Physical Science

Quarter 1 – Module 9:
Catalyst
Personal Development
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 9: Catalyst
First Edition 2020

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Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 9:
Catalyst
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Catalyst!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Catalyst!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or

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 skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you to
define catalyst and describe how it affects reaction rate. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module contains discussion about catalyst as one of the factors affecting the
reaction rate.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the concept of catalyst;
2. present catalyst as an effective means of affecting the reaction rate; and
3. realize the importance of catalyst and how it affects your life.

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 What I Know

Pre-Assessment
Modified TRUE or FALSE.

Directions: On the space at the left, write TRUE if the statement is true. If the
statement is false, change the italicized word to make it correct. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

____________________ 1. A catalyst is a substance that can be added to a reaction

to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed
in the process.

____________________ 2. Heat is not a catalyst since it can’t be taken out of the

reaction in the same amount it was inputted into the
reaction.

____________________ 3. Catalysts increase the rates of chemical reactions by

raising the activation energy of the reactions.

____________________ 4. Collisions only result in a reaction if the particles collide

with a certain maximum energy called the activation
energy of the reaction.

____________________ 5. A chemical reaction may be energetically favorable (i.e.

exothermic), and so if the activation barrier is high (i.e.
the activation energy is high), the reaction rate may be
extremely slow.

______________________6. Decreasing the concentration of reactants increases the

collision frequency between reacting particles.

______________________7. Increasing the concentration of a substance increases the

kinetic energy of the particles that make up the
substance.

______________________8. Raising the temperature of a reaction increases the rate

of the reaction by increasing the energy of the collisions
between reacting particles.

______________________9. Lowering the surface area of a reactant increases the rate

of the reaction.

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______________________10. Catalysts permit reactions to proceed along a higher
energy path.

______________________11. Smaller particle size allows for a larger surface area to

be exposed for the reaction.

______________________12. Temperature is the measure of how much area of an

object is exposed.

______________________13. Grains of sugar have a greater surface area than a solid

cube of sugar of the same mass, and therefore will
dissolve quicker in water.

______________________14. Decreasing the temperature causes the particles (atoms

or molecules) of the reactants to move more quickly so
that they collide with each other more frequently and
with more energy.

_____________________15. Catalyst describes the idea that atoms, ions, and

molecules must collide in order to react.

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Lesson

1 Catalyst

Reaction rates generally increase with increasing reactant concentration, increasing

temperature, and the addition of a catalyst. Physical properties such as high
solubility also increase reaction rates. Solvent polarity can either increase or
decrease the rate of reaction, but increasing solvent viscosity generally decreases
reaction rates.

This information is obtained by studying the chemical kinetics of a reaction, which

depend on various factors: reactant concentrations, temperature, physical states
and surface areas of reactants, and solvent and catalyst properties if either are
present.

What’s In

Activity 1 Word Search

Directions: Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper. Search and encircle to
unlock the pool of words in the box then use them by filling in the blanks to
complete the passage. Write your answer on another sheet of paper.

A C T I V A T I O N E N E R G Y M G
B W D N B M L Y L M A W D M T M Q Y
R T A C P A R T I C L E S I Z E Z E
N S I T A S I E A R T V E N D T T N
D Y T R N R R M Q A B N D Q G R M Z
A L L E G E Y P T M O V K Z E V C Y
C A C J M S M E X I D C L I O V Y M
T T L O T P P R T O I D N T D B L E
I A T Q M I E A C M T H Y O Y L R S
V C O N C E N T R A T I O N D B B P
A N Z E L I O U A B L P E L D P Q L
I K R D X Y H R I T M P Z R W M T R
I P Y O K T M E I X U N S N M B N R
Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

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 Concentration Activation energy Catalyst Temperature

Particle Size Enzyme

Increasing the ___________ of a system increases the average kinetic energy

of its constituent particles. As the average kinetic energy increases, the particles
move faster and collide more frequently per unit time and possess greater energy
when they collide. When the ___________ of all the reactants increases, more
molecules or ions interact to form new compounds, and the rate of reaction
increases. When solids and liquids react, increasing the surface area of the solid
will increase the reaction rate. A decrease in ___________ causes an increase in the
solid’s total surface area. Collisions only result in a reaction if the particles collide
with a certain minimum energy called the ___________ for the reaction. The position
of activation energy can be determined on a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. To
increase the rate of a reaction, the number of successful collisions must be
increased. One possible way of doing this is to provide an alternative way for the
reaction to happen which has a lower activation energy. Adding ___________ has
this effect on activation energy. It provides an alternative route for the reaction with
a lower activation energy. Catalysts are everywhere! Many biochemical processes,
such as the oxidation of glucose, are heavily dependent on ___________, proteins
that behave as catalysts.

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 Notes to the Teacher

A Word of Caution!

Care must be taken when discussing how a catalyst operates. A catalyst

provides an alternative route for the reaction with a lower activation
energy. It does not "lower the activation energy of the reaction". There is a
subtle difference between the two statements with a simple analogy.
Suppose there is a mountain between two valleys such that the only way
for people to get from one valley to the other is over the mountain. Only
the most active people will manage to get from one valley to the other.

Now suppose a tunnel is cut through the mountain. Many more people
will now manage to get from one valley to the other by this easier route. It
could be said that the tunnel route has a lower activation energy than
going over the mountain, but the mountain itself is not lowered. The
tunnel has provided an alternative route but has not lowered the original
one. The original mountain is still there, and some people still choose to
climb it. In chemical terms, if particles collide with enough energy, they
can still react in exactly the same way as if the catalyst was not there; it
is simply that the majority of particles will react via the easier catalyzed
route.

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 What’s New

Excellent! You are good in analyzing information. As a reward, I will share a story
with you.

Wow, I do love hearing

stories. Can’t wait any
longer Professor X.

I am more than glad and happy hearing that from you. I’ll just get my book and
read it for you.

It was the final performance task for the Grade

11 students, Maria and Anna, under the TVL
Track. Their teacher asked them to bake a
bread that’s worth ₱15.00. They both managed
to bake Enzymada Bread as their product.
Maria added cheese and sprinkled sugar on top
of it while Anna made the old style recipe of
Enzymada with margarine and sprinkled sugar.
Both tasted great and were presented very well.
However Anna’s Enzymada looked a half bigger
than Maria’s giving it an approval for the
proposed price.

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That sound’s interesting and appetizing!

What makes their bread size different? In baking, Baker's yeast is the common
name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and bakery products,
serving as a leavening agent which causes the bread to rise (expand and become
lighter and softer) by converting the fermentable sugars present in the dough into
carbon dioxide and ethanol. The yeast act as the catalyst in the process. It
increases the rate of reaction without itself being consumed. There are also some
fruits that are affected by catalysts.

Activity 1.1
So, apples go brown when their flesh reacts with air. In the pictures below, which
apple will go brown the quickest? Why? (Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answer.)

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

A B C D
Figure 2: Apple set ups in different sizes.

What is It

Key Terms

• Activation energy: the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

• Catalysis: the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering its
activation energy.
• Transition state: an intermediate state during a chemical reaction that has
a higher energy than the reactants or the products.
• Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: a probability distribution used for
describing the speeds of various particles within a stationary container at a
specific temperature. The distribution is often represented with a graph, with
the y-axis defined as the number of molecules and the x-axis defined as the
speed.

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The Effect of a Catalyst on Rate of Reaction

This part explains how adding a catalyst affects the rate of reaction. It assumes
familiarity with basic concepts in the collision theory of reaction rates, and with the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a gas. A catalyst is a
substance which speeds up a reaction, but is chemically unchanged at its end.
When the reaction has finished, the mass of catalyst is the same as at the
beginning. Several examples of catalyzed reactions and their respective catalysts
are given below:

Reaction Catalyst
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2
Nitration of benzene concentrated sulfuric acid
Manufacture of ammonia by the Haber iron
Process
Conversion of SO2 into SO3 during the vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5
Contact Process to make sulfuric acid
Hydrogenation of a C=C double bond nickel

The Importance of Activation Energy

Collisions only result in a reaction if the particles collide with a certain minimum
energy called the activation energy for the reaction. The position of activation
energy can be determined on a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution:

The number of particles represented by Only the number of particles represented

the area under this part of the curve by the area under this part of the curve
don’t have enough energy to react. have high enough energies to react.

Number of
particles

Activation energy

Only those particles represented by the area to the right of the activation energy
will react when they collide. The majority do not have enough energy, and will
simply bounce apart.

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 To increase the rate of a reaction, the number of successful collisions must
be increased. One possible way of doing this is to provide an alternative way for the
reaction to happen which has a lower activation energy. In other words, to move
the activation energy to the left on the graph:

Now all these extra

particles have
enough energy to Originally, only the
Number of react as well. number of particles
particles represented by the
area under this part
of the curve had
high enough
energies to react.
particles which
don’t have enough
energy to react

Energy

new activation energy original activation energy

Adding a catalyst has this effect on activation energy. A catalyst provides an

alternative route for the reaction with a lower activation energy. This is illustrated
on the following energy profile:

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 What’s More

Activity 1.2 Guide Questions

Catalyst is one of the factors that can affect the rate of reaction along with
concentration, temperature, and size of the particles as discussed on the previous
module.

The video links below show a simple experiment and a discussion on how catalyst
react with substances, hence affecting its rate.

Answer the guide questions below after watching each video.

Link 1:
“What Are Catalysts? | Reactions | Chemistry | FuseSchool”. Accessed May 23,
2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_9bpZep1QM&t=41s
Link 2:
“Demonstration of a Catalyst | Experiment”. Accessed May 23, 2020,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JpGbhAP3ZE

Link 1: Guide Questions

1. What is a catalyst?
2. How does catalyst work?
3. In the video, where are catalysts used in everyday life?

Link 2: Guide Questions

1. What substance in the experiment contains catalyst that helps in the

reaction?
2. What happens when the yeast is added to the hydrogen peroxide?
3. What enzyme catalyst was produced by the substance?
4. How would you differentiate catalyst from temperature as a factor affecting
the rate of reaction?
5. What is the significance of putting flame on the solution in the experiment?

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 1.3 Critical Thinking

Complete the group of words to form relevant ideas about the lesson. Do this
in a separate sheet of paper.

➢ A catalyst is…

➢ An enzyme…

➢ Activation energy is related to rate of reaction because…

➢ Without catalyst, life is

What I Can Do

Activity 1.4 Acrostic Poem

Now that you have learned the nature of catalyst, make an acrostic poem using the
word CATALYST. In making the poem you may also write the importance of catalyst
in our daily life. Do this in a separate sheet of paper.

C-
A-
T-
A-
L-
Y-
S-
T-

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 Assessment

Post-Test
Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. How does a catalyst work in speeding up a reaction?

a. by lowering the activation energy or reaction.
b. by giving them more energy.
c. by making them more available.
d. none of these.
2. What is the name given to a catalyst in the human body?
a. Biology c. Catalyst
b. Chemical d. Enzyme
3. How is catalyst different from a reactant?
a. Adding more catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction.
b. Adding more catalyst slows down the rate of reaction.
c. The catalyst is not used up in the reaction.
d. The catalyst increases the activation energy of the reaction.
4. The rate of a chemical reaction is NOT affected by which of the following?
a. Temperature c. Concentration
b. Particle size d. All of these affect reaction rate
5. Which of the following will lower the rate of reaction?
a. Adding an enzyme to the reaction.
b. Decreasing the temperature from 40oC to 10oC.
c. Breaking a chunk of calcium up into smaller pieces.
d. Increasing the amount of solute dissolved in solution.
6. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a catalyst?
a. It participates in the reaction. c. It enhances the equilibrium rate.
b. It activates equilibrium. d. It initializes the reaction.
7. What must happen before a chemical reaction can begin?
a. The activation energy must be exceeded.
b. The activation energy must be reached.
c. The concentration of reactant molecules must be reduced.
d. The concentrations of products and reactants must be equal.
8. Which factor/s help/s explain why so many collisions fail to produce
products? Choose all that apply.
a. Number of collisions c. Orientation
b. Activation energy d. Energy released by reaction
9. Which of the following is a/are way/s to increase the speed of reaction?
Choose all that apply.
a. Raise the temperature. c. Add a catalyst.
b. Add more reactants. d. Add more products.

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 10. Pick two (2) options that will INCREASE the rate of reaction.
a. reducing heat c. adding catalyst
b. adding heat d. removing catalys
11. The minimum amount of energy needed for colliding particles to react is
called the
a. Activation Energy c. Kinetic Energy
b. Chemical Energy d. Potential Energy
12. A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up
during the reaction is called a
a. Catalyst c. Reactant
b. Product d. Solute
13. Catalysts permit reactions to proceed along a ___________energy path.
a. higher c. restricted
b. lower d. none of these.
14. Products will form faster if______________.
a. the particle size of the reactants are larger.
b. temperature is decreased.
c. concentration of the reactants are increased.
d. the reaction is not is not stirred.
15. Smaller particle size allows for a ______________ surface area to be exposed
for the reaction.
a. larger c. Smaller
b. rectangular d. Spherical

Additional Activities

Activity 1.5
In your daily living, list (five) 5 activities and its acting catalysts that you observe
affecting the reaction rate. It can be present when you are eating, washing clothes
and others. Do this in a separate sheet of paper.

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 15
What's More What’s New
Link 1: 1. Apple D will go
brown the quickest.
1. It speeds up the reaction but not used up in the Since apple’s flesh
reaction. reacts to air, it
2. It provides an alternative pathway for the reaction to makes apple B,C,D
occur. This has a lower activation energy. to go brown slower
3. Used in the haber process, contact process and than A. And by
catalytic converters. applying the factors
Link 2: affecting the rate of
reaction, it will be
1. It is the yeast. the one with the
2. It produces bubbles as a result of the release of oxygen. smallest surface
3. Catalase area, hence letter D.
4. It is not consumed during the reaction. The process of the
5. To test if combustion is possible due to the presence of reaction that takes
oxygen. place here when an
enzyme reacts to air
is enzymatic
browning.
What’s In What I Know
Words Search 1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. Lowering
4. Minimum
5. TRUE
6. Increasing
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. TRUE
10. Lower
11. TRUE
12. Surface area
13. TRUE
14. Increasing
Passage. 15. Collision theory
1. Temperature
2. Concentration
3. Particle size
4. Activation energy
5. Catalyst
6. enzymes
Answer Key
 16
Assessment What I Have Learned
1. A 1. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a
2. D chemical reaction, but is not consumed by
3. C the reaction; hence a catalyst can be
4. D recovered chemically unchanged at the end
5. B of the reaction it has been used to speed up,
6. A or catalyze.
7. B 2. Enzymes are biological molecules (typically
8. C and D proteins) that significantly speed up the rate
9. A, B and C of virtually all of the chemical reactions that
10. B and C take place within cells.
11. A 3. The activation energy of a chemical reaction
12. A is closely related to its rate. Specifically, the
13. B higher the activation energy, the slower the
14. C chemical reaction will be. This is because
15. A molecules can only complete the reaction
once they have reached the top of the
activation energy barrier.
4. Answers may vary.
References
Boone, Silvester. “Slideplayer”. Rates of Reaction. Accessed May 23, 2020,
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8382648/

“Chemistry Libretexts”. Factors that Affect Reaction Rates. Accessed May 23, 2020,
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemist
ry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chem
istry)/Kinetics/Reaction_Rates/Factors_That_Affect_Reaction_Rates

Clark, Jim. “Chemistry Libretexts”. The Effect of a Catalyst on Rate of Reaction.

Accessed May 23, 2020,
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_an
d_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/The_Effect_of_a_Catalyst_on_R
ate_of_Reaction
“Khan Academy”. Types of Catalysts. Accessed May 23, 2020,
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-
kinetics/arrhenius-equation/a/types-of-catalysts

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

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Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

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