the series to the
students’ current knowledge level, which may be ascertained from the pretest. It is most important for the physical
therapist to know what level of knowledge the students have. Although active participation is important for learning
in every session, neither it, nor a complete demonstration of a low back evaluation, is most important to include in
the first session.

116. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.
A standard score, or z-score, relates to the number of standard deviation units a score is above or below a mean.
Standard scores are often used in developmental measures because they are a useful comparison to a larger or
normal group. A standard score of -2.0 is well below the mean because two standard deviation units below the

68
mean indicates that only 2.27% of children have scored lower or, stated conversely, that 97.73% of children scored
better. At -1.0 standard deviation units, 84.14% of children scored better.

117. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.
The medial knee is the L3 dermatome. The popliteal fossa is S2 dermatome. The plantar foot is S1 or S2. A
posterolateral disc bulge at L4–L5 will most likely affect the L5 nerve root and the dermatome for the L5 nerve root.
The L5 dermatome includes the dorsal aspect of the great toe. The dorsal area of the great toe is consistently
included in the L5 dermatome.

118. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.
Lumbar stenosis by definition causes lower extremity symptoms with extension activities, and stenosis is more
common in an older population. Gluteal artery claudication would cause buttock pain, not calf pain. This patient is
relatively too old for a herniated nucleus pulposus, and most cases of herniated nucleus pulposus do not involve
bilateral symptoms. Nothing given in the patient’s history would increase the likelihood of a deep vein thrombosis.

119. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

The key phrase in this question is “interdisciplinary.” Of all the options provided, only airway clearance is within the
scope of practice for physical therapists. Patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome may experience respiratory muscle
fatigue or paralysis and are susceptible to pulmonary infection. Pulmonary hygiene is a critical role in their care.

120.Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.
The therapist is shown performing an ulnar glide, which is the same joint motion used for radial deviation. Limited
motion in this direction indicates limited ability to perform radial deviation.

121. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 2 You have incorrectly answered the question
Although all of the options are serious complications in patients with AIDS, multifocal leukoencephalopathy is the
most serious, and death occurs in a few months after it is diagnosed

122. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly
Poor skin turgor is one of the signs of dehydration. The skin, when lifted up between the fingers, does not return to
its original position in a rapid manner.

123. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly
A well-written goal includes an audience (who), behavior (what will be done), condition (under what circumstances),
and degree (amount of change). The only option that includes all of these conditions is option 4, “The patient (who)
will demonstrate thenar muscle strength (behavior) of Good (4/5) grade (degree) and be able to hold objects in
hand while at work (condition).” Options 1, 2, and 3, are each missing one or more of the required elements.

124. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question

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Standing-pivot transfer requires standing, which the patient is not able to perform safely. Manual-pivot transfer
involves the assistance of another person, so would not allow for independence. Mechanical-lift transfer involves
the assistance of another person, so would not allow for independence. Sliding transfer is the safest independent
technique, because the patient cannot stand without minimal assistance.

125. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

Pain relief upon forward bending or sitting and pain relief upon standing are more diagnostic for lumbar origin of
pain. Cramping pain that occurs at a predictable distance walked is a common presentation and clinical
manifestation of vascular limitation. Numbness and tingling that occurs at a predictable distance walked are more
indicative of a neurologic cause of pain rather than a vascular cause.

126. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Since the patient does not have symptoms while looking straight ahead, the visual acuity (peripheral visual system)
does not appear to be at fault. A patient who reports visual blurring with head motion is experiencing oscillopsia.
Oscillopsia is a visual instability with head movement in which images appear to move or bounce. It is often due to
decreased vestibulo-ocular reflex. No information is given in the question to suggest that the patient is having
difficulty with somatosensory input or that indicates musculoskeletal deficits

127. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly

Option 1 is an inappropriate assistive device for a young adult with paraplegia. Option 2 is the ultimate goal of gait
training but would be too difficult for the patient’s first attempt. Option 3 is not the most efficient gait aide for a
patient with paraplegia. The first-time session of gait training for a patient with paraplegia should be in the parallel
bars. A swing-to gait pattern would be the easiest for the patient to learn initially.

128. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly

Stretching should be done during and immediately after the ultrasound treatment. 1 MHz continuous ultrasound
provides the greatest thermal effects and would facilitate the stretch

129. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 2 You have incorrectly answered the question.

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is common in severe heart disease. Relieving the breathlessness symptoms by a
positional change is suggestive that the problem is pulmonary in origin. Occasional breathlessness may be expected
with a change in physical activities, but more history should be taken to determine if the change is expected. Light-
headedness is more indicative of a cardiac problem

130. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly

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Understanding a patient’s prior level of function is the most critical factor in a patient’s history to determine a
reasonable prognosis, as this information establishes the baseline for recovery. Although knee range of motion and
upper extremity sensory integrity should be monitored, neither is more critical than prior level of function as a
determinant of prognosis. Although a cervical collar is a potential intervention, its use is not more critical than prior
level of function as a determinant of prognosis

131. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 1 You have incorrectly answered the question.

A Charcot joint is painless and usually undetected by the patient secondary to decreased sensation and neuropathy.
Because of the increase in blood flow, patients present with erythema.

132. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

A complete physical therapy evaluation and treatment is contraindicated due to a possible deep vein thrombosis. A
physician’s order for a Doppler study indicates possible deep vein thrombosis, so the physical therapy should not be
conducted until the Dopler study is completed and the results analyzed by the physician. Transfer from bed to chair
is contraindicated due to possible deep vein thrombosis. The nurse alone should not be providing clearance, until
the Doppler study has been completed and interpreted.

133. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly

The goal in option 2 is the only goal that is objective, measurable, and functional. The goals in options 1, 3, and 4
lack function or specific measurable objective information.

134. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

When the right side of the heart starts to fail, fluid collects in the feet and lower legs, causing pitting edema. Pallor,
shiny skin, and absence of hair growth are characteristic of arterial disease, but not associated with congestive heart
failure

135. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question

The presence of black necrotic tissue indicates full-thickness loss of the skin. The cause of the necrosis cannot be
determined with the information in the stem

136. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

If a person begins exercise when blood glucose is below 100 mg/dL or above 250 mg/dL, significant exercise-related
complications may result

137. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 2 You have incorrectly answered the question

71
Neurological changes that are age related include decreased pain and vibratory sensation. The other changes listed
do not normally occur with aging in the absence of pathology

138. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 1 You have incorrectly answered the question.

The onset of a Stage I pressure ulcer is characterized by nonblanching erythema and decreased skin temperature
over the site of the ulcer. Because blanching is difficult to ascertain in patients with dark skin, use of skin
temperature for assessment of pressure ulcers is preferred

139. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly

a single-factor experiment, the one-way analysis of variance is applied when three or more independent group
means are compared. The descriptor one-way indicates that the design involves one independent variable, which is
the case in the present scenario. All subjects were recruited from the same clinic and underwent the same length of
treatment. The only difference among the three groups of subjects was the treatment group to which they were
assigned

140. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

The oculomotor nerve (III) controls the inferiomedial eye muscles. The trochlear nerve (IV) controls inferiolateral
eye movement. The abducens nerve (VI) controls lateral eye movement. Damage to this nerve causes the eyeball to
deviate medially due to weakness of the lateral rectus muscle. The vagus nerve (X) does not control the eye muscles

141. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Because the patient has significant weakness in both lower extremities, a standing pivot transfer would not be safe.
However, since the patient does have fair to normal upper extremity strength and is not totally dependent, a
hydraulic lift or two-person lift would not be appropriate because it would not enhance the patient’s functional
skills. The most appropriate transfer method would be for the patient to use a sliding board transfer to the
strongest (right) side.

142. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 3 You have incorrectly answered the question.

Option 3 is the only one stated clearly in educational terms. The other options are objectives based on observations

143. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

Atelectasis occurs when one or more segments or lobes of the lung is collapsed. It often occurs following thoracic or
upper abdominal surgery, when the patient has a reduced total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and
residual volume. Bronchiectasis is an abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles and results in increased

72
residual volumes. The primary symptom of chronic bronchitis is chronic productive cough and results in increased
residual volume. Emphysema usually results in significantly increased residual volumes.

144. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

During pregnancy and postpartum, the stretched abdominal muscles are unable to stabilize the lower back as the
legs are raised. Attempting to perform double leg lifts can overwork the abdominal muscles and cause damage to
spinal joints.

145. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

Early learning in the 1st phase of motor learning (the cognitive phase) requires full attention to the task and
extrinsic feedback. As the task is learned, feedback can become more intrinsic and less attention to task is required.

146. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

Option 1 tests the integrity of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. With a positive test result, the patient will have
reproduction of symptoms and in this case, anterior ankle pain. Lateral (external) rotation of the tibia may
potentially compress the calcaneocuboid joint but would not stress the ligaments. A 5th metatarsal fracture would
not present with anterior ankle pain. Option 4 does not load the tibia and/or muscles enough to provoke pain from
a stress fracture.

147. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly

During measurement of shoulder abduction, the trunk should be kept straight. If the patient is allowed to laterally
flex the trunk, it will give the appearance of increased shoulder abduction, but the motion would be occurring in the
spine and not in the shoulder. Upward rotation of the scapula and lateral (external) rotation of the shoulder would
normally accompany the motion of shoulder abduction. Medial (internal) rotation of the shoulder would decrease
the available abduction

148. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

Vital capacity is measured from maximum inhalation to maximum exhalation. Inspiratory capacity measures volume
with maximal inhalation. Tidal volume measures total volume of air moved during either inhalation or exhalation
over a specific period of time (usually 1 minute) and then divided by the ventilatory rate. Inspiratory reserve volume
measures inspiratory volume beyond normal inspiration

149. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

The reservoir must be placed below the level of the heart. Notifying the nurse would be sufficient. Notifying the
physician is unnecessary.

150. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

73
Supine knee extension with hip flexion places a stretch on the sciatic nerve, which involves lower lumbar nerve
roots (L4–S3). Knee flexion with hip flexion would not place a stretch on the femoral nerve. An upper lumbar
radiculitis involves the nerve roots that form the femoral nerve (L2–L4). The femoral nerve can be stretched or
provoked, by extending the hip while flexing the knee. Prone hip extension would place a stretch on the femoral
nerve, but there would be less stretch with the knee in extension than in flexion.

151. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

Normal sitting requires about 105° of hip flexion, so an elevated chair would not be necessary. Reaching would not
be as restricted as donning socks. The reacher would not be effective in assisting with shoes and socks and may be
overused. Stair climbing requires about 60° to 70° of hip flexion, and step height modification would not be needed.
To reach to the foot, approximately 120° of hip flexion is required. If a modified procedure is chosen with the foot
across the opposite thigh, at least 110° of hip flexion is still required. With only 105° of hip flexion, the patient
would have most difficulty putting on socks.

152. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 3 You have incorrectly answered the question.

During the swing phase of gait, the foot is dorsiflexed to clear the floor. Muscles active during this phase of gait are
the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and the extensor digitorum longus. The gastrocnemius, tibialis
posterior, and fibularis (peroneus) longus are active during stance phase of gait. Therefore, of the muscles listed,
the extensor digitorum longus is the best choice. If only the tibialis anterior was stimulated, the foot would go into
inversion and dorsiflexion, which could cause the patient to land on the lateral side of the foot at initial contact,
causing injury. Addition of the extensor digitorum longus would bring the foot up into more dorsiflexion and avoid
excessive inversion.

153. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

The most appropriate design would be a two-group pretest-posttest. Both groups are measured at the same times,
but only the experimental group receives treatment. Gathering information from patient records may not provide
the same accuracy as would be provided if the researcher had performed all of the measurements directly.
Measuring ROM only on day 5 would not account for any pretest differences between groups. Measuring the
experimental group more frequently than the control group may have an effect on the dependent variable.

154. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

Patients should be encouraged to express their feelings. Comparisons to other patients who are dying, in an effort
to assure the patient he is not alone, takes away from this patient’s feelings. Denial of death would not be good for
the patient, since he must ultimately cope with the inevitable. Pastoral counseling would be an option, but the
therapist should be ready to listen to the patient, encourage expression of feelings, and avoid denial

155. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question.

74
The location of the painless ulcer is characteristic of a neuropathic (diabetic) ulcer. Loss of sensation renders the
patient unaware of the repetitive trauma from altered biomechanics due to weakness of the intrinsics, which leads
to hammer toes, and abnormal pressure on the plantar foot when weight-bearing. Increased pain with foot
elevation is characteristic of arterial ulcers, which are painful. Normal arterial pulses may be present with a venous
ulcer, but arteries are often calcified with advanced diabetes. A neuropathic foot is warm and dry.

156.vThe therapist is shown performing a volar glide, which is the same joint motion used for finger flexion. Limited
motion in this direction indicates limited ability to perform finger flexion

157. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 3 You have incorrectly answered the question

One of the benefits of exercise is improved insulin sensitivity, which reduces the amount of insulin needed. Blood
glucose levels decrease during exercise. Patients with diabetes should not exercise before meals because this timing
increases the risk of hypoglycemia. Aerobic exercise is just as important for people who have diabetes as for healthy
people, so weight training is not preferable.

158. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

All of these symptoms are indicative of complex regional pain syndrome. Cervical disc disease does not produce
swelling in the hand, color and temperature changes, or hyperhidrosis. Raynaud phenomenon results in pain, pallor,
and coolness, but no hyperhidrosis. Although carpal tunnel syndrome can also show sympathetic nervous system
abnormalities, compression of the median nerve would refer symptoms to the lateral border of the hand (thumb
area). With carpal tunnel syndrome, the patient may also display thenar muscle weakness.

159. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

Chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis are often associated with morning pain and stiffness
that decrease throughout the day with activity. Pain that is worse at the beginning of an activity implies acute
inflammation. Constant pain suggests tumors or a visceral cause. Pain that increases throughout the day indicates
increased congestion in a joint.

160. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly

Evaluation of the patients’ retention of the information presented in the program can be enhanced by asking the
patients questions about the program information, having the patients ask questions about the program, having the
patients demonstrate what they have learned, and testing the patients about the program material. Option 1 is the
only option that includes one of these techniques. The other options do not require active participation by the
patients and do not address specific interventions

161. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 1 You have incorrectly answered the question.

75
Ice massage is used to treat a small area, such as a trigger point in a muscle. Ice is applied to produce analgesia and
allow for deep pressure massage over the trigger point and stretching of the muscle. Treating large areas, such as
the lower leg (as in option 2), is done more efficiently with cold baths or cold packs than with ice massage.
Cryotherapy increases stiffness and decreases tissue extensibility (p 76) and so would not be indicated for stretching
hamstrings

162. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly

Trigeminal neuralgia causes facial pain. All of the signs and symptoms in the question are indicative of a partial
nerve lesion affecting the facial nerve. This type of lesion is Bell palsy. A left cerebrovascular accident affects only
the lower facial muscles below the eye. Damage to the oculomotor nerve causes paralysis of one or more of the
muscles that moves the eyeball.

163. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

All of the options, except for gentle, active exercises, are precautions or contraindications for this patient.

164. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

External validity is concerned with the issue of how the results of the research can be generalized

165. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 1 You have incorrectly answered the question
In this stage of hemarthrosis, there is still some bleeding into the joint space, but it is not as extensive as during the
acute phase. Therefore the patient will benefit from range-of-motion exercise to prevent contracture. The patient
may need active-assist, as there may still be pain or edema in the joint that prevents independent performance of
range of motion. The mechanical trauma of weight bearing to tolerance at this stage may impinge on and damage
the pathologic synovium within the joint. Resistive range of motion is more appropriate when pain and swelling
have subsided and no bleeding is occurring. Continuous immobilization in the extended position will promote
contracture in the edematous knee.

166. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 1 You have incorrectly answered the question

The Glasgow Outcome Scale is used as a general outcome measure, and in prognostic studies. The Fugl-Meyer
Assessment should be used only with patients who have had a stroke. The Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive
Functioning is a descriptive scale that outlines a predictable sequence of cognitive and behavioral recovery as a
patient emerges from a coma. The Sickness Impact Profile is used to measure general health status and is self-
administered; therefore, it would not be useful as a prognostic discharge tool for a patient with a traumatic brain
injury.

167. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

Cauda equina causes lower motor neuron dysfunction, including urinary retention and incontinence. Positive
Babinski and clonus responses indicate upper motor neuron dysfunction. A positive prone knee flexion test is more
likely with upper lumbar nerve root impairment.

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168. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

With an extension exercise program, centralization indicates that the patient is improving, even though the pain
may be just as intense as it was. Even though the patient may feel frustrated, he is actually improving; and therefore
the therapist should continue with the extension exercise program. There is no need to call the physician at this
point, since the centralization is perfectly normal. Although trunk flexion may be used later in the intervention, it
would not be indicated at this point because extension is working.

169. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question.

Contract-relax stretching for tight structures is not recommended for soft tissues compromised by rheumatoid
arthritis. Grade IV mobilization techniques are contraindicated for soft tissues compromised by rheumatoid arthritis.
The elimination of functional activities is not required. Strengthening exercises are the most appropriate
intervention for a patient with rheumatoid arthritis in remission

170. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

Increased pain with chest-wall palpation is more indicative of a musculoskeletal origin of pain. Increased pain with
deep breathing is more indicative of a pulmonary origin of pain. Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) is a common vasodilator
that is prescribed for patients who have angina. Ingestion of a vasodilator will improve myocardial blood flow and
help relieve ischemia and its manifestations. Relief of pain with antacid ingestion is more indicative of referred pain
from peptic ulcer disease

171. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly

The most common cause of inwardly pointing or “squinting patellae” is excessive femoral anteversion. Although
there is normally 8° to 15° of femoral anteversion, an excessive amount leads to squinting patellae and toeing in.
The other options would all have a tendency to cause the patellae to point outward during standing.

172. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

An outcome measure documents a desired performance or change in the patient’s condition over time. This may
include a description of the patient’s function before, during, and after intervention. Option 4 does not indicate a
change or function but is focused on attendance.

173. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

77
 Complete severance of the spinal cord causes motor and sensory loss on both sides of the body. A lesion of the
anterior horn cells causes a lower motor neuron problem and hyporeflexia. The signs and symptoms presented in
the question point to a hemisection of the spinal cord on the left side, which gives rise to ipsilateral motor and
proprioception loss and contralateral loss of pain and temperature. Also present are hyperreflexia and a positive
Babinski sign on the left side. A lesion of the central spinal cord usually spares the motor tracts.

174. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

Radiation of the pelvic cavity often causes dense pelvic adhesions that can restrict motion due to pain. Of the
options, stretching exercises are most specific to address this complication.

175. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 4 You have incorrectly answered the question.

As the frequency of visits decreases and the time between visits increases, the patient requires a more detailed
home program with specific progression instructions.

176. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Regarding option 1, a ratio of 75% is considered normal. Regarding option 2, the patient has a mild disease.
Advanced obstructive disease can have values of 25%. Nonetheless, the patient has mild morbidity, so special
precautions should be used. Regarding option 3, the patient has a mild disease and is not yet showing signs of
morbidity, so special precautions should not be necessary. There would be no need to limit heart rate to 60% if the
patient tolerates the exercise. An FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio of 60% is a mild loss. Avoidance of aerobic
exercise should not be required, and special physician approval related to a value of 65% should not be necessary.

177. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Jaundice is a sign of liver disease.

178 Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

Patients with AIDS include those who have HIV-1 and a CD4 count below 200 cells/mL. A low neutrophil count or a
high ANA or HLA titer are not specific to the presence of HIV.

179. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly

Thrombocytopenia is an acute or chronic decrease in the number of platelets in the circulation. The T4 lymphocyte
count is used to assess immune status in patients with HIV or AIDS. The red blood cell count is utilized to assess for
presence of anemia, and the white blood cell count would be examined to determine presence of infection or
degree of immunosuppression.

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180. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 3 You have incorrectly answered the question

High blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and hyperlipidemia are direct or primary risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Secondary risk factors include age, gender, race, obesity, stress, and activity level.

181. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 2 You have incorrectly answered the question.

Option 1 does not specify the amount of assistance. Option 2 is a measurable, specific, and objective goal. Option 3
does not specify the device the patient will be using. Option 4 is a goal that is to be achieved by discharge, which
would be a long-term goal, not a short-term goal.

182. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

The pelvic floor muscles are innervated by sacral nerve roots S2–S4 through the pudendal nerve. The inferior gluteal
nerve is a motor nerve that innervates the gluteus maximus. The sciatic nerve contains nerve roots from L4–S3 and
innervates multiple muscles in the lower leg. The genitofemoral nerve, which is from L1–L2, is a cutaneous nerve
that is sensory and not motor.

183. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Malaise and fatigue are common symptoms during the beginning stages of rheumatoid arthritis. Tension
headaches, heat intolerance, and nausea and diarrhea are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

184. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

Exercise has been shown to increase sensitivity of the insulin receptors, leading to a decrease in the amount of
insulin required. Administration of medication is dictated by tolerance and efficacy of the medication and would not
necessarily be altered by exercise. In patients with moderate hyperglycemia, exercise can lead to hypoglycemia for
periods of 24 to 48 hours after exercise; therefore, an increase in caloric intake, particularly intake of carbohydrates,
would be essential.

185. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

The patient has too much eversion during the midswing phase. This is probably caused by too much activity in the
extensor digitorum longus or extensor hallucis longus. To correct the situation, the tibialis anterior should be
facilitated, because it dorsiflexes and inverts but doesn’t cause eversion. The fibularis brevis, an everter, would
cause plantar flexion of the foot rather than dorsiflexion. The flexor hallucis longus does not dorsiflex the ankle.

186. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly
79
Wounds heal via a complex process involving re-epithelialization. With advanced aging, the rate of epidermal
proliferation decreases.

187. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 3 You have incorrectly answered the question

Option 1 does not ask about function. It is an impairment-related question, not a function-related question. Options
2 and 4 do not ask about function, and even with improvement, neither would relate to function. Option 3 is taken
from the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment. It addresses function and can be used as an outcome
question.

188. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

For this patient, the first mobilization procedure would be distraction of the glenohumeral joint. The distraction
separates the joint surfaces and is used as a test of joint play. The distraction can also help increase joint play.
Distraction may also be used in conjunction with the other mobilization techniques listed. Later mobilization
techniques would most likely include anterior glide.

189. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly

The only one of the interventions listed that requires precaution because of the total hip replacement is continuous
ultrasound. However, that does not mean that ultrasound is contraindicated for this patient. Transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation may be used over metal implants. Hot packs and massage would not affect the total hip
prosthesis.

190.Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly.

In order to optimally clear the congestion that has developed in the right lower lobe, the patient should be
positioned on the left side to allow gravity to help drain the secretions to the proximal airways. This patient is also
unconscious and intubated, so in addition to drainage, manual hyperinflation is necessary to provide increased
ventilation to help to mobilize secretions, then suctioning to clear the secretions. Suctioning first then
hyperventilating while in left-sidelying is less effective than the order suggested in Option 1. Positioning on the right
side would not drain the right lower lobe, and since the patient is lying on the right side, the only place to percuss
and vibrate would be the left side, which has no pathology. Finally positioning on the left side with deep breathing
exercises will not be effective in mobilizing secretions, especially since the patient is unconscious and unable to
actively perform deep breathing exercises.

191. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

80
Practice and feedback of examination skills, role playing the interview process, and self-paced performance involve
active learning with other people in everyday situations. Active learning relies on feeling and intuition rather than
logic and reasoning. Readings do not meet the learning needs of active experimentation or concrete experience.

192. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

Due to the circulatory adaptations needed, patients with uncontrolled hypertension would not be permitted to use
full-immersion techniques. Full-immersion hydrotherapy results in improvement of edema due to the effects of
water pressure, reduced severity of exercise-induced asthma in comparison to land-based activities, and reduced
stress on skeletal areas in osteoporosis.

193. Your Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1 You have answered the question correctly

Hypothyroidism would most likely cause the signs and symptoms. Hyperthyroidism causes diarrhea, rather than
constipation. Hyperparathyroidism is not associated with bradycardia. Hypoparathyroidism is associated with
arrhythmias and either constipation or diarrhea.

194. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly

Neither deep breathing techniques nor a cervical cold pack would be an effective response to this emergency
situation. Although the abdominal gait belt might be a contributing factor, it is not the most likely primary cause.
This patient scenario is indicative of autonomic dysreflexia, a pathological reflex. The most common cause is bladder
distention or urinary retention, which is likely to be caused by a urinary catheter blockage.

195. Your Answer: 3 Correct Answer: 3 You have answered the question correctly.

The tibialis posterior plantar flexes and inverts the foot. This pattern requires the specific action of that muscle. The
other patterns do not

196. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

Options 1, 2, and 3 are typical with low back pain, and none alone requires immediate referral. Saddle anesthesia
around the perineum is a sign of cauda equine syndrome and usually requires immediate treatment by someone
other than a physical therapist.

197. Your Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.

Aching pain is transmitted on small, unmyelinated Type C fibers.

198.our Answer: 2 Correct Answer: 2 You have answered the question correctly.
81
Capsular restriction would show up in both measurements. In photograph A, there is more knee flexion present
with the hip flexed. In this position the rectus femoris is on slack across the hip joint, allowing greater range of knee
flexion. In photograph B the rectus femoris is stretched over both the knee joint and the hip joint, so tightness in
the rectus femoris would restrict knee flexion. Photograph B also shows hip joint flexion. Hamstring weakness
would not affect passive range of motion. Vastus medialis tightness would affect both measurements.

199.The 5.07 monofilament supplies the least amount of force that can be sensed by patients with only protective
sensation intact. Ability to sense only the 6.65 monofilament indicates a loss of protective sensation. Ability to sense
the 3.61 and 4.37 monofilaments indicates fully normal sensation.

200. Your Answer: 4 Correct Answer: 4 You have answered the question correctly.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for adjustments in preparation for emergency situations (fight of
flight). With stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, the heart rate would rise. Blood flow would be shunted
from, not to, the skin. Blood glucose levels would increase, not decrease, in preparation for increased work.
Bronchioles would constrict, not dilate.

82