TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr.

DEEPAK SHARMA

IMPACT OF JETS

Department of Mechanical Engineering Prepared By:

National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, (H.P.) Dr. Deepak Sharma
TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Syllabus
1. INTRODUCTION
Definitions of Turbo machineries, Euler’s turbine equation, classifications, turbines (reversed turbines), axial,
radial and mixed flow turbomachines, and method of energy transfer in axial, radial and mixed flow machines.
2. CASCADE THOERY
Blade terminology, Cascade of blades, Flow angles, Flow deviation, Lift and drag, Losses in cascades, Velocity
diagrams, Degree of reaction.
3. THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN TURBO MACHINES
Effect of radial pressure gradient, free vortex flow, Forced vortex flow, Effect of vortex flow on design,
Secondary flow, Losses due to secondary flow, Theoretical head capacity relations ill various types of turbo
machines, Performance characteristics of different types of turbomachines: head capacity, Efficiency Capacity,
Power- Capacity, Stall, and Surge.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 2

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Syllabus
4. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, FANS AND BLOWERS
Inlet section, Pre-rotation, Including section, Prewhirl, Limiting inlet velocity, Flow in impeller channel modification of
Euler’s theory, Vane and channel shape, Flow in the discharge casing, Volute casing, diffuser performance characteristics,
Losses, Regulating blowers, General principles, Adjustable inlet guide vane, Adjustable blade tip, Adjustable disc, Adjustable
guide devices, Control of rotation, Self adjustment by characteristics, Mechanical and Hydraulic speed adjustment, Gears etc.
5. AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS
Construction and working, Velocity diagrams and work done of a stage of axial flow compressors, Degree of reaction, Losses
in axial flow compressor stage, Performance of axial flow compressor.
6. HYDRAULIC TURBINES
Classification, Euler’s equation for turbines, Velocity triangle for single stage axial and radial machines, Impulse and reaction
turbines, Pelton, Francis & Kaplan turbine, Power and efficiency calculations, Draft tube, Cavitation, Water turbine
governing.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 3

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Introduction

What is Fluid Machines?

In fluid basically three types of energy can be stored.

(i) Potential Energy
(ii) Kinetic Energy
iii) Intermolecular Energy

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 4

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Introduction

No we can talk about hydraulic Machines

or
Why we are saying these machines are hydraulic?

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 5

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Introduction
Jet:
✔ It is a stream of fluid that comes out from the converging type nozzle with a high velocity
under constant pressure.
✔ When the jet impinges on plates or vanes, its momentum is changed and a force is exerted.
✔ This force can be evaluated by Impulse momentum Equation.
Impulse Momentum Equation:
✔ This equation is based on the law of conservation of momentum or momentum principle.
✔ It states that the net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the rate of change of momentum
of flow per unit time in that direction.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 6

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Introduction

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 7

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Impulse-Momentum Principle

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 8

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Introduction

(1) Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate

(a) Plate is vertical to the jet
(b) Plate is inclined to the jet
(c) Plate is curved
(2) Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate
(a) Plate is vertical to the jet
(b) Plate is inclined to the jet
(c) Plate is curved

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 9

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Case -1 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate: (a) Plate is vertical to jet

0 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 10

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Case -1 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate: (a) Plate is vertical to jet

0 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 11

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Case -1 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate: (b) Plate is inclined to jet

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 12

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 13

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA
Case -1 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate: (c) Plate is curved (Jet Strikes the curved plate at the centre)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 14

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 15

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA
Case -1 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate: (c) Plate is curved (Jet Strikes the curved plate at one end
tangentially when the plate is symmetrical)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 16

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA
Case -1 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate: (c) Plate is curved (Jet Strikes the curved plate at one end
tangentially when the plate is unsymmetrical)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 17

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Case - 2 Force exerted by the jet on moving plate: (a) Flat Vertical Plate Moving in the direction of jet

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 18

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 19

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Case - 2 Force exerted by the jet on moving plate: (b) Inclined Plate Moving in the direction of jet

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 20

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 21

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Case - 2 Force exerted by the jet on moving plate: (c) Curved Plate Moving in the direction of jet

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 22

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 23

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA
Case - 2 Force exerted by the jet on moving plate: (d) Unsymmetrical Moving Curved Plate when jet strikes
tangentially at one of the tips
▪ Figure shows a jet of water striking a moving curved plate tangentially,

at one of its tips.

▪ As the jet strikes tangentially, the loss of energy due to impact of the jet

will be zero.

▪ In this case as plate is moving, the velocity with which jet of water

strikes is equal to the relative velocity of the jet with respect to the plate.

▪ Also as the plate is moving in different direction of the jet, the relative

velocity at inlet will be equal to the vector difference of the velocity of

jet and velocity of the plate at inlet.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 24

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 25

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 26

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 27

TURBOMACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Thank You

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (H.P.) 28