DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE-QUEZON CITY

SHS JOSE P. LAUREL SR. HIGH SCHOOL

SUBJECT PHYSICAL SCIENCE

DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author ERICHA EMPAYNADO SOLOMON
Content Evaluator Ryan Noel Doña
Language Evaluator Ryan Noel Doña
Illustrator ERICHA EMPAYNADO SOLOMON
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY NOT FOR SALE

SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIAL ON EXPLAIN HOW THE USES OF DIFFERENT

MATERIALS ARE RELATED TO THEIR PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURES
MODULE: II, WEEK I, QUARTER I, SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

Name of Student:_______________________________________ Date received_____________

Section:________________________________________ Date Submitted___________
Name of Teacher:_______________________________________ Score:___________
 Expectations
In this module, you will understand how the uses of different materials are related to their
properties and structures. (S11/12PS-IIIc-15 and S11/12PS-IIIc-15)

Specifically, this module will help you to:

1. Determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar given its structure.
2. Explain how polarity of bonds and molecular geometry affects the polarity of molecules.
3. Draw the Lewis structures and name the shapes of the molecules.
4. Solve for the electronegativity difference between the atoms.
5. Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties and how it can be applied in our daily
routines.

Pre-Test
DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Choose and write the letter of the correct
answer on another sheet of paper.

1. What type of chemical bonds holds the atoms of water molecule together?
a. Hydrogen bond c. Electronegativity
b. Ionization energy d. Electromotive force
2. ___________ refers to the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons.
a. Electron affinity c. A new element
b. A new isotope d. None of the choices
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE about polar bonds?
a. They are present in metals.
b. They are responsible to the formation of polar molecular compounds.
c. They always result to the formation of polar molecular compounds.
d. They may result to nonpolar covalent compounds depending on molecular geometry.
4. Which of the following is nonpolar?
a. NaCl c. HCl
b. CO2 d. NH3
5. A molecule shape is a three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or bonding groups around a
central atom. The molecular shape is governed by the valence shell electron repulsion (VSEPR)
theory.
a. The first and second statements are true.
b. The first and second statements are false.
c. The first statement is true while the second statement is false.
d. The first statement is false while the second statement is true.

Looking Back
In Module 1, it provides us information on how the elements interact with one another which is important
in understanding chemical reactions. Also, you have learned how to determine the probable location of
the outermost electron. A valence electron is an outermost electron of an atom that participates in
chemical bonding. The number of valence electrons in each atom of an element can help determine the
type and the number of bonds it can form.
 In Grade 8, you learned that atoms combine to form molecules or compounds, hence, making
them more stable by achieving a stable configuration satisfying the Octet Rule. On the other hand, you
learned about chemical bonds or intramolecular forces and its three types such as ionic, covalent, and
metallic and the writing of Lewis dot symbol in Grade 9. While in your Grade 10, you have learned the
concepts of electronegativity and you were briefly introduced to the topic polarity of molecules using the
electronegativity values.

In this lesson, we will increase your understanding about polarities of molecules. But first, let’s
have an activity to recall what you have learned in chemical bonding in the previous years.

Directions: Create a mind map about what you have learned in chemical bonding. Write it on your
notebook. Use the guide questions below for the concept of your mind map but you can also add some
relevant information.

Guide Questions:

1. What is chemical bonding?

2. Why do you think is the importance of Lewis dot structure in chemical bonding?
3. What are the Oxidation states?

Brief Introduction
Chemical bonds are formed when atoms lose, accept of share electrons. An ionic bond results
from the transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to another. There are three types of
chemical bonds may exist in substances: ionic, covalent, and metallic. The table below will show you the
characteristics and examples of the three types of chemical bonds.

Now, you have learned the differences among the three types of chemical bonds. But are the
electrons equally shared by combining atoms in covalent bond? How does a polar covalent differ from a
nonpolar covalent?

The polarity of molecules is determined by the two factors: the polarity of bonds based on the
electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and the geometrical shape of the molecules which can
be predicted via valence shell electron repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
A. Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity

The absolute value of the electronegativity difference (ΔEN) between two atoms gives us
an idea of the type of chemical bond that can exist between them. The table below will show
electronegativity values of different types of bonds.

How to solve for ΔEN?

 Subtract the smaller
electronegativity from
the larger one.

B. Polarity of Molecules and Molecular Geometry

How about for those molecules consisting of more than two atoms like H 2O, CCl4, NH3,
and CO2? For polyatomic molecules, both the bond polarity and molecular shape determine the
overall molecular polarity. In terms of molecular geometry, the valence shell electron pair
repulsion (VSEPR) theory would help us to determine the special arrangement of atoms in a
polyatomic molecule. In order to predict the shape of molecular geometry of a substance, use the
following steps:

Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least
electronegative element.

Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for the molecule.

Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or lone pairs)
around the central atom.

Step 4: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number of electron pairs.

Step 5: Name the shape of based on the location of the atoms.

Activities
Activity 1. Polarity of Molecules

Objective: 1. Determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar given its structure.

2. Draw the Lewis dot structures and name the shapes of the molecules

3. Solve for the electronegativity difference (ΔE) between the two atoms.
 Directions: Draw Lewis structures, name shapes, solve for the electronegativity difference (ΔE) between
the atoms and indicate polar or non-polar for the following molecules:

Molecule Lewis ΔEN Bond Polarity Molecular Polarity of

Structure Geometry Molecule
1. PCl5
2. CH4
3. CCl2F2
4. CH2O
5. COF2
6. SO2
7. HF
8. NI3
9. O3
10. BeCl2

Activity 2.

A. Title: Polarity at Work

B. Objectives: 1. Determine the polarity of the substances.

2. Understand how properties of molecules behave due to polarity works in a larger

scale.

C. Materials:

1. Deionized (distilled) water

2. Rubbing alcohol

3. Salt

4. Vegetable oil

5. Clear plastic cups

6. Tablespoon or teaspoon

7. Stirring sticks

8. Permanent marker for labeling

D. Procedures:

1. Using the steps for predicting the polarity of compounds, determine the polarity of water (H 2O).
Place your answers in table one. Once you have successfully predicted the polarity of water, you
will be able to determine the polarity of the other compounds using steps two through four of the
experiment.

2. Put about two tablespoons of deionized water into each of three labeled clear cups. Add about
two tablespoons of rubbing alcohol to the first cup, two tablespoons of salt on the second cup,
and 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil to the third cup. Mix the contents with a stirring stick. If you
don’t have stirring stick, you can use another tablespoon instead. In table two, indicate whether
the solutes (rubbing alcohol, salt, and vegetable oil) are soluble in solvent (water). Then,
conclude whether the compound is polar, nonpolar, or ionic. (Hint: Like substances dissolve like
substances. Polar solvents dissolve ionic compounds.)
 3. Put about two tablespoons of vegetable oil into each of two labeled clear cups. Add about two
tablespoons of rubbing alcohol to the one cup and two tablespoons of salt one other. Mix the
contents with a stirring stick. If you don’t have stirring stick, you can use another tablespoon
instead. In table two, indicate whether the solutes (rubbing alcohol and salt) are soluble in solvent
(vegetable oil). Then, conclude whether the compound is polar, nonpolar, or ionic.

4. Put about two tablespoons of rubbing alcohol into a separate clear cup. Add about two
tablespoons of salt. Mix the contents with a stirring stick. If you don’t have stirring stick, you can
use another tablespoon instead. In table two, indicate whether the solutes (salt) are soluble in
solvent (rubbing alcohol). Then, conclude whether the compound is polar, nonpolar, or ionic.

Table 1:

Compound: Lewis Difference in VSEPR Polar, VSEPR Molecular

structure electronegativity sketch nonpolar, molecul structure
of each bond or ionic e shape
H2O

Table 2:

Solute Solvent Soluble or Is the solute Is the solvent

insoluble? polar, polar,
nonpolar, or nonpolar, or
ionic? ionic?
Rubbing Water
alcohol
Salt Water
Vegetable oil Water
Rubbing Vegetable oil
alcohol
Salt Vegetable oil
Salt Rubbing alcohol

E. Guide Questions:

1. Explain how you determined the polarity of all your compounds by first predicting the polarity of
water and then, mixing different solutes and solvents to find the polarities of the other substances.

2. Were any of your substances difficult to identify as polar, nonpolar, or ionic??

3. If water is polar, what is the polarity of the molecules that didn’t dissolve in the water?

4. Make a conclusion based on the experiment that you have done in testing the polarity and
solubility of the substances.
Activity 3. Creative Approach to Polarity

Objective: Understand the significance of knowing the polarity of molecules and how it can be applied in
daily life.

Directions: On a ½ crosswise sheet of paper, make a creative story about the lesson of polarity of
molecules. You can use your own characters and analogy but make sure they are in-line with the main
concepts of the lesson. It could be sci-fi, humor, drama, or in a script format-you decide. Also, make sure
to include the following questions:

1. Do you think the polarity of a molecule matters on a larger scale?

2. Where do you think can this lesson be applied to in daily life?

Remember
 Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons toward itself.
Atoms of elements with high electronegativity have a greater tendency to attract electrons to
those with low electronegativity.
 Polarity refers to the overall charge of a molecule. It also refers to the physical properties of
compounds such as boiling point, melting points, and their solubility. It is important to know
because it determines whether a molecule is hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
 Each cation-anion pair is referred to as formula unit.
 The two partially charge regions or poles of a molecule are referred to as a dipole. A dipole is
symbolized by an arrowhead pointing to the more electronegative atom (negative pole) and a
crossed tail located at the less electronegative atom (positive pole). The uneven charges in polar
molecules make them act as small dipoles.
 The general law for solubility among molecules is that polar molecules can be dissolved in polar
solvents (polar to polar) and nonpolar molecules can be dissolved in nonpolar solvents (nonpolar
to nonpolar). An example to this is salt (NaCl) dissolved in water (H 2O).
 Polar molecules usually have Hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bond is a big thing in binding because
this means a strong attraction. Therefore, polar molecules have stronger attraction as opposed to
nonpolar molecules. Hence, the stronger the attraction, the higher both the melting and boiling
point given that they are of the same sizes.

Checking Your Understanding

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly but substantially. Write your answers on the blank
space provided.
1. Differentiate polar from non-polar covalent bonds.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. What is electronegativity and how can it be used in determining the polarity of molecules?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
 3. Is SiCl4 a nonpolar molecule? Justify your answer based on its bond polarity and molecular
geometry.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Using the concepts of bond polarity and solubility, explain why ethanol (rubbing alcohol) and
water are miscible, but oil and water are immiscible.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

5. What do you think is the significance of knowing the polarity of molecules to life?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Post-Test
Directions: Read each test item carefully. Choose and write the letter of the correct answer on another
sheet of paper.

1. What is the molecular shape of CHBr3?

a. Linear c. Trigonal Bipyramidal
b. Trigonal planar d. Tetrahedral
2. A polar covalent bond would form in which of the following pairs of atoms?
a. Ca – Cl c. Cr – Br
b. Cl – Cl d. P – Cl
3. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a. Polar covalent bonds can be present in a nonpolar molecule.
b. Polar covalent bond is present if the electronegativity difference between atoms is equal or
less than 0.4.
c. Polarity of bond and molecular geometry are the two factors that affect the polarity of
molecules.
d. Polar bond forms where electrons are unequally shared by two atoms in a compound.
4. What do you call the relative ability of a bonded atom to attract shared electron pairs?
a. Electron affinity c. Ionization energy
b. Electronegativity d. Metallic property
5. In which of the following solvents would molecular iodine (I 2) be most soluble?
a. Vinegar c. Ethyl Alcohol
b. Water d. Carbon Tetrachloride

Reference

Department of Education –Senior High School- Physical Science Quarter 1 – Module 1 pp. 14-20

https://www.coursehero.com/file/41050276/305-lab-reportdoc/

https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/molecular-shapes-and-polarity-2/